服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字

国际服务贸易外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：《World Development》，2015，12（1）：35-44.英文原文The research of international service trade and economic growth theoryChakraborty Kavin1 IntroductionThe study of the relation between international trade and economic growth is one of the most active issues. Since 1980s, the world has been in transition from national economy orientating towards natural resources and manufacturing industry to global and regional economy orientating towards information resources and service industry. After the signature of GA TS in1994, the institutional arrangements on liberalizing service trade result in a world-wide involvement division and exchanges of service trade, and it is undoubtedly that the positive interaction between service trade and investment leads to economic growth. But the theoretical research on service trade lags behind practice.Is it a statistic phenomenon or a universal rule of economic growth? To approach the above two issues from theoretical and empirical perspective is of great value to policy-making.For the proposition of that "International service trade will drive economic growth". Theoretical analysis shows that although service tradeis not a direct interpretative variable to economic growth, it can effect economic growth indirectly through other growing factors and technology upgrade, but the ways and mechanisms are different in different stages. In a certain stage of economic development, service trade (including investment) will have static and dynamic effect on factors supply and technology upgrade in one county, which will lead to the domestic alteration of resources condition structure. It is the enterprises that select industry structure, technology structure and trade structure according to dynamic alteration way of comparative technology structure and trade structure, which will ultimately promote evolution of economic growth gradually. So far as operational mechanism of service trade and investment is concerned, service trade affects factors supply in one country by physical capital accumulating effect, human capital effect, technology upgrade effect, institutional transition effect, employment effect and externality of technology, then influences the upgrade of industrial structure, the upgrade of technological structure and the transition of mode of economic growth. It is obvious that dynamic effect is greater than static effect; that external effect is playing more important role than internal effect; and that technology spillover effect of foreign direct investment in service industry is greater than that of service trade in a narrow sense (including across-border supply, consumption abroad and movement of natural person).For the research of mechanism about how service trade drive economic growth. Firstly, the paper verifies the causality between service trade and economic growths concerning different economic bodies and the representative countries. The results show that there are causalities between international service trade and economic growth in the whole world, in the developed countries, in the US and in china. In the developing countries, service trade is the Granger cause of economic growth; In the whole world and the developing countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of service trade; In the US, service export is the Granger cause of economic growth, and economic growth is the Granger cause of service import. On this basis, it is concluded that the opening of service industry will benefit economic growth in one country. Secondly, in order to explore on how the service trade and investment act on economic growth, empirical studies are employed to explain the case of US and that of China. The results show that the routes by which service trade affects economic growth in the US can be rowed as follows from more significant to less: employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect, technology effect, institution effect. The results of empirical analysis of China can be summarized that: the routes by which service export affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: employment effect, physical capital effect, institution effect, human capital effect, technology effect; the routs by which service import affectseconomic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, institution effect, employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect; the routes by which FDI in service affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, human capital effect, institution effect, employment effect, physical capital effect. Moreover, the effect of FDI in service is stronger than service import, and the effect of service import is stronger than service export.According to the empirical test in this paper, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: service trade in a narrow sense will have static and dynamic effects on factor supply in one country through import and export of service, FDI in service industry is one of the most important cross-border transactions and is another important channel which will affect the transition of advantages on factor supply in one country. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned channels will have different effects on countries at different stages of economic development. Whether the roles can be brought into play or not depends on given restraints. The input output of factors themselves cannot form a clear function, but will interact together and act on economic growth hand in hand through numerous feedback chain.Chinese economy is now undergoing transformation from elementary age to middle age of industrialization. Service trade and investment in current period have both advantages and disadvantages.Based on these judgments, we propose that China should pursue a policy favoring protectionism on management of service trade and adopt relevant countermeasures as follows. Scientific development view should be formed with an eye to harmonizing development of three industries so as to lay a solid industries foundation for service trade; The strategic programming should be stipulated and the market of service trade should be opened gradually; The rule of international transfer of service trade should be mastered and environment of utilizing foreign investment on service industry should be improved.As the characteristics of the world's service-oriented economy have gradually emerged, service trade originating from the upgrading of industrial structure has developed rapidly, and the scale of service trade is rapidly expanding. From the statistical data, the total exports of world service trade rose rapidly from 365 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 377.779 billion U.S. dollars in 2008, an increase of 9.35 times. Compared with the trade of goods with a long history, service trade is a new form of trade. With the continuous increase in absolute size and relatively low levels, service trade has become a focus of attention in modern society.2 The impact of overall service trade on economic growthAccording to the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GA TS), which was signed in 1994, trade in services includes Cross- border Supply, Consumption A broad, Commercial Presence, and naturalperson mobility. (Movement of Natural Persn) Four modes. The service trade of these four modes has completely different properties and characteristics. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a unified theoretical framework for service trade to affect economic growth. The corresponding literature is very rare. The only foreign documents are mainly Robinson et al. (2002), who simply regard service trade as a commodity. Trade, without taking into account differences in the four trade models, studied the economic growth effects of service trade liberalization using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model.Using empirical methods to study the literature on the impact of overall service trade on economic growth is more, but such studies are mostly domestic scholars. Research shows that the average contribution of China's overall service trade to economic growth is 18.9%.3 Effect of Service Trade in Different Industries on Economic GrowthAt present, the literature on the impact of industry trade in service trade on economic growth is mostly concentrated in such service sectors as finance, telecommunications, and health care. These studies have basically reached a relatively unanimous conclusion that the opening of the service sector or the increase in productivity can significantly promote economic growth. . For example, studies by Beck et al. (1998), M urinde & Ryan (2003), and Eschenbach (2004) suggest that the opening of the financial sector has, to a certain extent, broken the monopoly of domesticfinancial markets and prompted the orderly competition of financial markets. On the normal development track, productivity has improved, and it has finally led to economic growth in the country. Kim (2000) studied the relationship between the development of service trade in the distribution sector and the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) using Korea's input-output data. The results show that the liberalization of service trade not only significantly promoted its own TFP. The promotion also promoted the improvement of total factor productivity in the related manufacturing sector. The total factor productivity growth brought about by service trade almost covered the entire economic sector.4 Effect of Service Trade on Economic Growth by Different Trading ModesThere are few literatures on specific transaction models and theoretical studies on the impact of trade in services on economic growth. Carr et al. (2001) & M arkusen et al. (2005) theoretically examined the commercial existence model by means of the CGE model. The impact of the trade in services on economic growth shows that the opening up of trade in services is an important source of the increase in economic welfare of a country. From the perspective of economic welfare, the opening up of trade in services is a general trend. Subsequently, the use of CGE models to theoretically examine the impact of service trade on economic growth began to prevail. For example, Rutherford et al. (2005)used the CGE model to evaluate Russia's WTO accession effects, and Ko nan &Maskus (2006) used CGE models. The potential effects of Tunisia's elimination of barriers to trade in services were studied. Their conclusions indicate that the increase in the level of economic welfare in one country can benefit from the opening up of the service market, while the elimination of FDI market access barriers in the service sector is a pattern of four trades. The most important liberalization measures are the main sources of increased welfare in a country. There are a lot of literatures on the relationship between service trade and economic growth in specific models using empirical methods. In the four modes of trade in services, commercial presence is the most important one, and from the point of view of data availability, although statistical data is still not very accurate, commercial existence of service trade is based on service industry FDI as a carrier. To achieve this, researchers can use service industry FDI data to characterize the scale of service trade in this model, and this type of trade model has received more attention. Among them, Markusen (1989) believes that the existence of commercial trade in services has two positive and negative effects. The positive effect is that competition in the service sector has led to an increase in domestic demand for the sector’s production factors, which is conducive to output growth. The effect of market size and negative effects means that the intensified competition in the domestic market of service industries has led to the withdrawal ofdomestic service-oriented enterprises from the market. The study by Markusen (1989) shows that the effect of market size after the opening of the service market far exceeds the crowding-out effect. After offsetting the crowding-out effect, it can still promote the productivity improvement of the non-service sector and further lead to the structure of domestic trade in goods. The changes, those sectors that were previously low in productivity and dependent on imports, will evolve into high-productivity export sectors, which is quite similar to the latest research findings on the interactive development of producer services and manufacturing. Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman (2006) used India as an example to examine the impact of the existence of commercial trade in services in the finance, telecommunications, and transportation sectors on the competitiveness of the goods export sector, and believe that these sectors have been liberalized. The level of soft facilities has been increased, which in turn has greatly reduced the operating costs of the downstream product manufacturing sector, which has increased the export competitiveness. With the inefficiency of the domestic service industry, the unfavorable pattern is reversed with the help of commercial presence of service trade. Feasible choice. Guerrieri et al. (2005) took the EU as the research object and analyzed the role of commercial trade in services for knowledge accumulation and economic growth. The study concluded that the openness of the service market or the relaxation of domesticservice regulations has positively promoted economic growth. It was found that the imported service items may be more able to promote economic growth than the domestic same service items due to high technological content.5 Possible Future Research DirectionsIt is not difficult to find from the above-mentioned documents that since the development of service trade started late, research on the growth of service trade began to rise gradually from the 1980s, and more than 20 years of research in this area is in the ascendant. With the further enhancement of the status of trade in services, the possible directions for future research will generally include the following aspects.From the point of view of research methodology, classification of service trade can be studied. As the theory of goods trade has gradually matured, the development practice of service trade still calls for the birth of the theory of service trade. Helpman and Markusen, international economists, expressed on different occasions that the difficulty in establishing the theoretical system of service trade lies in the fact that there are large differences in various types of service trades, and it is difficult for researchers to overcome the gap between them. Classifying service trade according to certain standards and exploring the impact of various types of service trade on economic growth is a possible direction for future research.From the perspective of the research subjects, it is possible to study China’s service trade and economic growth. China’s GDP has already ranked second in the world. However, the service industry’s added value accounted for only 40% of GDP, which is obviously not commensurate with the status of an economic power. In addition, the trade in services is still relatively small compared to the trade in goods. Under such a realistic background, what is the relationship between China's service trade and economic growth? How will service trade contribute to China's economic growth? What impact will service outsourcing have on China's economy? With China in In the next decade, how will China make service trade an engine of economic growth? From the academic point of view, economists from all countries are paying attention to China’s economic development, and China’s service trade will also be improved. It will become a research hotspot.From the perspective of research topics, it is possible to study the impact of service outsourcing on economic growth. In 2008, the scale of global service outsourcing market has reached 1.5 trillion US dollars. According to the UNCTAD (UNCT AD) speculation, the global service outsourcing market will increase by 30%-40% in the next 5-10 years.The surging service industry outsourcing is a new form of service trade. How does service outsourcing drive economic growth through employment, industrial structure upgrading, and technology spillovers?What are the differences in the impact of contracting and receiving services on economic growth in the service industry? Research on these issues will start with the development of service outsourcing to important theoretical guidance.中文译文国际服务贸易与经济增长理论与实证研究Chakraborty Kavin1 引言国际贸易与经济增长始终是国际经济学最生动的论题之一。

国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响与分析摘要国际服务贸易在全球经济发展中扮演了越来越重要的角色。

服务贸易自由化对于成长中的发展中国家而言，具有两重性，既为他们提供了前所未有的机遇，也给他们带来诸多问题。

贸易自由化的发展提高了发展中国家的劳动分工、经济效率、综合国力等方面，有利于本国引进外资促进了服务业的对外开放和经济的发展。

于此同时，国际贸易自由化也制约了发展中国家的产业结构，影响了经济结构的发展，使商品的价格和贸易结构方面严重恶化，从而影响发展中国家的商品进出口。

随着世界经济的发展，贸易自由化已经成为了不可逆转的趋势。

我国作为最大的发展中国家，自加入WTO以来，我国经济的发展越来越依靠国际贸易自由化。

在这种形式下，本文从国际服务贸易自由化的产生、发展出发，结合我国服务业在自由化趋势下的现状及问题，详细阐明贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响，同时从法律、贸易保护主义、争取多边谈判和战略的选择等发面提出了解决的对策。

从而大力发展我国的服务贸易，在世界经济中争取更广范的发展空间。

关键词：国际服务贸易自由化；发展中国家；中国International Service Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries and the Impacts of AnalysisABSTRACTInternational service trade in global economic development plays a more and more important role. Services trade liberalization for growing developing countries, with a duality, both provide them with unprecedented opportunities, but also bring those many problems. The development of trade liberalization in developing countries increased specialization of labor, economic efficiency, the comprehensive national strength, etc in introducing foreign capital to promote domestic service opening up and economic development. Meanwhile, International trade liberalization also restricted the industrial structure of developing countries, influenced the development of economic structure, Make commodity price and trade structure seriously deteriorating, Thus affecting developing countries import and export of goods. With the development of world economy, trade liberalization has become the inevitable trend. China is the biggest developing country, since joining WTO, China's economic development more dependent on international trade liberalization. In this form, this article from theinternational service trade liberalizations of the production, development. Combined with the liberalization of services under the present situation and problems, Detail of trade liberalization, the influence of developing countries, meanwhile from law, trade protectionism, multilateral negotiations and strategy for selection of baking proposed the countermeasures. Thus develop of China's service trade in the world economy, for a wider fan development space.Keywords:international service trade liberalization; developing countries; China.目录摘要 (1)1.概述 (6)1.1国际服务贸易自由化的产生和背景 (6)1.2国际服务贸易自由化的含义和表现 (7)2.发展中国家服务贸易自由化的现状 (8)2.1发展中国家的贸易自由化处于成长阶段 (8)2.2贸易自由化增强了发展中国家的市场竞争力 (9)2.3服务贸易壁垒形式更为隐蔽，手段更加多样化 (10)3.服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响 (11)3.1国际贸易自由化对发展中国家的积极影响 (11)3.1.1服务贸易自由化有利于提高发展中国家经济效率 (11)3.1.2改善了劳资问题 (12)3.1.3有利于加快服务业和综合国力的提高 (12)3.1.4提高了发展中国家的出口商品竞争力 (13)3.1.5有利于引进利用外资 (14)3.2国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的消极影响 (15)3.2.1制约了发展中国家服务业的产业结构 (15)3.2.2影响了发展中国家的经济环境 (15)3.2.3贸易自由化加大了发展中国家与发达国家间的不平衡性 (16)3.2.4商品价格变化与贸易条件的恶化 (16)4.以中国为例分析面对国际服务贸易自由化发展中国家的对策 .. 174.1我国应积极进行贸易自由化进程的战略选择 (17)4.2参加国际服务贸易的双边与多边谈判，争取更有利的国际环境。

它３７８７１３内容摘要乌拉圭回合谈判的结束和《服务贸易总协定》（Ｇ娜’Ｓ）的签定，标志着当代国际贸易的内涵与结构发生了重大变化，多边贸易体制日臻完善，服务贸易自由化被纳入了多边贸易体系管辖之内。

世界各国将在一种新的多边规则下进行服务业市场的开放和服务贸易活动。

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，服务贸易自由化已是大势所趋。

这必将给世界各国服务贸易政策的制定和实施带来重要影响，在这种经济形势下，我们应正确地认识服务贸易自由化对我国服务贸易的影响，顺应服务贸易的发展趋势，在我国服务业现有的基础上根据服务贸易自由化的特点，科学制定中国服务贸易发展战略，以促进中国服务贸易的发展。

关键词：服务贸易自由化、服务贸易总协定，ＴｈｅＵｒｕｇｕａｙＲｏｕｎｄｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｒａｌＡｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＴｒａｄｅｉｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｈｏｗｔｌｌａｔｔｈｅｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｔｒａｄｅｈａｓｇｒｅａｔｌｙｃｈａｎｇｅｄ．ｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｌｔｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｔｒａｄｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｌ弛ｔｔｏｒａｎｄｂｅｔｔｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｎｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｎｔｈｅｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆｉｔ．Ａｌｌｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｌｌｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｉｒｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄｄｏｔｈｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ，ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｎｅｗｍｕｌｔｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｒｕｌｅｓ．Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｏｒｇａｎｉｃｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ，ｉｔｂ戗７，ｏｍｅｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．Ｔｈａｔｗｉｌｌａｆｆｅｃｔ８ｒｅａｔｌｙｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｏｒｋｏｕｔａｎｄｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｍｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ，ＷｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｒｅｚｏｇｎｉｚｅｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｌｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｗｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｏｂｅｙｔｈｅ８ｒｏｗｉｎｇｔａｎｄ∞ｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄｗｏｒｋｏｕｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｏｆｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓ髓、ｄ∞ｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｉｔ，ｂａｓｉｎｇｏｎｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｔｒａｄｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆ也ｅｌｉｂｅ嘲ｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ．ＫＥＹＷｏＲＤＳ：ｔｈｅｔｒ默ｌｅｉｎｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｔｈｅＧｅ．ｎｅｒａｌＡ妒ｅｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＴｒａｄｅｉｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓⅡ一、服务贸易自由化的特点：经济全球化、区域经济一体化和金融经济国际化是当今世界经济发展的重要特征，这三大趋势之间是相互联系的，因此在发展中相互促进，它们之间的区别也导致它们相互制约，这些共同影响了世界经济发展及国际关系格局，而２０世纪８０年代中后期以来，全球出现了服务贸易自由化的趋势，这是世界全球化和贸易自由化趋势不断发展的具体反映。

金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响外文翻译外文翻译原文The Impact of Financial Services Trade Liberalization on ChinaMaterial Source: The Impact of Financial Services Trade Liberalization on ChinaAuthor: Li-Gang LiuAbstractThis paper shows that financial services trade liberalization in China has set impetus for accelerated domestic financial liberalization. Foreign banks, though still relatively small in size, have already exerted considerable influence on China’s capital flows. Empirical finding from the cross-country study indicates that financial services trade liberalization under the WTO promotes bank loans to developing economies strongly though not evenly conditional on country characteristics.Keywords: Financial services trade liberalization, capital flows, financial and capital account liberalization, gravity modelI. IntroductionChina is undertaking a set of simultaneous, though gradual, domestic financial and capital account liberalization. At the same time,its financial sector is also experiencing increased foreign competition as the country has already started to allow considerable foreign participation in its domestic financial sector. 2007 will be a watershed year as China will have to fully implement its WTO commitments on financial services trade liberalization.While foreign banks in emerging markets promote efficiency through enhanced competition and transfer of skills Claessens, et al … 2001, Committee on the Global Financial System CGFS, 2004, they also pose challenges to policy makers in areas of managing liberalization pace, upgrading supervision skills, and conducting monetary policy. Empirical findings suggest that with more countries embarking upon financial liberalization, the risk of financial crises has also increased. It was observed that since the 1980s, over two-thirds of IMF member countries have experienced significant problems in the banking sector Lindgren, et. al…1996. Studies on the relationship between financial liberalization and banking crisis also indicate that financial liberalization raises the probability of a banking crisis Demirguc-Kunt & Detragiache, 1998. Moreover, in emerging market economies, a banking crisis is usually associated with a balance of payment crisis when the country’s capit al account is open Kaminsky & Reinhart, 2000.Because financial services trade liberalization often involves capital flows, foreign participation will certainly complicate theongoing process of domestic financial and capital account liberalization in emerging market economies. It is hypothesized that foreign bank participation would accelerate both domestic financial and capital account liberalization and in particular, it would make a host country’s capital control regime progressively more ineffective, thus leading to de facto capital account liberalization. Without necessary modifications regarding their exchange rate regimes and the ways they conduct monetary policies, emerging market economies may experience inherent policy inconsistencies that could eventually lead to capital account crises This paper intends to examine these issues raised above in two segments: First, it examines the impact of foreign bank presence on China’s rapidly evolving domestic and external financial liberalization. Using China as a case study, the paper intends to shed light on whether foreign participation helps accelerate China’s domestic financial and capital account liberalization. The paper then examines the impact of the WTO financial services trade liberalization commitments and especially the banking sector commitments on bank loans to developing economies. Specifically, the empirical study of this section hopes to shed light on whether financial services trade liberalization helps promote bank loans to developing economies.The paper proceeds as follows: Section II provides an updated review on the General Agreement of Trade in Services with a focus on thefinancial services. Section III examines whether foreign bank presence in China helps accelerate domestic financial and capital account liberalization. Section IV presents some empirical findings on whether the financial services trade liberalization commitments promote bank loans to emerging market economies. Section V discusses implications for policy.II. Financial Services Trade Liberalization under the GATSII. 1: GATS Rules: An updated reviewFinancial services trade liberalization negotiations FSTLN, under the General Agreement on Trade and Services GATS, aims at reducing or even totally removing all trade barriers in financial services sector by allowing foreign financial firms in insurance, banking, securities industry and other related financial services sectors to enter a host country and enjoy national treatment. The GATS, launched in the Uruguay Round in 1986, was not able to reach any agreement until April 1994, several months after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round at the end of 1993 Kono, et al …, 1997. Negotiations on financial services agreements were also extended far beyond the Uruguay Round and finally reached agreement in 1997. In the current and new Doha round of WTO negotiations, financial services and other services will be a “built-in” agenda, thus having the benefit of renewed emphasis Key, 2003.FSTLN specifies general commitments, specific exemptions, andmodes of supply of services. These commitments governing modes of financial services supplied and they can differ from country to country and can be phased in over time depending on the initial agreements. However, the general commitments of GATS also apply to FSTLN have the following features Kono, et al …, 1997: 1? Most favored nation MFN: All liberalization measures must be extended to all WTO members equally ? Market access and national treatment: WTO member countries can not discriminate between domestic and foreign firms, except when explicitly indicated at the time of joining the GATS ? Transparency: Local regulations should be published and made accessible to all ? Progressive liberalization: Member states agree to increase the number of liberalized sectors and to eliminate exceptions within sectors by committing to future negotiating rounds ? Dispute settlement mechanism: All commitments are legally binding. Harmed states can initiate an arbitration procedure. If found harmed, the country can impose sanctions against the violating country However, FSTLN also has some important exemptions:? Exemption for government services: Activities of the central banks or other government authorities carrying out monetary and exchange rate policies are excluded from GATS ? Prudential carve-out: It is exempted from GATS and is designed to ensure that host country governments can protect their domestic financial system and participants of thefinancial system through the application of the host country prudential standards. These prudential measures in principle do not have to comply with the national treatment, market access commitments and its most favored nation responsibility Key, 2003. However, the prudential carve-out is not meant to be an overriding exception to a member’s obligations, as prudential measures should not be used to avoid a member’s obligation or commitments ? Some non-prudential related government regulations for example, practices related to industrial policy to provide credit to certain industries are also exempted from the commitments of the GATS unless such policies violate the general commitments as specified above Kono, et al …, 1997 Similar to other types of services, FSTLN also covers four modes of supply: cross-border, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and movements of natural persons.Mode 1 or cross-border supply: If a consumer in country A and a supplier in country B, the service crosses the border to meet the need of the consumer in Country A e.g., A Japanese bank in Tokyo lends to a Chinese firm in Shanghai. Depending on the nature of transactions, this mode of supply in financial services will often involve not only financial services but also capital flows Table 1 ? Mode 2 or consumption abroad: It refers to a scenario that a consumer in Country A will have to travel to Country B where the service supplier is located in order to conducta transaction e.g., A Japanese company opens a bank account with a bank in China a Japanese, other foreign, or even a domestic Chinese bank for transactions occurring in China ? Mode 3 or commercial presence: It refers to a service in country A provided by a supplier in country B took place at a permanent place of business located in country A e.g., A Japanese bank lends firms in China through its branch in China Table 2 ? Mode 4 or movement of natural persons: It refers to a service in countryA is provided by countryB with personnel imported from country B e.g., A branch of a Japanese bank draws its management from its headquartersin Tokyo As discussed above, measures undertaken for prudential purposes are exempted from the basic rules. Because there is no necessity test of validity, such “carve-outs” could be potentially used as restrictions or barriers for foreign entry. In addition, only a sovereign, not a private bank, can bring complains to the WTO dispute panel Key, 2003 Although financial services often involve capital flows, the FSTLN under GATS does not have any authority to override the measures of capital controls in a host economy. Under capital controls, a cross-border financial service trade may occur but not necessarily the capital flows associated with the service. This is because FSTLN under GATS has to be consistent with the current account transactions of the IMF Articles of Agreement. It does not, however, cover capital account transactions. In principle, countries that have signed on the GATS in financial servicescan continue to engage their capital control measures and practices Table 3 uses the banking business as an example to highlight the areasin which foreign bank entry not only brings financial services trade but also cross-border capital flows. Out of 17 categories of banking businessin Mode 1, only three types of banking business can take place without involving capital flows financial leasing, provision of financial information, and financial advisory. Only in Mode 3 Commercial Presence, most financial services trade can occur so long as foreign capitals are not involved.Despite these perceived limitations, FSTLN under GATS is an important step forward in liberalizing the financial service trade worldwide as it provides national treatment to foreign financial firms, promotes transparency of financial regulations, and promises further liberalization in financial services. Similar to foreign direct investment in manufacturing sectors, the impact of foreign participationin a host country may be much larger than one can contemplate based only on th e existing WTO rules and regulations III. China’s WTO Financial Services Commitments and their ImplicationsChina signed the GATS upon its WTO accession at the end of 2001. Although there is a phasing-out period of five years with respect to business scope local currency vs. foreign exchange banking business, customers resident vs. nonresident, consumer vs. firms, and geographiclocation Appendix I, its overall commitment is relatively liberal compared with countries in East Asia and most of the developing economies Figure 1. Even before its WTO commitments, foreign banks have already been allowed to operate in certain geographic areas with progressively liberalized scope of banking businesses Table 4. However, the opening was relatively modest because such liberalizations were only unilateral and based on the country’s own economic needs, which may be quite different from the multilateral and rule-based financial services trade liberalization under the GATS that are anticipated, transparent, and extended to all members of the WTO.译文金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响资料来源:金融服务贸易自由化对中国的影响作者:刘利刚摘要本文表明,在中国金融服务贸易自由化已经成为加速国内金融自由化的推动力量。

浅析中国服务贸易自由化摘要：作为既是发展中国家也是WTO成员方的中国，服务贸易自由化对我们来说是机遇也是挑战。

我们必须要在这一趋势下认清中国服务贸易发展的现状，抓住机遇，并勇于迎接挑战，制定符合中国实际的应对策略，提高中国服务贸易的竞争力，特别是像我国这样的发展中国家必须要在贸易自由化中迎接挑战。

一、服务贸易自由化概念贸易自由化就是各成员方通过多边贸易谈判，降低和约束关税，取消其他贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易中的歧视待遇，扩大本国市场准入度。

实现上述目标的途径是以市场经济为基础，进行贸易自由化。

自由贸易政策允许货物和生产要素的自由流动，在国际价值规律作用下，可以刺激竞争，鼓励发展，提高经营管理水平，促进世界性的分工和贸易发展，扩大市场；同时使消费者得到物美价廉的商品和服务服务贸易自由化。

近十几年来，我国服务贸易正在以年平均15%左右的速度迅速增长，但仍然明显落后于货物贸易，而且长期呈现逆差状态。

在某种意义上说，积极发展国际服务贸易并实现国际服务贸易的自由化，将是21世纪国际经济合作最重要的内容之一。

经过多年努力，中国已顺利加入WTO，服务业的开放日益成为中国对外开放的焦点问题。

因此认识到服务贸易的发展对我国未来经济发展所起到的重要作用，研究如何融入服务贸易自由化进程，具有重大意义。

二、我国服务贸易的发展现状及问题1、发展现状中国作为一个发展中大国，服务业的发展和开放都比较晚，参与全球服务贸易领域的竞争是一项严峻的考验，但自改革开放以来尤其是20世纪90年代以来，中国的对外服务贸易发展迅速，从整体上呈上升趋势。

但是从总体上看，我国服务贸易尚处于发展初期，无论从总数，份额还是质量上来衡量和比较，都很难与发达国家相抗衡，我国的服务贸易仍存在很大差距。

2、我国服务贸易总体水平仍旧很低自20世纪90年代来，中国服务贸易呈稳步发展和上升趋势，且服务业平均增长率为15%以上，高于世界服务贸易同期的增长水平，但与发达国家相比，起点很低，规模偏小，与世界平均水平相比仍然偏小。

发展战略一、国际服务贸易壁垒的理论分析1.国际服务贸易壁垒的定义服务贸易壁垒，一般是指一国政府对外国服务生产者(提供者)的服务提供或销售所设置的有障碍作用的政策措施，即凡直接或间接地使外国服务生产者或提供者增加生产或销售成本的政策措施，都有可能被外国服务厂商认为属于服务贸易壁垒。

此外，服务贸易壁垒还包括出口限制。

设置服务贸易壁垒的目的：一方面在于保护本国服务业的市场、扶植本国国务部门，增强竞争力；另一方面，主要是用以抵制外国服务业的进入，在一定程度削弱了外国服务业的竞争力。

2.国际服务贸易壁垒的种类首先，产品移动壁垒。

产品移动壁垒一般包括当地成分、数量限制或本地要求、补贴、政府采购、歧视性技术标准和税收制度等不用的方面。

在数量限制方面，如规定一定的服务进口配额；在当地成分方面，如服务厂商被要求在当地购买设备；在本地成分要求方面，如德国、加拿大和瑞士等国禁止在东道国以外处理的数据在国内使用；通过政府补贴，提高本国服务厂商的竞争力，可有效地阻止外国竞争者的进入。

其次，资本移动壁垒。

在国际服务贸易的发展过程中，资本移动壁垒主要包括浮动汇率、外汇管制以及投资收益汇出的限制等。

浮动汇率对贸易有着重要的影响，不利的汇率能够削弱服务竞争的优势，外汇管制指的是政府对外汇在本国境内的流通、持有和兑换，以及对外汇出入境的控制。

在对投资者投资收益汇回母国壁垒方面，如限制外国服务厂商将利润、版税、管理费汇回母国，或限制外国资本抽调回国，或限制汇回利润的额度等措施，也在相当程度上限制了服务贸易的发展。

再次，人员移动壁垒。

在国际服务贸易中，人员移动壁垒作为生产要素的劳动力的跨国移动是服务贸易的主要途径之一，对国际服务贸易的发展起到了重要的作用。

同时，人员移动壁垒自然构成各国政府限制服务提供者进入本国或进入本国后从事经营的主要手段之一。

种种移民限制和出入境的繁琐手续，以及由此造成的长时间的等待，都构成人员移动的壁垒形式。

第四，政府补贴壁垒。

国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响及对策【摘要】国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家具有重要意义。

它既带来了积极影响，如促进经济增长、技术转移和就业机会，也存在消极影响，如不平等竞争和贸易逆差。

针对这些影响，发展中国家可以采取一些对策，如制定适应国际市场的政策和加强国际合作。

发展中国家在国际服务贸易中具有竞争优势，如低成本劳动力和丰富的资源。

未来，发展中国家应当积极参与国际服务贸易，拓展市场，并制定合理路径，推动国际服务贸易自由化的进程，促进经济发展。

关注国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的影响及对策的重要性，对未来发展方向提出建议，对推动国际服务贸易的自由化具有重要意义。

【关键词】国际服务贸易自由化、发展中国家、影响、对策、积极影响、消极影响、竞争优势、国际合作、重要性、发展方向、路径。

1. 引言1.1 国际服务贸易自由化的定义国际服务贸易自由化是指各国在服务领域开展贸易活动时，避免采取歧视性措施并逐步降低限制和障碍，使服务市场更加开放和竞争。

这种自由化包括了服务领域的各种形式，如金融服务、教育服务、医疗服务、咨询服务等。

国际服务贸易自由化的核心理念是通过取消或降低贸易壁垒，促进各国服务业的开放和发展，提高全球服务贸易的效率和效益。

相比于商品贸易，服务贸易更加依赖于技术、人力资源和品质等软性因素，因此在国际服务贸易自由化中，知识产权和专业技能的保护和流通至关重要。

通过自由化，不仅可以促进各国服务业的发展与互动，还可以提高效率和品质，满足消费者需求，推动全球经济的增长与协调发展。

国际服务贸易自由化是全球经济一体化的必然趋势，也是维护多边贸易体制稳定和可持续发展的重要举措。

1.2 国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的意义国际服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的意义在于促进经济发展和提升国际竞争力。

国际服务贸易自由化可以带来更多的外资流入，促进服务业发展，创造就业机会，增加国内生产总值。

开放市场可以促进技术和管理经验的传播与互相学习，推动国内产业升级和提高国际竞争力。

文献出处：Siles., The free trade and protectionism under the economic crisis [J]. New Political Economy, 2014, 16(5): 627-653.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，其他网站不得转载，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The free trade and protectionism under the economic crisisAuthor: Siles.AbstractIn 2008，with the outbreak of the global financial crisis on the global trade has brought the huge impact. Drop in trade growth and deteriorating economic conditions for economic protectionism policy provides the cutting edge of opportunity. Article aims to study the free trade and protectionist policies to New Zealand industry group, such as agricultural industrialization, and the "buy American" influence on the international trading system, to explore the protection strategy and the advantages and disadvantages between the free trade.Keywords：financial crisis; Free trade; Protectionism strategy; Advantages; disadvantagesThe introductionIn 2007, the United States housing bubble of the real estate market brought down the banking system, and eventually led to the 2008 global recession.This year's financial crisis on global trade has brought the huge impact.Since the 1980 s, sustained growth of international trade for the first time has a tendency to decline.It is reported that as of November 2008, world trade fell by 5% of the total, December is further reduced by 7% of the total.As is known to all, the decline of international trade will be a serious threat to a country's economy, whether developed or developing countries, especially those that the countries of the economic foundation for export trade.As one of the largest exporters of cars in Japan, this caused by the housing bubble of the global financial crisis caused severe blow to its car exports;Other majorindustrialized economic system such as the European Union and similar also suffered a big blow.Although since early February 2009, the international trade has been showing signs of recovery, but still can see trade will always stay with before the financial crisis in a relatively low level.Drop in trade growth and deteriorating economic conditions to protect main economic policy provide the chance of a cutting edge.Nobody can clearly calculated how much and how long will last the world recession and the ubiquitous could panic emphasized the importance of economic protectionism, since the trade via the elimination of import tariffs and reduce the export tax free market.Different from free trade policy, trade protection is advocated by imported products add tariffs or other trade restrictions, such as direct subsidies mechanism, resistance to outsiders encroach on the local market.At present, there is a by increasing import customs taxes and surcharges for some countries to restore Zionist domestic trade growth pattern.The United States, for example, the government rescue plan announced in the "Buy American, Buy American" clause.Under this clause has been regarded as the recession a form of protectionism.The implementation of this clause, the New Zealand export driven to the brink of a global market.Preserved and protective strategies between free trade and the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the once again become the focus of the economic field.The purpose of this paper is to through research since by trade and protectionism policy to New Zealand industry set group (such as the agricultural industrialization), the influence of and the "buy American" influence on the international trading system, to discuss the problem.With the deepening of the study, related concepts of free trade and protectionism will be applied to the discussion.Second, the body of the free trade is associated with liberalism.According to the learned by the socialist economic base this principle, the elements of free markets and free trade is no government intervention.Capital and labor are the two fundamental elements in economic hair.In theory, labor and capital would flow from adverse market environment to the good air conditioning pletely free trading system is the guarantee of capital and Labour are themost advantageous production conditions of the premises.According to the classical theory of free trade, in the absence of government intervention, every country can find their own place in the world economic system, and better the condition of country will be richer than other countries.Therefore, reduce the regulation for import and export restrictions will be more conducive to free trade.The free trade policy is to support any to the construction of the free market.For example, to remove tariffs on imported products, reduce the export tax, as well as any legislation to clear the obstacles to labor productivity.Free trade treaties and changes of the agriculture development in New Zealand has a significant impact, New Zealand is a small, follow the rule of the free market type agricultural exporter, is currently the world's most open markets for agricultural pletely against protectionist stance, New Zealand agricultural industry is one of the most big beneficiaries of free trade policy.Since 1983 the government of New Zealand and Australia since the first free trade agreement, signed by regional and bilateral free trade agreement to become New Zealand agricultural products and market strategies of successful diversification.In 2005, for example, has established close economic partnership, with Thailand and Chile, brunei, Singapore, Malaysia and China free trade agreement, and negotiation of free trade terms and south Asian countries.Support the export of agricultural products trade policy is not does not make the agriculture department become the New Zealand government high agricultural subsidies object, on the contrary, the department of agriculture has become the New Zealand's largest source of export earnings.95% of New Zealand dairy products have been exported to other countries and regions of the world, meat and wool products is expected to reach 20% of New Zealand's total exports.The annual report in 2007, about 30% of world trade, dairy products from New Zealand dairy industry bring countries each year nearly 63 billion New Zealand dollars export income;While its exports of agricultural products value is about 15 to 16 million New Zealand dollars.These is helpful to agricultural economic strategy of free trade and market not only has made a outstanding contribution to the economic recovery of New Zealand, for the development of theagricultural sector and agricultural productivity growth also played a crucial role.This suggests that New Zealand in the mid - 1980 - s to the early 90 s cancel agricultural subsidies made the right decision, it promoted the rapid development of the commercial farming in New Zealand.Cancel agricultural subsidies triggered a fierce market competition mechanism, promote the efficiency of resource utilization and the diversity of products.Example, during 1983 and 2005, the average weight of the cattle grew by 15%, lamb grew by 28%, lamb grew by 18%.Believe that supporters of free trade policy of free trade policy to New Zealand agricultural guide to the correct development direction.2008 economic crisis makes the trade protection in different parts of the world alive.The New Zealand herald reported pointed out that the dairy industry The anger of New Zealand dairy industry.After experiencing the economic collapse, American farmers pay more attention to by foreign competitors bring loss caused by fierce competition.The report points out, the Washington announced "dairy industry export incentive plan", officially became "buy American" part of the rescue plan.The plan aims to improve the competitiveness of the dairy farming U.S. exporters in the global market.A comparative study of the United States, New ZealandThe U.S. government export subsidy plan will be pushed to the New Zealand agriculture risk to the edge.The New Zealand herald reported, the us government plan not only by the mass media criticism in New Zealand for "short-sighted", but also to convey to the world economy a wrong signal.Some scholars of New Zealand, the mass media and politicians say repeat of export subsidy policy beneath the New Zealand exports mechanism, and release the wrong message to the market interest rates.Snarr pointed out that to protect the "temporary" policy of the national commercial interests, often leads to competition in the market of lax.The temporary subsidy policy in the United States, is likely to increase international trade can last long with the cost of a long-term.Feenstra protectionist policies have discussed the us government's cost.He pointed out that the United States in the 80 s generation has restricted the number of imported Japanese cars into the soil, the government also soin order to make up for the economic consequences of the policy, American consumers have to accept the vehicle unit price soared 14% from the previous case, Washington government subsidy policy of Taiwan exports will disrupt the world agricultural market price system.And consumers (including the United States and other countries consumers) will have to pay for the consequences of this kind of protectionist policies.The more in-depth study of the "buy American" policy, is increasingly suspect this so-called tarp Actually destroys the bilateral relations.New Zealand and other WTO members will have to face by protecting the main economic pressures brought by the policy of righteousness.Actually the idea behind protectionism involving a maintain a positive trade balance.Washington is initially planned to use economic stimulus policies to balance the purpose of the government's huge trade and budget deficits.The government chose to adopt protectionist remedy to restore global economic decline.New Zealand in the face of the 20th century when the generation of the great recession in 80 Hou also made the same decision, set up a "buy" in New Zealand.But, with the United States "buy American" policy, in contrast, New Zealand "buy New Zealand goods" strategy for reducing the government's economic control start signal.The New Zealand government reduced tariffs on imported products, stimulate the native New Zealand products competitive on imported products and advertising boom.The Obama administration chose a reverse direction of economic policy to recovery the economic losses caused by the great recession.But the fact proved that, the government to reduce market interference, indeed promoted the sustained growth of the New Zealand economy.As more and more international trade and economic system tends to the free market system, the Obama administration chose to protectionist policies, Sue and run counter to the direction of trade development in the global economy.McGee had said that protectionism is not saving the medicine of the global recession.Conclusion the financial crisis of 2008 brought huge impact on global trade.Drop in trade growth and deteriorating economic conditions for the forefront of economic protectionism policy provides the opportunity to, for example,huasheng's government announced "buy American" article.ConclusionBased on New Zealand agricultural industry as an example, this paper discussed about the benefits and disadvantages of free trade and protection.According to the analysis of this article, it is obvious can find free trade treaty and its change has a significant influence on the development of agriculture in New Zealand.From "support the export of agricultural products trade policy did not make the agricultural sector object, the New Zealand government high agricultural subsidies to the agricultural sector has become the New Zealand's largest source of export income", this, can fully show cancel agricultural subsidies and promote free trade market mechanism to let got rapid development of agriculture in New Zealand.While the U.S. government export subsidy plan to New Zealand agricultural pushed to the brink of risk.Can only say that the government's export subsidies policy in Washington to disrupt the world agricultural market price system, and destroy the state of bilateral relations.Compared to the New Zealand government when facing the global economic crisis with the us government's response, the New Zealand government chose free trade market strategy, by lowering import tariffs and other policies to stimulate the economy, and then through the "buy New Zealand goods" campaign to boost the domestic goods competitive against imported goods.The U.S. government adopted a protectionist policies, by limiting the number of imported goods, such as "buy American" strategy to reduce the negative effects of the global economic crisis.However, when the major premise of liberalizing global economic system to market system environment, the Obama administration's protectionist economic decisions is run against the direction of the global economic recovery in trade.When the global economy is in a recession right now, protectionism system will undoubtedly have to say it's not a wise choice.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，其他网站不得转载，完整译文请到百度文库。

国际服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文1：国际服务贸易与经济增长的理论与实证研究国际贸易与经济增长始终是国际经济学最生动的论题之一。

自20世纪80年代以来，世界经济由原来倚重自然资源和制造业的国别型经济正在向倚重信息资源和服务业的全球和区域型经济过渡。

随着1994年《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)的签署，服务贸易自由化的制度安排使得世界各国不可避免地卷入服务的国际分工和交换进程中,服务贸易和投资良性互动推动经济迅速增长已是不争的事实。

因此，服务贸易和投资对发达国家和发展中国家经济增长的推动作用是一个统计现象，还是带有普遍意义的经济增长规律？对此问题给予理论解释和实证分析无疑具有重要的政策涵义。

对于“国际服务贸易驱动经济增长”命题，理论分析认为，服务贸易不是经济增长的直接解释变量，但能通过影响主要增长要素和技术进步而间接作用于经济增长．只不过在不同的经济发展阶段其作用方式和作用机理不同。

在特定的经济发展阶段，服务贸易（包括投资）可对一国要素供给、技术进步产生静态和动态影响，进而促使其国内资源禀赋结构的变动。

企业按照比较优势的动态变化路径选择产业、技术结构和贸易模式，由此推动贸易结构、产业结构、技术结构的升级以及增长方式的转变，最终推进经济发展阶段向高级阶段的逐步转换。

从服务贸易和投资的作用机理看，服务贸易和投资通过物质资本积累效应、人力资本效应、技术进步效应、制度变迁效应、就业效应以及技术的外部性等路径影响一国的要素供给和技术进步，从而影响其资源禀赋结构的变动和贸易、产业结构的升级。

这种影响的动态效应大于静态效应，外部效应大于内部效应．且服务业FDI的技术外溢效应大于狭义服务贸易（包括跨境交付、过境消费和自然人流动）的技术外溢效应。

对服务贸易作用于经济增长内在机理的研究。

首先，对世界不同经济体和代表性国家进行因果关系检验。

结果表明，无论是世界总体、发达国家以及发展中国家，还是美国和中国均表现出：服务贸易与经济增长存有因果关系。