学号：1132207
毕业论文（设计）
（2011 届）
题目The Comparison of Wedding in Chinese
and American Cultures.
系部语言与传播系
专业英语
班级 112班
学生姓名丁雪姗
成绩
指导教师郑艺
完成日期 2014年12月22日
诚信声明
本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是我个人在导师指导下，由我本人独立完成。有关观点、方法、数据和文献等的引用已在文中指出，并与参考文献相对应。
我承诺，论文中的所有内容均真实、可信。如在文中涉及到抄袭或剽窃行为，本人愿承担由此而造成的一切后果及责任。
毕业论文（设计）作者签名：
签名日期：年月日
摘要
摘要内容：本文主要以婚礼为依据，从婚礼上的服饰、仪式、婚礼前的准备工作和音乐四个方面进行对比，从而体现出中国和美国在婚礼上的差异。其次又分析了形成这些差异的原因。主要的原因有三个：思维模式的差异、人生观和价值观的差异以及宗教信仰的差异。随着改革开放的发展，中西方的交流越来越频繁。所以本文通过这些差异的对比，让大家清晰地了解中国和西方国家在婚礼上的差异，从而体现出中西方在文化上的差异。只有这样才能使不同的民族更良好地沟通，也只有这样才能更好地进行跨文化交际和跨文化传播。
关键词：中美婚礼；差异；文化；跨文化交际；跨文化传播
Abstract
内容：The article is based on the wedding. It is from four angles to narrate the differences between Chinese wedding and American wedding. I will go with an idea
to contrast the costume, the ceremony, the preparation of the wedding and the music
in Chinese and American weddings. And then I will display the reasons of forming these differences which are the different thought patterns, different philosophy and values and different religious belief between Chinese and American people. We will understand the differences and the reasons mentioned above clearly through these comparisons. In my opinion, the purpose of knowing the differences of China and America is to make the different nations communicate better. And only in this way can we do better in the intercultural communication and the cross-cultural transmission.
Key words: Chinese and American wedding; difference; intercultural communication; cross-cultural transmission
Contents
Ⅰ Introduction (1)
1.1 The Significance of Wedding (1)
1.2 The Origin of Chinese Wedding (1)
1.3 The Origin of American Wedding (2)
Ⅱ The Comparison of Wedding Between Chinese and American Cultures (3)
2.1 The Differences of Costume in Chinese and American Wedding (3)
2.1.1 Costume in Chinese Wedding (3)
2.1.2 Costume in American Wedding (4)
2.2 The Differences of Ceremony in Chinese and American Wedding (5)
2.2.1 Ceremony in Chinese Wedding (5)
2.2.2 Ceremony in American Wedding (6)
2.3 The Differences of Preparation before Chinese and American Wedding (7)
2.3.1 Preparation before Chinese Wedding (7)
2.3.2 Preparation before American Wedding (8)
2.4 The Differences of Music in Chinese and American Wedding (9)
2.4.1 Music in Chinese and American Wedding (9)
Ⅲ The Reasons of Forming These Differences (10)
3.1 The Difference of Thought Patterns Between Chinese and American Cultures (10)
3.2 The Difference of Philosophy and Values Between Chinese and American Cultures (11)
3.3 The Difference of Religious Belief Between Chinese and American
Cultures (11)
Ⅳ Conclusion (12)
Ⅰ Introduction
1.1 The Significance of Wedding
Wedding is a legitimate or a religious ceremony. It is for celebrating the beginning of a marriage. Each country and each nation has their own traditional wedding. Wedding is the most important ceremony in our whole life. There are three influential wedding in the world: Confucianism wedding; Hindu wedding and Christian wedding. Confucianism wedding is a traditional wedding of China and the Christian wedding is a tradition wedding of America. In Christianity, there is a clear significance of marriage. It is said that marriage is a decree from God. In my opinion, marriage is a new life for people who love their lovers and the wedding is a ceremony for people to verify their sweet affection.
1.2 The Origin of Chinese Wedding
The origin of Chinese wedding is from a myth and legend. It is said that in remote antiquity, there was likely to be some heavy flooding, almost all animals and human died except Nuwa and Fuxi. The God of Venus who is an immortal of Chinese ancient mythology asked them to get married to reproduce human, but both of them disagreed with this because they were brother and sister. However, if they didn’t get married, mankind would deracinate. At the same time, Nuwa and Fuxi came up with a method that if they can connect the bamboos which were cut down and then they would get married. It was unexpected that those bamboos were connected. But they were still not willing to marry each other. Therefore, they thought out another way that if two millstones which rolled down from two mountains rolled together and then they would get married. Sure enough, the two millstones rolled together. But they also didn’t want to get married. Finally, Nuwa figured out a way that Nuwa ran first and then if Fuxi caught up with Nuwa they would get married. However Fuxi can’t
overtake Nuwa. Fuxi met a turtle afterwards and the turtle taught him that he can run oppositely to catch up with Nuwa. Fuxi did what the turtle told him and he overtook Nuwa eventually. In the end, they got married. Chinese wedding was taking shape.
1.3 The Origin of American Wedding
When mentioning the origin of American wedding, we must first talk about the origin of Western wedding because American culture is influenced by Western cultures. The origin of western wedding is a legend. It is from the Bible of Christianity. It is said that God created world in seven days. Jehovah God made a man named Adam with mud at the sixth days and blew some breath to him. Then Adam was alive suddenly. Jehovah God built the Garden of Eden and asked Adam not to eat the fruitages of wisdom. Afterwards, Jehovah God wanted to make a spouse to help Adam, so he made a woman called Eve with one of Adam’s rib. Since then Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden happily. According to the original idea of Bible, that era is the golden age of human. However they couldn’t resist the lure from a snake and they ate the forbidden fruits. They understood the shame and they began to love each other. Ultimately Jehovah God realized that both of them went against with his order. Jehovah God was very angry and dislodged them from the Garden of Eden. Since then there had appeared the ethnic group with love, enmity and warfare. From the discrimination mentioned above, people in primitive times got married with no more love and responsibility. With the development of social productivity and the perfection of political system, marriage had appeared. Western wedding had taken shape progressively.
ⅡThe Comparison of Wedding Between Chinese and American Cultures
2.1 The Differences of Costume in Chinese and American Wedding
It is obvious that costume in Chinese wedding and costume in American wedding is as different as chalk and cheese. For example, the color and the style of Chinese wedding costumes are different from American’s. Now let me demonstrate this contention.
2.1.1 Costume in Chinese Wedding
At the mention of the costume in Chinese wedding, we have to date back to ancient China. In Zhou Dynasty, people thought that the color of black represented the universe. Therefore, the tone of their costumes at the wedding is black with a little crimson. It’s very solemn and simplicity. It is said that in Qin Dynasty, the color of wedding gowns is as same as that in Zhou Dynasty. In Han Dynasty, the color of the wedding dress is like that in Zhou and Qin Dynasty. But there are also some differences. The bridegroom and the bride needed to wear the warped shoes and the bride had to adorn the hairpin to comb up her hair. In Sui and Tang Dynasty, the style of wedding gowns is as same as that previously. But the tone of the costumes had changed a lot. The bridegroom wore crimson clothes and the bride wore cyan clothes. It seems very jubilant and enthusiastic. In Ming Dynasty, Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang made a new institution. When the common people got married, the bridegroom can wear the fake official robe like an officer, the bride can wear a phoenix coronet on her head and wear a red long dress and also wear a robe of rank on her shoulders. It just looks like an empress. Besides, before the bride get into the bridal sedan chair she must wear the red veil to cover her head and embroidered shoes on her feet. The tone of all clothes at the wedding is red during that time. The style and tone of wedding gowns in Ming Dynasty is from generation to generation. Since
then this kind of wedding gowns has been used for more than 500 years. Nowadays at some traditional weddings, there usually appear phoenix coronet and official robes. In Qing Dynasty, the bridegroom usually wore a skullcap, a long gown and a mandarin jacket like a Manchu. And except phoenix coronet and robes of rank, the bride also wore a long red dress with an embroidered gown. In my opinion, the most beautiful wedding costume is Ming’s style. It is not only enthusiastic but also dazzling and charming. Besides, I think all the costumes in each dynasty are also treasures to show about the traditional culture of China.
2.1.2 Costume in American Wedding
The bride in America always wears a wedding dress and the bridegroom wears western-style clothes. It is unbelievable that there are only 200 years for brides to wear white wedding dress(吴国华，2006). The wedding dress was a ceremony dress of Catholic. When people got married they must accept the prayer or the blessing from priest because western people thought that the marriage was an order from God and the priest is envoy of God to convey the order. Therefore, the bride had to wear the ceremony dress of Catholic to express that she was pure and honest. However before 19 centuries, the style and tone of the bride wedding dress weren’t unified. Some of brides wore flaxen long dress, and some of them wore blue long dress, others wore pink long dress with some jewels on it. In 1840 Victoria wore an 18 feet white wedding dress and was unfolded before everyone’s eyes, and all people were fascinated by the white wedding dress(吴国华，2006). Therefore white wedding dress played an important role in wedding dress of western countries. In addition, the bride had to wear a veil to cover her face. It is because that only in this way can they keep away from the demon. Also it is said that the bridegroom needed to hold a sword on his right side formerly because of dueling with the guy who wanted to rend the bride away from him. Generally, the traditional costumes of American wedding lay stress on the four key points, ”new”; ”old”; ”borrowed” and ”blue”. The”new” means the new white wedding dress, which signifies the beginning of new life. The “old” is
the old veil. It means unforgettable love and kindness of the bride’s parents. The “borrowed”is the handkerchief borrowed from the bride’s best friend to show the precious friendship. The “blue”is the blue satin which means sincere love of the newlyweds. Through discovering the costume in American wedding(潘文晋，2008), we can understand that the features of western culture are very interesting and historic.
2.2 The Differences of Ceremony in Chinese and American Wedding
The ceremony in Chinese and American wedding is different from each other absolutely. In general, ceremony in Chinese wedding is quite lively and jubilant; on the contrary, the ceremony in American wedding is very quiet and holy. I will refer to some details.
2.2.1 Ceremony in Chinese Wedding
The wedding ceremony is the most important part in wedding. In our country, when the bridegroom picks up the bride from the bride’s house, it always besets with difficulties. For example, the family of the bride will not let the bridegroom enter the house except that the bridegroom gives them red paper containing money as a gift; after the bridegroom get into the house, the family of the bride will hide the shoes of the bride in order to stop the bride going out with the bridegroom. And then when they come out of the house, the bride has to step over a brazier and a saddle, which means booming and safe. After that they will get to the bridegroom’s house where a wedding ceremony will be held. The toastmaster of wedding ceremony is always a matchmaker of the newly-weds. In ancient China, people always stood for the theory that man is an integral part of nature. Thus there are three major ceremonies in wedding ceremony. First, the newly-weds kowtow to the heaven and earth; second, they will kowtow to their parents; thirdly, they will
kowtow to each other. It means that newly-weds get the permission of getting married from god and parents. And then the bridegroom and the bride give a cup of tea to their parents. After that their parents also give red packets to them. In the end, the bride gets into the bridal chamber and the bridegroom stays at the banquet to entertain guests with food and liquor and drinks a toast to all of guests. At the end of the ceremony, the best friends of the newly-weds stay and celebrate wedding in bridal chamber. The steps of Chinese wedding ceremony are extremely complex, however, the ceremony is also lively and jubilant.
2.2.2 Ceremony in American Wedding
In American wedding, the ceremony is always quiet and holy. There aren’t so many steps for the newly-weds when they are getting married. In America, wedding ceremonies are always held in churches. At the wedding day, all friends and families of the bridegroom and the bride are invited to the wedding. With the music starts, the bride and her father will walk into the church hand in hand. And then the ceremony starts. The pastor who is the toastmaster of wedding starts to officiate at a marriage. He will tell the significance of marriage to everybody in the church. According to the traditional habitude, the pastor will let the bride and the bridegroom to promise to each other, “no matter good or bad it is, rich or poor it is, weak or healthy we are, I swear I will love you and cherish you until I die.”Then the bridegroom will kiss the bride and they exchange the wedding rings. After that, there will be a big feast and the type of food in the feast is depended on the favor of the bride and her families. There are so many prismatic wedding cakes in the corner. Traditionally, the bridegroom and the bride will hold the knife together and cut cakes. This is the first thing they do together. It indicates one thing that since then they will live happily and sweet. And they will eat cakes with guests. After eating, women who don’t get married get together to wait for the bride throw the bouquet of flowers to them and the woman who catches the bouquet will get married next. Because they think that the bouquet of flowers means happiness. After throwing the bouquet, the
bride will throw the garter and the man who catches the garter will marry a beautiful girl soon. Next, all guests throw rice to the bridegroom and the bride because it expresses the best wishes to them(刘利，2011). At the end of the ceremony, the bridegroom and the bride will drive the wedding car to make a wedding trip. Going on a honeymoon is a romantic thing. This activity will help the newly-weds enhance their sweet and happy life.
2.3 The Differences of Preparation before Chinese and American Wedding
There are so many differences in preparation before Chinese and American weddings. I think the major reason of forming these differences is different concepts between Chinese and American people. In addition, the way of thought is another one of reasons.
2.3.1 Preparation before Chinese Wedding
Influenced by Confucianism, the process of preparations in Chinese wedding is very complex. There is a specific process called “three letters and six rites”. “Three letters” include the letters of appointment, present, escorting; and “six rites”mean proposing a marriage, asking name, divination of the auspicious day, sending bride-price to bride’s home, selecting the date of wedding and greeting bride(林琳，2010). In detail, first of all, the bridegroom asks the matchmaker to propose marriage to the bride. Then when matchmaker arrives at the bride’s home, she will ask the name and date of birth of bride and divine whether it is auspicious or not. Next, both of newly-weds’ families get together to discuss the date of wedding and then the bridegroom will send the bride-price to bride’s home, and then they will select the date of wedding and at that day, the bridegroom goes to the bride’ s home to escort her back to the wedding. Greeting bride is the most important link of the preparation. After the process of greeting, the bride marries the bridegroom formally.
From the first part of six rites, the bridegroom and the bride have little communication with each other, almost all arrangements and decisions are decided by their parents and the matchmaker plays an important role in communicating with two families. It reflects that Chinese people influenced by Confucianism deeply because Confucianism is a core of thought in each dynasty and it is a direction of Chinese behavior(贾剑秋，2003). And it advocates obeying the order of parents and following the advice of matchmaker. Nowadays, most of Chinese go with the tradition. At the present, except these steps people also have to decide a place to hold the wedding ceremony before the wedding. In addition, the bride and bridegroom will pack the wedding candies and wedding cigarettes for the families and guests who take part in their wedding ceremony.
2.3.2 Preparation before American Wedding
The preparation of American wedding is much simpler than Chinese wedding. According to the traditional customs, there are some necessary procedures. First of all, when people want to get married, they always publish this information on newspapers. The name of the bridegroom, the bride and their parents and the date of wedding will be written on that announcement. And then the bridegroom and the bride will send wedding cards to their families and friends. Before the wedding ceremony, the bridegroom and the bride will first get engaged. At that time the bridegroom and the bride need to exchange the engagement rings. This custom makes us to date back to final stage of primitive society. When the people who lived in the primitive tribe wanted to get married, two of the newly-weds always exchanged the garland to ensure the combination of their souls. And this custom has passed down from generation to generation. Then the newly-weds will arrange the layout at the church and hold some bachelor party with their friends to celebrate finishing their single lives. In America, the bridegroom and the bride are free to communicate with each other before they hold the wedding ceremony. They believe in the freedom of marriage. When they love each other and decide to get married, they tell their parents about that and discuss all
things of wedding. And then the man can take the initiative in a proposal of marriage to the lady. The man holds roses and ring and then kneels to the lady and ask her”will you marry me?” The lady must say”yes” with a happy smile. That’s the most romantic part. Obviously, the preparation before American wedding is very simple, dreamlike and romantic.
2.4 The Differences of Music in Chinese and American Wedding 2.4.1 Music in Chinese and American Wedding
There are lots of differences between music in Chinese wedding and that in American wedding. In China, the traditional wedding music is very resonant and overwhelming. The main instruments are suona horns and trumpets. These instruments are very popular in Chinese wedding because of the loud and sonorous voice. However, the music in American wedding is different from Chinese wedding music. The traditional American wedding music is soft and soothing. This kind of music can keep the solemn and harmonious atmosphere in churches. At the same time, it is to pay people’s respects to gods.
Ⅲ The Reasons of Forming These Differences
3.1 The Difference of Thought Patterns Between Chinese and American Cultures
Different cultures influence different people. In China, the Chinese people are influenced by Confucianism and the system of feudal society, which both put great emphasis on filial piety. At ancient times, when it is time for people to get married, their parents always make decisions for them. Of course they act on the orders of their parents. When their parents select an appropriate mate, the parents will ask a matchmaker to serve as a link between two young people who are ready to get married. This is the traditional thought pattern of marriage in China. The young people don’t have the freedom to choose their own marriage partners. They must listen to their parents and the matchmaker. The purpose of getting married is to produce a male heir to carry on the family line and it is responsibility and duty for the male to get married. The newly-weds may don’t know each other and they even never meet each other before they get married. In addition, the wife must honor her husband and comply with her husband’s wishes. And all husbands at that time can take concubines. It reflects the society of the male sovereignty in China.
In America, it is different from China. American always advocates independence and freedom. The American people are independent and equal in their families. Because of the influence of Christianity, American believes that marriage is a decree from God(潘文晋，2008). The marriage is based on being in love with each other and being honest. America people always have the freedom to choose their own marriage partners. So they can date whoever they like. They have right to make decisions of making friends, dating and getting married. And after getting married, the wife has rights to do anything because everyone is equal. Therefore, in America, the man can only marry on woman. If he wants to marry another lady, he should offer divorce agreement.
3.2 The Difference of Philosophy and Values Between Chinese and American Cultures
The ability of social intercourse connects with the philosophy and values. Every culture has it own philosophical system. This system can help people to differentiate between good and evil. In other words, it is moral outlook and code of conduct. Influenced by Li Ji, which is a book of rites, Chinese people are modest, prudent, polite and traditional. Therefore the Chinese wedding follows Confucianism and the steps of wedding are very complex and extravagant. However, American people uphold egotism extremely, so the American wedding is independent and simple.
3.3 The Difference of Religious Belief between Chinese and American
In China, most of Chinese people believe in Confucianism and Taoism. Chinese people always advocate a view that human beings are an integral part of nature and regard the universe as a mother of everything of earth. Therefore, the first part of a wedding ceremony is that the newly-weds kowtow to the heaven and earth. They think that they get the permission to get married from the universe. However, in America, American people profess a belief in Christianity. Most of American people think that marriage is a decree from God and the priests are envoys of God. Thus they always hold a wedding ceremony in a Christian church and let a priest to take charge of the wedding ceremony.
Ⅳ Conclusion
Nowadays, there are more opportunities for Chinese to go abroad and Chinese people have more communication with American people. The numbers of getting married between Chinese and American are rapidly increased recently. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the different customs of Chinese and American wedding. Wedding is a phenomenon of culture. As an important part of culture, it is an important part in our life too. However, there are many kinds of wedding in every country. With the development of society and the influence of globalization, wedding in each country has changed a lot. The article talks about the differences of wedding costumes, wedding ceremony, preparation of wedding and wedding music. And then analyze the differences of thought pattern, philosophy and values and religion belief between Chinese and American cultures, which are the reasons of forming those differences mentioned above. The differences of cultures between China and America are worthwhile for us to respect and study. Through the research and introduction, we can do better in the intercultural communication and the cross-cultural transmission. We must contain the similarities and differences, and absorb what is good and reject what is bad. It can help China to be a stronger country in the world.
Acknowledgements
I would like to extend my profound appreciation to my tutor Ms Zheng Yi who encouraged me to pursue this topic in the first place, for her guidance and patience, for the time and effort she spent in helping the accomplishment of this thesis. Greatest admiration is given to her, for offering me the selfless and generous support both in my thesis writing.
A deep sense of gratitude goes to my dear classmates and roommates who gave me spiritual support and helped me get through the most difficult times.
Finally, I would like to thank my beloved family. Profound gratitude goes to my father and my mother, for their deep love, unconditioned support and understanding over the year.
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中西方文化比较 ——中西方的浪漫婚礼 课程名称： 授课老师： 班级： 学号： 姓名： 1+1=3?
目录 摘要：婚礼作为文化的一个有机组成部分，也是一个人一生中最为重要的仪式之一，它在中西方不同文化的熏下也逐渐的呈现出了不同的婚俗习惯，因而这些差异也明显的体现着中西方文化的不同。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的举行地点、服饰、色调、婚俗等方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的婚礼文化。------------------------------------------------------------- 3 关键字：婚礼文化差异比较婚俗分析------------------------------------------------ 3 一、中西方婚礼差异比较----------------------------------------------------------------- 3 婚礼举行地点比较------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。 --------------- 3 对于西方人来说，他们更为看重圣洁与庄重，所以西方的婚礼大多会选择在教堂等安静的地方举行，进行发誓，显得非常的神圣，他们的婚礼井井有条，不像我们中国人的婚礼那么热闹。 ------------- 3 婚礼服饰及色调比较---------------------------------------------------------------- 3 西方的婚礼的主色调是白色。在西方婚礼中,新娘一般都会一直穿着白色的婚纱，新郎则是穿着笔挺的西服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆，1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征，到了本世纪初白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关，古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐，代表圣洁和忠贞。新娘的捧花、周围环境的装饰也都是以白色为基调的。------------------------------------------- 3 结婚仪式比较---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 在传统结婚仪式上面，中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书：订亲之书。纳吉时用。礼书：过礼之书。纳征时用。迎亲书：迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采：古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。问名：男方探问女方之及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。纳吉：问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。纳征：奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等，即正式送聘礼，谓纳征，今称「过大礼」。请期：由男家请算命先生择日，谓之请期，又称「乞日」、今称「择日」。亲迎：新郎乘礼车，赴女家迎接新娘，谓之亲迎。）而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。------------------------------- 4 二、中西方婚礼文化差异分析 --------------------------------------------------------- 5 中西方人性格不同------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 西方人虽然历史积淀不如中国深厚，但随着时间的累积，逐渐的西方人的性格形成了自己的特点，他们崇尚自由，不受礼节规定的影响，更加注重本心的想法，随心而动，更为讲究感觉。所以在婚礼中他们
中西方婚礼文化的差异 文化是一种社会现象，是多元化的，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、行为方式、思考习惯、价值观念、文学艺术等包罗万象。历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而交着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。中西文化的差异表现在建筑、教育、饮食文化、礼仪、宗教等诸多方面。 然而婚俗文化，是一个民族文化的重要组成部分。在当今全球化的影响下，社会文化相互碰撞、相互融合，婚礼文化也在不断的变化。我国的婚礼文化也不断地受到西方婚礼文化的冲击。那么在各国之间文化交流相互影响的大环境下，我国的婚礼文化和西方的婚礼文化到底存在什么样的差异？本文从婚礼的不同方面试图对中西婚礼进行比较，找出其差异，并分析差异产生的原因以促进文化交融。 一．中西婚礼文化的差异 1.婚礼形式： 1)中国：中国传统婚礼习俗有“三书六礼”,“三跪九拜”的礼节。六礼：①纳采：男方请媒人提亲后,女方同意议婚,男方备礼去女方家求亲；②向名：男方在求婚后托媒人问女方的出生年月,准备合婚的仪式；③纳吉：是把问名后占卜合婚的好消息再通知女方的礼仪,这是订婚阶段的主要礼仪形式。 ④纳征：纳吉后,男方将聘礼送往女方,是成婚阶段的礼仪，俗
称过大礼。 ⑤请期：送完聘礼后,选择结婚日期,备礼到女方家,征得同意； ⑥亲迎：是新婿亲往女家迎聚的仪式。这项仪式往往被看作婚礼的主要程序,而前五项则当成议婚、订婚等过渡性礼仪。 2）西方的婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤: ①来宾入席； ②奏结婚进行曲，亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始，伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立； ③女方家长入席，新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐； ④牧师证婚，新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻； ⑤新郎新娘互戴婚戒，宣誓； ⑥献诗，来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌； ⑦礼成，奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场； ⑧茶会或晚宴。但整个婚礼过程却有着让人不可亵渎的神圣与庄重。由此看来，传统的中国婚礼仪式比西方传统婚礼仪式要简单得多。2.婚礼服饰： 中西方审美与习俗的差异决定彼此传统婚礼服饰的不同。 1）中国服饰强调统一而不突出个性，因此在中国红色象征喜庆、幸福。在传统的婚礼仪式上，新郎新娘都要穿着红色的礼服。
1、思维模式的异同 中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题,跳出现实,重视对生命的思考,在对人和人之间,人和自然界之间,人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考. 西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维；中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维.而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手,去探索和求证问题的本源. 2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同 中国人更看重集体利益,包括家族利益、国家利益,主张控制自己的欲望,反对极端个人主义和英雄主义,往往把个人利益和集体利益,国家利益联系在一起,富于爱国和献身精神.而西方人更重视个体利益,追求人权,崇尚自由,认为如果连个体利益都无法保障,更谈何集体利益,正是这样的思想认识,最终推动了西方民主政治的发展; 3、民主观念的异同 中国人注重精神的自由,把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐.所以我们的人民总在渴望青天,希望能有好官的出现为民谋利.而西方的民主政治认为,政出于民,一切的政权只是人民授予,让政府来行使的一种公权力. 4、科学观的异同 中国人更相信先人的经验和权威,相信古人甚至超过相信今人,迷信权威,缺乏创新和探索精神.而西方人重视实践和理论,富于探险精神,倡导理性思维.通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广,极大的促进了科学的发展,也最终建立了完整的科学体系; 5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位,而中国人提倡群体本位.中西方道德观的不同,使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点：西方重契约,中国重人伦；西方重理智,中国重人情；西方伦理重于竞争,中国则偏重于中庸、和谐；西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点,强调个体的道德教育,中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发,强调个体的道德修养. 6、法制观念的异同 中国人主张用礼、道德来约束,通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养,讲究克己复礼,导致了人格的缺陷,丧失了独立的人格；而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的,对于社会和个人的规范,主张用“法制”,通过制度,如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约,道德则处于从属的地位. 7、在为人处世方面的异同 中国人内敛、自省,喜欢“每日三省吾身”,为的是合于先王之道,把修养身心看的很重,推崇中庸思想,导致思想的保守、缺乏创新和开拓进取精神.西方人更热心于公益事业,把服务社会当成自己的职责. 8 、经济制度不同 中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济.人们比较安分保守.因为他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子,文化比较内向.而且中国的古代文明,发源于大河流域,属于农业文明,“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德,求同求稳,以“和为贵,忍为高”为处世原则. 西方的古希腊文明,发源于爱琴海沿岸,属于海洋文明,况且欧洲的农耕远不像中国的农耕在古代社会那样重要,所以欧洲人喜欢向外探索,文化比较外向.而且西方国家经过工业革命很早就进入了工业经济时代,“工业文明性格”造就了西方人有较强的斗争精神和维护自身利益的法律意识,以独立、自由、平等为处世原则. 9、地理环境的不同 封闭的大陆型地理环境使中国人的思维局限在本土之内,善于总结前人的经验教训,喜欢“以史为镜”,而空间意识较弱.这种内向型思维导致了中国人求稳好静的性格,对新鲜事物缺乏好奇,对未知事物缺乏兴趣.
The culture differences reflected in the detail ofwedding ceremonies Name Author Note Correspondence concerning this sample paper should be addressed to Name,Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Phone：**********. E-mail:
This article attempts compare different aspects of the wedding of Chinese and Western to find out the differences and analyze the causes of the differences.Wedding is an important part of culture, it has come into a different wedding customs under the influence of different cultures between the west and east. In order to find out differences between Chinese and Western wedding culture, this article will show it through the comparison on the form of wedding ceremony and wedding party. First of all,let's focus on the wedding forms. The feature of traditional wedding customs in China is “complicated”. The specific process is : the man propose marriage, and if the woman agreed to the proposed marriage, the man could go to the woman's family with the bride price. And then he would ask the woman's date of birth, and divine good and bad fortune of her name and their marriage. And as a token of engagement, the man would send jewelry, silk, and even sheep or pig. The man give the dowry to the woman’s family, and two family would choose an auspicious day for the wedding. And at last, the new husband will go to his wife’s family in person to marry her. [1] The feature of traditional wedding customs in western is “romantic”. On the wedding, playing the wedding march, relatives and friends light the candles, the priest and the choir comes in, then the bridesmaids and the best man come in, the bride’s parents accompany the bride comes into
A Comparison of the Wedding Culture between China and Western Countries in Modern Times Introduction The 21st century is dominated by science and technology, which makes the whole world develop quite rapidly. With the constantly increasing economic globalization and international exchange, the cultures of different regions are gradually spread and fused, such as the wedding cultures of China and Western Countries. It is clear that Chinese wedding and Western wedding differ from each other in many aspects: custom, ceremony procedures, styles and dress, marriage media and place. This thesis discusses the differences between Chinese and Western wedding cultures. It is extremely important to understand the different cultures between China and Western countries, which will help us to correctly understand the words and deeds of Westerners in the intercultural communication, fully understand each other, and respect each other's customs so as to get the best effect of communication. 1. Chinese and Western Different Wedding Cultures 1.1 Custom 1.1.1 Three Papers and Six Etiquettes According to Chinese wedding customs, the first etiquette is Three Papers and Six Etiquettes, which is as important as the engagement at Western wedding. Three Papers consists of the paper of engagement, the list paper of the presents to the bride?s and the paper of fetching the bride. They are going to be used on the day of engagement, the bridegroom?s giving the presents of marriage to the bride?s an d going and fetching the bride. Six Etiquettes includes asking for engagement, asking for the name and births of the newlyweds, showing some presents for engagement to the bride?s, giving the presents of marriage to the bride?s, choosing a good date for the wedding and going and fetching the br ide on the day of the wedding. All these etiquettes must be completely in proper order before the
揭阳职业技术学院 毕业论文 题目：浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异学生姓名许展薇指导教师佘烁娜 系（部）外语系专业五年制英教班级 093班学号 60912340 提交日期2014年月日答辩日期年月日 2014 年月日
浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 论文提纲 前言 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 2、中西婚礼服饰比较 3、中西婚礼仪式比较 （1）婚前准备 （2）婚礼当天 （3）婚礼过后 二、中西方婚礼习俗差异的原因 1、文化背景不同 2、宗教信仰不同 3、价值观念不同 结束语
浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 许展薇 （揭阳职业技术学院外语系五年制英语教育093班） 摘要：本文主要通过对中西方文化的研究和比较，并进一步分析中西方传统婚礼的差 异。婚姻，无论是哪一个国家的人们，都是十分重视的。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的举行地点、服饰、仪式等方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的婚礼文化。 关键字：中西方；婚礼文化；差异；原因分析 前言 婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。而婚姻习俗是伴随着婚姻的产生而产生的，它展示了民族群体的社会生活面貌，以及审美观，伦理观，价值观，宗教观，性意识和民族心理的发展态势，是人类创造的文化积累和精神财富。婚俗反映出的时代背景与风俗民情对后代有重要影响。中西婚俗研究也始终是研究的热点问题，因为它可以是我们更多的了解外国文化，对于不同文化间的传播与交流有积极意义。婚俗研究的课题层出不穷，研究的方向也不尽相同，有些着眼点放在中西文化的差异上，有些重点比较了中西婚俗中的一些具体不同。本文试从四个方面更全面的比较中西婚俗差异，同时进行婚俗差异原因的深层探究，使我们也对中西文化有一个基本的了解。 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。
中西方文化差异的wenzhang 一、中西文化背景的差异 以中国文化为代表的东方文化，受到儒家思想和佛教、道教文化的影响深远，其根源可以上溯到两千多年前的春秋战国时代，以孔子编纂修订的“六经”为其文化基础，这种文化总的表现为：注重个人修养，注重道德力量，反对武力，注重与他人、自然的和谐相处，追求精神的超脱，以“仁”和“孝”为社会核心。同时更注重于自给自足的内向型文化，清朝时的闭关锁国正是其体现。 而以美国文化为代表的西方文化，其思想基础都是源自欧洲文艺复兴时，源头则是古希腊罗马文化，受基督教影响深远，看重个人的自由和权利，注重实践和探索，跟中国人喜欢对生命本源的哲学思考不同，他们更注重于对自然的探索和求证，从物质层面去考量生命的本源。以“爱”为社会核心。同时具有开放性的外向型文化，以新海路开辟时对新大陆的侵略为代表。 二、中西方价值观和思维方式的异同 ①科学观 在科学方面，中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过相信今人，迷信权威，缺乏创新和探索精神，所以，尽管人类历史上四大发明都是出自中国人之手，郑和下西洋时，中国的造船技术是世界一流的，但几千人的船队七下西洋，不过为了宣示明王朝的“富有与强大”，但是当麦哲伦的船队环游世界时, 当西方人使用中国发明的指南针、火药入侵我们时，我们想到的竟然是在大海边再造一处万里长城，思维的保守与守旧，缺乏创新和探险精神由此可见一斑。 而西方人重视实践和理论，富于探险精神，倡导理性思维，通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广，极大的促进了科学发展。 ②法制观 “法令所以导民也，刑法所以禁奸也。文武不备，良民惧然身修者，官未曾乱也。奉职循礼，已可以为治，何必威严哉？”可见，在中国人心中，法律只是道德的补充，所以，中国人提倡自我的完善，不提倡用法律法规来约束人，对法律的重视不是很够。在对欲望的约束方面，中国人主张用礼、道德来约束，宋代朱熹曾提出“存天理，灭人欲”的思想主张，即通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养，控制和压抑一切“不符合道德”的欲望，讲究克己复礼，这种结果导致了人格的缺陷，丧失了独立的人格，也是封建统治盛行的根由。 而西方人认为人的欲望是不应该被压制的，对于社会和个人的规范，主张用“法制”，通过制度，如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约，道德则处于从属的地位。 ③民主观 中国人注重精神的自由，虽然整个封建社会二千多年的历史，基本都是封建集中制的不断加强，是民主政治的彻底丧失，但从一开始，儒家、道家的思想家们就把民主政治放到一个很高的思想高度去认识和看待, 要求统治者爱民、亲民，重视民生疾苦，孔子的“仁”治思想，孟子的“民为重、社稷次之，君为轻”思想，老子的”老吾老，以及人之老，幼吾幼，以及人之幼”思想等等，都包含着“民主”思想，但又推崇君权神授，维护等级制度，把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐。所以我们的人民总在渴望青天，希望能有好官的出现为民谋利。 而西方的民主政治认为，政出于民，一切的权利只是人民授予，让政府来行使的一种权力，所以，西方人对不能为民服务的政府，通过选票的方式可以给予否决或者改选。当然这中间可能也有许多问题，但无论认识水平上还是制度设计上，无疑都比我们要先进的多。 ④人际交往
下载可编辑 山西大学商务学院外语系 学年论文 论文题目浅析中西方婚礼文化差异 专业年级英语（商务英语方向） 姓名_______任思楠_________________ 学号_______2012201120_____________ 指导教师_______郝晓瑞_________________ 日期 2015年6月
Analysis on the Differences in Wedding Culture between China and Western Countries By Ren Sinan
Business College of Shanxi University June, 2015
Contents Abstract (i) 摘要 (ii) 1. Introduction (1) 2. Literature review (2) 3. Different wedding cultures between China and Western countries (3) 3.1 Differences in wedding ceremony (3) 3.2 Differences in wedding dress and color tone (4) 3.3 Differences in wedding customs (5) 3.3.1 Differences in wedding banquet (5) 3.3.2 Differences in taboo wedding date (5) 3.3.3 Differences in wedding venues (6) 4. Causes of different Chinese and Western wedding customs (6) 4.1 Historic culture (6) 4.2 Religious belief (7) 4.3 Family Education (7) 4.4 Values (8) 5. Integration and development trend of China and Western wedding customs . 8 5.1 The integration between Chinese and Western wedding customs (8) 5.2 The reasons about integration between Chinese and Western wedding customs (9) 5.3 Development trend of Chinese and Western wedding customs (9) 5.4 Chinese and Western wedding custom and intercultural communication 10 6. Conclusion (11) References (12)
中西方婚礼的差异 随着中国经济的全球化发展和中国传统文化对世界的影响，中西方交流日益紧密。认识和了解各国文化和风俗习惯称为必然。婚姻是人类社会共有的制度之一。它是在公开的场合将丈夫和妻子之间的婚姻关系公开确定下来的仪式。因此几乎在每一种社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。婚礼是各个国家文化的重要组成部分。随着社会的不断进步和全球化的影响,婚礼文化在不断的发生变化。我国的婚礼文化也不断的受到西方婚礼文化的冲击。下面就其中西方婚礼的差异主要通过以下两个方面来概述。 一、表现中西方婚礼差异的几个方面： 1传统结婚仪式 中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子孙桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖、出发、燃炮、等待新郎、讨喜、拜别、出门、礼车、掷扇、燃炮、摸橘子、牵新娘、喜宴、送客、闹洞房、三朝回门。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。 在西方国家中，婚礼时有旧（Something Old）、新（Something New）、借（Something Borrowed）、蓝（Something Blue）等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见，西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。 2、婚礼服饰 在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守，在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘穿着红色的礼服，象征的吉祥如意，预示在结婚后日子红红
《中西方文化比较》复习资料 文化与文明的关系：(1)《苏联大百科全书》中概括：“文化概念最初是指对自然的有 目的的影响，以及人本身的培养和训练。培养不仅包括培养人们遵守现有的准则和习惯的能力，而且包括鼓励他们遵守这些准则和习惯的愿望，使他们相信文化能够满足人的全部要求和需求。任何社会文化都包含这两层意思。”(2) 中国古代的典籍中涉及到文明，《尚书》、《易经》等，李渔的《闲情偶记》中有“求辟草昧而致文明，不可得也”，隐含与蒙昧相对应的文化状态的含义，接近现代意义。西方的文明概念与城市文化兴起关系密切。（3）在许多情况下，文明和文化两个词通用。文明往往指的是相对成熟或者高级的文化形态。中华文明古希腊文明等。但对于处在低级状态下的文化，一般不用文明一词。如因纽特文明。（4）一些学者认为文化为精神现象，而文明指制度化、形态化的社会现实，如政治、军事、法律等。有的学者（美国巴格比）用文明将较大较复杂的文化与较小较简单的文化区别。四大文明古国与一些“亚文明”。许多人不加细究地把文明作为文化的广义解释，用它来描述那些综合性、整体性较强的文化事实。工业文明、农业文明、精神文明等。 中西学者对文化的阐述：1把文化看做一个包含多层次、多方面内容的综合体，用 它来概括人类创造和积累起来的全部物质与精神财富以及人们的生活方式。2把文化理解为人类精神现象或观念形态的总和。3强调文化作为人的社会行为与习俗的意义。4还有一种普遍的认识，即把文化主要视作人类的艺术活动及富有仪式性的民俗活动的概括。5一部分学者尤其是历史哲学家十分重视文化的历史传承性质，他们倾向于把文化理解为一个社会的传统行为方式或全部社会遗产。6从功能和价值层面来认识文化的意义是文化概念探讨的又一思路。7强调文化对人的思想行为的潜在指导和规范作用是另一类文化阐释的核心。 文化性质和特征：1、我们赞成把文化看做具有多层次结构的有机系统。2、我们把民 族性和地域性看做五年后的重要特征。3、文化还具有规则性。4、文化是历史承继的，它能够通过代代相传的不断积累，形成特定的文化传统。5、尽管我们已承认每一种特定的文化都具有维护其持续性与稳定性的内在力量，但我们还是要指出：一定民族的文化形态是可以变迁的。 中西文化的不同地理差异和自然条件对文化形成的影响：中：1 首先是 幅员辽阔、腹地纵深。辽阔的土地不仅为我们的祖先提供了完全自足的生存条件，而且蕴藏着雄厚的发展潜能，使他们能不断地自我调节和更新，并且进退裕如。2 其次是复杂的地形地貌。这些都滋养了中华文化众彩纷呈的特殊，为华夏多民族、多源流、多侧面的亚文化系统的形成创造了条件。3 第三是气候温暖湿润。这种气候为各种植物的生长和农耕文明的发展提供了十分优厚的自然条件。4 第四是半封闭的边缘地形。促使中华文化能够沿着自己的方向独立发展，创造与众不同的文化品格和文明成果，并能保持自成一体的延续性。但在一定程度上主旨了华夏文明的不断进步。西：1 陆地狭窄而多山地带，土地贫瘠加上气候不利于粮食的生长。因而很难形成完全自足的农业经济，因而他们不得不转向大海讨生活。2 地中海地区特色的海洋地理和周边环境。开放的地理环境和具有较高文化势能的周边文明又为古希腊罗马文明的成长提供了丰富的养料和宝贵的经验。3 古希腊自然地理的第三个特征是它的全境被各种天然屏障分割成若干孤立的小区域。这种特殊的地理，产生了希腊独特的城邦制社会结构，多方向、多民族共生的富于变化的文化聚集，也陶冶了希腊民族崇尚自由和个性独立的基本性格。
从中西方婚礼浅析中西方文化差异 摘要：婚礼作为个人成长过程中必不可少的一个环节，无论在中国还是在西方其他国家都显得尤为重要，随着数千年文化的传承，逐渐形成一种地区特有的文化习俗。虽然在每个不同的地区都有着不同的婚礼习俗，但在文化大一统的环境中，婚礼大同小异。这里我们就以中西方的婚礼中较为普遍的婚礼习俗来对比中西方文化的差异。 关键词：中西方婚礼文化差异 我们先来谈谈中国的婚礼，中国的婚礼按地区不同，也有不同的习俗，这里我们以传统婚礼为例。传统婚礼程序颇为复杂，但每一项都有其特殊的意义。 婚礼前的准备 聘礼：婚前男方要将娶亲的聘礼送到女方家，一般来说除了礼金还有包含一些寓意美好的事物，每个地方送的种类都不相同，这里就不一一讲述了。礼金则象征着娶方财厚，暗示着新娘嫁过去可以享福，让女方家放心。 回礼：收到聘礼女方要给回礼，一般情况下，包含礼金和一些日常用品。 安床：在结婚的前一天晚上，要由女方家出一个家庭和睦、父母双全、又育有儿子的男丁安装婚房里的婚床，再将寓意早生贵子的四品：核桃、莲子、红枣、花生铺在新床上面。 嫁妆：女方家会给新娘准备带去婆家的嫁妆，全部放在红色的箱子中交给新娘。开箱子的一般是新娘的弟弟。 上头：婚礼举行前一晚，要选择一个吉时拜神求平安幸福，而且男方也要在同一个时间在自家那边拜。 梳头：新娘梳妆打扮的时候，会请一位有福气的长辈来给新娘梳头，寓意跟安床的道理相似。吃汤圆：汤圆，寓意团圆美满，祝福新人可以圆满成婚。 婚礼当天的仪式 迎亲：婚礼当天的上午，男方要带着迎亲队伍来女方家接亲。接新娘绝对算得上是整个婚礼的一大高潮。首先要“入门”。新郎要想顺利接得新娘归，可不是进门带出那么容易，要通过姊妹群的考验，不光是智力要好，体力要好，若有要求还得唱情歌，说情话，但这些都不是最重要的，给红包才有可能打动新娘的姊妹们，这就是所谓的开门红包。而且新郎还要用花球去迎娶新娘(新娘不可自制花球)。 找红鞋：新郎进门后也不能马上带走新娘，还要在新娘的房间里找到准备好给新娘的红色婚鞋，帮新娘穿上后才可以带走新娘。 敬茶：两位新人要向双亲跪拜，奉茶直到长辈喝下才能站起来(以前的习俗是，新人在女方家时要站着奉茶，因为还未到男家拜见翁姑。不过现在讲究没有这么多了，两边都跪拜以示同样的尊重。 撑红伞、撒米：新娘新郎出门的时候，要由伴娘撑红伞陪同，而且要同时往路旁撒米，意思是不要让鸡啄到新娘。 绕吉祥路：新人上迎亲车后不能直达目的地，必须绕当地所有吉祥路名的路开一圈。 过门：即指新娘被接到男方家后，拜见翁姑及男家其他长辈的习俗。 婚礼：传统婚礼，一般是请司仪主持婚礼仪式。 敬客：婚礼仪式结束后，酒宴正式开始，待到上鱼的时候，新娘要换上传统的龙凤褂跟新郎一起向每桌客人敬茶，客人都要说些祝福的话。 入洞房：新郎新娘会带要好的朋友一起去新房参观，或者做些闹洞房的娱乐。 三朝回门：指在结婚后的第三天，新娘由丈夫陪同回娘家，要带上烧全猪和礼物等回去见女方父母，并且要祭祖。
中西方日常交际中的文化差 异 （商务英语专业082班，孙静） 摘要：汉语与英语中有大量的日常对话，由于地域文化、历史文化、风俗习惯、宗教信仰及历史典故的不同，日常交际中也呈现出诸多文化差异。随着经济全球化、信息全球化时代的到来，中国与西方国家之间的交流和合作越来越密切。但是，由于缺乏对西方国家文化背景的了解，在中国人与西方人交际的过程中，出现了一些交际障碍和误解，本文主要就日常交际中容易引起误会的中文化差异进行分析和比较。 There are quite a lot of daily dialogues both in Chinese and English, however, because of the differences of background, history, custom, religion and history story’s culture, there exists lots of culture differences in daily conversation. With the coming of globalization of economy and information, the cooperation between China and Western countries is becoming closer. Yet, due to the lack of culture background of western countries, there exists some barriers and misunderstandings during the communication between Chinese and western people. And this article aims to analyze and compare the culture differences between China and western countries which are more likely causing misunderstandings. 关键词：中西方文化；日常交际；差异
【标题】中西方婚俗文化差异 【作者】 【关键词】 【指导老师】 【专业】英语 【正文】 I. Introduction Marriage is the basic system and form that both sexes combine in society. The marriage culture is produced with the development of marriage, which reflects a certain marriage conception. Marriage custom not only incarnates the social appearance in some times, but also shows values, ways of thinking, and religious beliefs of one nation.1 In ancient China, people thought highly of marriage culture. Ancient people regarded marriage as the primary and incipience of all decorum. Chinese long history and abundance culture have penetrated into marriage culture, so it is the cohesion of Chinese culture. While because of geography, nationality, history, religious beliefs and other aspects, the marriage culture in western countries is different from Chinese. Therefore, this paper has discussed the differences of marriage culture among Chinese, British and American. Firstly, it has introduced some similarities of marriage culture between China and Western Countries. Secondly, it has described ancient and modern Chinese marriage culture, the British and American marriage culture. Besides, it has introduced some main differences, such as the wedding process, the wedding dress, the wedding car and other details. Finally, it analyzed the causes of differences, including religious beliefs, the ways of thinking. II. Similarities of Marriage Culture between China and Western Countries Every country has her nationality, but they have some similarities. No matter in China or Western Countries, marriage is a great turning point in life. Both of people all pay great attention on it, and they always choose a nice day, which is sunny and propitious time, so wedding date is very important in every country. In ancient China, people would like to choose an auspicious day based on lunar calendar, which meant the couple would love each other and live a good life in the future. Similarly, the foreigners also choose a perfect day to hold wedding. For example, in England men hate to hold wedding in May. Because May has been considered an unlucky month to marry in. In addition, Fridays were considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th. There has a famous old rhyme advises a wedding of the week. “Monday for wealth, Tuesda y for health, Wednesday the best day of all, Thursday for losses, Friday for crosses, Saturday for no luck at all.2