Normal weight obesity

中文摘要目的：肥胖与血压改变相关，但是既往的研究主要集中在肥胖对短时血压变异性的影响。

本文探讨体质指数（Body mass index, BMI）及腰围（Waist Circumference, WC）与长时血压变异性（Long-term Blood pressure variability, LBPV）的关系。

方法：选择均参加2006、2008、2010、2012、2014年度5次健康体检的开滦研究队列人群作为观察对象，最终在BMI、WC与LBPV的关系研究中分别有32,482例（BMI）及32,444例（WC）观察对象纳入统计分析。

将BMI按中国肥胖定义分为4组，低体重组：BMI<18.5kg/m2；正常体重组：18.5≤BMI<24.0kg/m2；超重组：24.0≤BMI<28.0kg/m2；肥胖组：BMI≥28.0kg/m2。

将WC按照中国肥胖定义分为正常腰围组（男性<85 cm，女性<80 cm）和腹型肥胖组（男性≥85 cm，女性≥80 cm）。

采用平均真实变异性（Average real variability, ARV）来反映LBPV。

LBPV = (|收缩压2 −收缩压1| + |收缩压3 −收缩压2 | + |收缩压4 −收缩压3| + |收缩压5 −收缩压4|)/4。

BMI组间及WC组间LBPV比较采用方差分析。

采用多元线性回归及多因素Logistic回归分析BMI及WC对LBPV的影响。

结果：在BMI与LBPV的研究中，观察对象的平均年龄为46.6±11.3岁，男性24,502（75.4%）例，女性7980（24.6%）例。

低体重组、正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的LBPV 分别为11.8±5.82，12.2±6.31，13.8±6.59，13.2±6.85mmHg（P<0.05）。

校正其他混杂因素后，多元线性回归分析结果显示BMI每升高1单位，LBPV升高0.077mmHg。

高中英语学习材料（灿若寒星*制作整理）Unit 3 Looking good, feeling good第一部分分课时练习Period 1 Welcome to the unit满分：50分时间：25分钟一、习语时空Good healthHere are five ways of talking about good health.1. I’m as fit as a fiddle.2. I’m as right as rain.3. I’m fighting fit.4. I can’t complain.5. She is the picture of health.And if you’ve been ill:1. I’m back on my feet.2. I’ve got a new lease of life.3. I’ve been given a clean bill of health.4. I’m well on the way to recovery.Eg:1. ---My dad is feeling much better. He is well on the way to the recovery.---Yes, I saw him yesterday. He seems to have got a new lease of life.2. ---I can’t believe your grandfather is 87. He looks fantastic for his age.--- I know. And he is very active. He is still as fit as a fiddle.3. ---You don’t look well. Why don’t you go home?--- It’s OK. I’ve just taken some aspirin. I’ll be as right as rain.4. I’ve just been to visit my grandmother. She is amazing. She is 84 but she is the picture ofhealth.5. --- How are you, Liz?--- Oh, I can’t complain. I’m back on my feet again. Not exactly I’m fighting fit but much better than I was this time last year.Note: People used to say they were in the pink when they were very well. This expression is now rather old-fashioned.冲浪板The author of a new book called Childsplay，Lucy Jackson，believes that kids under five need exercise．Most schoolchildren do some sport at school，and many adults take regular exercisein their free time．Toddlers(children who have only recently learnt to walk)，though，spendmost of the time in front of the television or sitting in a pushchair and／or highchair．If the world were a safer place，every child would run around safely，but that is simply not possible．As a result，they become inactive，overweight and unfit．Ms．Jackson is worried that if small children take no regular exercise，bad habits will continue into adulthood．She suggests that parents should begin exercises with very small babies，moving their legs and arms gently in time to music．As children grow，they should follow an exercise program using soft balls，household furniture and play equipment．Many experts in child development are not convinced．They feel that children will learnto run and jump as they play naturally；they do not need structured exercise．They would notbe overweight if they ate healthier food．An increasing number of parents，though，are taking their youngsters to exercise classes．The toddlers jump around with their mothers to disco music．They seem to enjoy themselves，but it is not at all clear if the classes have any effecton their future development．Think about this question：What are the different opinions about children under five taking regular exercise?二、背景材料导读（共50分，选择每小题2.5分，问题和填写句子每小题5分）AAll over the world people enjoys sports. Sports help to keep people healthy, happy and help them to live longer.Sports change with the season. People play different games in winter and summer.Games and sports often grow out of people’s work and everyday activities. The Arabs use horses or camels in much of their everyday life; they use them in their sports, too.Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere go in for them. Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in all countries near the sea or in those with many rivers.Some sports or games go back to thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese boxing, for example, has a very history. But basketball and volleyball are quite new. Neither one is a hundred years old yet. People are inventing new sports or games all the time.People from different countries may not be able to understand each other, but after a game they often become good friends. Sports help to train a person’ s character(性格). One leans to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace(体面).1.The writer didn’t tell us in the passage that________.A. Basketball was invented in AmericaB. Sports change with the seasonC. Games and sports often grow out of people’s work and everyday activitiesD. Football is played all over the world2.People all over the world enjoy sports because________.A. sports are interestingB. sports help to keep people healthy, happy and help them to live longerC. Sports help to train a person’ s characterD. All of the above3.From this passage we can see that_________.A. sports and games are unimportant things that people doB. sports and games should be treated only as amusement(娱乐)C. sports and games are useful to the oldD. none of the above is true4. Sports and games can help people from different countries___________.A. to be enemiesB. to understand each other betterC. to be partnersD. to dislike each otherBStay thin by sleeping more?A study published Monday found that people sleep less tend to be fat, and experts said it’s time to find if more sleep will fight obesity.“We’ve put so much emphasis on diet and exercise that we’ve failed to recognize the value of the sleep,” said Fred Turek, a physician at Northwestern University.Monday’s study from Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk covered 1,000 people and found that total sleep time decreased as body mass index (体重指数) ----- a measure of weight based on height ---- increases.Men slept an average of 27 minutes less than women and overweight and obese (极胖的) patients slept less than patients with normal weights, it said. In general the fatter subjects slept about 1.8 hours a week less than those with normal weights.“Americans experience insufficient sleep and corpulent (过于肥胖的) bodies. Clinicians (临床医师) are aware of the burden of obesity on patients,” the study said.“Our findings suggest that major extensions of sleep time may not be necessary, as an extra 20 minutes of sleep per night seems to be associated with a lower body mass index,” it added.“We caution that this study does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between restricted sleep and obesity (but) investigations demonstrating success in weight loss via extensions of sleep would help greatly to establish such a relationship.”The study was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine along with an editorial by Turek and Northwestern colleague Joseph Bass commenting on it and related research.In a interview with Reuters(路透社), Turek said that some studies have shown sleep deprivation cause declines in an appetite suppressing protein hormone called leptin (瘦体素), and increases in another hormone that causes a craving for food. In addition neuropeptides (神经肽) in the brain governing sleep and obesity appear to overlap, he said.Obesity has been rising dramatically in developed countries and reached epidemic levels in the United States, it added, leading to a variety of health problems.5. Do you think that people who sleep less tend to be fat? Please make a survey.6. In your opinion, which is a better way, diet or exercise?7. What do you think is your normal body weight?8. What do you want to do to keep yourself healthier?CHealthy DietsInstead of buying only fresh foods, Americans nowadays buy many more convenience foods. There are foods which are already partly or completely prepared. Many of them are frozen, such as frozen dinner, heat-and-serve French fries, and frozen pizzas. There are also many canned (put in a can) convenience foods, such as ready-made spaghetti (意大利细条实心面), soups, stews (炖熟菜肴), and vegetables.Convenience foods save time and trouble. They are popular with people who are busy or who don’t like to cook or wash dishes. But they often cost more than fresh, unprepared foods and may contain artificial additives (a chemical added to the food). Also, many people feel they don’t taste as good as home cooked foods.Health food and Co-opsIn the 1960s, a “back-to-the-earth”movement was started by young people in the United States. The movement was a reaction against the harmful effects of technology. From the movement came a new understanding of food and health. Many people now prefer natural and organic (chemical-free) foods to the prepared foods sold in health food stores and in food co-ops, which are small stores and where customers help manage the store. In co-ops, food is usually not packaged. Customers bring their own bags and jars and scoop (汲取) their food out of boxes or baskets.The Diet Craze (节食热)These days Americans are more and more concerned with their weight. Perhaps as many as 70 million Americans are on weight dollar business. American supermarkets sell a variety of diet foods such as diet soft drinks, diet candy, and diet salad dressings. Dieters also spend money on diet pills, exercise machines, and jogging suits (健美服). Each year dozens of new diets are popularized. They have such names as the Miracle Diet (a supernatural even), the Nine Day Wonder Diet, and the Easy 24 Hour Diet. There is even one called the Ice Cream Diet, which advises the dieter to eat only ice cream for lunch and dinner. For dieters who cannot lose weight on their own, there are many well-organized diet groups, which offer help and encouragement.9. The disadvantages of convenience foods are _______________________________________.10. Convenience foods are popular with people who ___________________________________.11. How do customers buy food from co-ops?_________________________________________.12. Can all the diet foods make people lose weight?____________________________________.Period 2 Reading 1满分：80分时间：30分钟一、词义配对（共10分，每小题1分）1. figure A. do sports2. recover B. the shape or form of a human body3. pressure C. moving4. priceless D. causing harm5. exercise E. to remain or keep6. harmful F. not often7. touching G. very valuable8. seldom H. ashamed9. embarrass I. the act of pressing10. stay J. to get back; regain二、英汉词组互译（共20分，每小题1分）1. cause her liver to fail ________________________2. be dying to be thin__________________________3. hear from sb.______________________________4. used to do_________________________________5. work out three times a week___________________6. stay slim___________________________________7. be ashamed of one’s figure______________________8. take weight-loss pills__________________________9. in the last two months_________________________10. recover from________________________________11. 包含一种有害的化学物质____________________12. 和我的完全匹配_____________________________13. 听从医生的建议____________________________14. 损害你的健康______________________________15. 值得一读__________________________________16. 把部分肝脏捐献给一个女孩__________________17. 节食______________________________________18. 偶然遇见__________________________________19. 一个感人的故事____________________________20. 此刻；那时________________________________三、将下列句子改为同义句（共20分，每空格1分）1. I think everything is okay with you.I think everything ________ ________ with you.2. He used to go to the cinema twice a month last year.He ________ ________ a ________ twice a month last year.3. We are preparing to leave here for Shanghai at once.We are _________ _________ to ________ ________ for Shanghai _________ _______.4. She likes to play tennis, but she doesn’t like to play chess._________ she likes to play tennis, she __________ __________ playing chess.5. We don’t like the room since it is cold.We don’t like the room, _________ _________ cold.6. I think good health is too valuable to be priced.I think good health is __________.7. Smoking is harmful to health.Smoking _________ ________ ________ health.四、阅读理解（共10分，每小题2分）Is there anything more important than health? I don’t think so. “Health is the greatest wealth (财富), ” wise people say. You can’t be good at your studies or work well when you are ill.If you have a headache, toothache, backache, earache or bad pain in the stomach, if you complain of a bad cough, if you run a high temperature and have a bad cold, or if you suffer from high or low blood pressure, I think you should go to the doctor.The doctor will examine your throat, feel your pulse, test your blood pressure, take your temperature, sound your heart and lungs, test your eyes, check your teeth or have your chestX-rayed. After that he will advise some treatment, or some medicine. The only thing you have to do is to follow his advice.Speaking about doctor’s advice, I can’t help telling you a funny story.An old gentleman came to see the doctor. The man was very ill. He told the doctor about his weakness, memory loss and serious problems with his heart and lungs. The doctor examined him and said there was no medicine for his disease.He told his patients to go to a quiet place for a month and have a good rest. He also advised him to eat a lot of meat, drink two glasses of red wine every day and take long walks. In other words, the doctor advised him to follow the rule: “Eat at pleasure, drink with measure and enjoy life as it is.” The doctor also said that if the man wanted to be well again, he shouldn’t smoke more than one cigarette a day.A month later the gentleman came to the doctor’s office. He looked cheerful and happy. He thanked the doctor and said that he had never felt a healthier man.“But you know, doctor,” he said, “it’s not easy to begin smoking at my age.”1. The writer thinks that__________.A. Health is the greatest wealth.B. Work is as important as studiesC. Medicine is more important than pleasure.D. Nothing is more important than money.2. The doctor usually tells his patient what to do _________.A. without examine the patient.B. after he has examined the patient.C. if the patient doesn’t take medicine.D. unless the patient feels pain.3. The underlined part means “_____________”.A. he was feeling better than everB. he wasn’t a healthier manC. he was feeling worse than beforeD. he will be well again4. From the last sentence of the passage, we learn the man _________ before the doctor told himnot to smoke more than one cigarette a day.A. was a heavy smokerB. didn’t smoke so muchC. didn’t smokeD. began to learn to smoke5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The doctor usually tests his or her blood pressure when a person is ill.B. The man told the doctor he couldn’t remember things.C. The man thanked the doctor.D. The man didn’t follow the doctor’s advice.五、单句改错（共20分，每小题2分）1. She is considering to take weight-loss pills.2. He missed the panda show, that was a great pity.3. I have never heard such stories that he tells.4. He told us a touched story yesterday.5. The class remain actively in class.6. It feels well to have a holiday after working for three months.7. Eating more apples make you healthy.8. The music was sounded pleasant.9. He looked angry at me but said nothing.10. He enjoys a good health.Period 3 Reading 2满分：80分时间：40分钟一、单词拼写（共10分，每小题1分）1. Who is the ___________ of the three girls? (slim)2. What is your ____________(weigh)?3. Friendship between us is ___________ (price).4. _________ is the mother of success. (fail)5. The old man suffers from high blood _________ (press).6. ___________ his old age, he gave up smoking. (考虑)7. He risked ________ his job to ask the boss for a rise. (失去)8. Don’t eat ___________. It’s harmful to health. (不规律)9. The firemen got the fire _________ and at last put it out. (控制)10. Because of his ___________ on his studies, he didn’t notice me passing by. (集中精力)二、单项选择（共20分，每小题1分）1. I am ________ to see you.A. dyingB. longingC. eagerD. all the above2. His mother asked him to give up smoking, but it doesn’t _________.A. helpB. workC. doD. A and B3. Time is __________ so we mustn’t waste it.A. pricelessB. invaluableC. worthlessD. A and B4. His kidneys are failing, so he must find a _________ for himself.A. matchB. fitC. suitD. kidney5. How I regret __________ your advice.A. not to takeB. having not takenC. not having takenD. not to have taken6. The place is ____________.A. worth a visitB. worth visitingC. worthy of being visitedD. all the above7. She felt _________ at the __________ situation.A. embarrassed; embarrassingB. embarrassing; embarrassingC. embarrassing; embarrassedD. embarrassed; embarrassed8. How was it that you ____________ this rare book?A. came acrossB. came uponC. ran acrossD. all the above9. She lost her purse on the way down the mountain, which _________ later by a villager.A. was pickedB. was picked upC. was looked forD. was discovered10. He was an orphan and he ________ by his aunt in London.A. was grown upB. was brought upC. was raised upD. was fed on11. The shoes _______ out. You should buy a new _________.A. wore; oneB. was worn; pairC. were worn; pairD. were torn; pair12. __________ up early, you will catch the train.A. GetB. You getC. GettingD. To get13. I ________know that you __________ to me.A. don’t; are speakingB. didn’t; are speakingC. didn’t; were speakingD. don’t; were speaking14. I will do what __________ you.A. we can helpB. can we to helpC. we can do helpingD. we can to help15. He can’t imagine ___________ alone in that house at night.A. leavingB. to leaveC. being leftD. to be left16. The life of the wounded soldier_________ is still in danger.A. operating onB. operated onC. having been operatedD. to operate on17. If you haven’t enough money for a drink, I will ______ you.A. treatB. payC. chargeD. cost18. There is a man ________ himself White who wants to see you.A. callsB. calledC. callingD. who is called19. ---________ you ________ the manager at the airport?---No, he ________ away before my arrival.A. Have; met; has drivenB. Did; meet; had been drivenC. Have; met; had drivenD. Had; met; was driven20. I will try to spend as much time as possible _________ English well.A. to learnB. learningC. to studyD. on studying三、完形填空（共20分，每小题1分）My aunt Edith was a widow (寡妇) of 50, working as a secretary, when doctors 1 what was then thought to be a very serious heart illness.Aunt Edith doesn’t 2 defeat easily. She began studying medical 3 in the library and found an article in a magazine about a 4 heart doctor, Dr. Michael Debakey, of Houston, Texas. He had saved the life of someone with the same 5 . The article said Dr. Debakey’s fees (费用) were very high. Aunt Edith could not 6 pay them. But 7 he tell her of someone whose fee she could pay?So Aunt Edith wrote to him. She simply 8 her reasons for wanting to live: her three children, who would be on their 9 in three or four more years; among them a girl who always 10 of traveling and seeing the world. There was not a 11 of self-pity --- only warmth and humor(幽默) and the 12 of living. She mailed the letter, not really 13 an answer.A few days later, my doorbell rang. Aunt Edith didn’t 14 to come in. She stood in the hall and read 15Your beautiful letter 16 me deeply.If you can come to Houston, there will be no 17 for either the hospital or the operation.Signed: Michael DebakeyThat was seven years ago. Since then, Aunt Edith has been 18 the world. Her three children are happily married. 19 her age, she is one of the youngest, most lively 20 I know.1. A. examined B. searched C. checked D. discovered2. A. admit B. recognize C. accept D. receive3. A. theory B. reports C. lessons D. papers4. A. skillful B. well-known C. strange D. kind-hearted5. A. method B. technique C. trouble D. illness6. A. possibly B. willingly C. obviously D. probably7. A. could B. should C. would D. might8. A. supplied B. stated C. listed D. referred9. A. own B. business C. self D. way10. A. talked B. dreamed C. thought D. wished11. A. word B. sentence C. sign D. mention12. A. joy B. meaning C. need D. love13. A. getting B. expecting C. requiring D. demanding14. A. want B. wait C. hurry D. stop15. A. out B. proudly C. loudly D. aloud16. A. struck B. shocked C. interested D. moved17. A. money B. problem C. charge D. delay18. A. over B. around C. through D. in19. A. For B. At C. By D. With20. A. children B. patients C. travelers D. people四、完成下列句子翻译（共30分。

2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。

第一段引出作者对身材的看法：并不是越瘦就证明人越健康。

第二段中作者介绍了一种定义肥胖症的指标BMI。

第三段中作者指出BMI其实揭示的是人体的脂肪量，并不是说明身材好坏的指数。

第四段中讲述了整个社会其实会给肥胖者贴上消极标签，无论是在电视节目中还是在孩子们的心目中，胖人的形象总是与消极联系起来。

最后一段讲述了人们以健康的角度去考虑肥胖的影响，和已经采取的一些对抗肥胖的种种策略。

试题解析Thinner isn't always better.A number of studies have__1__that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are healthy conditions for which being overweight is actually__2__.For example,heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.__3__, among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an__4__of good health.【译文】太瘦也不总是好事。

一些研究已经得出结论：正常体重的人实际上比一些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。

有些肥胖对健康还有保护作用。

例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比，不易受到钙质缺乏的影响。

同样的，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身体健康的标志。

1.[A]denied否认[B]concluded得出结论[C]doubled两倍，加倍努力[D]ensured确保【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【直击答案】空格所在句意为“一系列的研究已经________，事实上，正常体重的人患病风险要高于超重的人”。

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often consideredto be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage b ody fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。

英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习题英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习题英语四级考试马上就要进入倒计时了，大家准备的怎么样了?以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习题，供大家备考。

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Anothershortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern awoman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It isbelieved that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.参考答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L。

人体每天必需营养（The body needs nutrition every day）I. nutrition(1) the concept of nutrition:Nutrition from food, food contains a variety of can provide the human body engaged in labor and maintenance of life, maintain body temperature, so that cell growth and development and repair, regulating the physiological functions of the material. Scientific diet should be diversified, not a partial eclipse. Mastering scientific diet and exercise is the only way to exercise.(2) the role of nutrition:Nutrition plays an important role in the maintenance of human health. Good nutrition can make the body and mind healthy, maintain normal weight, make people energetic and keep young forever. Too little nutrition can not meet the activities of the body, can lead to malnutrition, resistance to reduce, sickly. Excessive nutrition can also cause diseases, such as "modern civilization disease" and so on. Constitute a classification function that lacks excessive adult intake of food.Two and six nutrients:(1) carbohydrate (sugar)1, carbohydrate (sugar) in the human body ratio 1%-2%. Constitute a classification function, lack of excessive adultintake of food sources, the body needs 7.5G per kilogram of body weight per day.2. The most important monosaccharide in human body is glucose. Sugar: sugarMonosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose): sweet, easy to be absorbed by human body;The disaccharide (sucrose, maltose, lactose) by digestive enzymes, decomposed into monosaccharides;Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose) that are not sweet and are broken down into glucose by amylase.3, carbohydrates (sugar), the body's most important source of heat: 4 thousand calories per kilogram of carbohydrates. 40-50%, which accounts for the total energy source of the human body.4, carbohydrates (sugar) of human tissue cells, regulating fat metabolism and hepatic glycogen detoxification function, glycoprotein helps the liver can enhance human immunity.5, carbohydrate (sugar) intake is too little: people will cold, fatigue, functional decline, weight loss, hypoglycemia.6, excessive intake of carbohydrates (sugar): have high blood sugar, diabetes prone.7, carbohydrates (sugar) source: pure sugar (brown sugar, white sugar, honey, maltose), cereals (rice, millet, wheat flour,corn), dry beans (soybeans, beans), root vegetables (potatoes, taro) nuts (peanuts, chestnuts, etc.).8, carbohydrates (sugar) and exercise: modern people like to eat simple sugar is easier to absorb, in order to maintain muscle endurance, you can appropriately increase the amount of sugar intake,. But eating too much sugar is prone to obesity, and obese people should be properly controlled, but it is wrong to completely reject sugary substances or starches. The absorption process of polysaccharide is complex, and it is not easy to cause obesity.(2) fat1, the proportion of fat in the human body 10%-15%. In general food, the fat is the 20-25% of the total energy source of the human body (not more than 30%), and the body weight needs 1-1.5g per kilogram of body weight per day.2, glycerin three fat is the main component of fat. Category: saturated fats and unsaturated fats.3 saturated fats: animal fats (milk, lard, butter, chicken oil) contain too much to cause arterial stiffening or heart disease.4, unsaturated fats: such as vegetable fat (soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, corn) containing acid, too much intake will cause obesity and other sequelae.5, the maximum energy supply per kilogram of fat produces 9 thousand calories per kilogram of fat.6, the role of fat: the protection of the skin, viscera, and maintain body temperature, the formation of human tissue cells, fat soluble vitamins dissolved, absorbed and used, affecting organizational function.7, lack of fat intake: it is not conducive to cell composition in human organs and tissues, is not conducive to the absorption of fat soluble vitamins.8, too much fat intake, easy to cause atherosclerosis and other diseases of the arteries. Blood lipids, high cholesterol, and have a close relationship. Too much fat can affect endurance, as well as protein and iron absorption.9, fatty food sources: pure oil (such as soybean oil, peanut oil, lard, butter, fish oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil), meat, egg yolk, nuts (walnuts, peanuts, melon seeds, butter and cream).(3) protein1, the proportion of 15%-18% in the human body. Daily weight per kilogram: 0.8-1.2 grams, athletes, etc.: 2.5 grams / kg weight.2 amino acids constitute the basic unit of protein. Classification: complete proteins and incomplete proteins.3, complete protein contains all the necessary amino acids for the human body (such as animal meat and so on, 98% can beabsorbed by the body). Incomplete proteins: such as vegetable proteins (80% can be absorbed).4, the human body has 8 essential amino acids, essential amino acids, the human body can not be synthesized, it is necessary to obtain from food (non essential amino acids 12).5. Protein provides energy: 4 thousand calories per kilogram of protein.6, proteins form tissue cells, participate in tissue repair, regulate human physiological function, growth and development, and affect the activity of nerve center. Control genetics and increase body resistance.7, protein: can cause endocrine disorders, digestion and absorption, weight loss, decreased resistance, fatigue, anemia, etc..8, excessive protein intake: protein can not be fully absorbed, heavy metabolic burden.9, the protein food source: pure oil (such as soybean oil, peanut oil, lard, butter, fish oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil), meat, egg yolk, nuts (walnuts, peanuts, melon seeds, butter and cream).10, protein and exercise: for a long period of time, should pay attention to prevent a large number of protein loss, the effective method is to appropriately increase the supply of carbohydrates. People involved in physical fitness, especiallyin the exercise of strength, need higher protein, especially in the early stages of exercise, to provide adequate protein.(4) mineralsMinerals: Minerals account for about 5-6% of the body's weight (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), accounting for 96% of the total weight. Minerals cannot be synthesized in humans and must be provided by food. Although the human body calcium 99%, 80%, 70% mg of phosphorus are concentrated in the bone, the bones and teeth, mineral acid can maintain the body balance, reduced intercellular fluid maintaining osmotic pressure in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, maintain muscle, nerve, heart and normal function.Mineral and movement: as in exercise, energy metabolism is high, a lot of human sweat, the body of calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium excretion and increased consumption, so exercise after exercise should be timely appropriate supplement, in order to maintain the body's normal metabolism machine can and physiological requirement.(5) vitamin - vitamin (Vitamin)Vitamin characteristics: vitamin also known as Vitamin, although in the human body is only a trace, as long as a small amount of animals can maintain normal growth, reproduction and health. Vitamins also have to go through a living organic diet, not a general carbohydrate, fat, protein, or mineral, and can maintain normal health by absorbing small amounts of it for normal metabolism.Vitamins have the following characteristics: most vitamins are not synthesized in the body and must be taken from food. It is not the structural component of the body, it does not provide energy. Some vitamins are unstable and can be destroyed during food processing and cooking. Intake should be appropriate. Less, the metabolism of substances in the body will be obstacles, prone to vitamin deficiency and its diseases. Excessive metabolism can cause disorders in the body, causing vitamin poisoning.Classification of vitamins:1, fat soluble vitamins (soluble in fat): vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K.2, water soluble vitamins (soluble in water): vitamin C, vitamin B group, vitamin PP, folic acid, biotin functions: 1) to promote growth and reproduction, 2) to strengthen the resistance, improve the organization function, 3) 4) 5) and promote appetite and maintain health, promote longevity and vigorous spirit etc..Vitamin A: helps the skeleton, the tooth development, protects the vision, the skin, strengthens the human body to resist and the immunity, the cancer prevention, the anticancer.Vitamin B1: coenzyme, involved in carbohydrate metabolism, heart preservation, maintenance of energy metabolism, improve exercise ability, prevent excessive fatigue, maintain the nervous system and increase appetite.Vitamin B2: maintaining normal metabolism of substances in the body, helps muscles develop, protect vision, skin and mouth.Vitamin B3: make people optimistic, treat mental illness, promote the nervous and digestive system, constitute coenzyme, participate in protein, carbohydrate, fat metabolism, and prevent cardiovascular disease.Vitamin B6: participates in the amino acid metabolism, the transformation synthesis, the maintenance brain normal function, maintains in the blood the magnesium, the cholesterol regular, prevents anemia, the decayed tooth, the kidney stone.Vitamin B12: hematopoietic function, prevent fatty liver, maintain the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, bones of the normal function.Vitamin C: maintain metabolism, increase immunity, resistance, anti allergy, anti-cancer, detoxification, tooth, bone development, anemia, wound healing, eye care, beauty, beauty.Vitamin D: promote the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus, help bones, teeth development, relaxation of nerves, relieve pain, vitamin A absorption, anti osteoporosis, conjunctivitis.Vitamin E: anti-aging, anti atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, improve resistance, anti-cancer, metabolism, increase endurance, improve physical strength, ease pain, liver detoxification function.Vitamin K: promote blood coagulation, stop bleeding, increase bone mineral density, promote ossification.Vitamins and sports: the metabolic characteristics of aerobic exercise are the consumption of heat energy and various nutrients, energy metabolism and aerobic oxidation. Therefore, in order to make the practice of hemoglobin and respiratory enzyme at a high level, in sugar reserves, improve exercise capacity, add more vitamin C, B1, B2, E and other related body needs vitamins.(6) water;The characteristic of water: water is the source of life. In the human tissue composition of the most content, accounting for about 60%-70% of the body weight, the human body has a very important role in maintaining normal physiological activities of the human body is an important nutrient.Water is widely distributed in the human body: 65-75% of muscle weight is water, and 25% of the weight of fat is water. Water is mainly stored in the intracellular fluid (of which about 62% is water) and extracellular fluid (such as more than 90% of the blood is water, as well as lymph, saliva, skin and kidney secretion of body fluids, etc.). Water is involved in the process of substance metabolism and contributes to the digestion, absorption, biological oxidation and excretion of substances. Regulate body temperature and maintain normal body temperature. It is a lubricant for organs, joints and muscles. Keep glands open and fill body fluids.The demand for water sources, body weight, heat of water demand and the consumption is proportional to the energy consumption of each card to 1 ml of water, per kilogram of body weight to 30-40 ml of water, if 70 kg person need 2100-2800 ml of water. Under normal circumstances, the amount of water entering and leaving the body is balanced. A healthy adult needs about 2000-2700 milliliters of water a day (including water, water in food, water from metabolism). If the water is too small, will make the blood concentration, viscosity increase high, is not conducive to the blood circulation and nutrient absorption. If you lose 20% of the body water, there will be life-threatening. In the hot, high temperature, fever and physical labor, the amount of water should be increased accordingly. Drinking water is a direct source of water needed by the body, such as drinking water or tea. But when the body is oxidized, it can also produce water, and the body needs water from the diet, such as water content of rice 15%, meat water content 50%.Relation between water and motion: during and after exercise. Weight loss due to sweating, 2-3% when the amount of blood drops, will significantly affect the body's ability to exercise and so on, so timely drinking water, and a small number of times for the principle. Should drink close to plasma penetration at the same time.Category: Health | | added to the collection | share to I Post Bar | browse (3205) | review (0) on a human body daily need the nutrition a papaya breast enhancement is not, but the recent Reader: after you log on, you came here.There are roughly three main nutrients required by the human body every day:Carbohydrates: carbohydrates, starch, etc.. Is the most basic human nutrition, it provides 50% of the body's energy source, each gram of carbohydrates can provide thousands of calories;Proteins: including plant proteins and animal proteins. The vegetable protein content is higher, such as beans, and the source of animal protein is meat, eggs and dairy products. Proteins form the basis of the human body. Blood, muscle, hormones, etc. are all proteins. In addition, in the case of carbohydrate and fat deficiency, protein can also provide energy, and each gram of protein can provide 4 thousand calories;Fat: the body's largest source of heat, but also constitute an important part of the human body structure. Human hunger, in particular, consumes large amounts of fat to provide energy, and each gram of fat provides 9 thousand calories. The main sources of fat are meat, eggs and so on.In addition to the above three categories, the body also needs vitamins and minerals to provide normal human physiological activities.Diabetic patients are particularly careful about the amount of calories they eat each day because of disorders of glucose metabolism and the combination of medications.First of all, according to the weight index to determine whatkind of body shape, and then according to the daily strength of the patient to determine how much calories per kilogram of body weight:Patients with standard weight, obesity, and weight loss required 15-20, <15, and 20-25 kcal of calories in bed rest patients, respectively;Light physical activities, such as office work and housework, require 30, 20-25 and 35 thousand calories, respectively;Moderate physical activity, such as drivers, farming activity respectively in 35 patients, 30, 40 thousand calories;Heavy physical activity, such as handling, loading and unloading patients required 40, 35, 45-50 kcal heat, respectively.For example, a 60 kg male patients with diabetes, 1.75 meters tall, engaged in office work (light physical activity), body mass index BMI = 60 / 1.752 = 19.6, between 18.5 and 22.9, is a normal size, the daily calories needed = 60 kg / kg = 1 million 800 thousand x 30 thousand card card.Thirty-onePeople should eat everyday together four foods, grains, dairy and meat, Vegetable & Fruit, every day to eat together, the daily required all the vitamins and minerals is not available, the four kinds of food, together with human daily needs seven nutrient water, carbohydrate, protein, fatty acid (fromVegetable & Fruit and beans), vitamins, minerals and fiber, therefore, the four kinds of food are called "balanced diet".A balanced diet is to eat seven nutrient Qi four types of food at each meal, but not into heat and oil, fiber foot, daily with grain and Vegetable & Fruit as the staple food, as the main source of daily energy, vitamins and minerals do not lack water, enough, enough protein.The corn starch, is the best energy substances in the human body; Vegetable & Fruit is the major source of fiber; milk and dairy products, in addition to providing protein, is the most important source of food of calcium and magnesium, but also an important source of water; meat, fish, eggs and beans in protein, constitute an important raw material of human body.A day before the two meal together to eat five hundred calories, eat breakfast and lunch how many calories can decide what to eat; food, also free to choose, but to eat all four categories of food, as long as the heat, oil, protein (meat) three is unfavorable choose food for each meal a big dinner space; vice versa.After each meal has been fixed, the diet can be considered for itself and varied. This diet is more likely to last long, so it has the greatest chance of success.。

Not All Bacteria Are Pathogenic细菌不都是坏的When it comes to bugs like bacteria and parasites, we've been trained to think that less is better. But there are some good guys in the microbial world — bugs that do the unglamorous work of keeping us regular and helping to relieve a range of disorders from diarrhea to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Now, a new study suggests that the same microbes may even help us stay slim.当谈到细菌和寄生虫的时候，我们习惯性的都认为越少越好。

实际上在微生物界中有一些好虫子的，它们做着枯燥无聊的工作来维持我们的身体正常运转，还能预防从腹泻到肠道紊乱综合症的病症。

现在新的研究发现这些微生物甚至帮助我们保持苗条。

In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, researchers at the University of Arizona and the Mayo Clinic in Arizona report a very small study of nine individuals — three of normal weight, three who were morbidly obese and three who underwent gastric bypass surgery. The team found that each group harbored a different intestinal zoo of microbes, and that following their surgery, the gastric bypass patients' gut bugs ended up looking much more similar to those of the normal weight patients.在一项美国国家科学院亚利桑那州大学和马奥诊所的研究者们进行的小范围试验中，有9个被观测者，三个正常体重，三个肥胖症，还有三个要做胃旁路手术的病人。