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常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）【章节题库（含名校考研真题）】（第24章二战后美国小说（2））【圣第24章二战后美国小说（2）I.Fill in the blanks.1._____by Joseph Heller is the representative novel of black humor.（南开大学2008研）【答案】Catch-22【解析】《第二十二条军规》是约瑟夫·海勒的著名小说，也是黑色幽默的代表作。
2.A great postmodern writer,_____became the cult figure of the counterculture generation at that time,known as“a gum for the youth”in supporting the students in their anti-war movements.【答案】Kurt Vonnegut【解析】在上世纪60—70年代的美国大学里，年轻学生们常常把库尔特·冯内古特的书揣在牛仔裤兜里，他让前卫小说变得好读、有趣，成为美国黑色幽默文学代表人物。
II.Multiple Choice1.William Burroughs and Jack Kerouac belong to_____.A.the Confessional SchoolB.the Black Mountain PoetsC.novelists of absurdityD.the Beat Writers【答案】D【解析】美国作家威廉·巴勒斯（William Burroughs）与艾伦·金斯堡（Allen Ginsberg）及杰克·凯鲁亚克（Jack Kerouac）同为“垮掉的一代”文学运动的创始者。
2.Which beat-poet wrote the work On the Road?A.Allen Ginsberg.B.Jack Kerouac.C.William Burroughs.D.Charles Bukowski.【答案】B【解析】《在路上》是“垮掉的一代”作家杰克·凯鲁亚克的代表作。
常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二）I.Fill in the blanks1._____’s poems have the musical quality and romantic beauty.The Raven is his best-known poem.【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡的诗歌富有音乐感和浪漫主义色彩，《乌鸦》是最知名的一首。
2.Harriet Beecher Stowe’s masterpiece is_____.【答案】Uncle Tom’s Cabin【解析】比彻·斯托夫人(Harriet Beecher Stowe1811-1896)的名作长篇小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）是19世纪最畅销的小说（以及第二畅销的书，仅次于最畅销的书《圣经》）并被认为是刺激1850年代废奴主义兴起的一大原因。
3._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.【答案】Martin Eden【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。
4.The Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as“_____”.【答案】The Gilded Age【解析】现实主义时期被马克吐温看作“镀金时代”。
5.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____”movement.【答案】imagism【解析】庞德是意象主义运动的领军人物。
6.Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.【答案】The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin【解析】本杰明·富兰克林文学上最大的成就体现在他的作品《本杰明·富兰克林自传》上。
第21章自白派•垮掉的一代21.1复习笔记I.The Confessional School（自白派）The term is usually used to certain poets of the United States from the late1950s to the late 1960s.In a broad way,the poetry of this group of poets share common features such as a ruthless, excruciating self-analysis of one’s own background and heritage,one’s own most private desires and fantasies etc.,and the urgent“I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you”impulse.In a sense,it is Lowell who gave the Confessional poetry a new life and a new level of popularity with his ruthless self-dissection. Representatives of the Confessional are School Robert Lowell,Anne Sexton,Sylvia Plath.这一术语用来指20世界50年代末到60年代末的一些美国诗人。
广义上讲，这些诗人的诗歌具有以下共同特点，如对自己的背景和传统，自己的隐私、欲望和幻想等进行无情的、令人痛苦的自我分析，以及一种急切的“我将告诉你一切”的冲动。
从某种程度上讲，洛威尔用他无情的自我剖析使自白诗获得新生也使其成为新时尚。
自白派代表人物是罗伯特·洛威尔、安妮·塞克斯顿、西尔维娅·普拉斯。
第11章20世纪20年代•意象派•庞德I.Fill in the blanks.1.“In a Station of the Metro”by Ezra Pound goes like this:The apparition of these faces in the crowd;_____.（首师大2008研）【答案】Petals on a wet,black bough.【解析】这是意象派诗人庞德的名作，意为：人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现，湿漉漉的黑色枝条上许多花瓣。
2._____,by Ezra Pound,employs the complex association of scholarly lore, anthropology,modern history and personages,private history and Witticism,and obscure literary interpolations in various languages.（人大2006研）【答案】The Cantos【解析】庞德的《诗章》包罗万象，是庞德的代表作。
3.Author_____Title_____.（南京大学2007研）The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough.【答案】Author:Ezra Pound Title:“In a Station of the Metro”【解析】题目节选自庞德的《在一个地铁车站》，该诗是以一个意象作为叙述语言的典型范例。
4.Ezra Pound’s lifelong endeavor had been devoted to the writing of_____,which contains_____poems.（国际关系学院2007研）【答案】The Cantos;117【解析】庞德把毕生精力都投入到写作《诗章》当中，《诗章》共包括117首诗。
第22章纽约派诗人•沉思型诗歌•黑山派诗人I.Fill in the blanks.1.The Black Mountain Poets are so called because these poets are associated with _____,or with_____.【答案】Black Mountain College;Black Mountain Review【解析】黑山派诗歌是美国当代的一个诗歌流派。
20世纪50年代初，在马萨诸塞州黑山学院任教的查·奥尔逊、罗·邓肯、罗·克瑞利等人创办《黑山评论》杂志，提倡与40年代流行的传统格律体相反的“放射体”诗歌，逐步形成一个流派。
II.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following poets is NOT a member of the New York School?A.William BurroughsB.John AshberyC.Frank O’HaraD.Kenneth Koch【答案】A【解析】威廉·勃洛斯是垮掉派作家之一。
2.Which of the following poets is NOT member of the Black Mountain poets?A.Robert CreeleyB.Robert DuncanC.Theodore RoethkeD.Charles Olson【答案】C【解析】西奥多·罗特克是自白派诗人之一。
III.Explain the following terms.1.Black Mountain poetsKey:A loosely associated group of poets that formed an important part of the avant-garde of American poetry in the1950s,publishing innovative yet disciplined verse in the Black Mountain Review(1954-57),which became a leading forum of experimental verse.Their experimental yet disciplined style took its impetus from the essay“Projective Verse”(1950)by Charles Olson.The Black Mountain School is linked with Charles Olson’s theory of“projective verse,”which insisted on an open form based on the spontaneity of the breath pause in speech and the typewriter line in writing.The group grew up around the poets Robert Creeley,Robert Duncan,and Charles Olson while they were teaching at Black Mountain.2.The New York SchoolKey:Unlike the Beat and San Franciso poets,the poets of the New York School are not interested in overtly moral questions,and,in general,they steer clear of political issues.They have the best formal educations of any group.The majorfigures of the New York School are John Ashbery,Frank O’Hara,and Kenneth Koch.They are quintessentially urban,cool,nonreligious,witty with a poignant, pastel sophistication.Their poems are fast moving,full of urban detail, incongruity,and an almost palpable sense of suspended belief.New York City is the fine arts center of America and the birthplace of Abstract Expressionism,a major inspiration of this poetry.Most of the poets worked as art reviewers or museum curators,or collaborated with painters.Perhaps because of their feeling for abstract art,which distrusts figurative shapes and obvious meanings,their work is often difficult to comprehend,as in the later work of John Ashbery (1927-),perhaps the most influential poet writing today.。
第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔5.1复习笔记I.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors,and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life,so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格党人而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的恶性，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此他的一生心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
2.Ideas（思想）(1)He was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,therefore we see“black vision”in his works—the power of blackness.Evil seems to be man’s birthmark.In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discussed sin and evil.(2)He rejected the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.(3)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.In his opinion,evil educates.(4)He believed that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnished the soil on which his mind grew to fruition.(5)Hawthorne had a negative attitude toward science.(1)霍桑一生心中都萦绕着罪恶感，因此我们可以在他的作品中感受到“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。
第15章南方文艺复兴•威廉姆•福克纳15.1复习笔记I.The Southern Renaissance（南方文艺复兴）1.Historical background（历史背景）The American south has been a unique region all along.There was the historically significant conflict between the Hamiltonian north and the Jeffersonian south.For a long time after the Civil War,the agricultural south remained subordinate to industrial north,and there existed a glaring gap in culture and way of thinking between the two parts of the country.Measures were taken to develop the south;economic improvements slowly came about.Although the south remained conservative,but there appeared a visible sign of change in literature,and there are efforts to reassess the past and the present and do self-searching.美国南方一直是一个独特的地区。
哈米尔顿式南方与杰斐逊式北方之间存在具有重大历史意义的冲突。
美国内战后相当长的时间内，农业式的南方仍然从属于工业化的北方。
美国这两个地区之间在文化和思维方式上存在显著的差距。
第4章新英格兰超验主义•爱默生•梭罗4.1 复习笔记In 1836 Emerson’s Nature came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.1936年爱默生的《论自然》问世，它如平地惊雷，震撼了美国文化思想界。
《论自然》把美国浪漫主义推向了一个新的阶段，即它的高潮阶段——英格兰超验主义阶段。
I. New England Transcendentalism（新英格兰超验主义）In the 1830s and 1840s some New Englanders , not quite happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their time, formed themselves into an informal club, the Transcendentalist Club, and met to discuss matters of interest to the life of the nation as a whole. They expressed their views, published their journal, the Dial, and made their voice heard. The club with a membership of some thirty men and a couple of women included Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Most of them were teachers or clergymen, radicals who reacted against the faith of Boston businessmen and the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism. The word“Transcendental” was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, “Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.”19世纪三、四十年代一些新英格兰人对当时盛行的物质主义极其不满，他们聚集在一起组成非正式的“超验主义俱乐部”，讨论文学、哲学及国家生活的形势趋向。
第5章霍桑·麦尔维尔Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Pearl is a character in_____written by_____.[大连外国语学院2007研]【答案】The Scarlet Letter,Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】Pearl是美国作家Nathaniel Hawthorne小说《红字》中的人物。
2.As a reflection of Hester Prynne’s moral development,the_____symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from“_____”to“able”and last to“angel”.[天津外国语学院2008研]【答案】scarlet letter A,adultery【解析】霍桑的小说《红字》中海斯特·白兰经历了道德的洗礼，红字A的含义也逐渐由“通奸”转变为“能干”以至后来的“天使”3.Tashtego,Daggoo and Queequeg are the three main harpooners in the novel _____.[首师大2008研]【答案】Moby Dick【解析】这三个人是《莫比·狄克》里的捕鲸手。
4.The way in which_____wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】纳撒尼尔·霍桑的小说《红字》暗示了美国浪漫主义遵循美国清教伦理道德。
5.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel_____.【答案】The Scarlet Letter【解析】海斯特·白兰是霍桑小说《红字》中的女主人公。
第26章多种族文学（2）26.1 复习笔记I. Native American Literature（美国本土印第安文学）1. Brief Introduction（简介）For a long time the image of the American Indian in American literature has been a distorted one. Whatever portrayal of them there is in mainstream literature has been once or twice removed from the truth. As the Native American writer N. Scott Momaday puts it, “There was at one time a real danger of the Indian simply being frozen as an image in the American mind.” For a long time now, the Native Americans have been telling their own stories from their own perspectives, and they have succeeded in dislodging that image so that it has become something vital and real. In 1968 N. Scott Momaday published his House Made of Dawn and won the Pulitzer Prize. This led to what has become known as “The Native American Renaissance”around the end of the 1960s. Today books by Native American writers fill the bookstores, and their literature has become a distinct ingredient of American literature.很长一段时期内，美国文学中的印第安人一直是一种被歪曲的形象。
美国文学作者作品Edwards: 爱德华兹The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言）The PoetHenry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗Walden 《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》Herman Melville:赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick《白鲸》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Typee 《泰比》Redburn 《雷德本》White Jacket 《白外衣》Pierre《皮埃尔》Billy Budd《比利伯德》Benito Gereno《班纳托西兰尼》Walt Whitman:沃尔特·惠特曼Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Songs of Myself《自我之歌》There was a Child Went Forth《有个小孩走过来》I Sing the Body Electric《我歌唱带电的肉体》Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》Emily Dickenson:艾米莉·狄金森My Life Closed Twice before Its Close《我的生命已结束过两次》Because I Can’t Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死亡》I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》Mine—by the Right of the White Election《我的丈夫—选择如意情人的权利》Wild Nights—Wild Nights《暴风雨夜》William Dean Howells:豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Henry James:亨利·詹姆斯The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇的画像》The Ambassadors《专使》The Wings of Dove《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Harriet Beecher Stowe:哈丽叶特·比切·斯托Oldtown Folks《老城的人们》Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Bret Harte:布勒特·哈特The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland:哈姆林·加兰Main-Traveled Roads《大路条条》Sarah Orne Jewett:萨拉·奥恩·朱亚特Deephaven《深深拥有》Kate Chopin:凯特·肖邦Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》A Night in Acadie《爱克迪之夜》The Awakening《觉醒》Mark Twain:马克吐温The Gilded Age《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·芬历险记》Mysterious Stranger《神秘的陌生人》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》Mark Twain Autobiography《马克吐温自传》Stephen Crane:斯蒂芬·克莱恩A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》The Black Riders《黑骑手》Frank Norris:弗兰克·诺里斯McTeague《麦克提格》The Octopus《章鱼》The Pit《深渊》The Responsibilities of the Novelist《小说家的责任》Theodore Dreiser:西奥多·德莱塞Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》The Financier《金融家》The Titan《巨人》The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius《天才》An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London:杰克·伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》White Fang《白牙》The Sea Wolf《海狼》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》The People of the Abyss《深渊中的人们》The Iron Heel《铁蹄》O·Henry:欧·亨利The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》After Twenty Years《二十年后》The Furnished Room《带家具出租的房间》Cope and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Piece of Ivy Leaves《最后一片常春藤叶》Upton Sinclair: 厄普顿·辛克莱The Jungle《丛林》Ezra Pound:埃兹拉·庞德Cathay《华夏集》The Cantos《诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·塞尔温·毛伯利》T·S·Eliot:艾略特The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四个四重奏》Ash Wednesday《圣灰星期三》Hollow Man《空心人》The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock 《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmoniun《风琴》Collected Poems《诗集》Best-known poems: The Emperor of Ice-Cream《冰激凌皇帝》Anecdote of the Jar《坛子的故事》Sunday Morning《星期天早晨》The Idea of Order at Key West《基维斯特的秩序观念》William Carlos William威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯Paterson《帕特森》Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特Poetry Anthology:A Boy’s Will《少年意志》North of Boston《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval《山间》New Hampshire《新罕普什尔》West-Running Brook《西流的溪涧》A Further Range《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree《一株作证的树》Well-known poem: The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡Chicago Poems《芝加哥诗抄》Cornhuskers《剥玉米的人》The American Songbag《美国民歌集成》The Prairie Years《草原年代》The War Years《战争年代》The People, Yes《人民，是的》Complete Poems《诗歌全集》E·E·Cummings肯明斯The Enormous Room《巨大的房子》Hart Crane哈特·克兰The Bridge《桥》Marianne Moore玛丽安·穆尔Collected Poems《诗集》F·Scott Fitzgerald费茨杰拉德This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》Tales of the Jazz《爵士乐时代的故事》The Beautiful and the Damned《漂亮冤家》The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》Flappers and Philosophers《轻佻女郎与哲学家》Ernest Hemingway海明威The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》Death in the Afternoon《午后之死》The Old Man and the sea《老人与海》Green Hills of Africa《非洲青山》A Farewell to Arms《永别了武器》For Whom the Bell tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》。
第10章美国自然主义·克兰·诺里斯·德莱赛·罗宾森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dreiser’s novel_____,a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900,was reissued in1907and won high praise for its grim,naturalistic portrayal of American society.[人大2006研]【答案】Sister Carrie【解析】德莱赛的《嘉莉妹妹》在1900年首次出版时在商业上和文学批评界是失败的，在1907年重新被发现，因其对美国社会的自然描写赢得了很高的评价。
2.Naturalism stresses the determinism of_____and_____.[国际关系学院2009研]【答案】heredity;social environment【解析】自然主义强调遗传和社会环境决定论。
3._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.[人大2006研]【答案】Martin Eden【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。
4.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism:American_____.【答案】naturalism【解析】达尔文的进化论对美国思想和19世纪法国文学产生深远影响，从而产生了美国自然主义这一新的学派。
第6章惠特曼·狄金森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dickinson differs from Whitman in a variety of ways.For one thing,Whitman seems to keep his eye on the society at large;Dickens explores the inner life of the individual,in formal terms,the two poets are also vastly different:Whitman’s endless all-inclusive catalogs contrast with the_________which characterize Dickinson’s poetry.【答案】concise,direct and simple diction and syntax.【解析】惠特曼更细致地关注社会生活，而狄金森更倾向于探索人的内心世界。
惠特曼的视野放眼“全国”，而狄金森关注“地方”。
狄金森诗歌的风格简明，直接，善用最平易的词，而惠特曼并非如此。
2.Open,fluid and long lines sweeping boldly across the pages,familiar,informallanguage,all-including subject matter are the features of Whitman’s poetry.He is interested in all kinds of things,the ants,blades of grass,and even our hearing, breathing.All his love of life and philosophy about life are expressed through the image of______.【答案】grass【解析】惠特曼认为最伟大的诗人给世界注入了宇宙的壮观和生机。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》（第2版）章节题库（第1章殖民地时期的美国文学——第3章超验主义）【圣才出第1章殖民地时期的美国文学Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. The Puritan philosophy known as _____ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.【答案】Puritanism【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒构成了当时北美移民的主体，在新英格兰北部更是清一色的清教徒。
清教主义奠定了美国社会的基础，塑造了美国人的性格，从各个方面影响着美国社会。
2. In his autobiography, _____ creates the image of a self-made man and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of _____ which might be met through hard work and wise management. （天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】Benjamin Franklin, opportunities【解析】富兰克林是美国启蒙时期与独立战争时期的代表人物。
他的《富兰克林自传》是美国第一部成功的传记体作品，文中树立的主人公形象激励了一代又一代的美国人去追求美国梦。
3. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America is a collection of poems composed by _____.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安妮·布莱德斯特里特是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
第21章自白派•垮掉的一代I.Fill in the blanks.1.In the1950s,there was a widespread discontentment among the postwar generation,whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture that America had come to represent.This generation was known as the_____ generation.（天津外国语学院2009研）【答案】beat【解析】垮掉的一代：第二次世界大战后风行于美国的文学流派。
该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装异服，厌弃工作和学业，拒绝承担任何社会义务，以浪迹天涯为乐，反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治，抵制对外侵略和种族隔离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求绝对自由，纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。
代表作家有金斯堡及其作品《嚎叫》。
2.Author_____Title_____.（南京大学2009研）What thoughts I have of you tonight,Walt Whitman,for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon.【答案】Allen Ginsberg;A Supermarket in California【解析】题目选自金斯堡的A Supermarket in California。
3.The publication of Robert Lowell’s Life Studies marked the coming of the age of _____,which represents a new mode of perception and a way of writing.【答案】Postmodernism【解析】罗伯特·洛威尔（Robert Lowell）《人生探索》（Life Studies）是一部里程碑式的诗集，它的发表标志着后现代主义（Postmodernism）时代的到来。
第1章殖民地时期的美国I.Fill in the blanks.1.Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety,these were the_____values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。
2.The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was_____.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3.The term“Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of_____.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。
4.Many Puritans wrote verse,but the works of two writers,Anne Bradstreet and_____,rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward Taylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特律和爱德华·泰勒。
5.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by_____.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
其代表作是诗集《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Late Sprung up in America）。
6.On January10,1776,Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet_____appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。
7.Except Common Sense,Paine’s the other two famous works were_____and _____.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。
8.Thomas Paine’s second most important work_____was an impassioned pleaagainst hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。
《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。
9.Thomas Paine,with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion,was appropriately born into an age of_____.【答案】Revolution【解析】潘恩是美国独立革命时期著名的作家之一。
10.Philip Freneau was noteworthy first because of the nature of his poems.Theywere truly American and very patriotic.In this respect,he reflected the spirit of his age.Therefore,he has been called the“_____of American Poetry”.【答案】Father【解析】菲利普·弗瑞诺是开启美国民主主义的突出代表之一，他被称为“美国诗歌之父。
”11.From1621until his death,_____probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.【答案】William Bradford12.William Bradford’s work_____consists of two books.The first book deals withthe persecutions of the Separatists in Scrooby,England,and the second book describes the signing of the“Compact”.【答案】Mayflower13._____’s best verse is to be found in a series called“Preparatory Meditations”.【答案】Edward Taylor14.In the book_____John Smith wrote that“here nature and liberty afford us thatfreely which in England we want,or it costs us dearly.”【答案】A Description of New EnglandII.Multiple Choice1.Early in_____,the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.（北二外2007研）A.14th centuryB.15th centuryC.17th centuryD.16th century【答案】C【解析】17世纪初，英国人在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，这也是美国历史的开端。
2.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at_____.（北二外2009研）A.JamestownB.New YorkC.BostonD.Concord【答案】A【解析】詹姆斯敦是英国人在北美的第一个永久定居地。
3.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them_____.（北二外2008研）A.QuakersB.AnglicansC.CatholicsD.Puritans.【答案】D【解析】早期来到北美的殖民者有不少是清教徒，因而殖民时期的文学深受清教思想影响。
4.It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth,that is,_____.（北二外2008研）A.the ancient Greek myth of ZeusB.the British myth of the Saint GrailC.the Biblical myth of the Garden of EdenD.the legend of the Sleepy Hollow【答案】C【解析】由于深受清教主义的影响，美国文学——至少是美国的白人文学——是建立在《圣经》伊甸园神话基础上的文学。
5.The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the_____.A.RevolutionismB.ReasonC.IndividualismD.Rationalism【答案】C【解析】美国价值观的核心是个人主义，因而，个人主义也成为贯穿美国文学史的主线。
6.The ship“_____”carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took66days to beat its way across the Atlantic.In December of1620,it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth,Massachusetts.A.SunflowerB.ArmadaC.Mayflower。
