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外文资料来源及题目（注：含作者、书名、杂志名或外文数据库名等，英文文章或段落标题，原文附后）题目 : Discussion on the fire safety design of a high-risebuilding作者 :马钱丽郭伟摘自 : Elsevier电子期刊全文库关于一幢高层建筑的消防安全设计的研究马钱利a郭伟ba 滨海新区分公司消防队中国天津滨海新区中心路7 号 300457b 天津消防和安全科学研究所中国天津南开区魏晋南路 110 号 30387摘要：高层住宅建筑在消防安全设计上的几个问题：疏散楼梯和电梯不能从顶部运行到地上，居民无法转移到建筑物外; 消防电梯不能直接到达一楼和剪刀型楼梯与消防电梯的合用大厅。
基于这些问题 , 提出消防安全目标并提供了解决方案。
希望，建议的解决方案可以为类似的高层建筑的消防安全设计提供参考。
关键词：高层住宅建筑；消防设计；消防电梯1.引言“11.15 ”上海灾难性的火灾引起了人们对高层住宅建筑消防安全的思考。
这次灾难是由于节能项目建设引起，而不是因为高层设计本身。
然而 , 如何提高消防安全的高层住宅建筑和维护的生命安全居民已成为最重要的问题，必须认真考虑在这类高层建筑上的消防安全设计。
因此，分析了我国北方的一幢高层建筑的消防安全设计，以它为例子来为同类建筑的消防安全设计提供参考。
2.高层建筑的火灾风险因素通常高层住宅建筑火灾风险包括以下:2.1 火和烟雾的快速扩散因为高层建筑的“烟囱效应”，如果控制措施不够，火和烟会通过楼梯、电梯和管道在短时间内快速的蔓延到楼上。
2.2 火灾扑救困难类似于建筑的高度，不完善的消防设备和过大的离地距离，给灭火增加了难度。
此外，中国目前的高层建筑大部分的电力器材都是可燃的，这大大增加了大火的垂直蔓延速度。
这样，大火覆盖了建筑的外表面，为消防员的灭火增加了难度。
2.3 居民逃生困难一般来说，高层建筑居民要比低层建筑居民多，另外，高层建筑高度大使得疏散更加困难。
建筑电气文献及外文翻译2建筑电气电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。
主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。
一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。
电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。
辅助等电位连接等。
在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。
许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。
开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。
由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。
现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。
而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。
过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。
向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。
干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。
它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。
在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。
在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。
除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。
电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。
除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。
由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。
进一步提高了节能的效果。
文章出处：ScienceDirect/locate/procediaProcedia Engineering62(2013)169–181第九届Asia-Oceania消防科学技术研讨会高层建筑的消防安全设计作者：Adam Cowlard aAdam Bittern a,cCecilia Abecassis-Empis aJose'Toreroa,b,*a：建筑研究院消防安全工程中心爱丁堡大学爱丁堡EH163JL英国b：土木工程学院昆士兰大学昆士兰4072澳大利亚c：Astute消防有限公司布什大厦爱丁堡科技城爱丁堡EH260BB英国摘要在任何关于提供安全的领域中，失败通常是最有效的机制来唤起快速改革和反省评估专业体系中所使用的操作方法和标准。
历史上，在高层建筑领域最引人注目的失败是世贸中心双子塔，大多数人认为是由失火引起的，但这并没有很大程度上影响他们对消防安全设计的方式。
这清楚的反映在，自2001年以来建造的高楼数量激增。
世贸中心调查的强度和时间尺度的结合加之缺乏有意义的指导造成它强烈暗示过时的消防工程实践作为一门学科的先进的基础设施。
这进一步体现在不断从规定性的转向基于性能的设计在世界的许多地方不断被接受，这些建筑超出了该领域的适用性说明性的规范。
为了建成真正的基于性能的工程，然而，这些结构需要建立特定的性能目标。
这项任务旨在凸显高层建筑消防安全性查以评估当前的设计在满足这些目标的有效性，这些条款也分析了当前最先进的高层建筑消防安全设计规范结构。
正确定义开放式隔间消防设计被确定为必须解决的关键的知识缺口，以实现高层建筑性能目标，并提供真正的创新，强劲的消防安全这些独特的结构。
关键词：高层建筑消防安全策略基于性能的设计1、引言高层建筑数量不断增长（如图一）。
它们不断从高度,建筑材料,用途,和分隔的成分等各方面发展。
高度的发展十分惊人，一直认为最高的建筑是台北101（508米），直到2010年1月地幔的哈利法塔建成，现在最高的是海拔828米。
建筑电气设计中的消防设计研究论文建筑电气设计中的消防设计研究论文【摘要】近年来，随着市场经济的不断发展，我国建筑行业也获得了广阔的发展空间，与此同时，建筑电气设计也成为人们日益关注的重点问题。
电气消防设计作为建筑电气设计中的一项重要内容，对人民生命财产的安全性有着重要的影响。
本文分析建筑电气中消防设计的注意事项和建筑电气中消防设计的主要项目，以供同行参考。
【关键词】建筑电气设计；消防设计；注意事项随着我国经济的发展，我国的城市建设也在不断的加快，建筑物之间的密集度也变得越来越大，现代人们的文化素养也在普遍的提高，居住在这样密集的环境中。
人们首现考虑到的就是自身的安全问题，密集的建筑物中，一旦发生火灾，造成的后果肯定就是非常的严重，所以建筑物中的电气消防安全问题一定要引起相关工作人员，以及住户的重视，在平时的工作以及生活中一定要安全的用电。
一、电气设计中的消防设计这种消防设计主要是由自动报警、消防联动控制以及消防设备配电三个方面的内容组成的。
1、火灾自动报警以及消防联动系统的设计要点分析火灾自动报警系统与消防联动系统是两个相对独立的系统，在平时由不同的控制单元进行控制，但是也有一定的联系，比如在发生火灾的时候，两个系统就会组成一个相对完整的单元。
火灾自动报警系统是整个消防系统能否有效实施灭火的保证和前提，在发生火情的时候，消防员之后发现了报警，才能够尽快的感到出事现场进行扑救。
火灾自动报警系统的设计，要以国家标准为依据进行设计。
将建筑物内部的电器分级别进行与报警系统的联通，这样可以有效的进行报警，并可以让消防队员有的放矢的解决问题。
火灾自动报警系统，主要的构成部件为火灾探测器、区域报警器以及集中报警器三个部分组成。
火灾探测器的功能与作用是最大的，首先要确定其安放的位置，国内一般的做法是将火灾报警器安放在楼梯间，这样既不影响日常楼内人员的通行，又可以有效的实施报警。
当然，具体问题具体分析，每个建筑物的格局不同，安放遵循正确报警、及时报警的原则即可。
外文翻译-原文部分Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basisThe fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis:1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word:"Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning. 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector. The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the liftwell are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front ofroom, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls. Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the workingmode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also shoulddemonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.附录B：外文翻译-译文部分消防随着我国经济发展的快速发展，人们的生活水平的不断提高，城市一天一天的膨胀，城市建设要多方面发展。
土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献高层建筑的消防安全设计Fire Safety Design for High-rise BuildingsKeywords: fire safety, high-rise buildings, means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessment, emergency plans1. Introduction2. Means of Escape3. Fire Resistant Materials4. Fire Detection and Alarm SystemsEarly detection of a fire is crucial to allow for the safe evacuation of occupants. High-rise buildings should be equipped with fire detection and alarm systems, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points. These systems should be interconnected and monitored to ensure prompt notification of a fire.5. Fire Suppression Systems6. Fire Risk AssessmentBefore occupancy, a fire risk assessment should be conducted to identify potential fire hazards and ensure appropriate fire safety measures are in place. This assessment should considerthe building's use, occupant load, and fire resistance ofconstruction materials. Regular fire risk assessments shouldalso be conducted to address any changes in building use or occupancy.7. Emergency PlansHigh-rise buildings should have well-defined emergency plans that outline the actions to be taken in the event of a fire. These plans should include procedures for evacuating occupants, contacting emergency services, and isolating fire-affected areas. Regular drills and training sessions should be conducted to familiarize occupants with the emergency procedures.8. ConclusionFire safety design is critical in high-rise buildings to protect the lives of occupants and minimize property damage. Designers and engineers should consider means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessments, and emergency plans when designing a high-rise building. By implementing these measures effectively, the risk of fire-related incidents can be significantly reduced.。
外文资料及翻译Fire in high-rise building designFire in high-rise building design in recent years, the city's commercial and residential design process, encountered a new problem is the fire department for public security for a class of high-rise residential elevators and the Office of Public hallway with Automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system. Past, Design for the present "Tall Buildings design of fire safety regulations" (GB 50045-1995) (hereinafter "high regulation"), automatic sprinkler system installed .6.2 scope of section 7 of the understanding of the domestic excluded. Fire in high-rise building design of the conventional practice of using the whole floor, generally located fire hydrant system, Skirt-building basement and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems. Therefore, the lift pump spray option is lower, the output is smaller. In practical projects have encountered this kind of example : a 28-storey buildings in the residential and commercial fire inspection, public security and fire prevention departments requiring layers of elevators and corridors to increase sprinkler system. That the owners have had to make fire sprinkler pump, the staircase installation of fire sprinkler pipes and sprinkler heads. The results will not only increase the construction costs, also affected the Office of the lift cosmetic and progress of the project. Under the "high regulation,"Section 2 of Chapter VII of the fire water, we can see a kind of high-rise building fire hydrant water for the indoor 20 L / s, and a category of high-rise commercial indoor water hydrant to 40 L / s, the difference was doubled. To a30-storey residential buildings and a composite of the same height (24m following skirt building for commercial purposes, for its residential) as an example, to analyze the fire danger. For composite skirt building, as shopping malls, restaurants, etc., because of their luxurious decoration, with central air-conditioning system Fuel more, the risk of fire is greater. Case of fire, the fire water needs are greater. But skirt building height of the building "24m, at the scope of fire engines to put out the firewithin, I can get external support. As long as the initial fires effectively controlled, it is easy to fight the fires. Therefore, the increased part of the skirt building fire water skirt building and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems appear to be necessary. On the residential portion of the composite, I believe with a purely residential buildings can be treated the same. But the fire design, the composite hydrant system is based on 40 L / s design. Meanwhile, ordinary residential buildings are based on 20 L / s design, it is clear the former fire in residential water layer is a surplus. Then, the fire department asked the Office of Residential Elevator layer and the public sidewalk installed sprinkler system, they can use the surplus in this part of the fire contained, In other words layer residential sprinkler system can use the fire hydrant system pumps, fire and the total water consumption unchanged.Most residential tower floor of the typical residential floor elevator and the Office of the general public sidewalk installation of 5 ~ 8 nozzle it will satisfy requirements , equal to a water gun fire of consumption, coupled with 20 L / s hydrant water usage. Residential water layer fire not more than 40 L / s. But residential layer spray Standpipe to set up independently, based in the First Floor Wet alarm valve, hydraulic alarms based on duty nearby. If the nozzle for each five dollars, the entire building housing the nozzle layer is not more than 150, the system is obviously very small. In order to reduce construction costs, I believe it may be possible to omit the typical gauges and flow control valves, In the bottom of the standpipe installed a total control valve and flow indicator. Once the fire floor, blasting sprinkler head, wet alarm valve hydraulic alarm after alarm signal will be issued. but each floor smoke detector will send out alarm signals to direct the fire site. If the nozzle mistaken burglary, the alarm will hydraulic action, instructions to staff on duty to inspect mistaken burglarylocations.For purely residential floor of a high-rise building category, residential elevators and the Office of sidewalk are required to spray for protection, I believe sprinkler system and fire hydrant system is also suitable for fire pump, but adjustments to the fire pump flow, Additional that is the typical number of nozzles can flow. Taking into account the role of sprinkler system time with the fire hydrantsystem, the pump should be separately installed pipeline, When the fire time to "cut off one hour after the water spray system. For ordinary residential buildings, as long as the roof water tanks fire high over the top Hydrant 7 m, enough to satisfy the most vulnerable point nozzle area refers to the minimum working pressure of 490kPa requirements. Therefore, the whole system on the fire without further Regulators pump.To maintain the residential elevators and the Office of the beautiful hallway, with no ceiling, use wall-nozzle, Spray deposition pipeline dark wall. Sprinkler system in the top end of trial should be established valve and pressure gauge.Above, the senior fire protection design, Residential layer spray system can use the fire hydrant system pump, and no up a separate spray pump, thereby saving investment and reduce the size of the pumping station. When the residential-only elevators and the Office of Public sidewalk installation of sprinkler systems, only a few of each nozzle closed, Spray only to the bottom of the standpipe installation of control valves and flow indicator, without the need to set up on each floor. References :[1] GB 50045-1995, fire protection design of tall buildings norms [S].高层商住楼消防设计探讨在最近几年广州市的商住楼设计过程中，遇到的一个新问题是公安消防部门要求对一类高层住宅的电梯厅和公共走道部分设自动喷水灭火系统。
中文2390字附录E 关于高层民用建筑消防设计与实践问题研究[8]1.高层民用建筑消防扑救登高面和登高场地在火灾中的作用高层民用建筑，一般功能复杂，体量较大，但由于高层建筑使用功能、城市规划、街景及建筑学的需要，往往在高层民用建筑主体附建与高层建筑相连的裙房，用作商场、餐厅、营业厅、会议厅等。
尤其对高层建筑的裙房，登高面等诸多问题设计时稍有忽视。
高层建筑一旦发生火灾，有以下几个特点：（1）现有的电梯往往由于停电，不能正常使用，而多数高层建筑的疏散楼梯或剪刀梯都布置设计在建筑的筒体中部，火灾停电时往往无照明，消防电梯、疏散楼梯不能正常使用，给迎救人员、疏散人员带来困难。
（2）消防人员难以接近着火层扑救，由于人员在火灾时惊慌外逃，顺楼梯或下或上，与消防人员逆向行走。
极大的导致人员阻设等因素，给抢救和人员疏散带来混乱。
（3）火灾时往往是烟气顺其楼梯间、电梯间、竖向的管导井、电缆井等上下漫延，由于高层建筑的烟囱效应，烟气在很短时间内就会迷漫疏散楼梯间、电梯间、烟气的毒性导致人员难以疏散。
因此，高层民用建筑登高面的设计是保障火灾时抢救人员生命、逃生和扑灭火灾的重要保证。
2.现有标准和实际存在的设计缺陷问题1)现有规定现有实施历经几次局部修订的《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》第 4.1.7 条要求，“高层建筑的底边至少有一个长边或周边长度的1/4 且不小于一个长边长度，不应布置高度大于5 米、进深大于4 米的裙房，且在此范围内必须设有直通室外的楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口”。
该条明确了高层建筑消防扑救登高面的基本要求。
2)存在问题随城市化建设加快，中心城市土地使用率的不断提高，给高层民用建筑扑救面设计带来许多不容忽视的问题。
（1）裙房的设计问题。
在城市区域内的高层建筑，多为追求商业价值，建筑裙房设计多在四层左右，由于裙房作商业用途，每层层高净空多为4-4.5 米以上，往往裙房高度超过防火规范 5 米要求，多数裙房的进深也大于 4 米。
英文文献一Factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measuresAbstractHigh-rise building fires have many characteristics, such as the diversity of blazing, factors, various ways of fires spreading, the difficulty of evacuation and saving activities etc. Thus in order to attain a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss, the comprehensive analysis of the factors that can cause high-rise building fires is needed. Establishing high-rise building fire safety system and countermeasure begins from "man-machine-environment" , that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software) which highlight the effect of guiding and coordination of management to technology, with management as outlines and technology as method: establishing and improving the save system, strengthening "Three Simultaneous”, enhancing safety management of the related personnel and cultivating the sense of safety, sounding the fire precautionary emergency program. The study aims at solving fire protection of highrisebuilding and providing some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.1. IntroductionWith the development of urban economy, high-rise buildings and super hig h-rise buildings become more and more because of high population density and land price.Nowadays in our country high-rise buildings develop into the direct ion of modernization, maximization and multi-functions, so it becomes more d ifficult to put out fires from outside and evacuate than one that takes place in ordinary constructions considering the high floors, complex functions and dive rsified devices. Ofcourse it tends to cause great economical loss and personnel casualty accidents easily.The statistics from Ministry of Public Security sugges ts that fires in our urbancommunity rise obviously year by year,especially firesin high-rise buildings whichtake up a great proportion [1]. Fire disasters in hi gh-rise buildings were relativelysevere during 1980s to 1990s, then slightly miti gate in 1990s, but in recent years, it has presented upturn tendency since the r apid development of economic construction, such as one which took place in o ffice building of Wuhan government Hubei Province, April 17th, 2009, two da ys later, one occurring at International Square Building of Nanjing,Jiangsu Prov ince and the recent report about a fire that happened at a high residence buildi ng of Jingan area in Shanghai,November 15th, 2010. The main reasons were a bout hardware which has no sounding fire fighting system, that is to say the f ighting equipments don't match the floors and softwarein another word, management of related personnel and safety sense cultivation arelacked.The fireproof of high-rise building is still a worldwide difficult problem. The author analyses the partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss according to the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires. Establish high-risebuilding fire safety system framework and emphasize four directions of fire safety countermeasure from "man-machineenvironment"that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software). The author aimed at providing some practical value to solve the difficulty.2. The characteristics of high-rise buildings and firesHigh-rise buildings have three characteristics: Construction structure is complicated (its high height, many floors and podium); Functions are complicated and the population density is high (wide functions including residential building,hotel, office building, store and so on); Combustibles is multiple and fire load is large (much combustible decorativematerial, such as ceiling from combustible material, wall cloth of plastic, wallpaper, curtain and so on [2]). Characteristics drawing from above are as following [3-4]: (1) Fire spreads quickly. High-rise building has many staircases, elevator shafts, pipe shafts, air passages, cable shafts and many other vertical shafts. If fire separation is not arranged reasonably, they will become lofty chimneys, in other words,they will become the passages to spread fire, especially in superior hotels, comprehensivebuildings, libraries, office buildings and other high-rise buildings. Because of much existing combustible material, once it catches fire, combustion will spread quickly and be of high intensity. According to determination, owing to air convection, the horizontal velocity ofsmoke diffusion is 0.3 m/s in the initial stage of fire, when in the violent stage of fire, and it may reach at 3-4m /s (Fig 1).Once a high-rise building with the height of 100m catches fire, smoke will diffuse to the top floor through the vertical shafts in 30 seconds and its velocity is more than 10 times of that in the horizontal direction. (2)It is difficult to evacuate. The features of high-rise buildings are as followings: Firstly, there are many floors and thevertical dimension is long, what’s more, it will cost too much time to evacuate. Secondly, population density is concentrated.Thirdly, once it catches fire, air flow is unblocked and fires and smoke spread quickly. All of those increase the difficulty ofevacuation. Some developed cities purchase a few of lift-up fire engines, while the majority cities with high-rise buildingshave no one, besides the height of them can't meet the requirement of safety evacuation and fighting. Generally speaking,ordinary elevators don't work because they can't protect from smoke and fires or power fails. Therefore, it depends on stairsto evacuate in majority high-rise buildings. Of course it is difficult to evacuate, because the staircases are filled of smoke.All above are the main disadvantages to evacuate in high-rise buildings.(3) It is hard to put out the fire. It is fairly difficult to put out fires from outside because the height of high-rise buildingsranges from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. Therefore we have to depend on self-save that are to say we have to putout fires by indoor fire apparatuses. Due to the limitation of economy and technology, the indoor fire apparatuses of highrisebuildings are not perfect, especially for the second class of high-rise buildings. It is more difficult to put out fireshappening in high-rise buildings because of its strong thermal radiation, the speed of fire spreading, and the lack offirewater and so on.3. The analysis to the factors that may cause high-rise building firesIt is an important part of the establishment of fire safety system and fire safetycountermeasure to analyze the factors thatmay cause fires. Thus the comprehensive analysis of the factors is an essential prerequisite to establish fire safety systemand to put forward fire safety countermeasure.The occurrence and development of fires do not happen in twinkling but a series of developing processes. It is a necessary condition for fires to have combustibles, comburent and ignition source together, while enough disaster-deducingfactors (such as building structure strength and material, fire load characteristic and distribute, the formation and strengthof ignition source, fire alarm system, fire equipment, emergency countermeasure, the group and so on) are the sufficientcondition. When the necessary condition mixes with the outside environmental condition, the fire will occur, develop andspread, then results in casualties and property loss. A partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss is madeby analyzing fire accident cases and it is shown just as Fig 2.Evidence from Fig 2: the trend of building fire safety is not only related to the life-cycle of building, the sense of firesafety and the carrying out measures but also the related to personnel and the interfaces between systems that are consistedof personnel and buildings. These need to establish perfect fire protection system and strengthen "Three Simultaneous".That is to say fire-fighting facilities must be designed, constructed and put in the production at the same time. It is notdifficult to recognize that the existence of defect events includes elements of safety management. That is to strengthen thesafety management and cultivate related personnel the safety sense of building fire protection after the hardware of building environment is determined.High-rise building fires are a kind of risk events which are threaten to life and property of people. There are aboutthousands of these events every year in our whole country, which have terrible impact on our whole society and takeenormous damages. In order to know and protect fire accidents, the danger level of bursting fire events should be decreasedand the danger should be controlled to lowest extent, besides it needs a perfect precautionary emergency program and awell-trained organization [5-7]. Analysis of the causes of high-rise building fires can not only help the emergency rescue butalso contribute to finding the defaults of precautionary system.If both of them can combine together and supply mutually,then fire safety system of high-rise buildings will be better.4.Fire safety countermeasures of high-rise buildingsSafety is a best situation, where systems of "man-machine-environment" can realize mutual coordination. In order toachieve the goal, it needs to guarantee the safety of personnel and machine-environment. On one hand, some measures should be taken in technology to make the system of machine-environment with ability to ensure safety, on the other hand,the relationship between the personnel and the system of machine-environment in management should be coordinated. Thatis to say we should realize the harmony of system from measures in both technology and management. Fig 3 presentsbuilding fire safety system. The system emphases the timing relevance and the dynamic characteristics of building firesafety trend, which carries out the management based on preliminary hazard analysis. It achieves the change frompassiveness to initiative and the development from steady to trends.High-rise building fire safety activity is consisted of the fire prevention and the control of fire loss. In the view ofcontaining fires, the most important method is to prevent the meeting of the three elements of fire. If the meeting can't avoid,the environment should be controlled well to prevent their interaction or mechanism of action. In the terms of avoiding anddecreasing the loss of building fires, the exposure of life and property in time and space should be controlled firstly, then thedisaster inducement factors in the fire process should be limited. From Fig 3, we can know that if innate fire safety trend ofbuildings is confirmed, which is consisted of buildings, inner equipments, apparatus and other hardware, then the majorityreasons causing fires is the defaults of management [8-9]. So the building fire safety countermeasure should have theprocess property and be made of technology and management. What's more, because of the special properties of personnel,it is a key point to strengthen safety management. Only if after correct plan, organization, supervision, coordination andother activities, technology equipments and other jobs will make some sense and give service to the building fire safety. Interm of the analysis of building fire loss, the majority of basic events that the author puts forward in the existingtechnologyconditions can guarantee the building fire safety by improving and perfecting the safety management in order to control andeliminate hazards.In terms of fire safety, building, owners of building, the inner fire safety equipments, the rules of building andmanagement system is an organic integrity that is correlative and has mutual restriction. In order to achieve building firesafety, fire prevention of many factors, including personnel, building (including the inner equipments, facilities and so on),the related environmental factors, and their interaction should be controlled and coordinated. From the sequence of time(Fig 3), building has different time phases such as design, construction, acceptance inspection, application and so on.Whether fire safety measures are practicable in different phases has a profound influence on the next step. That is to say thejob in different phases is interrelated have mutual restriction. At the same time, in a time of stage in the building and the cross-section of the relevant personnel, job, all kinds of facilities and safety management system is also a connected and c hecked each other organic integrity [10-11]. According to the guiding ideology, in the process of implementation of fireprevention safety countermeasures, first step is to put the fire safety of buildings work as an integral subsystem and definiteorganizational mechanism and target; Then, along the timing investigation buildings in design, construction and acceptance,various stages of fire prevention safety characteristics and working communication and determine the specific safetymanagement of the content and the technical countermeasures are applied to achieve the whole process of fire preventionmanagement; In the specific time sequence of stage cross section (some phase), the technical countermeasures and technicalcountermeasures coordination and management should be implemented, of which the most important is to emphasize theprocess of operation management, especially to emphasize the homework in danger analysis and the dynamic safetymanagement while management measures is regarded as the core. Due to the overlapping of longitudinal and lateraldirection, the vertical should be emphasized as the main line in order to strengthen the manoeuvrability of the workrequirements, while the horizontal is the keypoint.5.ConclusionsThe paper put the "safety and prevention first" as the principle and analyses the features of high-rise buildings fire to gainthe course of accident by understanding high-rise buildings and its fire and attain a partial event tree whose top event is thedirect fire hazard loss, while it combined with the current state of the economy. In view of the high-rise buildings fireproblem, this is a "global" problem, and several points are put forward as followings:(1)Putting forward a new idea that is from "man-machine (content, equipment, etc.) -environment", that is, the twoaspects of the technology (hardware) and management (software) should be take into consideration comprehensively tosolve problems in high-rise buildings fire prevention.(2) Technology can't solve the problem that fire control facilities can't keep up with the increasing of the floor heighteffectively in a short term. In terms of the present economic situation in our country, a high-rise buildings fire preventionsafety system which takes the management as outline should be put forward while technology is a method and outstand theguiding and coordination that that management presents on technology.(3) Our high-rise buildings should emphasize the four high-rise buildings fire safety countermeasures with the realizationof fire prevention safety system at the same time, and achieve technology and the management synchronous development assoon as possible. Besides, high-rise building fire prevention safety system should be perfected.In order to solve the high-rise building fire prevention safety problem, this study hopes to provide some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.英文译文分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施摘要高层建筑火灾有很多特点,比如不同的起火方式、因素,火灾的各种蔓延形式,疏散的难度大和扑救困难等。
对高层建筑消防电气设计浅析摘要：高层建筑消防电气则是社会进步的重要体现，而做好最初的高层建筑消防电气设计工作则是保障整个高层建筑的关键环节。
本文具体分析了高层建筑消防电气设计。
关键词：高层建筑,消防,电气设计Abstract: the high building fire electrical is the important embodiment of social progress, and do the first high building fire electrical design work is to safeguard the high-rise building key link. This paper analyses the high building fire electrical design.Keywords: high buildings, fire control, electrical design随着土地资源的日益紧张，高层建筑获得了非常良好的发展前景，特别是在土地资源严重受到限制的城市，更需要高层建筑来缓解土地资源的压力。
如果说高层建筑的出现是时代发展的必然趋势，那么高层建筑消防电气则是社会进步的重要体现，而做好最初的高层建筑消防电气设计工作则是保障整个高层建筑的关键环节，对于促进高层建筑的发展、社会的发展以及国家的发展有着重要的意义。
一、火灾报警系统火灾报警系统的形式应根据具体保护对象来确定，设计者首先应分清保护对象的建筑类别、使用性质、火灾危险性等因素，再根据这些因素来确定火灾报警系统的形式。
按“报警规范”，火灾报警系统分为三种基本形式：区域报警系统，集中报警系统和控制中心报警系统。
而“民规”把报警系统分为四种基本形式：区域系统、集中系统、区域———集中系统、控制中心系统。
随着火灾报警新技术的不断出现，火灾报警设备和元件也在不断更新和发展。
笔者认为，报警系统设备的设置不宜复杂过多，过多会造成投资增大，可靠性降低，也不宜过于简单而达不到报警联动要求。
