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九年级美国相关的历史知识点美国历史知识点回顾近现代历史是我们了解世界和各个国家发展的重要途径。
而在九年级的学习中，我们也不可避免地要了解一些美国历史知识点。
下面就让我们来回顾一下九年级涉及的美国相关的历史知识点吧。
第一次世界大战结束后，美国开始成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
在经济上，1920年代的美国经济呈现出繁荣的景象，被称为“疯狂的二十年代”。
人们过着富裕的生活，大量购买汽车、电器等商品。
然而，这种繁荣并没有持续下去，1929年，美国爆发了一场严重的经济危机，即“黑色星期四”引发的世界性经济大萧条。
这一事件对世界各国造成了巨大的冲击，也成为了后来美国政府采取干预经济的原因之一。
在经济危机之后，美国经历了第二次世界大战。
1941年，日本偷袭珍珠港，美国正式加入战争。
在二战期间，美国与盟友合作，最终打败了德国、日本和意大利，结束了战争。
这一胜利地位确立了美国作为世界上超级大国的地位，也使美国成为了世界上唯一的核大国。
二战之后，美国与苏联之间爆发了冷战。
冷战期间，美国与苏联之间的对立使整个世界分为了两个阵营，美国领导的资本主义阵营和苏联领导的社会主义阵营。
这场冲突主要体现在政治、经济和军事领域。
冷战期间，美国参与了许多军事行动和政治干预，以应对苏联的扩张势力。
然而，这场冷战一直持续到1991年，苏联解体。
这时，美国成为了世界上唯一的超级大国。
除了在国际影响力上取得巨大成功外，美国自成立以来也经历了内部矛盾和变革。
在十九世纪末，美国内部的种族歧视问题成为国家面临的重要挑战之一。
随着时间的推移，美国逐渐废除了种族隔离政策，并在六十年代通过民权法案确保了公民的平等权利。
这一进步标志着美国社会正义的取得，为后来的种族关系发展起到了重要的推动作用。
此外，美国还发生了许多其他重要事件，如肯尼迪的遇刺、水门事件等。
这些事件都对美国的政治和社会产生了深远的影响。
总结起来，九年级涉及的美国历史知识点主要包括：1920年代的经济繁荣和大萧条、二战期间的胜利和冷战的爆发以及内部的种族关系等。
美国历史的知识点总结美国历史可以追溯到几个世纪以前，是一个极富传奇色彩的国家。
以下是对美国历史中一些关键知识点的总结。
1. 独立战争：美国独立战争是美国历史上最重要的事件之一。
这场战争于1775年至1783年间爆发，是美国脱离英国殖民统治、建立独立国家的背后推动力。
出席《独立宣言》的托马斯·杰斐逊等政治家对此事件产生了深远影响。
2. 宪法的起草与批准：独立战争胜利后，美国政治家们呼吁建立一个更稳定和有效的政府。
1787年，他们起草了美国宪法，确立了联邦政府与各州政府之间的权力分配。
宪法在1788年获得批准，并成为美国政府的基本法律文件。
3. 路易斯安那购地：1803年，美国总统托马斯·杰斐逊通过购买法案从法国手中购得路易斯安那领土，实现了西部领土的扩张。
这次购地是美国历史上的一大收获，扩大了国土，为未来的西进运动奠定了基础。
4. 南北战争：南北战争是美国历史上的又一重要事件。
这场战争在1861年至1865年间爆发，是由于南方各州不满北方政府对奴隶制度的控制和干涉而引发的。
这场战争最终导致南方联盟失败，奴隶制度废除。
此后美国开始了所谓的重建时期。
5. 封闭边境政策：1882年通过的《排华法案》标志着美国历史上的封闭边境政策的开始。
该法案禁止了中国移民的大规模进入，是对不断增长的仇外情绪的回应。
此后，美国相继通过了一系列法案限制其他移民群体的流入，如《1924年移民法案》。
这些法案在当时遏制了移民潮，对美国社会产生了深远影响。
6. 美国参与两次世界大战：美国在两次世界大战中起到了至关重要的作用。
第一次世界大战结束后，美国的国际地位得到提升，美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊成为《凡尔赛条约》的主要推动者。
然而，在第二次世界大战中，美国更是发挥了至关重要的作用。
珍珠港事件拉美国直接参战，使盟军在欧洲和太平洋战场取得最终胜利。
7. 冷战与美国超级大国地位：二战结束后，美苏两国之间的意识形态对抗导致了冷战的爆发。
历史上的今天（7月4日）历史上7月4日这一天发生了哪些大事？历史时段：1776～19981776年7月4日通过《独立宣言》的费城的独立宫1776年7月4日，在美国费城召开了第二次大陆会议，组成“大陆军”，由乔治·华盛顿任总司令，通过了《独立宣言》，正式宣布建立美利坚合众国。
杰斐逊1826年7月4日，美国《独立宣言》的主要起草人、有影响的政治哲学家杰斐逊逝世，享年83岁。
杰斐逊1801年就任美国第三任总统，1804年连任美国总统，并创建了弗吉尼亚大学。
茅盾1896年7月4日，茅盾诞生于浙江省桐乡县义乌镇。
1903年7月4日，美国总统西奥多·罗斯福通过新铺设的太平洋电缆，发出了第一封庆祝独立日的正式贺电，他的贺电从纽约的奥伊斯特贝发出，寄给菲律宾总督塔夫脱；贺电到达地球另一侧用了9.5分钟，过去，这样的电讯需用几个小时。
在回电中，塔夫脱借此机会说服总统降低对菲律宾商品的关税。
1904年7月4日清晨，在礼部会试中选拔出来的273名贡士，从中左门进入保和殿，历经点名、散卷、赞律、行礼等种种仪式礼节，准备参加名义上由皇帝主考的殿试。
参加这次殿试的贡士还有谭延闿、汤化龙、蒲殿俊、沈钧儒等。
清廷于次年宣布废科举，因此甲辰科考成为中国历史上最后一次科举考试。
“公理战胜”碑原来的样子1920年7月4日，北京政府在北京中央公园内为新落成的“公理战胜”纪念牌坊举行落成典礼。
陈延年1927年7月4日，中国共产党早期领导人之一、中共江苏省委书记陈延年在上海龙华监狱英勇就义，年仅29岁。
他1922年加入中国共产党，是中共旅欧总支部领导人之一。
1924年任中共两广区委书记，次年参加领导省港大罢工。
1927年“四一二”反革命政变后，调任江浙区委书记、江苏省委书记，在中共五大上被选为中央政治局候补委员，1927年6月26日在上海被国民党反动派逮捕。
玛丽· 居里夫人1934年7月4日，法国著名现代物理学家玛丽· 居里夫人逝世，享年67岁。
美国历史整理（一）From 1600s---1816I.1600s---early 1700s●First native American people migrated from Asia to North America across a landbridge more than ten thousand years ago.●In the 11th century, a Norse (Viking) sailor, Leif Eriksson reached North America.●In 1492, Columbus sailed at the North America.●Spanish rule included Florida and was generally harsh. Spanish explorers oftenintermarried with the natives.●In early 1600s, the 1st English colony at Jamestown Virginia.●The reasons (generate the colony): a. commercial gain eg. Jamestown established bytrading companies b. social and religious freedom (initiated with royal charters) also known as propriety grants●The second English colony was founded by Pilgrims (清教徒) at Plymouth,Massachusetts.Settlers: come to new world to escape religious persecutionKEY: design the Mayflower Compact [determine what the colony’s civil laws would be only the pilgrims landed]Different aspect: Pilgrims wanted to split from the Church of EnglandPuritans wanted to reform the Church●Economy in Colonial AmericaIn colonial America, the local climate determined what each colony could and could not do to develop its economy.Since the new England terrain were poor for farming, so New England settlers practiced subsistence farming.Eg. Boston: sea trade and fishingSouthern colonies: large scale agriculture (good soil and climate)Plantation system formed cash crop(既自己卖又自己食用)1st system is called labor intensiveBecause of insufficient inhumane slave trade (start from at least 16th centuryth18th and the first half of the 19th century) ●Religion [center of colonial life for many of the settlers]The Halfway Covenant (1662) was passed to make it easier for less religious children of Puritan to become baptized members of CHURCH●Leader: Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Calvinist (eternal●The dominion of New England salutary neglect (有益忽视)英国对殖民地的宽松政策以换取殖民地经济上的持续忠诚●Reasons for the founding of selected ColoniesEconomic gain: Virginia (1607)Religious Freedom: Plymouth (1620) Massachusetts (1629) Maryland (1633)Connecticut (1636) Rhode Island(1636)Pennsylvania (1682)Seized from Dutch: New York (1664) New Jersey (1664) Delaware (1664)Buffer colony and alternative to debtors’ prison: Georgia(1732)II.1700s---1775●Navigation Acts(1651) raise money by placing heavy taxes called duties ortariffAngered the colonists because they could not make as much money with limited trade as they could with free trade●The French and Indian War (1756---1763) Seven Years’ War冲突：dominance of fur trade riths to North Atlantic fisheries and possession of the Ohio-Mississippi Basin对象：French + Indian VS BritishResult: British victory led by Prime Minister William PittInfluence: a. change the boundaries of 2 empires’ worldwide possessionb. French lost territory on North America continentc. . British felt that American colonists did not share equally the burden ofthe costreconsider their role within colonial system●People thought that they were unfair and were not represented in theBritish Parliament●1774 the First Continental Congress----- a gathering of representatives from all thecoloniesAgree to join together in a boycott of English goodsWrote up a list of grievances to present to the kingFew people thought these actions would lead to a military conflictDid not participate the complete separation of the colonies from England in the American War of IndependenceIII.1775 to 1800●Second Continental Congress in 1775导火索：Redcoats in Lexington, Massachusetts英方：1775.7 ---Britain acknowledged an open rebellion in the colonies and the American Revolution美方：The declare of Independence in 1776 [irrevocable break with England + a war of independence]结果: create a government for USA担忧：the colonists felt attached to the mother country by language and culture It was difficult to build an intercolonial consensus on war goalsMany colonists worried about the superior might of the British Empire●Common Sense by Thomas Paine in 1776 (开国元勋)Appeal to the colonists to form a better government●General George Washington原因：he had experience in the French and India warHe can draw his hometown (Virginia) into the warHe has invaluable skill in keeping the American forces alive during the war’searly years●The war of independencea. France was a decisive ally for America, from the beginning, France had secretlysupplied weapons and goods to colonistsb. after the American victory at Saratoga, Spain and Holland formally declared waragainst Britainc. 1781 York TOWM final victoryd. British greatly overestimated the American’s Tory or loyalists, so the Britishapproached the war as if they merely to suppress a few radicals.●The Treaty of Paris in 1783American independence was established in the Treaty of Paris, two years after the final ballet at Yorktown.●The Article of Confederation in 1781Aim : a framework for governmentContent: a. favor strong powers for the individual coloniesb. did not establish the centralized colonies for national leadershipEffect: 1- the federal government was broke2- reliable currency was difficult to obtain3- led to an economic ressionOuter factors : Britain retain forts on American soilSpanish prevented Americans from using the Mississippi River Benefit: the division of land under the Northwest Ordinance in 1787●Constitutional Convention in 1787The constitution established the three branches of the government:a.executive or presidencyb.legislature or the congress ( Senate + the house of Representativec.Judiciary or the Supreme Court and the lower federal court systemAim: the branches were set up with a system of checks and balances so that none of the three branches can attain too much powerDevelopment: originally, the congress has the strongest power to override the president’s raise and spend revenue + has the power tomake laws called the power of purseIn 20thEg. Franklin D. Roosevelt pushing for a broader interpretation ofthe US Constitution●New Jersey Plan & Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan ----- states represented equallyVirginia Plan---------- delegations based on population●The Great Compromise (also called the bicameral legislature)a.the house of representatives apportioned by the state populationb.senate apportioned equally ( 2 delegates for each state)●Three- Fifth CompromiseReason to set up: slaves = property or people ?Since the representation in the house of Representatives was basedon the number of people who lived inContext: mandated that each slave be counted as 3/5 of a person when establishingthe population of a state for representation●The Bill of Rights ------ the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was also acompromise to urge starts to ratify the documentContent: P48 time: was ratified and passed in 1789Added after ratification in 1791●Long-term effect of the Constitution Convention:Benefit: successfully provide a framework of law that the USA has used for more than 200 yearsShortcoming: A---many of the compromises sowed the seeds of discontent that later plagued the growing Union and helped lead to the Civil warB--- The issue of slavery and the balance of states’right andnational interests continued to be the sources of major politicaltension from 1789 -1860sC--- The 3/5 compromise and the Bill of Rights were not enough tisettle the dispute●Repayment of the national debtGeorge Washington was elected the first president in 1778Aim: to formalize the structures described in the ConstitutionAlexander Hamilton --- the secretary of the TreasuryImportant: because of the financial difficulties faced by the new nationsHis solution: urge Congress to pass the legislation that would dedicate therepayment of the national debtHis aim: encourage the foreign investmentEstablish a national bankConflict: many original framers of the Constitution (James Madison) felt theselegislations were not explicitly mentioned in the Constitutionand were therefore unconstitutional.●The Whiskey Rebellion ---- the 1st internal threat to the new government.Conflict: the farmers who ere also the whiskey producers, violently presented a large tax on whiskeyWashington dispatched 15000 troops to squelch the uprising Result: show the strength of the governmentMany felt overuse the powerLong-term effect: this rebellion + ideological divisions over constitutional interpretation, inspired the new Anti- Federalist Party or RepublicansMore: Federalist & Anti-federalist P49●XYZ affairs --- one famous incident during John Adam’s presidencyThreatened to lead to war between the USA and FranceReasons: a strong advocate of neutrality●The Alien and Sedition Act sContext: 1- allow the deportation of foreigners who seemed to be a threat to the national security2- designate fines and imprisonment for persons who wrote ‘’falsely and maliciously” against the lawResult: lead to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1789 to 1799Reason: in an attempt to repeal these lawsLeader: Madison & JeffersonContent: these resolutions would have given the states the power to repealunconstitutional lawsEffect: did not gain national acceptance but helped strengthened the– Republican Party and platformThe Revolution of 1800in the watershed election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson,leader of the Demo- republican Party, won thepresidencySignal: signaling the first transfer of power from one party toanother with much verbal infighting but withoutbloodshedIV.1800 to 1816●Jeffersonian RepublicanJefferson’s work:-believe that agriculture represent the noblest and the most democratic aspects of American’s life-sent marines to Tripoli in north Africa to fight pirates-his policies favored their interests over the interests of businesses, trading and manufacturing-help mode the judiciary into a powerful constitutional branchMarshall Court (1801-1835)Effect: maintain an ideology of a strong federal governmentContent: best known for establishing the practice of judicial review by which theSupreme Court has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional Influence: help secure the system of checks and balance-Louisiana Purchase in 1803Effect: double the size of the USAContent: Napoleon needed fund for his empire so Jefferson sent emissaries to France to buy the areaPrimary reason by Jefferson: control of Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, invaluable trade routes for the Ohio V alley and western territory Jefferson’s action: although he was concerned about the constitutionality of such a large land purchase, he agreed with the expansionist interests of the nationand supported Congressional approval of the dealPicture: see on P51-the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)content: explores helped by the native American guides traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean in 1.5 yrseffect: establish US claims to the dispute Oregon territoryThe War of 1812-Primary conflict: between Great Britain and France during early 1800s-The Chesapeake Incident (the most widely publicizedepisode of this sailor kidnapping ) ---also calledImpressmentsContent: restrict trade and seize US ships and theircargoes while they rested in French Harbor -Jefferson’s reaction: a. tried to avoid hostilities with these powerful country by issuing anEmbargoEffect: had dramatic effect on Americans and seemed to penalizeAmericans more than foreign interestsContent: restrict all foreign tradeFollowing: Repealed by the Nonintercourse Act in 1809Content: restrict all trade with Great Britain andFrance(but these country were the largest trades inthe world)influence: the result was much the same as Embargo -declaration in 1812driving force: the mood of public opinion rather than a specific eventpeople feel their national integrity had been compromised by the illegal searchand seizures of American shipsthe War Hawk s: asked for a declaration of war in 1812- development: first. The lack of standing armed forced led to some early embarrassmenton the battle fieldlater: American ships had some success on the waterfinal: since the Britain was still fighting France , the war ended bydeclaring it statement ( the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ) -the battle of New OrleansGeneral Andrew Jackson won a resounding military victory at New OrleansMisunderstood：news of this victory and announcement of the Treaty arrived at thesame time and the people misunderstood that USA had won the warwith its military forceEffect：Jackson, the leader of the battle went on to become folk hero and president -long-term influence:the War of 1812 caused significant regional division within the statesnew Englanders opposed the war because their trades were based on BritainWesterner and Southerner: consisted the warA major consequence of the war of 1812 was the decline of Northeastern ( Federalists)influence in national politics with the rising power of Southern and Western interests●Literature (see on Page 53)Time: between the war of 1812 and the civil warContent: 1) question the effect of “civilization on the individual2) emphasized American pragmatism and ingenuity3) the work of Transcendentalists is described●Reform Movements ------- the Second Great AwakeningTime: during the early part of the 19th centurySocial Content: challenge religious and social institutionAttempt to lead what they considered a more moral lifeThe movement was enhanced by an optimistic mood inspired by the expandingwestern frontierReligious Content: purge sin from their livesSeek salvation rather than depend upon the local church or religiousleaderGod created people without evil and with capacity to be perfect Leader: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson。
通用版带答案高中历史下高中历史统编版下第五单元工业革命与马克思主义的诞生知识点梳理单选题1、历史学家从不同的视角对国家间权利的转换作出了解释。
下图为康德拉捷夫世界经济增长与衰退的波动周期表，下列对各时期史实叙述正确的是A．第一次康波：1800~1860，葡西为主导国，英国为挑战国B．第二次康波：1860~1920，英国为主导国，美国为挑战国C．第三次康波：1920~1980，美国为主导国，英国为挑战国D．第四次康波：1980~2040，美国为主导国，苏联为挑战国答案：B解析：以时间段来推导不同时期主要国家的发展变化，第二康波1860~1920年对应的是第一次工业革命到第二次工业革命时期，第一次工业革命后英国成为世界最强的资本主义国家，而1870年第二次工业革命后，英国逐渐被后起的美国赶上和超过，B项正确；第一次康波的1800~1860年，对应的是第一次工业革命时期，主导国应该是英国，排除A项；第三康波1920~1980年对应的是第二次工业革命和第二次世界大战后，主要挑战国是苏联，排除C项；第四康波1980~2040年，1991年苏联解体，不可能成为挑战国，排除D项。
故选B项。
2、如表是19世纪英国工业品出口和境外投资的地理分布情况表（注：以百分比计）。
这反映出这一时期A．英国经济实力和国际地位日益衰落B．资本主义国家殖民争夺加剧C．工业化浪潮在欧美大陆迅速扩展D．世界商贸中心逐渐发生转移答案：C解析：19世纪英国处于工业革命时期，从表格信息看出，英国工业品出口和境外投资在欧洲、美洲占有很高比例，英国的境外投资对于促进当地的工业化具有重大影响，由此可知，工业化浪潮在欧美大陆迅速扩展，故C项正确；19世纪英国处于工业革命时期，英国成为世界工厂，排除A项；表格信息无法体现资本主义国家的殖民争夺，排除B项；19世纪世界商贸中心在欧洲，且材料无法体现世界商贸中心转移的信息，排除D项。
故选C项。
小提示：3、巴黎公社革命期间，一来自欧洲、北美的外国革命者纷纷参加保卫公社的战斗。
任职时间头像总统姓名所属党派备注1789～1797年乔治·华盛顿(George Washington)1797～1800年约翰·亚当斯(John Adams)联邦党1801～1808年托玛斯·杰弗逊(Thomas Jefferson)民主共和党即民主党的前身1809～1816年詹姆斯·麦迪逊(James Madison)民主共和党即民主党的前身1817～1824年詹姆斯·门罗(James Monroe)民主共和党即民主党的前身1825～1828年约翰·昆西·亚当斯(John Quincy Adams)民主共和党即民主党的前身；是第二任总统约翰·亚当斯之子。
1829～1836年安德鲁·杰克逊(Adrew Jackson)民主党1837～1840年马丁·范布伦(Martin VanBuren)民主党1841年威廉·哈里森(William Harrison)辉格党1841年4月病死，由副总统泰勒继任。
1841～1844年约翰·泰勒(John Tyler)辉格党1845～1848年詹姆斯·波尔克(James Polk)民主党1849～1850年扎卡里·泰勒(Zachary Taylor)辉格党1850年7月病死，由副总统菲尔莫尔继任。
1850～1852年米勒德·菲尔莫尔(Millard Fillmore)辉格党1853～1856年福兰克林·皮尔斯(Franklin Pierce)民主党1857～1860年詹姆斯·布坎南(James Buchanan)民主党1861～1865年亚伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)共和党1865年4月遇刺身亡，由副总统约翰逊继任。
1865～1868年安德鲁·约翰逊(Andrew Johnson)共和党1869～1876年尤里塞斯·格兰特(Ulysses Grant)共和党1877～1880年拉瑟福德·海斯(Rutherford Hayes)共和党1881年詹姆斯·加菲尔德(James Garfield)共和党1881年9月遇刺身亡，由副总统阿瑟继任。
美国史知识点总结1. 原住民时期在欧洲人到来之前，美国大陆上生活着许多不同的印第安部落。
这些原住民社会拥有自己的语言、宗教和文化。
他们在美洲大陆上建立了复杂的社会结构，并开发出了农业和手工艺。
1492年，哥伦布“发现”美洲后，西班牙、葡萄牙和其他国家的探险家开始向这片新大陆进发。
殖民者的到来对当地印第安人产生了极大的影响，他们带来了疾病、战争和奴役制度，导致了印第安人数量的大量减少。
2. 殖民时期大西洋横渡的殖民者带着他们的宗教信仰、政治制度和社会结构来到美洲大陆。
最早的英格兰殖民地诞生于北美东岸，这些殖民地在建立之初经历了很大的困难。
在新大陆上，他们必须学会如何与原住民沟通、如何种植粮食并建立新的社会秩序。
殖民地的建立者们很快就意识到，他们需要维持自己的自由和财产权，这就为后来的独立运动埋下了伏笔。
3. 波士顿茶叶事件（Boston Tea Party）在殖民地时期的1763年到1783年之间，英国政府采取了一系列措施，试图对殖民地进行统治和征税。
其中最著名的一次事件发生在1773年的波士顿茶叶事件。
这次事件涉及到对东印度公司茶叶的征税，因为殖民地居民抗议这一措施造成了许多茶叶被倾倒进波士顿港。
这次事件直接导致了英国政府对波士顿进行了封锁，最终加剧了殖民地与英国之间的紧张关系。
4. 独立宣言1776年7月4日，美国大陆会议通过了独立宣言。
这一份文书宣称，美洲殖民地不再归属于英国王室，而是成为了一个独立于他国的新国家。
独立宣言阐明了基本的人权和自由，为美国独立战争的爆发奠定了基础。
美国独立战争于1783年结束，美国正式成为一个独立国家。
5. 宪政起草和批准（Constitutional Convention and Ratification）独立后的美国面临了许多政治问题，其中最紧迫的问题是建立一个新的宪法和政府。
1787年，代表各州的代表聚集在费城参加了宪法制定大会。
在这一年的夏天，他们起草了美国宪法，确立了一个联邦制度，同时保障了公民的基本权利和自由。
以下是了解以及加入GSS国际暑期学校大家庭的途径：1.官网：（暑校官网）(培训官网)2.电话：400-010-1658美国历史整理 1816-1920I. 1816 to 1825Era of good feelingMeaning: the time led by President Monroe following the war of 1812 Reason to be called goodfeeling:--- lack of political opposition to Republican policies--- afterglow of an apparent war victory A phrase seems ironic at best:--- militarism of westward expansion--- the mistreatment of native American and African American continuedAdaptation to ExpansionBackground: during the Era of good feeling, great number of people began moving westReason: --- availability of cheap land --- stories of plentiful natural resource Effect: influencemany of Monroe’s domestic and international policiesEg. Negotiated the Acquisition of Florida from SpainThe settlement with Great Britain for joint right to Oregon The rapid growth of Southern andWestern population fueledthe transportation revolutionbackground: most of roads and canals were built or improved with the state funding (did notbelieve in federal involvement)important invention: steamboatfamous incident: the Erie Canal (1825) of New Yorkbecome the mode for the other states that were eager to improve transportationReason: commercial prosperityEffect: --- fuel interstate t rade and thus fuel interstate dependence--- regional specializationnew Englanders concentrated on manufacture south maintain its plantation systemMonroe Doctrine in 1823- Content: Monroe declared that any European interference in the Americas would be seen asa hostility to the United States- Reason: to protect America and assert American dominance in the Western Hemisphere in particular- Effect: affected the 19th to 20th century international affairs- Long-term influence:官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796Reinterpreted by T. Roosevelt in the “Roosevelt Corollary ” (hisL atin policy)John F. Kennedy in his position toward communist CubaMissouri Compromise (1820) & Tallmadge AmendmentBackground: westward expansion raised the issued of entry of new states Whether Free (noslavery by northern interests) or Slave ( by southern interests)The senate number balance between free and slave Content: M. C. ------ 1st settlement to thesenew sectional disputeMissouri (traditionally a slave territory) applied for statehoodBut northern people protested, fearing that slave state would outnumber free states anddominate the SenateResult:--- the compromise accept by both states, Missouri as slave and Maine as free--- ban slavery from all parts of Louisiana Purchase north of the 36.30’ latitudeAim of the M. compromise: maintain the federal balanceLong-term effect: set the tone for the 40 years leading up to the Civil WarParty Politics Revisited in 1824 (president election)Jackson: lack majority of electoral votes needed for presidency Adams: awarded president bythe House of Representatives Corrupt bargain: campaign for next sectionAndrew Jackson won the fierce campaignII. 1828 to 1840Andrew Jackson Era--- the popularity of Jackson1) his image as a “friend to the common man”2) the war hero of New Orleans3) he was the 1st president who seemed to be “of the people”--- things down by Jackson*advocate the spoil system means that the winning political party should get all the political jobsin Washington*stretch the constitutional boundaries of the executive branch (extend the power ofExecutive branch)* expansion of voting right* favor selling land cheaply to settlers to further expand into the West*confrontation with native Americans tribesRemoval Act in 1830 --- complete removal to Indians Die fighting the Indian tribes--- Jackson’s effect on AmericaJackson molded his presidency into one of the strongest the young USA had experienced--- Jackson’s Confrontation官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796- eg. The nullification crisisa-because of tariff increased in South Carolina, the state government declared thetariff null and void in the stateb- declaring the state’s action treasonous, Jackson asked the官方二维码congress to authorize the Force Bill of 1833 to send troops to defend the Union and federal lawc- Calhoun looked for a compromise. When congress voted to lower the tax slightly, the SouthCarolina backed down- the effect of his confrontation1. Jackson’s strong will and firm stances on a variety of issue earned him some significantpolitical enemies2. these discontent helped forge the party “Whigs”Whigs --- significant on the national scene for 20 yearsBut it could not satisfy the divergent interests of party member because of the slavery questionIII. 1840 to 1860Gag ResolutionMean: table all discussions about the issue of slavery Result: time- consuming and useless andunconstitutionalAfter 8 yrs, the Gag Resolution was overturnedNorth & South & West Condition before the Civil War--- Reason: because of the difference in these region’s economies and cultures--- North become industrialized economy--- South rely on large-scale, labor-intense plantation key: cotton gininfluence: the quick and easy removal of seeds from cotton, coupled with England’s greatdemand for cotton encouraged the south to focus on cotton growing, which in turn led to anincreased demand for slave labor--- West its territory were often used as bargaining chips in the powerful play between Northernand Southern interestsThe Mexican – American War & Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo--- Seed: Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas--- result: end with Treaty of G-H1. Mexico acknowledged the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas2. cede the territories of California and New Mexico to the USA--- effect: Gold Rush of 1849 & an unprecedented migration to the new territory--- new territory leads to new compromiseb) the compromise of 1850 ( the Great Debate)-- admit that California as a free state-- maintain Texas as a slave statec) the Kansas –Nebraska Bill of 1854Content: accept of the Nebraska and Kansas Territories as网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796state to decide the slave issued for itselfMean: repealed the Missouri CompromiseResult of K-N Bill: help set the stage for one of the first violent confrontation over the slavery issue官方二维码E.g. John Brown’s raidBrown, a fanatical slavery opponent, seized weapon to arm a slave uprising successfully and wascaught for treasond) the Dred Scott decision---content: nullify all of the previous compromise and permit slave owners to take “their possessions” into any US territory--- effect: further deepen sectional divisionLincoln- Douglas Debates of 1858--- Abraham Lincoln: enter the national scene as an antislavery Republican--- Republican Party : found in the 1850s with a platform that included preventing slavery fromspreading to new territories (differ from Demo- republican Party by Thomas Jefferson)--- Reason of these debates: Lincoln ran against the long-standing Senator Stephen Douglasin the US Senate race in Illinois and challenged him to a series of debates--- Lincoln’s belief:1- nation’s opposition to slavery could not be compromised2- challenge the morality of Douglas support of Dred Scott decision and the Kansas- NebraskaBill--- Result: Lincoln lost the senate race--- Long-term effect: Abraham Lincoln gained national prominence as an eloquent speaker forNorthern viewsPublic reaction on Slaverya) <Uncle Tom’s cabin> written by Harriet Beecher Stoweresult: --brought moral dilemma home to many middle-class citizens in North-- galvanize anti slavery sentimentsb) Underground Railroad organized by blacks and whitesResult: help to transport runaway slaves to freedom in the North and in CanadaThe election of 1860--- condition: the issue of slavery came to the forefront See picture on P66--- the Democratic Party--- pro-south and pro-slavery--- the new Republican Party--- oppose slavery in new territories and nominee Lincoln--- Result:a) Lincoln carried only 40% of the popular vote and none of the slave statesb) Republican control of the presidency and House of Representatives网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796c) gave the Democrats a majority in the Senated) Lincoln’s election and his belief that the slavery issue must be decided one way or the otherbrought the country closer to the civil warIV. 1861 to 1865 The Civil WarSecession from the Union官方二维码--- South Carolina and 6 other southern states seceded from the Union--- Confederate State of America- Elect Jefferson Davis as their President- Seize all southern US military location except Fort Sumter and Fort Picken--- Northern Reaction:- President James Buchanan disagreed the secession but did nothing to stop it- Most northern people wanted to preserve the Union- Some Abolitionist cheered the departure of Southern States--- Lincoln’s reaction- Declare the secession illegal- Sent munitions to Fort Sumter- union’s military leaders announced to the Confederate that they would have to acknowledgethe authority of the federal government--- official beginning time: in April 1861Event: the Confederacy attacked the Fort Sumter--- Famous Battle1) Battle at GettysburgLeader: General Robert Lee invaded the UnionEffect: - it is the second battle (Antietam Battle ) to be fought on the northern soil- Lee’s effort failedthe battle was a turning point in the Conflict2) Sherman’s March to the seaFactor: Union naval superiority to block the southern ports Aim: isolate the South and cut it offfrom suppliesLeader: William T. ShermanAction: cut an 8-miile-wide path to destruction from Tennessee to SavannahResult: destroy civilian property and broke the will of the Confederate states3) Battle at VirginiaTime: April of 1865Leader: Grant fought LEE’S forcesResult: Grant forced Lee to surrender at Appomatox--- War Goals:- to preserve the Union but not fought to free the slaves网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796- to defeat the Confederate forces and destroy their war-making capacities--- Emancipation Proclamation- Midway through the war announced by Lincoln- Strengthen the north moral claim to victory- Employ the uprising slaves to military advantage (half a million slave fled to North)官方二维码- Gain European support for the Union’s cause--- Conclusion: The Civil was lasted for four savage years --- with the exception of World War II,THE BLOODIEST WAR in US historyV. 1865 to 1877 Reconstruction EraLincoln’s Plan--- shortcomings from the Civil Wara) grow out bitter and deepened rifts between the North and Southb) upset the social and economic structure of whole countryc) leave millions of Americans dead--- 10 percent plan (Lincoln’s Plan)the reason of the name: it allowed any state to reenter the Union if 10 percent of its voters took aloyalty oath to the Unioncontent:1) Lincoln wanted to “forget and forgive” as quickly as possible2) allow the South to reenter the Union with relative speed and withoutharsh punishmentresult: his plan never got very farThe Assassination of Lincoln Time: April 15 1865Place & people At Ford’s theater in Washington by a Southern actor Result: the ReconstructionPlan got under wayThe Radical Republicans People: a group of congressmenTheir belief: favor strong punishment for the south coupled with a longprocess of reunificationTheir influence: 1) the most powerful group in the formulation of Reconstruction Policy2) pass the Reconstruction Acts over the veto of PresidentGood News on Civil rightsThe thirteenth amendment : prohibit slaveryThe 14th and 15th amendment : nullify the Black codes1) strengthen the right of African American to vote2) confer citizenship and equal treatmentBad news on Civil rightsThe Black Codes :restrict African American from many citizenship by the Southerners Grandfatherclause :permit any man to vote whose grandfather had voted网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796Other: Ku Klux Klan & poll taxEconomics in the Reconstruction eraThe sharecropper system: large landowners divided up their land and rented it to tenantfarmers官方二维码Its result: was not profitable for the tenant farmersBecause of the weakening of agriculture base in the South also opened the possibility forincreased industrializationVI. 1850 TO 1900 Westward ExpansionProsperity in Western--- people moved to the west- reason (1) the land purchase of the 1820s and 1840s(2) the ideology of Manifest Destiny (the America had a god-given tight to expand from oneocean to the other)(3) the God Rush of 1849 : offer a strong economic incentive to go to “California or Bust”(4) the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter the Union as a free state--- Industry of the West(1) mining : settlers tried to get rich quick by extracting precious mines Boomtowns: arosewhenever mineral deposits were found Ghost towns: arose when the mines dried up(2) Cattle raising and farmingReason: a. large area of flat grassland were suitable to both of these industriesb. farmers and ranchers often violently competed for resources so the farmersaided by the government dominated most of the western lands.Problem of Native Americans--- split position in dealing with the Native Americansthe Department of the Interior: supported some form of Native American independencethrough a reservation system the Department of war: sought to rid the frontier of the “enemy”--- A century of dishonorcontent: exposed the inadequate reservation systemresult: spurred a mild reform movement of Native American--- Dawes Acts (1887)content: offer land and citizenship to the heads of Indian families aim: civilize them ( makethem adopt white ways)result: a. a loss to native Americans of millions of additional acresb. open more land to settlersc. the Burke Act (1906) tried to ratify the problems of the Dawes Acts, but itwas not effectiveFarmers’ Grievances--- reason lead farmers so poor网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796(1) the law of supply and demand : a large supply bring the cost of the crops down, often to prices so low that farmers can not make a living(2)a cycle of debt: farmer borrow money to buy machines, hoping to pay the debts. If thefarmers does not get a good crop, he has to borrow again(3) farmers felt they were providing invaluable service to the country but did not earn a decentwage for their hard labor--- farmers’ organization (the Grange)(1) the Grange was the 1st large-scale organization of farmers(2) the Grange soon gained political power in West(3) the Grange supported the production of more money ( farmers were in constant debt)--- Inflation caused by the GrangeReason: (1) monetary policy ( produce more money)(2) oppose the God-standard or by coining silver money Result: form the Greenbacks PartyIts belief: a. print paper money that were not backed by anything but the credit of governmentb. request the free and unlimited coinage of silverending: the government vacillated between wholly rejecting silver coinage and appeasing thefarmers by buying silver--- Gold- standard or buying silver dollarspaper dollars would by back by a gold dollar in the US TreasuryPopulist Party in the 1870s and 1880sTheir belief: (1) emerge and campaigned for farmers’ issue(2) advocate a silver standard of 16 to 1 ( 16 silver ounces to 1 gold ounce)their supporters: a working man’s party with the support of wage labors of the industrial Northwestthe result of the Populist movement: the election of 1896William Jennings Bryan (supported by the West and South) Pro-farmer & pro-labor candidateWilliam McKinley (supported by the North) Pro-business choiceMcKinley won the election and Bryan’s loss to demoralize the farmer and labor movementVII 1865 to the Early Twentieth CenturyGilded Age--- the rise of industrializationsome factors: - abundant natural resource and manufacture- large labor supply- improved transportation and other new technologies--- big businessterm refers to: large corporations that first developed as a result of industrialization general belief:free competition in the marketplace produced fair prices for consumerscorporations’ belief: interested in maximizing their profits. To reduce competition with other big business, “captains of industry” would get together and set prices for industryResult: thus formed a monopoly or a trust官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796--- two prominent attitudes contributed to the popular support of big business 1)Laissez- faire : “ let them do what they want”The government: no right to interfere with private enterprise and should follow a “ hands-off”policy in dealing with businessBut can give them considerable economic support throughgrants of lands, loans and high tariff2) social Darwinism: life was a struggle in which only the fittest would and should survive.Wealthy businessmen were seen as the embodiment of the “fittest”--- general condition in Gilded Agea. a very small class of businessmen lived extravagantlyb. their workers were paid low wages and their consumer were fleecedc. wealthy businesses were able to buy votes in the Congress--- Robber baron : these super-rich because of their shady business practicese.g. Rockefeller (oil)Vanderbilt (railroads) J.P. Morgan (banking)Andrew Carnegie : believed that they had a responsibility to give large donations to charity( Gospel of Wealth)Regulation by the government on Big business--- Reason to regulate:a. small producers complained that big business were pushing them out of the marketb. farmers complained about increased transportation pricesc. consumers demanded protection from high prices and the restoration offree or no monopolistic trade--- development1) Initially Antitrust laws were passed by state legislatures and the court declared those laws unconstitutional2) later in response to an increasingly louder public outcry, the federal government passed itslegislation to control the actions of business3) political corruption--- Maximum rate laws: establish the highest price a railroad could charge--- the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: forbad railroads from forming monopolistic price agreement and outlawed some of their discriminatory pricing practices--- The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890Content: one piece of antitrust regulation : make it illegal fir any business to restrain trade bytrust or conspiracyResult: for around a decade or so of the law’s existence, the government did not, or could not, aggressively enforce the provisionReason: none of the presidents of the time were willing to strongly oppose business interestsorganized labor :groups or unions that tried to represent the interests of workers aim:官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796e.g. the Knight of labor the American Federation of Labor result: in strikes and boycottfeeling: most people sympathized with the individual grievances of workers but were scared bythe sometimes violent repercussions of organized labor’s strike and protestsVIII. to 1900 overlaps with the industrial revolution SEE ON P73 [ Panic Attack]官方二维码 political and social chaos--- factors:a) the assassination of Lincolnb) the impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnsonc) the movement and resettlement of peopled) the rapid rise of big business and industrialization--- scandalous president: Ulysses S. Grantthe general who led the Union Army to victory in the Civil War but was inexperienced as apolitician or statesmanevent: “Black Friday” , “ The whiskey Ring”--- the election of 1876 produced the first major dispute in voting result in a presidential election--- the Removal of Federal troops from the souththis withdrawal marked the end of reconstruction and without military presence, the whitemajority in the south further disenfranchised the freed blackGrover Cleveland as a president1) signal an end to many scandals that had plagued the government2) Support measures to improve the working of the government3) tariffs should be lowered placed on imports; the foreigners have to pay protective tariffsaim: protect the American business from having to compete with potentially lowered- pricedforeign goods4) the Panic of 1893 : drop the economic depression in his lapMcKinley and imperialism--- the Spanish- American War of 1898 was a war truly did not have to happen--- expansionist policies: came more involved in international affairs ( Open door policy)IX 1900 TO 1920 The progressive eraThe Progressive Era (the reform movement)Historical background: after decades of political scandals and big-business corruption, peoplewere ready for a changeLeader: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson Result: had establishitself as a world powerMuckraker (a group of writers)Their belief: dedicate themselves to stirring public opinion网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796Their way:exposing the corruption of politicians and businessmen Inform people of thewidespread wrongdoingse.g. Ida M. Tarbell (1904) History of the standard of company(monopolistic tactics of that corporation)Upton Sinclair (1904) The jungle ( unsafe conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking plants)Women’s suffrage movementSignal: gain that suffrage right for female citizens Leader: Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth CadyStantonReason for this movement: - increased numbers of women began to work outside the home- women began to pursue higher education- wages are equal about half of men’s wagesRacial segregation (Division on the basis of race) Legalized under the law called Jim CrowLawsPlessy v. Ferguson: ruled that laws requiring “separate but equal” were constitutionalImmigrantsTime: between 1880 and 1920,America experienced its largest ever influx of immigrationsInfluence: change the social, cultural, and economic landscape of the areas in which they lived( European)Roosevelt & the Square Deal1) the equal treatment and fairness he felt all the Americans deserved2) revived the regulations of business and enforced theme.g. Northern Securities Case: broke up a strong railroad monopoly3) an environmental president, favoring the establishment of the National Park system4) advocate a system to manage the use of natural resources and establish the National Conservation Commission5) stir legislation to protect consumers and to safeguard food and drug packaging result: thePure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act both of 1906Taft and his governmental organizationTaft’s most visible reforms were in governmental organization with 2 important constitutional amendment ratified.--- the 16th Amendment: allow the gov. to collect income taxesresult: made America’s tax system more efficient and much fairer to the poor and middle class--- the 17th Amendment: required the direct election of senators--- he also created the Department of Labor and CommerceAggressive Foreign Policy--- Big-stick diplomacy by T. Roosevelt : speak softly but carry a big stick--- Panama Canal官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796Reason: because of Pacific land acquisition, the USA wanted to provide its eastern parts with free access to the Pacific by seaRoosevelt Corollary: reinterpret the Monroe Doctrine to justify the USA’s right to Intervene in the domestic and foreign affairs of this areaResult: did not win America any friends in this region--- Teddy was also highly involved in many foreign issues for example he helped negotiate the end of the Russo-Japanese War--- Dollar Diplomacy by Tafthis way: used economic incentives to win influence in Latin America and elsewhere his aim: increase US trade to these regionsstabilize their governmentmaintain the balance of power among US interests and the interests of other foreign nations in these regionsWoodrow WilsonHis work : a. abolish trustsb. do away with excessive business privileges and corruptionc. be opposed to the protective tariffse.g. the Underwood Act : the 1st tariff designed to bring in revenue rather than protect business its result: was hard to measure because the world war 1 was started soond. 2 major pieces of legislation to regulate business1) the Federal Trade Commission : to prevent business from misrepresenting their products and stifle competition unfairly2) the Clayton Antitrust Act : fill in the gaps of the monopoliesits result; not effective because the business interests remained very powerful and often escaped the rule of the lawe. banking reform was established under Wilson with the Federal Reserve Actresult: the act made credit more flexible so that money could be more easily transferred to different parts of the countryit made currency itself more elastic so that the supply of money could be altered to suit the borrowing needs of banksX. 1914 TO 1920 World War I以下是了解以及加入GSS大家庭的多种途径：1.官网：（暑校官网）(培训官网)2.电话：40001016583.暑假办公地点：北京西直门外上园村3号（北京交通大学内）非暑假办公地点：北京市海淀区知春路56号院西区7号楼4.QQ 在线咨询：1707207965.官方微信名称：GSS国际暑期学校官方二维码网址：电话：400-010-1658 QQ：170720796官方微信号码：gsseducation（官方微信每日更新留学资讯，请加入获取专业资讯。
