Baja动力总成设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

动力输出总成的设计（720转/分）摘要动力输出轴是拖拉机的重要工作部件,动力输出主要用于拖拉机在行进中输出发动机动力以驱动农机具,如割草机、喷药机等。

动力输出总成的设计是基于减速增扭的原理。

动力从变速箱引出，再进过一对大小齿轮减速，转速减小的同时，扭矩成比例的增加。

动力输出没有标准的设计过程，主要根据变速器和减速器的设计，确定齿轮的传动类型、传动关系、受力分析、建立数学模型。

依据传统的设计方法，本着半经验半理论的设计原则通过类比的方法，参考已有车型的动力输出的设计过程，然后验算零件的强度和机械应力情况，最后确定了采用半独立式的动力输出机构方案，动力直接从发动机的曲轴引出，这种输出类型现在被广泛使用，特别受到欧美的青睐。

本次设计采用的主动的直齿滑动齿轮啮合，主动齿轮可以在高速轴上滑动，以提供啮合和分离的选择。

这种设计最大的优点是结构简单，便于安装和维修。

而且为了避免动力输出轴头在高速旋转下危及人身的事故发生，本次设计专门设计了动力输出轴保护罩，保证外露的高速旋转部件不会伤害人，提高了使用的安全性。

关键词：动力输出轴，半独立式，主动齿轮，从动齿轮POWER TAKEOFF SHAFT DESIGN（720r/min）ABSTRACTPower take off shaft is an important part of the tractor, PTO shaft provides a means to drive the machines that are being towed by the tractor, Take mower and manure spreaders for example.The PTO shaft operates on the principle of reducing the PTO shaft speed, before the drive from the transmission is applied. At the same time ,the PTO shaft increases the torque ,for when speed is lost through gears, torque is gained in the same proportion . According to the design of the transmissions in consideration of the simplicity and reliability. According to the traditional mean of design, part experience and theory and analogism. We firstly chose gear type, make selection of the gear parameter, then establish the mathematic model dose the type of the being.In this thesis, we dose semi-independent type. This type of PTO shaft is popular not only in our country, but also in Europe. The merit of this type is outstanding, We choose spur gear to transmit the drive.the driving gear can be slid along the splines on the internal end of shaft and into mesh with driven gear. The means of this type is easy for fixing and mending.To avoid the accident of the wound from the revolving of the end of PTO shaft, the shaft and universal joint of PTO should be guarded by commercially available shields ,which cover moving part, so it will improve the softy.Key words：PTO shaft, semi-independent, driving gear, driven gear目录第一章绪论........ .. .. .. .. .. (1)§1.1拖拉机发展概述 (1)§1.2动力输出总成的概述 (3)§1.3拖拉机工作速度匹配 (5)§1.4 动力输出轴的转速配置 (5)§1.5动力输出轴性能 (6)第二章动力输出总成齿轮主要参数的确定... .. .. .. .. .. (8)§2.1 齿轮的概述.... .. .. .. .. .. (8)§2.2 方案一设计.. .. (8)§2.2.1 方案一齿轮计算 . ................... (8)§2.2.2 方案一轴设计......................... .. (9)§2.3 方案二设计.. ............... .. (12)§2.3.1 方案二齿轮设计...................... (12)§2.3.2 齿轮变位设计...................... .. (15)§2.3.3 齿轮重合度的设计...................... . (17)第三章动力输出总成轴承的计算 (19)§3.1 轴承的概述.. .. .. .. (19)§3.2 轴承的计算 (19)第四章轴的校核计算 (21)§4.1 高速轴设计.... .. .. .. . (21)§4.2 低速轴设计.... .. (23)第五章花键的计算 (26)§5.1 低速轴花键设计. ... . (26)§5.2 高速轴花键设计 (27)§5.3 连轴器花键设计........................ .. (28)第六章控制机构设计 (30)§6.1 自锁弹簧的设计.... .. . (30)§6.2 操纵机构位置的设计 (31)第七章动力输出轴的加工方法 (34)第八章使用与保养 (35)第九章结论 (37)参考文献 (38)致谢 (40)第一章绪论§1.1 拖拉机发展概述国外拖拉机的技术发展趋势，是广泛采用高新技术，提高拖拉机性能、可靠性、操作方便性、舒适性、安全性及外观质量等。

汽车悬架原理外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The rinciple Of Car SuspensionsBy William HarrisUniversity of MichiganWhen people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion engine.The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.1.Vehicle DynamicsIf a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton's laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a tiny speck. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration as it passes over an imperfection.Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the first place. Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:1)Ride - a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road2)Handling - a car's ability to safely accelerate, brake and cornerThese two characteristics can be further described in three important principles - road isolation, road holding and cornering. The table below describes these principles and how engineers attempt to solve the challenges unique to each.A car's suspension, with its various components, provides all of the solutions described.2.The Chassis SystemThe suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located beneath the car's body.These systems include:1)T he frame - structural, load-carrying component that supports the car's engine and body, which are in turn supported by the suspension2)T he suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps maintain tire contact3)T he steering system - mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle4)T he tires and wheels - components that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the roadSo the suspension is just one of the major systems in any vehicle.With this big-picture overview in mind, it's time to look at the three fundamental components of any suspension: springs, dampers and anti-sway bars.figure 2-1 Chassis3.SpringsToday's springing systems are based on one of four basic designs:1）Coil springs - This is the most common type of spring and is, in essence, a heavy-duty torsion bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs compress and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels.2）Leaf springs - This type of spring consists of several layers of metal (called "leaves") bound together to act as a single unit. Leaf springs were first used on horse-drawn carriages and were found on most American automobiles until 1985. They are still used today on most trucks and heavy-duty vehicles.3）Torsion bars - Torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-like performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the levering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force. European carmakers used this system extensively, as did Packard and Chrysler in the United States, through the 1950s and 1960s. 4）Air springs - Air springs, which consist of a cylindrical chamber of air positioned between the wheel and the car's body, use the compressive qualities of air to absorb wheel vibrations. The concept is actually more than a century old and could be found on horse-drawn buggies. Air springs from this era were made from air-filled, leather diaphragms, much like a bellows; they were replaced with molded-rubber air springs in the 1930s.Based on where springs are located on a car -- i.e., between the wheels and the frame -- engineers often find it convenient to talk about the sprung mass and the unsprung mass.4.Sprung and Unsprung MassThe sprung mass is the mass of the vehicle supported on the springs, while the unsprung mass is loosely defined as the mass between the road and the suspension springs. The stiffness of the springs affects how the sprung mass responds while the car is being driven. Loosely sprung cars, such as luxury cars (think Lincoln Town Car), can swallow bumps and provide a super-smooth ride; however, such a car is prone to dive and squat during braking and acceleration and tends to experience body sway or roll during cornering. Tightly sprung cars, such as sports cars (think Mazda Miata), are less forgiving on bumpy roads, but they minimize body motion well, which means they can be driven aggressively, even around corners.So, while springs by themselves seem like simple devices, designing and implementing them on a car to balance passenger comfort with handling is a complex task. And to make matters more complex, springs alone can't provide a perfectly smooth ride. Why? Because springs are great at absorbing energy, but not so good at dissipating it. Other structures, known as dampers, are required to do this.5.Shock AbsorbersUnless a dampening structure is present, a car spring will extend and release the energy it absorbs from a bump at an uncontrolled rate. The spring will continue to bounce at its natural frequency until all of the energy originally put into it is used up. A suspension built on springs alone would make for an extremely bouncy ride and, depending on the terrain, an uncontrollable car.Enter the shock absorber, or snubber, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid. To understand how this works, it's best to look inside a shock absorber to see its structure and function.A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the wheels. The upper mount of the shock connects to the frame (i.e., the sprung weight), while the lower mount connects to the axle, near the wheel (i.e., the unsprung weight). In a twin-tube design, one of the most common types of shock absorbers, the upper mount is connected to a piston rod, which in turn is connected to a piston, which in turn sits in a tube filled with hydraulic fluid. The inner tube is known as the pressure tube, and the outer tube is known as the reserve tube. The reserve tube stores excess hydraulic fluid.When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the piston. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston moves up and down in the pressure tube. Because the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passes through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows down the spring.Shock absorbers work in two cycles -- the compression cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downward, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. With that in mind, the compression cycle controls the motion of the vehicle's unsprung weight, while extension controls the heavier, sprung weight.All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive -- the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat.6.Struts and Anti-sway Barsfigure 6-1 Common strut designAnother common dampening structure is the strut -- basically a shock absorber mounted inside a coil spring. Struts perform two jobs: They provide a dampening function like shock absorbers, and they provide structural support for the vehicle suspension. That means struts deliver a bit more than shock absorbers, which don't support vehicle weight -- they only control the speed at which weight is transferred in a car, not the weight itself.Because shocks and struts have so much to do with the handling of a car, they can be considered critical safety features. Worn shocks and struts can allow excessive vehicle-weight transfer from side to side and front to back. This reduces the tire's ability to grip the road, as well as handling and braking performance.7.Anti-sway BarsAnti-sway bars (also known as anti-roll bars) are used along with shock absorbers or struts to give a moving automobile additional stability. An anti-sway bar is a metal rod that spans the entire axle and effectively joins each side of the suspension together.When the suspension at one wheel moves up and down, the anti-sway bar transfers movement to the other wheel. This creates a more level ride and reduces vehicle sway. Inparticular, it combats the roll of a car on its suspension as it corners. For this reason, almost all cars today are fitted with anti-sway bars as standard equipment, although if they're not, kits make it easy to install the bars at any time.8.The Future of Car SuspensionsWhile there have been enhancements and improvements to both springs and shock absorbers, the basic design of car suspensions has not undergone a significant evolution over the years. But all of that's about to change with the introduction of a brand-new suspension design conceived by Bose -- the same Bose known for its innovations in acoustic technologies. Some experts are going so far as to say that the Bose suspension is the biggest advance in automobile suspensions since the introduction of an all-independent design.How does it work? The Bose system uses a linear electromagnetic motor (LEM) at each wheel in lieu of a conventional shock-and-spring setup. Amplifiers provide electricity to the motors in such a way that their power is regenerated with each compression of the system. The main benefit of the motors is that they are not limited by the inertia inherent in conventional fluid-based dampers. As a result, an LEM can extend and compress at a much greater speed, virtually eliminating all vibrations in the passenger cabin. The wheel's motion can be so finely controlled that the body of the car remains level regardless of what's happening at the wheel. The LEM can also counteract the body motion of the car while accelerating, braking and cornering, giving the driver a greater sense of control.Unfortunately, this paradigm-shifting suspension won't be available until 2009, when it will be offered on one or more high-end luxury cars. Until then, drivers will have to rely on the tried-and-true suspension methods that have smoothed out bumpy rides for centuries.汽车悬架的原理当人们考虑汽车性能的时候，他们通常认为是马力，扭矩和零到60的加速时间。

6B Product and Service PortfolioT h e P r ov en A l t erna tiveAnsaldo Energia GroupTogether, PSM and Ansaldo Thomassen, as part of the Ansaldo Energia Group, now offer complete solutions for the Frame 6B, providing our customers with innovative products and services to lower emissions, extend life, and much more.PSM’s Complete 6B Service OfferingPSM’s complete single source solution brings together engineering capabilities from our OEM background with the innovative solutions of the independent service providers of PSM and Ansaldo Thomassen. With an extensive portfolio of field service, repair capabilities, spare parts supply, innovative upgrades, training and long-term service agreements, our goal is to serve the energy industry with a broad range of power generation equipment worldwide.Optimizing Maintenance & Operations for Your 6B UnitOur mission is to lead the way in developing technology solutions, delivered with a wide range of services to help GT owners and operators decrease life cycle costs and improve the overall performance of their turbines and plants. As your partner, our Service teams bring you a wealth of expertise and years of experience. We’re constantly searching for better ways to help you meet your goals, with an agile entrepreneurial spirit combined with a multifaceted engineering team. This combination has created unique equipment solutions, upgrade options and patented inventions that have improved the reliability and performance of power plants worldwide.02PSM and Ansaldo Thomassen under the Ansaldo Energia umbrella provide Frame 6B hot gas path buckets, nozzles, shrouds and compressor hardware. mproved durability and lower life cycle cost is achieved using our component and system product modeling and data evaluation tools, to identify the issues and failure modes in current OEM designs.We manufacture all buckets, nozzles and shroud blocks to be compatible with the latest 1140C (2084F) firing temperature machines and are also backwards compatible. In normal operation the entire hot gas path has a minimum service interval of 24,000 FFH, which can be increased to 32,000 FFH on a unit by unit basis, with consultation from our experts.I nstallation hardware and optional alternative coatings are available based on specific operating conditions such as a heavy corrosion environment.NEW HOT GAS PATH PARTS SOLUTIONSBuckets1st Stage: • I nterchangeable with GE P/N 314B7162G015• B ase Alloy-111-DS• M CrAlY airfoil coating plus internal aluminide coating• 16-cooling hole design to allow for increased inlet temperatures.2nd Stage: • I nterchangeable with GE P/N 314B7163G021• B ase Alloy-738-LC•6 turbulated cooling hole design with cobalt base hardface material on the z-notches.3rd Stage: • A dvanced aero design interchangeable with GE P/N 314B7164G019 or standard configuration 314B7164G014• B ase Alloy-738-LCNozzles1st Stage:• I nterchangeable with GE P/N 112E6044G001• B ase Alloy-414• C hordal hinge design to minimize cooling airleakage with optional TBC/MCrAlY coating depending on operating conditions2nd Stage: •I nterchangeable with GE P/N 119E2434G044 or 119E2434G036 (brush seal)• O ption available for brush seal design • N ozzle - Base Alloy-939-mod • D iaphragm – AISI 410• B rush seal configuration will generate an increased power output and improved heat rate. Standard configuration nozzles are coated with Al-Si diffusion coating to enhance oxidation resistance 3rd Stage: • A dvanced aero design interchangeable with GE P/N 201E1231G002 or standard configuration 112E6642G003• B ase Alloy-738-LCBefore delivery a harmonic analysis is conducted on all nozzles to verify the assembly sequence. Nozzles are fully interchangeable with other GEgroup numbers without any modification to the gas turbine.Ansaldo Energia Group03Rotor Lifetime Extension Rotor Management ProgramCustomer Rotor Inspec6onsEvalua6ons and Reworks Rotor Life6me Assessment• P E R F O R M A N C E • R E L I A B I L I T YC O M B U S T I O N T U N I N G•F U E L F L E X I B I L I T Y 04Ansaldo Energia GroupThree key design features in the LEC III™ combustion system enable thisimproved process and fundamentally differentiate the LEC III™ from theOEM design: the forward flowing venturi, effusion cooling technology, and mixture via the premixer dilution holes, resultingNOx formation.in better mixing and a leaner combustionmixture which reduces NOx generation.066B CONTROL SOLUTIONSfety-related turbine functions. This control system also offers the rdware and software flexibility your power plant needs to remain relevant, iable – and, above all – profitable.e TC-7 can be easily exchanged with a Mark I , Mark I , Mark I V or ark V and no mechanical support change is needed. Electrical and strumentation changes are minimized. The cable entrance is at the ttom so no additional marshalling boxes are needed for cable extension. strumentation can be adapted to fulfill SIL requirements. Approved flame tectors and the gas nozzle start pressure switch are common instruments be adapted.+ A ddition of AutoTune provides fuel flexibility, extended turndown, elimination of annual or seasonal tuning, fast transfer and start-up optimization to respond to fluctuating market demandsAnsaldo Energia Group •R E L I A B I L I T Y•P E R F O R M A N C E08Customized Tooling Emergency Response Team Control/Combustion Tuning Instrumentation Support Valve CalibrationCustomized Work Instructions & Quality Plan Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures Field Inspection & AssessmentsDetailed Lessons Learned & Improvement Plans+ F ull Metallurgical Laboratory with Engineering Services + Brazing + FIC Cleaning+ Qualified fixture check for all components +R obotically controlled coating+ F low testing, gas and liquid, including F-class and DLN + H eat treat+ 24 hour engineering and shop support + L atest Qualified Procedures/Process + S tate-of-the-Art Equipment+ W arehouse for Spare & Emergency Parts + L ifetime assessment of components and rotorsAnsaldo Energia Group09Monitoring & Diagnostics CenterPSM provides engineering and operational support in troubleshooting issues outside of the normal inspection periods. The support includes staff located in Florida, USA and Genoa, Italy supporting the monitoring function on a 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-per-week basis. The monitoring center personnel have the capability to perform an analysis of the cause of issues and recommendations on how to solve the issues in the short term and, if applicable, a recommendation for a longer term improvement. The data collected from the Monitoring & Diagnostics Center is essential in tracking the history of parts and providing the essential functions required for Long-Term Planning. The Monitoring Center function includes data analysis and trending for the following Gas Turbine Points:+ C ombustor Dynamics + B lade Path Spread+ E xhaust Gas Temperature Spreads + F uel Gas/Oil Temperature + B earing Temperature & Vibration+ C ompressor Discharge Temperature & Pressure + I nlet Guide Vane Position + T urbine Speed+ C ompressor Inlet Temperature + A larm Displays in the DCS + R -0 Vibration MonitoringCustomer TrainingOur courses combine theoretical knowledge with practical training toensure maximum value and relevance. The GE-type heavy-duty gas turbine program trains operators and maintenance personnel on this type of gas turbine and its associated systems. The Speedtronic™ Mark V & Mark VI control program familiarizes electrical and instrumental staff with the hardware and software of the control system and enhances their ability to find viable solutions.These programs include:– gas turbine basics – major components – auxiliary systems – turbine maintenance – turbine operations – a n introduction to turbine controls – a n introduction to Speedtronic™ controls – panel hardware– operating instructions – i ntroduction to software configurations – u ser manuals, maintenance and application manuals – control systemsWhen we conduct training at a client’s location, we combine classroom sessions and visual presentations with practical instruction close to the machinery. This gives trainees the opportunity to apply theoreticalknowledge to their own machines.10Long Term Agreements and Structured Maintenance ContractsPSM can bring in all of our services and product lines specifically engineered for the 6B, to structure specific maintenance programs to provide our customers with significant life cycle cost reduction in order to maximize ROI. In summary, the various agreement offerings are structured to optimize your maintenance budget by offering competitive parts life guarantees, minimal parts fallout, coverage during unscheduled inspections, control of inventory, and proactive contract management to ensure total coverage.Scope of Supply — based on the customer requirementsThe customer determines the level of scope for the Long Term Agreements, ranging from full service offerings to a pricing agreement. Service offered by PSM within a Long Term Agreement include, but are not limited to, the following:+ P arts Supply + R econditioning+ F ield Services — including craft labor+ M onitoring & Diagnostics (e.g. Remote Monitoring)+ C ontract Management + I nventory Management + P arts Tracking+ E ngineering Assessments + System Technical SupportAnsaldo Energia Group11Plant Assessment for Combined Cycle Power PlantsThe competitive power generation market drives power plant operators to increase output, improve heat rate and lower operational costs. Enhancements and upgrades of the original design equipment are typically implemented to accomplish these goals. Consideration of the power plant as a system is critical when making decisions to invest in performance upgrades.BenefitsA PSM Plant Assessment provides the knowledge to:+E nsure equipment and systems are compatible with proposed upgrades +M aximize asset potential+A ssess real-time condition & performance +I ncrease operational flexibility +F orecast life expectancy +M anage emissions profileComponent EvaluationGas Turbine+ P SM upgrade applications + O utput and efficiency gains + E xhaust flow and temperature Heat Recovery Steam Generator + P ressure part design limits + F low accelerated corrosion areas + C apacity of attemperators Steam Turbine + S team path analysis+ T hermal and mechanical stress limits + O utput and efficiency gainsGenerator+ O peration during maximum output + C apability curves and cooling limitations + M agnetic saturation limits Balance of Plant+ P erformance of environmental controls+C apacity of control valves, pumps, heat exchangers & safety valvesModeling & AnalysisPSM can perform a detailed analysis of the power plant for multiple operational and ambient conditions. The following considerations are taken into account:+ O riginal design and upgraded heat balances + M odel calibration to as-is equipment condition+ O EM and model-based upgrade potential formajor equipment+ B alance of plant systems and components capabilityPlant Assessment ReportThe plant assessment report provides thefollowing evaluations:+ C urrent vs. upgraded plant thermal performance+ E missions summary and environmental impact+ E quipment and operational limitations/recommendations+ Business case development supportAnsaldo Energia GroupRevision 9/2019Contact your PSM Sales Representative for more information.Call: 561.354.1100 or email: ************************.com© 2019 Power Systems Mfg., LLC (PSM). PSM is not an authorized distributor or representative of GE, Siemens, Mitsubishi, or Westinghouse. The data contained herein is provided for information purposes only. PSM makes no representation, warranty or guarantee (whether expressed or implied) as to the accuracy or completeness of such data or any projected performance criteria.Ansaldo Energia GroupLEC III ™ and T-DLN offerings are available and can be specifically tailored to customers’ needs by incorporating our FlexSuite products, whether there are ultra low emissions, single or dual fuel needs.Hot Gas Path1st, 2nd, 3rd stage buckets, nozzles, and shrouds with the latest design improvementsRotorRotor components from bolting to new compressor and turbine discsCombustion System Engine Tuning including Monitoring & DiagnosticsSupport for all rotating equipment (e.g. remote monitoring) of gas turbines worldwide.Rotor Lifetime Extension (LTE)PSM’s Rotor LTE program can extend the useful lifetime of your rotor. With the advancements in computing power, material properties, fracture mechanic methodologies, and inspection techniques, it is now possible to assess the potential to run rotors beyond their original published limits.Field Services and Outage ManagementDeveloped globally and executed regionally, PSM offers complete field service solutions including on-staff bladers and supply of labor for gas turbines, steam turbines and generators worldwidePSM’s robust repair facility located in Florida, USA has partnered with Ansaldo Thomassen and their network of facilities in The Netherlands and Abu Dhabi, UAE in order to provide a true global network of component repair facilities.Conversions, Modifications and UpgradesAs needs change, PSM brings the ability to upgrade aging equipment back to life to compete against a changing power grid allowing customers to reduce emissions, extend life, and much moreFlexible Long-Term Parts and Service AgreementsCombining all of our services into one robust package tailored to fit the needs of your 6B units from full LTAs to rotor or component management programs.Company Headquarters and Sales for Gas Turbines 1440 West Indiantown Road Jupiter, Florida 33458 USA Phone: +1 561 354 1100Sales for Gas Turbines Phone : +41 585 058 593Sales for Gas Turbines Phone : +31 26 497 5941+ Americas+ Europe/Africa+ Middle East。

engine type) liquid cooled, in-line, 4cylinder, carb (发动机型号)水冷，直列，四缸，化油器式(engine) compression ratio (发动机)压缩比(engine) displacement (发动机)排量(engine) fuel (发动机)燃料3rd gear 三档齿轮3-way seat 三向座椅4WD control device 四轮驱动控制装置4WD indicator switch 四轮驱动指示灯开关4WD lamp electrical connection 四轮驱动指示灯接线4WD switch 四轮驱动开关5th synchromesh assy. 五档同步器总成6PK belt 6PK 多楔驱动皮带A / C compressor assembly 空调压缩机总成A / C control assembly 空调控制装置A/C & heater assy. 空调加热器总成A/C blower 空调鼓风机A/C clutch 空调压缩机离合器A/C compressor MTG bracket 空调压缩机安装支架A/C control assy. 空调控制器A/C housing assy. 空调箱总成A/C low pressure switch 空调低压开关A/C mode select switch 空调状态选择开关abdomen performance criterion 腹部性能指标Abdominal Peak Force 腹部力峰值ABS 防抱死制动系统acceleration fuel system 加速系统acceleration running noise level 加速行驶噪声accelerator interlocking type 加速踏板联锁式accounting foundation 财政基础Actual cycle work 实际循环功Actual torso angle 实际躯干角adapter 连接器additional features 附加装置additional rule 附加法规adjust screw 调整螺钉adjuster cable 调整拉线adjuster plug 调整盖adjuster screw assy. 调整螺栓总成adjuster washer 调整棘片adjuster, diff. bearing 差速器轴承调整螺母Adjustment system 调节装置Administration and Registration Division 管理科Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts WhichCan Be Fitted and/or Be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of These Prescriptions关于对轮式车辆、安装和/或用于轮式车辆的装备和部件采用统一条件并相互认可基于上述条件批准的协定书Agreement Regulations 协定法规air cleaner 空气滤清器air cleaner assy. 空气滤清器总成air cleaner cartridge 空气滤清器滤芯Air compressor 空压机air condition compressor 空调压缩机air direct 空气走向air filter 空气滤清器air flow 空气流向Air flow meter 空气流量计air jet 空气量孔air metering hole 空气量孔air path 气道Air Pressure of Tire 轮胎气压Air type 空气型air valve 空气阀air-cooled 风冷Aisles 通道Alcohol 酒精all bearing 球轴承alternater bracket 发动机支架alternator 交流发电机alterntor assembly 交流发电机总成alumininum-rim 铝合金钢圈alumininum opposed model 铝制对开式AM/FM cassette stereo radio 调幅/调频立体声收放机ambulance 救护车Amended by 修正文amount of exhaust emission 排气排放量Amplitude resolution 幅度分辨率Analogue magnetic recorder 模拟式磁记录仪ANALYZER 分析仪anchor plate, brake caliper 制动钳安装支架Anchorage 座椅固定装置Angle of divergence 偏离角Angle of rotation 旋转角angles drift off vertical line 指针偏离垂直线的角度Angular diameter of the retro-reflecting device 回复反射装置的角直径annex 附件Announcement 公告anti, shutdown screw 防不灭车调整螺钉Antilock Brake System 防抱死制动系统appendix 附录Applicable motor vehicle 适用机动车Applicable scope 适用范围applicant 申请人application 申请application for notification 认可申请书approval 认可arm, valve rocket 摇臂armature 转子总成armature shaft 电枢轴Arm-rests 靠手Article 条Asphalt solution 沥青溶剂Attached document 附署文件attached sheet 附表Attached Table 附表attaching location of seat belt anchorage 座椅安全带固定装置的固定位置attachment 附属文件Attendants onboard 车上值班人员automatic chock cover setting 自动阻风门盖调到automotive electric system 汽车电系automotive engine system 引擎系统automatic transmission 自动变速器，自动排挡变速箱Auxiliary Brake 辅助制动器Auxiliary Direction Indicator Lamps 辅助转向信号灯auxiliary spring 副簧Auxiliary Stop Lamp 辅助驻车灯axle case 桥壳axle case assy. 桥壳总成axle ratio 桥速比axle weight 轴重back angle level 靠背角水平仪back angle quadrant 靠背角量角器back pan 靠板back spring 回位弹簧backing plate 制动底板Backing sheet 衬背板Back-Up Light 倒车灯backup washer 支撑挡圈bail wire 卡紧环balance tube 平衡管ball 钢球ball bearing 球轴承ball joint assy. , upper 上球销总成ball valve 球阀ball valve, inlet 进油口球阀bar 拉杆barrier 障碍壁battery 蓄电池battery terminal 蓄电池接线柱bearing cap 轴承盖bearing cover, input shaft 输入轴轴承盖bearing, connecting rod 连杆轴承bearing, input shaft 输入轴轴承Bed for babies 婴儿床bell 带束层bench seat 长条座椅berived cap 轴承盖bezel assy. 框板总成bezel, cluster 表框be pilot 小批量产品blead door 混合风门bleeder screw 放气螺钉blower assy. 鼓风机总成blower motor 鼓风发电机blower resistor 鼓风机电阻blower switch 鼓风机开关body 车身,阀体body & liftgate assembly 车身和举升门总成body assy. 车身总成body block 人体模块body of A/C & heater 空调加热器壳体bolt 主缸连接螺栓bolt, connecting rod 连杆螺栓Booster 助力器boot 护罩BOSCH starter motor assembly “波舍”起动机总成bottle assy. , coolant recover 冷却液回收罐总成bottom houseing, fuel pump 燃油泵下壳体bottom housing, fuel tank 燃油箱下壳体bracket 支架bracket assy. , spring seat 弹簧座支架bracket, steering damper mounting 转向减振器支架brake alarm lamp 制动报警灯brake alarm lamp switch 制动报警灯开关Brake booster 制动助力器brake caliper 制动钳brake caliper assy. 制动钳总成brake caliper piston 制动钳活塞brake combination valve 制动组合阀brake disc 制动盘Brake drum 制动鼓brake fluid 刹车油Brake hose 制动软管brake lining 刹车来令brake line, LF 左前制动油管字串6brake line, RF 右前制动油管brake oil flow 制动液流向brake paddle 制动踏板brake pedal 制动踏板Brake pipe 制动管brake shoes 刹车蹄片brake shoe 制动衬块Brake System 制动系Brake Systems for Tractors and Trailers 牵引车及挂车的制动装置Brake tester 制动器试验台brake valve 制动阀brake warning lamp 制动报警灯brake warning switch 制动报警开关Braking efficiency 制动效能braking force control system 制动控制装置Braking wheel 制动轮branch office 分署breaker 断电器bridge 过桥broadcasting vehicle 广播车brush 碳刷总成Buckle 带扣bulkhead 隔板Bulldozer 推土机bumper 保险杠Bumper element 保险杠构件bus transfer 车辆转移台bushing 衬套bushing, upper control arm 上控制臂衬套Business Place 业务场所bypass valve 旁通阀Cabinet Decision 内阁决议cable guide 拉线导向块cable-operated control system 液压式离合器系统Calibration factor of a data channel 数据通道校正系数calibration gas 标定气体calibration method 标定方法caliper assy. , front brake 前制动钳总成Camber 外倾camber angle 前轮外倾角camshaft 凸轮轴camshaft oil gallery 凸轮轴油道cap 加机油口盖cap assy. , power steering fluid reservoir 动力转向液油罐盖cap assy. , radiator 散热器盖总成cap screws 螺钉cap, connecting rod 连杆盖Capacity 容量,规格Capacity of the fuel tank 燃油箱容量capillary tube 毛细管carbon brushes & brush holder 电刷支架总成Carbon monoxide measuring instrument 一氧化碳分析仪Carburetor 化油器carburetor assy. 化油器总成carburetor bowl 化油器浮子室carburetor bowl vent system 化油器浮子室通风系统carburetor overhaul scheme 化油器分解图carburetor working scheme 化油器工作示意图carcase 胎体case runout (Max.) 差速器壳圆跳动（最大）Caster 后倾Catalyst 催化器category 类别cement and aggregate 水泥和混凝料Centreplane of occupant 乘员中心面Certified 经认证的Cetane number 十六烷值chain 驱动链chain drive 驱动链Channel amplitude class 幅度级通道Channel Frequency Class 频率级通道chassis 底盘chassis dynamometer 底盘测功机chassis shuttle 底盘平移台chassis number 底盘号Check and Maintenance 检查和保养check assy. , front door 前门限位器总成check assy. , rear door 后门限位器总成check ball 回止球check bracket 限位器支架check nut 限位器螺母check valve 单向阀check valve hole 回止阀孔check valve retainer 单向阀保持架check valve spring 单向阀弹簧check weight 回止块Chigi Circular No. 地技第…号Chigi No. 地技第…号Child Restraints 儿童约束装置chime module 蜂鸣器Chishin Circular No. 地审第…号Chishin No. 地审第…号chock heater 阻风门加热器总成chock plate 阻风门chock unloaded 阻风门连动装置choke 阻风门choke device 阻风装置choke unload mode 阻风门卸载状态cigarette lighter 点烟器circuit breaker, wiper/washer 刮水器/洗涤器电器断路器Circular 通告circular notice 通告clamp 卡圈Clamp ring type 锁紧圈式Cleaning efficiency 清洗效率Cleaning period 清洗周期clearance 最小离地间隙Clearance Lamp 示廓灯clinder head 气缸盖clip 卡子cluster housing 组合仪表壳Clutch system 离合器clutch assembly 离合器总成clutch control device 离合器控制装置clutch disc,clutch 离合器片clutch housing 离合器壳clutch master cylinder 离合器主缸clutch working cylinder 离合器工作缸Coating 涂层Code No. 型号Code of Federal Regulations 美国联邦法规总览Coefficient of luminous intensity (CIL) 亮度系数coil spring 圈状弹簧cold air 冷空气cold cranking voltage(min.) 最小冷启动电压collapsible spacer 可压缩隔垫collector 拼装台colorimeter 色度计coloured-light unit 有色灯光组column assy. 转向管柱总成combination brake switch and proporting 组合阀combined lamp 复合灯combined pump 复合泵combined pump diaphragm 复合泵膜片combined pump diaphragm rod 复合泵膜片杆combined pump lifter link 复合泵举升拉杆combined pump move direct 复合泵运动方向Combustion Chamber 燃烧室commutator 换向器compensate opening 补偿孔completion inspection certificate 终了检验证书Completion of notification 完成认可compressor 压缩机compression (both) 气环槽（两个）compression ignition type 压燃式Compression ratio 压缩比concrete mixer truck 混凝土搅拌车condenser 冷凝器condenser assy. 冷凝器总成conduit pipe 导管cone , diff. side bearing 差速器轴承，内圈带滚子cone, pinion front bearing 主动齿轮前轴承内圈带滚子cone, pinion rear bearing 主动齿轮后轴承内圈带滚子Confirmor 确认者connecting rod 连接杆connecting link 连接杆connecting rod journal diameter 连杆轴径connecting rod journal width 连杆轴径宽度connecting rod throttle 连杆喷油孔connector 连接器connector of service valve 维修阀接口Constant speed 等速construction and device 结构和装置control & tube assy. , hyd clutch 离合器工作缸和油管总成Control System 操纵系control valve 控制阀阀门control valve model 控制阀型式control valve seat 控制阀阀座convex plate 凸台cooling fan 冷却风扇cooling system 冷却系统Cornering Lamp 转弯灯corrected 修正的cotter 开口销counter 5th gear 中间轴五档齿轮counter shaft 中间轴coupled condition 连接状态Coupling Device 牵引装置cover 端盖cover & plate assy. 离合器盖及压盘总成cover assy. , air cleaner 空气滤清器盖总成cover, gear 侧盖cover, heater air 空气加热罩cover, rear axle case 后桥壳盖crane vehicle 起重车crankcase 曲轴箱crankshaft 曲轴crankshaft gear 曲轴齿轮crankshaft & connecting 曲轴连杆机构crankshaft oil gallery 曲轴油道crankshaft sprocket 轴承链轮critical flow 临界流Cross sensitivity of a linear transducer 线性传感器的横向灵敏度Crush distance 压碎距离Crush rate 压碎速率Crush Strength 压碎强度Cumulative time 累计时间cup 皮碗cup, diff. side bearing 差速器轴承外圈cup, pinion front bearing 主动齿轮前轴承外圈cup, pinion rear bearing 主动齿轮后轴承外圈Cut-off 明暗截止线cycle 冲程cyclinder head cover 气门室罩Cylinder 气缸cylinder block 汽缸体cylinder body 缸体Cylinder bore 缸径cylinder head 汽缸盖cylinder head cover 气门室罩cylinder number 气缸数cylinder working order(clockwise) 气缸工作顺序（顺时针）damper 转向减振器dangerous article 危险物darkroom 暗室Data channel 数据通道Data Processing 数据处理Date of notification 认可日期Deceleration of the structure 地板减速度Definitions 定义Definitions 术语deflection 偏移defroster 除霜器dehydrator 储液器和干燥器delay valve 延迟阀Design torso angle 设计躯干角designated 认定designated motor vehicle 经型式认定的机动车Designation 名称Designation of business place 业务场所名称Designation of Confirmor 指定确认者detonation 爆震device proper 装置本身Device type designation 装置的型式认定dextrorotation 右旋diameter 口径diaphragm 膜片diaphragm of fuel pump 油泵膜片diaphragm return spring 膜片回位弹簧diaphragm rod 膜片杆diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧Diesel fuel 柴油Diesel oil 轻柴油diesel smoke 柴油排烟Diesel smoke measuring instrument 柴油机排烟测量仪diesel-powered motor vehicle 柴油机动车differential case 差速器壳differential gear 半轴齿轮differential gearbox , front axle 前桥减速器differential gearbox , rear axle 后桥减速器differential side gear-to-case clearance 半轴齿轮与差速器壳之间的间隙Digital magnetic recorder 数字式磁记录仪Digitilizing 数字化Diluted exhaust gas 稀释排气dilution tunnel 取样探管direct injection type 直喷型direction indicator lamp 转向信号灯directly controlled wheel 直接控制车轮Director of the Vehicle and Component Approvals Division 车辆和零部件认证科长Director-General 署长Director-General of District Transport Bureau 地方运输局长Director-General of Land Transport Engineering Department 陆运管理处长Director-General of Local Land Transport Office 地方陆运署长Director-General of Motor Vehicle Inspection and Registration Office 机动车检验注册署长disc brakes 碟式刹车disc brake 盘式制动器disk assy. , clutch drived 从动盘总成disk type braker 盘式制动器Displacement 排气量Displacement system 位移装置Distillation properties 分馏特性distillation temperature 馏出温度distribution device 配气机构distributor 分电器distributor assy. 分电器总成distributor cap 分电器盖distributor rotor 分电器转子distributor shaft 分电器轴distributor type 分电器型号District Transport Bureau 地方陆运署documents to Be Submitted 需提交的文件dome lamp 顶灯door assy. , front RH. 右前门总成door assy. , rear RH. 右后门总成door hinge assy. 车门铰链总成door hinge plate 车门铰链垫板doors assembly & body accessories 前后车门总成及其附件double-lip seal 双唇油封double-tire 双胎dowel pin 定位销dowel pins-pump ring 定子定位销DRAWING PROCEDURE 绘制规程drier 干燥剂drier receiver 贮液干燥器drier receiver body 贮液气壳体drive end shield 前驱动端盖drive line system 传动系统drive pinion gear depth 驱动齿轮深度drive shaft 驱动轴drive sprocket 驱动链轮driver’s Seat驾驶员座椅driving beam 远光光束driving wheel 驱动轮drum brakes 鼓式刹车drum brake 鼓式制动器drum type braker 鼓式制动器dry air 干空气dry basis 干基dry-bulb 干球dummy 假人dump 自卸车dust boot 防尘罩Dynamic test 动态试验ECE Regulation ECE法规eddy-current type 电涡流式efe heater 进气加热器Effective height 有效高度Effective Weighted factor 有效加权系数Effective width 有效宽度Electrical 汽车电器Electrical System 电器系electromagnetic compatibility 电磁兼容性EMBOSSMENT 凸字Emergency Brake 紧急制动器Emergency Exit 紧急出口Emergency Motor Vehicles 应急用车Emergency Signals 应急信号用具Emergency Stop Indication Devices 紧急停车表示用具emergency valve 应急阀Emission Control Device 排放物控制装置end clearance 轴向间隙ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE 实施规程Enforcement Regulation 实施规则engine 发动机，引擎Engine and Power Train System 发动机及动力传动系engine assy. 发动机总成engine displacement 发动机排量engine hood 发动机罩engine intake manifold 发动机进气歧管engine load 发动机负荷engine oil 发动机润滑油engine oil capacity 发动机机油容量engine outside diagram 发动机外形图engine revolution speed 发动机转速engine type 发动机型号Engineering and Safety Department 技术安全部entrance step 入口台阶entry item 填写项目entry value 填入值eqalizer 平衡架Equivalent inertia weight 当量惯性重量escort vehicle 护卫车European Economic Community Command 欧洲经济共同体指令Examination 审查examination affair 审查事务Exception to application 不适用条款excrement 排泄物exhaust 排水管exhaust duration 排气持续角exhaust emission 排气排放物Exhaust Emission Control Device 排放物控制装置exhaust hose 排放管exhaust manifold （发动机）排气歧管exhaust sytem 排气系统exhaust tube 放气管exhaust valve 排气门exhaust valve timing 排气门定时expander oil rail 油环衬簧expansion box 膨胀盒expansion core 蒸发器芯expansion valve body 阀体extension case 外接壳体EXTERNAL PROJECTION 外部突出物External surface 外表面External view 外观图extreme idle screw 极限怠速调整螺钉factory plate model 厂牌型号fan 风扇fan belt 风扇皮带fan & viscous drive 风扇及硅油离合器fast idle cam 快怠速凸轮fast idle cam link 快怠速凸轮连杆fast idle cam second step 快怠速凸轮第二阶段fast idle cam setting index 快怠速凸轮调整刻度fast idle mode 快怠速状态fast idle screw 快怠速调整螺钉fast idle speed 快怠速转速Federal Motor Vehicles Safety Standards 美国联邦机动车安全标准Feeling test 感觉试验Fiducial marks 基准标记Filament Lamp 白炽灯filler neck seal 加水口密封filler opening 进油口Filling-in Procedure 填写规程Filling-in Procedure for Each Item 每一项目的填写规程filter 滤清器，滤网Filter characteristics 滤波特性Filtering 滤波Fire Extinguisher 灭火器Fire truck 消防车fitting, flow control valve 流量控制阀接头fix shaft 定位轴flange 法兰flash point 闪点flasher, hazard lamp 危险报警闪光器Flexible Disk 软盘float 浮子float level 浮筒油面高度float pin 浮子轴floating coat 中涂floor damper 地板风门flow control valve 流量控制阀Fluid container 液体容器fluid torque converter 液力变扭器fluorescent surface 荧光面flying wheel 飞轮fog lamp 雾灯fog lamp relay 雾灯继电器fog lamp switch 雾灯开关Foil Thickness 箔厚folded seat 折叠椅folding seat 折叠式座椅foot angle quadrant 小腿夹角量角器fork 拨叉Formalin 福尔马林forward-opening inner door 内门前开型four-stroke cycle 四行程引擎four-wheel drive motor vehicle 四轮驱动的机动车Four-wheeled 四轮Frame 车架Frame and Body 车架及车身Friction clutch 摩擦离合器from evaporator drier 自蒸发器from heater core 出加热器from receiver drier 自贮液干燥器from water jacket intake manifold 自进气歧管水套front axle 前桥front axle assy. 前桥总成front axle motor 前桥挂档马达front bearing 前轴承front bearing retainer 前轴承盖front bearing, front output shaft 前输出轴前轴承front bearing, input shaft 输入轴前轴承front bearing, output shaft 输出轴前轴承front brake disc 前制动盘front brake disc assy. 前制动盘总成front case 前壳体front case of vacuum booster 助力器前壳体front coil spring 前螺旋弹簧front combined lamps 前组合灯front disk braker 前盘式制动器front edge 前边缘front end of shield 发电机前端盖front engine front drive F.F.式车辆front engine rear drive F.R.式车辆front fan 前风扇Front Fog Lamp 前雾灯front front axle 前前桥front opening 出油口front output shaft 前输出轴front output shaft gear 前输出轴齿轮Front overhang 前悬front panel 前板front pinion bearing 前主动齿轮轴承front port 前接口front propeller shaft 前传动轴front propeller shaft assy. 前传动轴总成front shock absorber 前减震器front stabilizer 前稳定杆front suspension 前悬吊front thrust plate 前配流盘front transfer 车辆转移台front tube failure 前管路失效状态front wall angle cover 前围角板front washer pump 前洗涤器泵front washer reservoir 前风挡洗涤器储液罐front wheel 前轮，前壳体front wheel alignment 前轮定位front wheel brake 前轮制动器Front Windshield 前风窗front wiper motor 前刮水器电动机Front-End Outline Marker Lamps 前端示廓灯Fuel 燃料fuel direct 燃油走向fuel filter 集滤器fuel filter housing 燃油滤清器壳体fuel filter paper 燃油滤清器滤纸fuel gauge 燃油表fuel gauge calibration 燃油表电阻Fuel Injection Device 燃料喷射装置fuel level indicator 机油压力表fuel pump 然油泵Fuel Resistance 耐油性fuel sensor 燃油（箱）传感器fuel sensor harness 燃油传感器线束fuel supply system 供油系Fuel System 燃料系Fuel System of Motor Vehicles Whose Fuel Is High-Pressure Gas 以高压气体作为燃料的机动车燃料系Fuel System of Motor Vehicles Whose Fuel Is Producer Gas 以发生炉煤气作为燃料的机动车燃料系Fuel Tank 燃料箱fule metering bar 计量杆full circle 大循环Full flow dilution 全流稀释full trailer 全挂车full-hydraulic type 全液力式full-trailer 全挂车fully-loaded 全负荷fuse 熔断器fuse panel 熔断器板garbage truck 垃圾车gas container 气体容器gas sample 样气gas turbine 燃气轮机gasket 节温器密封垫，衬垫gasket cylinder head cover 气门室罩垫gasket, intake manifold 进气歧管衬垫gasket, liftgate handle 举升门手柄垫片Gasoline 汽油gasoline fueled motor vehicle 汽油机动车gathering heat cover-TCV system TCV 系统集热罩gear , counter shaft fifth 五档中间齿轮gear end clearance, plastic gauge 齿轮端部间隙，塑料间隙规gear hub 齿毂gear range 档位级别Gear ratio 速比gear to body clearance(radial) 齿轮到壳体间隙（径向）gear, 4WD 四轮驱动齿轮gear, annulus 齿圈gear, low shift 抵挡齿轮gear, rear axle diff. 半轴齿轮gear, sleeve 齿套Gear-change lever 变速杆gears 档位General Comments 概述General Construction 通用结构GENERAL PROVISIONS 通用规则General provisions 一般规定generator 发电机Glazing 车窗glove box lamp 杂物箱灯Goods-Loading Accommodation 载货装置governor type 调节器式Gravimeter 重力计Gross Vehicle Weight 车辆总重ground Clearance 离地间隙Ground-Contact Section and Contact Pressure 接地部位及接地压力grouped lamp 组合灯grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps 组合、复合或混合灯光组halogen headlamp 卤素头灯halogen sealed-beam unit (HSB unit) 卤素封闭式(HSB)handle assy. , door I/S 车门内手柄总成handle assy. , door O/S 前门外手柄总成handle, liftgate lock 举升门锁芯手柄handle, window regulator 玻璃升降器手柄handling 处理办法HANDLING PROCEDURE 管理规程hanger 调耳harness 线束harness, body 车身线束harness, engine housing 发动机仓线束harness, lift gate 尾门线束hatch-back 掀背型Hazard Warning Lamps 危险报警闪光灯head 缸盖head form 头部模型head performance criterion 头部性能指标Head Restraint 头枕head room probe 头部空间探测杆Headlamp cleaner 前照灯清洗器headlamp dimmer switch 变光开关headlamp switch 前照灯开关Headlamps 前照灯Headlight tester 前照灯试验器Heat Resistance Test 耐热性试验heat-damage 热损害heated hydrogen flame ionization detector 加热式氢火焰离子化检测器heater 加热器heater & A/C panel lamp 暖风/空调开关灯heater, intake manifold 进气歧管加热器Heavy oil 重柴油hereinafter referred to as 下文称为Hereinafter the same 下文同hi-beem indicator lamp 组合仪表远光指示灯high idle speed 高怠速high pressure gas 高压气体high range 高档High-floor 高地板High-floor that can be opened in three ways 三向开启的高地板High-Pressure Gas Transport Devices 高压气体运输装置hip angle quadrant 臀部角度量角器hoist 举升hold in winding 保持线圈holddown pin 拉紧销钉holddown spring 压紧弹簧hole ladder type 带孔梯式honeycomb cell axes 蜂窝单元轴honeycomb ribbon axis 蜂窝条纹轴Horizontally-opposed 水平对置horn relay 喇叭继电器horn switch 喇叭按钮Horns 喇叭hose assy. , power steering return 动力转向回油管总成hose assy. , power to pump 油罐到泵的油管总成hose, coolant recover 冷却液回收管hose, radiator inlet 散热器进水软管hose, radiator to water pump 散热器至水泵软管hose, thermostat to intake minifold 节温器至进气歧管软管hot air 热空气hot idle mode 热怠速状态hot idle screw 热怠速调整螺钉housing 壳体，外壳字串5housing assy. 壳总成housing clutch 离合器壳housing end plug 壳体端盖housing, steering gear 转向器壳体H-point pivot H点支轴H-point sight button H点标记钮hub & bearing assy. 轮毂与轴承总成hub cap 车轮盖hub gear 齿毂hub range shift 换档毂hub sleeve No 2 二号毂套humidity correction factor 湿度修正系数hydraulic tappet 液力挺柱hydraulic type 液力式Hydrocarbon measuring instrument 碳氢化合物分析仪Hydrogen flame ionization detector 氢火焰离子化分析仪I/S locking rod 内锁止拉杆I/S release rod 内开启拉杆Identification Code 标记idle fuel tube 怠速油管idle fuel way 怠速油道idle jet 怠速喷口idle mixture screw 怠速混合气调整螺钉idle tube 怠速油管idling operation 怠速工况Idling Speed 怠速ignition coil 点火线圈ignition coil type 点火线圈类型ignition controler 点火控制器ignition key 点火钥匙ignition module 点火控制器ignition point 燃点ignition switch 点火开关Ignition System 点火系ignition wire 点火线Illuminating axis 光照轴illuminating surface 透光面Illumination angle 入射角Illumination intensity 光照强度Illumination of the retro-reflecting device 回复反射装置的照度illuminations actually measured 实测照度Illuminometer 照度计IMPACT REDUCTION OF INSIDE REARVIEW MIRRORS 缓冲式室内后视镜IMPACT REDUCTION TYPE OUTSIDE REARVIEW MIRRORS 缓冲式后视镜Impact test 冲击试验Impactor 碰撞块IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE 进口机动车in connection with 与…有关inclination angle 倾斜角indicating section 指示部分indicator lamp 指示灯indicator lamp, left turn 左转向指示灯indicator lamp, right turn 右转向指示灯indirectly controlled wheel 间接控制车轮Infant-carrying vehicles 幼儿专用车information 资料initial choke valve clearance 初始阻风门间隙initial inspection 初始检验Injection Nozzle 喷油嘴Injection Pump 喷油泵injector 喷油器inlet 进油口inlet hole 进气孔inlet hose 进风口inlet opening 进油口inlet tube 进油管inlet valve 进油阀Inner Dimension 内部尺寸inner shaft 内半轴inner tube 内胎input shaft 输入轴input shaft, tranmission 变速器输入轴input voltage 输入电压Inspection equipment 检验设备inspector 检验人员install panel 安装板instrument cluster 组合仪表（盘）instrument harness 仪表板线束instrument illumination lamps 组合仪表照明灯instrument panel assy. 仪表板总成instrument panels 仪表板intake and exhaust device 进排气装置intake duration 进气持续角intake heater 进气加热器intake manifold 进气歧管intake silencer 进气消声器intake valve 进气门intake valve timing 进气门定时integral place 整数integral power steering 整体式动力转向器integral type 整体式inter shaft assy. 动力转向中间轴总成Intercooler 增压中冷器intermediate axle shaft 中间半轴intermediate guide 中间导向器intermediate shaft 中间轴internal fan 内风扇interpolated value 内插值In-Use Motor Vehicles 在用车辆Issuance 发放ISSUANCE OF NOTICE 通知书的发放ist idle jet 第一怠速空气量孔Items 项JAIA 日本汽车进口商协会JAMA 日本汽车制造商协会Japan Automobile Importers' Association 日本汽车进口商协会Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association 日本汽车制造商协会Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center 日本汽车标准国际化中心Japanese Automobile Type Approval Handbook 日本车辆型式认证手册Japanese Industrial Standards 日本工业标准Jiko No. 自公第…号通告JIS 日本工业标准Jisei No. 自整第…号Jisha Circular 自车第…号通告Jiyu No. 自运第…号journal cross assy. 十字万向节总成jump, spark wire 高压电线katakana 片假名Kerosene 灯油key 键kick-type 反冲式Kinematic viscosity 运动粘度Kingpin 立轴kingpin caster angle 主销后倾角Kingpin inclination angle 主销内倾角kingpin sidewise inclination angle 主销内倾角knock 敲击knee angle quadrant 膝部角量角器Koshin No. 交审第xx号lamp switch, 4WD 四轮驱动灯开关lamp type 灯式Lap belt anchorages 腰带固定装置Large-Sized Rear Reflex Reflectors 大型后回复反射器Large-sized special 大型专用latch assy. , front RH. Door 右前门锁总成latch assy. , rear RH. Door 右后门总成lateral level 横向水平仪leading shoe 领蹄Leaf spring 片簧left fog lamp 左雾灯left headlamp 左前照灯left horn 左喇叭left steering 左转向left tail lamp 左尾灯legend 图例Length of trochoid 旋轮线Length, Width and Height 全长、全宽、全高Lens 配光镜lens, cluster 表蒙let in air 进气lever assy. , turn signal standard 综合开关操纵杆总成license lamp 牌照灯lift gate 举升门liftgate assy. 举升门总成liftgate latch assy. 举升门锁总成liftgate lock assy. 举升门锁芯总成light source module 光源模组Light Vehicles 轻型车辆Light-Exposure and Light-and-Water-Exposure Apparatus 光线暴露及光线与水暴露设备lighting device 照明装置Lighting System 照明系统Limit towards blue 趋蓝极限Limit towards red 趋红极限limiting valve body 限压阀壳体limiting valve spring 限压阀弹簧Linearity error 线性误差lining 衬片link assy. of front stabilizer 前稳定杆连杆总成linkage type 联杆式Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled 燃用液化石油气机动车load cell simulator 载荷传感器模拟装置load sensing device 负载感受装置Loaded goods 装载物loaded WT 最大总质量Loading Capacity 载重量Loading platform 货箱Loading platform offset 货箱偏移量Local Land Transport Office 地方陆运署Local Office 地方署Location of business place 业务场所地点lock CYL assy. , RH. door 右车门锁芯总成lock piece, reverse gear 换档器锁片locking & indexing plate 锁止刻度盘Locking Device 锁止装置Locking system 锁止装置long axis 长轴long-body 长车身longitudinal center 纵向中心longitudinal centerline 纵向中心线longitudinal plane 纵向平面longitudinally-mounted 纵向安装low fuel warning indicator bezel 低燃油报警灯框low fuel warning indicator lens 低燃油报警灯透片low fuel warning module 低燃油报警组件low idle system 低怠速系统low range 抵挡low range lock plate 抵挡锁止板low speed jet 低速喷口lower control arm 下控制臂总成lower pressure switch 低压开关lubricant capacity 润滑油加注油lubricants 润滑油Lubricating oil 润滑油lubricating system 润滑系luminance factor 亮度因数luminous flux 光通量luminous intensity 光照强度M / CYL / vacuum booster assembly 制动主缸及真空助力器总成M/CYL push rod 主缸推杆Magnification 增大率main bearing 主轴承main bearing journal clearance 主轴承间隙main bearing journal diameter 主轴承轴径main bearing journal width 主轴承宽度main body, connector 化油器中体mainfold presure 歧管压力mainfold vacuum 歧管真空main fuel system & vacuum reriched system 主油系及真空加泷系统Main honeycomb block 主蜂窝块main injection jet 主喷口main jet 主量孔main oil gallery 主油道main spring 主簧Make and type 厂牌和型号Management supervisor 主管人manual transmission 手动变速器，手排挡变速箱Manufacturer 制造者MANUFACTURER TEST 制造者试验mapping 瞬态性能字串6mapping curve 瞬态性能曲线marker lamp, left front 左前示廓灯marker lamp, right front 右前示廓灯mass flow rate 质量流动速率master cylinder 制动主缸,总泵,刹车总泵master cylinder and vacuum booster 制动主缸及真空助力器master cylinder body 制动主缸缸体master cylinder cover 制动主缸缸盖mate 合笼max gas direct 混合器走向max. amps 最大电流MAX. power 最大功率Max. torque 最大扭距Maximum Loading Capacity 最大载重量maximum out-of round(all journals) 最大不圆度（所有轴径）maximum output 最大功率Maximum Stable Inclination Angle 最大稳定倾斜角maximum taper(all journals) 最大锥度（所有轴径）Maximum Torque 最大扭矩Measuring equipment 度量装备Measuring tape 卷尺mechanical steering 机械转向器median seating plane 座椅中心面medical treatment and epidemics prevention vehicle 医疗防疫车Meter 仪表metering rod 计量杆metering rod arm 计量杆摇臂metering rod arm assy. 计量杆摇臂总成metering valve 限流阀,限压阀micro-air direct 微量空气走向microphone 话筒Middle density foam rubber 中密度泡沫橡胶min. output voltage at 1000r/min 1000r/min 最小输出电压min. rpm 最小转速Minimum Ground Clearance 最小离地间隙Mini-sized 微型mini-sized motor vehicle 小型机动车。

与汽车卡车相关的中英双语书《汽车卡车中英双语书》第一章：汽车的历史和发展1. 中国古代的交通工具- 中文：中国古代的交通工具- 英文：Ancient Transportation in China2. 巴黎竞赛：汽车的诞生- 中文：巴黎竞赛：汽车的诞生- 英文：Paris Competition: The Birth of Automobiles 3. 汽车的发展里程碑- 中文：汽车的发展里程碑- 英文：Milestones in Automotive Development第二章：汽车的构造和技术1. 汽车部件的名称- 中文：汽车部件的名称- 英文：Names of Car Components2. 汽车发动机的类型和工作原理- 中文：汽车发动机的类型和工作原理- 英文：Types and Working Principles of Car Engines 3. 汽车悬挂系统- 中文：汽车悬挂系统- 英文：Car Suspension Systems第三章：常见的汽车类型1. 轿车- 中文：轿车- 英文：Sedans2. SUV- 中文：SUV- 英文：SUVs3. 卡车- 中文：卡车- 英文：Trucks第四章：汽车维修和保养1. 汽车常见故障及维修方法- 中文：汽车常见故障及维修方法- 英文：Common Car Problems and Repair Methods 2. 汽车保养要点- 中文：汽车保养要点- 英文：Essential Car Maintenance Tips3. 驾驶技巧和安全意识- 中文：驾驶技巧和安全意识- 英文：Driving Skills and Safety Awareness第五章：未来汽车科技1. 环保汽车技术- 中文：环保汽车技术- 英文：Environmentally Friendly Car Technologies 2. 自动驾驶技术- 中文：自动驾驶技术- 英文：Autonomous Driving Technologies3. 新能源汽车- 中文：新能源汽车- 英文：New Energy Vehicles第六章：汽车文化和社会影响1. 汽车在电影和音乐中的形象- 中文：汽车在电影和音乐中的形象- 英文：Cars in Films and Music2. 汽车对生活和城市发展的影响- 中文：汽车对生活和城市发展的影响- 英文：The Impact of Automobiles on Life and Urban Development3. 汽车的社会地位和家庭观念- 中文：汽车的社会地位和家庭观念- 英文：The Social Status of Cars and Family Values结语- 中文：《汽车卡车中英双语书》是一本专为汽车爱好者和学习英语的读者设计的综合性书籍。

大学生F1方程式赛车整车设计毕业论文大学生F1方程式赛车整车设计摘要本文基于汽车理论课程实践所做的BAJA赛车模型，并结合FSAE 赛车比赛规则和赛道的布置特点，进行拓展设计一款大学生F1方程式赛车。

从赛车底盘角度出发，本文侧重于汽车车架的设计，因为车架是整车的重要组成部分，它不仅承受着来自路面的各种复杂载荷，同时也是其他总成的安装载体。

通过有限元法对车架结构进行分析，对提高整车的各种性能有重要的意义。

本文根据《中国FSC大赛规则（2012）》要求，首先利用UG6.0软件对赛车车架进行结构设计，建立起多个车架的三维模型，然后将设计出来的多个车架以及BAJA模型的车架导入到有限元软件中，对车架进行静力学分析，通过对比静力和应力分布图分析选出更优秀的车架。

同时对Formula SAE赛车的发动机系统、车轮系统、传动系统、悬架系统、转向系统、制动系统等进行选型和整体布置，然后根据所选的总成参数对整车动力性能进行匹配以及整车动力性能进行分析，从而设计出一款符合大赛要求同时性能优异的赛车。

关键词：UG，大学生F1方程式赛车，车架，有限元分析，动力匹配Formule SAE Collegiate Design of The Racing CarABSTRACTThe article is Based on the BAJA racing car model which is made at the Practice of Automobile Theory Course , and at the same time with combinations of the FSAE car racing game rules and the circuit layout characteristics, to expand the design of a formula sae race car. Start from the chassis of the car , this article focuses on the design of automobile frame, because the frame is an important part of vehicle, it not only suffered from a variety of complex surface load, at the same time it is the carrier to installthe other assembly. Through the finite element method analysis of frame structure, has important significances to improve the vehicle performance. According to《FSC contest rules (2012) of the People's Republic of China》requires, first of all, using the software of UG6.0 to carrry out on the car frame structure design, setting up multiple 3 d model of the frame, and then imported multiple frame and BAJA model frame into the finite element software, using the statics to analysis the frame, by comparing the static and stress distribution analysis to select the better frame. To select the type of Formula SAE racing car engine system, the wheel system,the transmission system, the suspension system, the steering system and the brake system and layout of the whole, and then according to the parameters of the selected to match the vehicle dynamic performance and analyzed the vehicle dynamic performance , Thus design a car to match requirements of the competition and also have performances.KEY WORDS:UG, the formula 1 racing car of College students, frame ,finite element analysis , dynamic matching.目录第一章绪论1.1、 Formule SAE概述1.1.1、背景1.1.2、发展及现状1.2、任务及目标第二章赛车总体参数与主要总成的选择2.1、概述2.1.1、总体设计因满足的要求2.1.2、总体设计的目的2.2、汽车形式的选择2.2.1、轴数2.2.2、驱动形式2.2.3、布置形式2.3、汽车主要参数的选择2.3.1、汽车主要尺寸的确定2.3.2、汽车质量参数的确定2.3.3、汽车动力性参数的确定2.4、发动机的选择2.4.1、发动机限制2.4.2、发动机主要性能指标的选择2.4.3、进气系统2.4.4、排气系统2.5、传动系统2.5.1、变速箱性能参数的确定2.5.2、主减速器及差速器的确定2.6、轮胎和轮辋的选择2.7、悬架系统的选择2.7.1、比赛要求2.7.2、悬架的作用2.7.3、悬架的分类2.7.4、悬架的选择2.7.5、方程式赛车悬架的特殊性2.8、制动系统的选择2.8.1、制动系统要求2.8.2、制动器的分类2.8.3、制动器的选择2.9、转向系统的选择2.9.1、转向的要求2.9.2、转向系的确定2.10、车架形式的选择2.10.1、车架的定义2.10.2、车架的设计2.10.3、车架的分类第三章赛车整车的总体设计3.1、车架的设计3.1.1、车架的设计流程3.1.2、车架设计要求3.1.3、名词解释3.1.4、车架设计过程3.1.4.1、前环以及前斜撑设计3.1.4.2、主环设计3.1.4.3、支撑要求3.1.5、车架材料的选择3.1.6、车架焊接方式的选择3.2、其他部件的三维建模3.2.1、发动机总成以及变速箱三维建模3.2.2、制动总泵以及各个踏板的三维建模3.2.3、悬架系统建模3.2.4、制动系统的三维建模3.2.5、车轮三维建模3.2.6、后驱动桥三维建模3.2.7、转向系统的设计3.2.8、油箱三维模型的建立3.2.9、车身的设计3.2.10、座椅的设计3.2.11、赛车的总装第四章整车设计中的关键问题4.1、车架强度校核4.1.1、有限元软件介绍4.1.2、有限元模型的建立4.1.3、模型的简化及建立4.1.4、网格划分4.1.5、车架静力学分析4.1.5.1、车架静态载荷分析4.1.5.2、工况分析及边界条件处理4.1.5.3、弯曲工况分析4.1.5.4、制动工况的分析4.1.6、车架刚度分析4.1.6.1、车架扭转刚度分析4.1.6.2、车架弯曲刚度分析4.1.7、车架模型（二）的有限元模型分析4.2、动力系统计算匹配及评价4.2.1、概述4.2.2、动力性能计算4.2.2.1、动力性相关公式4.2.2.2、计算过程及结果4.2.2.3、本节结论第五章结论参考文献致谢绪论1.1、Formule SAE概述1.1.1、背景Formula SAE，是由各国SAE，即汽车工程师协会举办的面向在读或毕业7个月以内的本科生或研究生举办的一项学生方程式赛车比赛，要求在一年的时间内制造出一辆在加速、刹车、操控性方面有优异的表现并且足够稳定耐久，能够成功完成规则中列举的所有项目业余休闲赛车。

KD1060型货车设计（转向及前桥设计）摘要汽车在行驶过程中，需要经常改变行驶方向，这就需要有一套能够按照司机意志来改变或恢复汽车行驶方向的专设机构，它将司机转动方向盘的动作转变为车轮的偏转动作，这就是所谓的转向系统。

转向性能是保证车辆安全，减轻驾驶员劳动强度和提高作业效率的重要因素。

由于转向系统是汽车的重要组成部分，它直接与汽车的行驶稳定性有重要的关系，与前悬架和车轮关系亦十分密切，故转向系统的设计也是整车设计中的关键一环。

本设计为KD1060型载货汽车的转向系统设计，转向系统设计内容主要包括转向系统形式的选择、转向器的选择、转向梯形的选择及其布置。

在本次设计中采用了机械式转向系统，机械式转向系统的特点是重量轻,结构紧凑,布置方便,维修容易,操纵轻便,稳定性好,成本低廉，不易出现直线行驶时的蛇形现象。

机械式转向系统还具有维修方便，容易安装调整的优点。

转向系统的转向器选用的是整体式循环球转向器, 整体式循环球转向器的特点是可以将传递力矩机构之间的滑动摩擦转变为滚动摩擦,这就使得转向传动效率提高,使用寿命增长,传动比可以改变,转向工作平稳可靠。

转向传动机构选用整体式梯形,这样有利于保证KD1060型汽车在车轮转动时作无滑动的纯滚动运动,并且机构简单, 容易调整前轮前束。

在说明书的计算部分，对转向器和转向梯形主要参数选择进行了计算。

此外，还校核了主要零件的强度。

关键词：转向系统,机械转向,前桥,转向器KD1060 GOODS VEHICLE DESIGN (STEERING SYSTEM AND THE FRONT AXLE)ABSTRACTThe automobiles often need to change the direction in driving, then a particular set of device which can change or recover the automobile’s running route according to the driver’s will is needed.The device changing the action that the driver turns to move the steering wheel to the action of deflection of carriage wheels is called as steering system. The function of changing direction is to guarantee the vehicle’s safety, relieve the intension of labor and raise working efficiency. The steering system is important component of an automobile. It plays an important role on the driving stability of the automobile. And it also has close relationship with the front suspension and wheel tire components, so the design of the steering system is a key link in designing automobile.The aim of this project is to design the steering system for KD1060 goods vehicle. The main job of designing steering system includes determining the kind of steering system, steering gear and the steering trapezoid and figure out how to fix them.Manual steering system is adopted in this project. Manual steering system’s features are: weight light, tightly packed structure, convenient arrangements, easy manipulation, stabile quality, low cost. And the s form phenomenon seldom emerges in straightaway traveling.It has other advantages: convenient maintenance. Integral circulating ball steering gears is working as steering gear in this design of medium freight steering system. Integral circulating ball steering gears can changeslide friction between devices of carry-over momentums into rolling friction. This feature is propitious to better transfer motion efficiency; prolong application life, change transmission ratio and better degree of reliability of steering. Integrality trapezoid is adopted as Steering drive linkage, to guarantee automobile’s front wheel exercise of pure rolling without sliding. The structure is simple. And it is easy to adjust the toe-in.The calculation section of this paper is mainly concerning about steering trapezoid and steering gear .In addition, the life of the main components are also calculated in this section.KEY WORDS: The steering system, Manual steering, Front axle, Steering device目录前言....................................................... (1)第一章概述 (2)第二章从动桥的方案确定 (4)第三章转向系的方案确定 (6)§3.1转向系整体方案确定 (6)§3.2转向系结构形式及选择 (6)§3.3循环球式转向器结构及选择 (7)第四章从动桥的设计计算 (8)§4.1从动桥主要零件尺寸的确定 (8)§4.2从动桥主要零件工作应力的计算 (8)§4.3在最大侧向力(侧滑)工况下的前梁应力计算 (10)§4.4转向节在制动和侧滑工况下的应力计算.............1 1 §4.5 主销与转向节衬套在制动和侧滑工况下的应力计算...1 3 §4.6转向节推力轴承的计算. (15)第五章转向系统的设计计算 (17)§5.1转向系主要性能参数 (17)§5.2主要参数的确定 (18)§5.3转向梯形的选择设计 (20)§5.4循环球式转向器的设计 (21)§5.5转向系主要性能参数确定 (24)§5.6转向系其他元件的选择及材料的确定...............2 5第六章转向系主要零件的强度计算......................2 6§6.1计算载荷的确定 (26)§6.2主要零件的强度计算 (26)第七章结论 (28)参考文献 (2)9致谢..................................................30外文资料及翻译. (31)前言在目前金融危机的大环境下，伴随着汽车行业的发展，轻型货运汽车在国民生产中扮演着更重要的角色。

┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊摘要随着国民经济的增长，我国专用汽车市场进入了快速成长期。

2005年专用汽车生产企业已经有628家，专用汽车品种已经达到4900多个，2005年专用汽车产量达70万辆，占载货汽车总产量的40%。

作为专用汽车中一个分支的自卸汽车，陆续出现了多种多样的型式，其中最常见的是后倾式自卸汽车。

本文首先对自卸汽车国内外发展现状及设计内容作了相关的概述。

接着，按照自卸汽车设计步骤，从车厢设计、举升机构的设计选型、液压系统的设计等方面对CA3071PK2AEA80自卸汽车进行总体设计，并对主车架、副车架进行了改装与设计。

对整个CA3071PK2AEA80自卸汽车的外廓尺寸、轮距与轴距尺寸、前悬后悬以及整车的装载质量、整备质量、总质量、和轴载质量进行了相关的计算与设计。

关键字：专用汽车，自卸汽车，总体布置，举升机构┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊AbstractWith the national economic growth , China's auto market has entered a special rapid growth.2005 Special Purpose Vehicle manufacturers have been 628,Special Purpose Vehicle has reached more than 4900 varieties,2005 special vehicle production reached 700,000,Accounting for 40% of total truck. As a Special Purpose Vehicle in a branch of the dump truck , has been found in a wide variety of types , of which the most common is backward curved dump truck.In this paper, firstly, I made a general about the auto unload vehicle design and its development domestic and abroad. Then, at the point of compartment, rising organization etc, I started the design of the CA1167PK2EA80 auto unload vehicle. Also, I refit and designed the vice-car stalk. To whole CA1167PK2EA80 the lading quantity, reorganization quantity, measure, tread, wheelbase, forward suspension behind，proceeded the related calculation and design.KEY WORDS:Special Purpose Vehicle, Dump Truck, General layout ,Lifting mechanism┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊目录第一章绪论 (5)1.1引言 (5)1.2国内外专用车辆的发展概况 (6)1.2.1国外专用车辆发展概况 (6)1.2.2我国专用汽车的发展状况 (7)1.3研究本课题的目的和意义 (8)1.3.1专用车辆在汽车工业中的地位和作用 (8)1.3.2自卸汽车研究的目的和意义 (8)1.4自卸汽车的概述 (9)第二章自卸汽车总体设计 (11)2.1总体设计方案确定 (11)2.2二类底盘的选择 (11)2.2.1汽车底盘总成的满足要求 (11)2.3车厢的设计 (12)2.3.1车厢材料的选择 (13)2.3.2车厢质量的初步计算 (14)2.4副车架的设计 (16)2.4.1副车架的形状、尺寸以及材料的确定 (17)2.5副车架与车架的安装方式 (18)2.6举升机构的设计 (18)2.6.1举升机构的结构选型 (18)2.6.2最大举升角的确定 (20)2.7举升机构的结构设计 (22)2.8液压系统的设计 (26)2.8.1液压系统的结构特点和工作原理 (26)2.8.2油缸的选型与计算 (28)2.8.3油泵的选型与计算 (29)2.8.4油缸容积与油管内径的计算 (30)第三章自卸汽车主要参数的确定 (31)3.1主要尺寸参数 (31)3.1.1外廓尺寸 (31)3.1.2轴距和轮距 (32)3.1.3前悬、后悬 (32)3.2 质量参数 (32)3.3轴载质量及质心位置的确定 (34)3.3.1轴载质量的计算 (34)3.3.2 轴载质量分配原则 (34)3.3.3 质心位置 (35)第四章自卸汽车的校核 (37)4.1稳定性计算校核 (37)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊4.2自卸汽车部件运动干涉的校核 (37)4.2.1三角臂运动干涉的检验 (38)4.2.3 车厢与副车架运动干涉的检验 (39)结论 (40)致谢 (41)参考文献 (42)附录 (43)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊第一章绪论1.1引言关于专用车辆术语世界各国尚无统一标准,国外所谓的专用车辆一般是指一种在许多特征上不同于基本型车辆或经过特殊改装之后,才能用于运输货物或人员的车辆,以及只用于完成特殊任务的车辆。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

ORIGA SYSTEM PLUSPneumatic Linear Drives, the “ORIGINAL”The Unique Modularity of the ORIGA SYSTEM PLUS is the Heart ofRodless Pneumatic Cylinder OSP-P and OSP-Ln Completely modular design n Compact designn Lowest leakage valuesn Service intervals up to 8,000 km n Equal force in both directionsn Widest capability for speed, load and movement profiles n Low maintenance n Easy to installn Wiper system with automatic re-adjustment n High side loads possiblen Integral dove tail rails on three sides provide many adaptation possibilities, e.g. linear guides, magnetic switches etc. n Integral air passages enable both airconnections at one end for easy mounting n Stroke length up to 6,000 mm*n Extensive range of attachements andaccessories from the OSP Modular System*strokes up to 41 m on requestEnd caps can be rotated 4 x 90°(before and after delivery) so that the air connection can be in any desired positionProven corrosion-resistant steel inner sealing band (OSP-P) or PU inner sealing band for optimum sealing and extremely low friction and low leakage (OSP-L)Corrosion-resistant steel outer sealing band and robust wiper system on the carriage for use in aggressive environmentsIntegral air passages enable both air connections to be positioned at one end, if desiredCombined clamping for inner and outer sealing band with dust coverElectromechanical Linear Drives OSP-En Easy to installn Low maintenancen Extensive range of attachements andaccessories from the OSP Modular SystemCharacteristics OSP-E with screw n Precise positioning and repeatability n High action forcesn Detailed information see page 6 ffCharacteristics OSP-E with beltn High speeds for dynamic movement n Ideal for point-to-point applications nDetailed information see page 6 ffElectromechanical Linear DrivesBoth Standard Series and Special SolutionsLow friction piston sealsOptimized cylinder Profile for maximum stiffness and minimum weightMagnetic piston as standard– for contactless position sensing on three sides of the cylinderAdjustable end cushioning at both ends as standardNew low profilepiston / carriage designModular system components are simply clamped onOption: Extended Cushioning for cycle time optimizationCompact Plain Bearing Guide BASIC GUIDEn Compact: guide rail integrated in the cylinder profilen Robust Plain Bearing Guide for high lifetimeOSP-P and OSP-L: The MultitalentsORIGA Cylinders Set the StandardsRodless Pneumatic Cylinder OSP-Pn Proven stainless steel innerband n Outstanding lifetimen Temperature range -40 to 120°C n Speed 0.005 m/s - 30 m/s n Ø 10 - 80 mm n For EX-Area 2 GDBi-Part Version OSP-P 40n Accurate bi-parting movement through toothed belt synchronization n Adjustable polymer slide unitsnOptimum slow speed performanceOSP-L OSP-POSP-PSensoflex SFI-plusBasic Guide OSP-P Bi-PartTandem Cylinder OSP-P /OSP-L n Higher load capacity n Increased support n Any stroke lengthSENSOFLEX SFI-plus measuring systemn Contactless magnetic displacement measuring systemn Resolution 0.1 mm or 1 mmn Displacement speed up to 10 m/s n Suitable for almost any control or display unit with a counter input n Also available for series OSP-E VOE version with integrated valves,for OSP-P, OSP-L and BASIC GUIDERodless Pneumatic Cylinder OSP-Ln PU-Inner sealing band n Lowest leakage values n Low slight friction forcen Ø 25, Ø 32, Ø 40 mmClean Room Cylinder certified to DIN EN ISO 14644-1, OSP-Pn Clean Room Classification ISO Class 4 at v m = 0.4 m/s ISO Class 5 at v m = 0.5 m/s n Ø 16, 25, 32 mmn Suitable for smooth slow speed operation down to v min = 0.005 m/s n Also available for OSP-EAlso with Numerous VariantsSpecial Versions*For use in EX-AreasFor Clean Roomapplications certified to DIN ISO 14644-1Stainless Steel version for special applicationsHigh temperature version for temperatures up to +120 °C Low temperature version for temperatures down to -40 °CSlow speed version v = 0.005 to 0.2 m/sHigh speed version v max = 30 m/s Extremely long cylinders,stroke lengths up to 41 m Cushioning system for cycletime optimizationOSP-P..AtexOSP-P CleanroomThe first rodless cylinder certified to ATEX, Category 2GD, OSP-Pn Classification:II 2GD c T4 T135°C -10°C≤Ta≤60°Cn Also available for Basic Guide and Slideline n Ø 10 to 80 mmn Action force 3,470 N at 8 bar n Service interval 8,000 kmn Temperature Range -10 bis +80°Cothers on requestP1ZGuide Systems see page 8, 9Active and Passive Brakes see page 10Magnetically Coupled P1Z Ø 16 to 40 mm* Special Versions are not available for all seriesQualification Certificate on requestOSP-EElectromechanical Linear Actuators for High Dynamics, Reliability anCharacteristics Description Size 25, 32, 50 mm Pitch5, 10, 25 mm depen-ding on diameter Max. Action force F Aup to 1,500 N depen-ding on diameter and speedSpeed v max max. 1.25 m/s depen-ding on diameter Stroke lengths up to 3,200 mm de-pending on diameter Temperature range-20 to +80°CBall Screw Actuator OSP-E..SBn Precise positioning and repeatablility n High force output n Excellent slow speedn Complete motor and control packages n Diverse range of accessories and mountingsn Integrated drive and guidance system n Easy installation n Low maintenancen Clean Room Version on requestTrapezoidal Screw Actuator OSP-E..STn Precise positioning and repeatablility n High force outputn Complete motor and control packages n Diverse range of accessories and mountingsn Integrated drive and guidance system n Easy installation n Low maintenanceCharacteristics Description Size 25, 32, 50 mm Pitch4, 6 mm depending on diameterMax. Action force F Aup to 2,500 N depen-ding on diameter and speed Speed v max max. 0.15 m/s depending on diameterStroke lengths up to 2,500 mm de-pending on diameter Temperature range-20 to +70°CBelt Actuator OSP-E..Bn High speed and dynamicn Ideal for precise point-to-point applications n Long available strokesn Complete motor and control packages n Diverse range of accessories and mountingsn Integrated drive and guidance system n Easy installation n Low maintenanceCharacteristics Description Size25, 32, 50 mmMax. Action force F A425 N depending on diameter and speedSpeed v max5 m/s depending on diameter Stroke lengths max. 5,000 mm(max. 2x2,500 mm BP Version)Temperature range-30 to +80°COSP-E..SBOSP-E..ST OSP-E..Bnd Accurate PositioningTandem- or Bi-Parting-Versionn Tandem version for higher moment supportn Bi-Parting Version for perfectly synchronised bi-parting movements n Optional parallel belt gear n Special options on requestBelt Actuator OSP-E..BHDn High speed and dynamics n High loadsn Ideal for multi-axis applicationsn Diverse range of multi-axis connection elementsn Integrated ball bearing guide or integrated roller guiden Complete motor and control packages n Easy installation n Low maintenancen Optional integrated planetary gearboxCharacteristics Description Size20, 25, 32, 50 mmMax. Action force F Aup to 3,120 N depen-ding on diameter and speedSpeed v max 5 m/s recirculating ball bearing guide 10 m/s roller guide Stroke lengths up to 5,700 mm recirculating ball bearing guide up to 7,000 mm roller guide Temperature range-30 to +80°CVertical Belt Actuator OSP-E..BVn Fixed actuator head for low moving mass n High acceleration and speedn Integrated ball bearing guide for high bending momentsn Complete motor and control packages n Magnetic switch set for contactless position sensingn Drive shaft versions with clamp shaft or plain shaft n Easy installation n Low maintenanceCharacteristics Description Size20, 25 mmMax. Action force F Aup to 1,000 NSpeed v maxup to 5 m/sStroke lengths up to 1,500 mm Temperature range-30 to +80°COSP-E..BHDOSP-E..BVOSP-E..Bi-PartGuide SystemsExtensive Product Range for a Variety of ApplicationsPlain Bearing Guide SLIDELINE SLn For medium loadsn Anodized aluminium guide rail n Low friction, adjustable plastic sliding elementsn Active and passive brake options n Optional corrosion-resistant version n ATEX version is also availableCharacteristics Description Size Ø16 to 80 mm Stroke lengths *up to 5,500 mm Max. load up to 2,500 N Max. moments up to 260 Nm Speedup to 2 m/s* longer strokes on request Roller GuidePOWERSLIDE PSn For tough application conditions n Anodised aluminium guide carriage with v-rollers having 2 rows of ball bearingsn Hardened steel guide railn Several guide sizes can be used on the same driven Robust roller cover with wiper and grease nipplen Optional corrosion-resistant versionCharacteristics Description Size Ø16 to 50 mm Stroke lengths *up to 3,500 mm Max. load up to 4,000 N Max. moments up to 350 Nm Speedup to 3 m/s* longer strokes on request Compact Plain Bearing Guide BASIC GUIDE BGn Compact: Guide rail integrated in cylinder tube profilen Robust plain bearing guide for long lifetimen Wiper system and grease nipples for long lifetime integrated in the guide carriage n Simple to (re-) adjustnOptional corrosion-resistant version n ATEX version is also availableCharacteristics Description Size Ø25 to 50 mm Stroke lengths *up to 6,000 mm Max. load up to 2,000 N Max. moments up to 165 Nm Speedup to 2 m/s* longer strokes on requestBasic GuideSlidelinePowerslideAluminium Roller Guide PROLINE PL n For high velocitiesn Smooth operation - low noise n High load and moment capacity in all directionsn Crosswise arranged rollers on needle bearingsn High precision through ground and calibrated tracksn Integrated wiper systemn Optional with active or passive brake n Compatible with SLIDELINE plain bearing guideCharacteristics Description Size Ø16 to 50 mm Stroke lengths up to 3,750 mm Max. load up to 3,111 N Max. moments up to 249 Nm Speedup to 10 m/sRecirculating Ball Bearing Guide STARLINE STL n For very high loads in all directions n High precisionn Precision-ground, hardened steel guide railsn Integrated wiper systemn Mounting dimensions of guide carriage are compatible with SLIDELINE and PROLINEn Optional with variable stop for simple stroke limitationCharacteristics Description Size Ø16 to 50 mm Stroke lengths *up to 3,700 mm Max. load up to 7,500 N Max. moments up to 580 Nm Speedup to 5 m/s* longer strokes on requestRecirculating Ball Bearing Guide HEAVY DUTY GUIDE HDn For highest loads in all directions n Highest precisionn Guide with 4-row recirculating ball bearing systemn Precision-ground, hardened steel guide railn Integrated wiper systemn Mounting dimensions of guide carriage are compatible with GUIDELINEn Optional with variable stop for simple stroke limitationn Optional with Intermediate stop module for HD25Characteristics Description Size Ø25 to 50 mm Stroke lengths *up to 3,700 mm Max. load up to 18,000 N Max. moments up to 1,400 Nm Speedup to 5 m/s* longer strokes on request Option: Variable Stop - provides simple stroke limitation for STARLINE STL and Heavy Duty Guide HDn Steplessly adjustable over the whole stroke lengthn For each cylinder diameter, two types of shock absorber are availableProlineStarlineHeavy Duty GuideOSP: Brakes for High Loads and ForcesDynamic Braking out of the Motion, Safe Maintaining Positions Even with Changing LoadsIntegrated Active BrakeFor standard cylinders ,with “SLIDELINE” plain bearing guide and with “PROLINE” aluminium roller guide n Brake actuation by compressed air n Brake return by spring force n Completely corrosion-resistant n Maintaining position even with changing loadsAir connectionPressure plateBrake piston Spring Brake housingCylinder profile OSP-PIntegrated Passive BrakeFor cylinders with SLIDELINE plain bearing guide and with PROLINE aluminium roller guiden Blocking function for energy failure n Actuation by spring force n Release by compressed airnCan stop at any intermediate position during movementPassive BrakeActive BrakeCharacteristics Description Size Ø25 to 80 mm Max. braking force up to 4,000 N at 6 bar Braking surface dryCharacteristics Description Size Ø25 to 80 mm Max. braking forceup to 2,900 N Operating pressure4.5 to 8 barBrake liningSLIDELINE SL or PROLINE PLfor long service lifeHMRElectromechanical Linear Actuator with Screw or Toothed Beltn Basic profile for assembling directly to the machine base n Reinforced profile for self-supporting assemblyn Integrated T -slots for attaching from below and from the side n Central lubrication via externally accessible lubricating nippelsn Integrated, adjustable position switch for end positions and homing n Integrated shock absorbers for both end positions n Optional cover for protection class IP54HMRScrew for Precise Positioning HMR-SCharacteristics DescriptionSize 85, 110, 150, 180, 240 mm Pitch5, 10, 16, 20, 25,32 mm depending on diameter Max. action force F A up to 5,500 N depending on diameter and torqueSpeed v max max. 1.6 m/s depending on diameter Stroke length up to 4,000 mm depending on diameter Temperature range-20 to +80°CToothed Belt for Highly Dynamic Movements HMR-BCharacteristics DescriptionSize85, 110, 150, 180, 240 mm Motor orientation 4 x 90oMax. action force F A up to 4,000 N depending on diameter and torqueSpeed v max max. 5 m/s depending on diameter Stroke length up to 6,000 mm depending on diameter Temperature range-20 to +80°CRL-Sizing / EL-Sizing / Easy-Drive Userfriendly Sizing and CommissioningRL-SizingConfiguration software for pneumatic linear drivesThe RL-Sizing software provides the sizing for pneumatic linear drives in a matter of seconds.The user simply inputs his technical ope-rating conditions, e.g. installation position, travel distance or weight for the motion task.RL-sizing independently calculates static and dynamic motion conditions according to the input information.In a matter of seconds, the suitable linear drives are ready for selection.EL-SizingConfiguration software forelectromechanical linear drivesTime-consuming calculations of static anddynamic movement parameters are carriedout automatically by the program.EL-Sizing saves valuable time by avoidingcomplex recalculations.As soon as all your values have beenentered, one button click brings up a list ofall suitable linear drives in seconds.Complete linear drive / motor packages canalso be selected.Easy-DriveConfiguration and parameterizationfor electromechanical drive systemsSoftware for the configuration and parame-terization of electromechanical linearactuators also for programming of motionprofiles, individual and interlinked sequences.RL-SizingEL-SizingEasy-DriveService Packs, Seal Kitsand Spare Parts Due to the simple design of ORIGA rodless cylinders, you can readily carry out your own maintenance and repair using original spare parts.n At you will find the service partner nearest to you; provide them with the type designation of your cylinder (type plate under the labelled cover strip), and within 2 to 3 working days you can receive the relevant service packs,seal kits or spare parts by express delivery.n The fitting instructions show you, in simple steps, how to repair the cylinder yourself using standard tools, to restore its original performance characteristics.The type label is under the imprinted cover strip.ORIGA ServiceFast, Efficient, Cost-EffectiveCylinder Servicein the FieldFor cylinders running under critical condi-tions and for those with extremely long strokes, it is sometimes more convenient to have them serviced in the field.n Contact us and arrange an appointment. At you will find the service partner nearest to you.n Our service team can carry out all stand- ard service work on site - preferably dur- ing the routine general overhaul of your machine or production line.Premium ServiceWe recommend our Standard Service:The complete, expert reconditioning with original replacement parts.n Simply send your cylinder to your nearest service partner. You will find the contact details at . We undertake to recondition your cy- linder and to return it to you within 2 to 3 working days of the date of receipt.n An emergency same-day service is available on request.n ORIGA Service – the cost-effectivesolution.123ContactORIGA-CylinderExpertise and Quality for more than 40 years !Durability Test BenchDurability test of switch actuatorsand gear simulationApplication-Specific System SolutionsORIGA SYSTEM PLUS OSP:Basic Concept of Intelligent and Multifunctional SolutionsFood ProcessingHandling and conveying of dough piecesin a lye application machineDeburring of Alloy WheelsVertical and horizontal movementof sawing unitsHandling of Electronic ComponentsFeeding components into a laserinscription and functional test unitAssembly of a Modular Steering KitFeeding components to be assembledon a carrier palletQuality InspectionApproaching ultrasonic testing headsto the testee121234563456Door Operating SystemA complete ready-to-install assembly comprising linear drive and integrated control and safety functions Clean Room Pneumatic Cylinders An integrated vacuum system prevents particle emissions from the inside of the actuatorLinear Drive for Roll CleaningUsed in the sheet metal, film, paper, printing and surface coating industry Sub-System-ComponentUsed in a plastic blowmoulding machine - for forming plastic bottlesOverhead Thrust UnitUsed to distribute items on a conveyor,e. g. in airport intallationsCustomized Cylinders with IntegratedValve TechnologyUsed for external doors and sliding stepactivationP-A5P041GB 07/2014© 2014 Parker Hannifin GmbH - All rights reserved Parker WorldwideEurope, Middle East, AfricaAE – United Arab Emirates, DubaiTel: +971 4 8127100 ********************AT – Austria, Wiener Neustadt Tel: +43 (0)2622 23501-0 *************************AT – Eastern Europe, Wiener NeustadtTel: +43 (0)2622 23501 900 ****************************AZ – Azerbaijan, Baku Tel: +994 50 2233 458****************************BE/LU – Belgium, Nivelles Tel: +32 (0)67 280 900*************************BY – Belarus, Minsk Tel: +375 17 209 9399*************************CH – Switzerland, Etoy Tel: +41 (0)21 821 87 00*****************************CZ – Czech Republic, Klecany Tel: +420 284 083 111*******************************DE – Germany, Kaarst Tel: +49 (0)2131 4016 0*************************DK – Denmark, Ballerup Tel: +45 43 56 04 00*************************ES – Spain, Madrid Tel: +34 902 330 001 ***********************FI – Finland, Vantaa Tel: +358 (0)20 753 2500 *************************FR – France, Contamine s/Arve Tel: +33 (0)4 50 25 80 25 ************************GR – Greece, Athens Tel: +30 210 933 6450 ************************HU – Hungary, Budapest Tel: +36 23 885 470*************************IE – Ireland, Dublin Tel: +353 (0)1 466 6370 *************************IT – Italy, Corsico (MI) Tel: +39 02 45 19 21 ***********************KZ – Kazakhstan, Almaty Tel: +7 7272 505 800****************************NL – The Netherlands, Oldenzaal Tel: +31 (0)541 585 000 ********************NO – Norway, Asker Tel: +47 66 75 34 00************************PL – Poland, Warsaw Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00 ************************PT – Portugal, Leca da Palmeira Tel: +351 22 999 7360**************************RO – Romania, Bucharest Tel: +40 21 252 1382*************************RU – Russia, Moscow Tel: +7 495 645-2156************************SE – Sweden, Spånga Tel: +46 (0)8 59 79 50 00 ************************SK – Slovakia, Banská Bystrica Tel: +421 484 162 252**************************SL – Slovenia, Novo Mesto Tel: +386 7 337 6650**************************TR – Turkey, Istanbul Tel: +90 216 4997081 ************************UA – Ukraine, Kiev Tel +380 44 494 2731*************************UK – United Kingdom, Warwick Tel: +44 (0)1926 317 878 ********************ZA – South Africa, Kempton Park Tel: +27 (0)11 961 0700*****************************North AmericaCA – Canada, Milton, Ontario Tel: +1 905 693 3000US – USA, Cleveland Tel: +1 216 896 3000Asia PacificAU – Australia, Castle Hill Tel: +61 (0)2-9634 7777CN – China, Shanghai Tel: +86 21 2899 5000HK – Hong Kong Tel: +852 2428 8008IN – India, MumbaiTel: +91 22 6513 7081-85JP – Japan, Tokyo Tel: +81 (0)3 6408 3901KR – South Korea, Seoul Tel: +82 2 559 0400MY – Malaysia, Shah Alam Tel: +60 3 7849 0800NZ – New Zealand, Mt Wellington Tel: +64 9 574 1744SG – Singapore Tel: +65 6887 6300TH – Thailand, Bangkok Tel: +662 186 7000-99TW – Taiwan, Taipei Tel: +886 2 2298 8987South AmericaAR – Argentina, Buenos Aires Tel: +54 3327 44 4129BR – Brazil, Sao Jose dos Campos Tel: +55 800 727 5374 CL – Chile, Santiago Tel: +56 2 623 1216MX – Mexico, Apodaca Tel: +52 81 8156 6000Parker Hannifin GmbH Pat-Parker-Platz 1D-41564 Kaarst (Germany)Tel: +49 2131 4016-0 Fax: +49 2131 4016-9199。