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一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
PartⅠ The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学I．The Background Information1. 第一批美国永久居民：The first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at Jamestown, Virginia(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞) began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.2. 清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals游记3. 清教徒在美国的写作内容：1〕their voyage to the new land ；2) Adapting themselves tounfamiliar climates and crops；3) About dealing with Indians；4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4. 美国第一位作家〔The first American writer〕Captain John Smith. He published eightin all.1).1608年A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实介绍》. 2) A Map of Virginia《弗吉尼亚地图》3).General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他的作品filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. He saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers” instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward. 5．※美国清教主义〔American Puritanism〕: Puritans purified their religious beliefs and practices, and believed that God decides everything and they are God’s chosen people.Hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃) were the Puritan spirit that dominated much of the earliest American writing(including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather).Cotton Mather: wrote more than 450works, an example as well as an advocate of the Puritan ideal of hard work.6. A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological,moral, historical, and political.7．The Pilgrim Fathers:English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts.8．※Puritan：The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. Their purposes are for religious freedom and political freedom. The major intellectual spokesmen of Puritanism are John Cotton, Roger Williams. II. Literature1.William Bradford(威廉·布拉德福德)：The first governor of Plymouth(普利茅斯第一任首长)，History of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers〔“美国历史之父”〕2. John Winthrop(约翰·温斯罗普)：波斯顿第一任首长The History of New England《英格兰历史》3.John Cotton(约翰·科顿)：The Patriarch of New England〔“新英格兰教父”〕4.Roger Williams〔罗杰·威廉斯〕：1).He begins the history of religious toleration and theseparation of church and state.2). He is interested in the Indian language. eg: A Key into the Language of America《开启美国语言的钥匙》5.Anne Bradstreet(安妮·布莱德斯):The first woman poet in the English language.one of themost interesting of the early poets〔最幽默的诗人之一〕“The tenth muse lately sprung up in American”《最近出现在北美的第十位缪斯》6.Edward Taylor〔爱德华·泰勒〕：The best of the Puritan poets〔清教徒诗人最杰出的一位〕The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Conclusion: The early American literature was European/English in style/form, but American in content/spirit.Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学I. The Background Information1. The American War for Independence 〔1775-1783〕:Strict rules made by Englishgovernment hampered the economic development of the colonies. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country2. Enlightenment：1).an intellectual movement 2)the power of human reason 3)the scientificidea;4)the idea of progress.3. Enlightenment and American Revolution:1). all the leaders of the revolution wereinfluenced by the Enlightenment, representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc. 2). The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of the Enlightenment.4．※Deism (自然神论, 自然神教派) is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience.5. The important literature topics of the revolutionary period:1).theology, 2).politics3).enlightenmentII. LiteratureRepresentative works: Noah Webster诺亚·韦伯斯特:第一部美国英语字典Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence; Thomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The Federalist; Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac; The Autobiography 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传1.Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林—The first major writer in the colonial period, theonly good American author before the Revolutionary War；one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a paradoxical combination of Puritanism and Enlightenment; anembodiment of the “American Dream”Representative works: (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷人查理德的年鉴》an annual collocation of proverbs (It contains a large number of practice sayings about life，the common theme is that the industriousness and discretion are rewarded.(2) The Autobiography《自传》(a. The first success story of self-made Americans, it records the writer’s rising from poverty. b. Style: simple, clear in order, direct, concise and humorous. c.First of its kind in literature and set the autobiography as a genre. d. The early example of the American dream.) In The Autobiography we will be able to notice: 1)Puritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement 2)Enlightenment spirits (man’s nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues including “order”)2. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因“Great Commoner of Mankind”(“人类伟大的平民)；Pamphleteer(美国著名政治小册子家)；Leading figure in American revolution. Representative works: 1〕famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 《常识》，it boldly advocateda "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机; Pain became the spokesman of the American Revolution 2〕"American Crisis" 《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense”was a series of16 pamphlets.3)The Rights of Man《人权》--a defense of the French Revolution. 4) The Age of Reason《理性的时代》5).Analysis of The American Crisis 3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊—an Enlightenment thinker and a leader ofAmerican revolution and; The third President of the United StatesThe aims of his life-pursuit: Freedom and DemocracyThe style of writings: clear; graceful; poetic.Representative work: drafted The Declaration of Independence—the Declaration isconsidered to be the founding document of the United States of America.All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.4. Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺--the poet of the American Revolution “美国革命诗人”and the father of American poetry“美国诗歌之父”His poems are: neoclassical in form，romantic in spirit；strongly lyrical; clear imagery Philip Morin Freneau was a deistic (自然神论的) optimist.Representative work: The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》※1). In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience ofnature. He not only meditated on Mortality but also celebrated nature. The poem implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. “The Wild Honey Suckle”is Philip Freneau's most widely read natural lyric with the theme of transience.2). The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from eliteFlower images typical of traditional English poems3). The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic ofromantic poets4). The poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming: ababcc. The structureof the poem is regular, so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion and balance.5). The line“the space is but an hour“contains a hyperbole stressing the transience of life.The tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimisticA). Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next greatsubject to command the attention of the best minds.B). Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.Part ⅢThe Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学I. The Background Information1. Romanticism Characteristics: Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics:moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源2．Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems3．Imaginative literature想象类文学：became intense, personal, and symbolic as more writers came to perceive themselves as prophets and seers.4．The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions.III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of England. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition --intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.。
1.The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。
Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。
她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。
《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰，而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。
清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。
他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。
于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。
他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。
他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。
因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人，命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。
美国文学史总结Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed“Common Sense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年， II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗1.该集子并不是按写作顺序来安排的，而是按事件发展的先后顺序重新编排，即：TheDeerslayer（《杀鹿者》）；The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》；The Pathfinder 《探路人》；The Pioneers《拓荒者》；The Prairie《大草原》}Chapter 11→William Cullen Bryant （威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特）1.Thanatopsis《死亡思考/死之思考》（1817）2.To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》（is perhaps the peak of his work 是其巅峰之作）Chapter 12→Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.艾伦.坡）1.MS. Found in a Bottle 《金瓶子城的方德先生》2.The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂榭府崩溃记》3.Tales Of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》（1840）4.The Raven《乌鸦》（1845）5.To Helen《给海伦》6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》Chapter 13→Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生）1.Nature《论自然》（1836）2.Two speeches（正真让他功成名就的是两次演讲）：The American Scholar《美国学者》（a great statements 一篇优秀的论说文）& Divinity School Address《神学院致辞》3.Poem《诗集》（1847）4.Essay《随笔录》5.Representative Men《代表》（1850）6.English Traits《英国人》（1856）7.Nature《论自然》8.Self-Reliance《论自助》Chapter 14→Henry David Thoreau（亨利.戴维.梭罗）1.Walden《沃尔登》（1854）Chapter 15→Nathaniel Hawthorne （纳撒尼尔.霍桑）1.The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》（1846）3.The Scarlet Letter 《红字》（1850）The Scarlet Letter is the introductory chapter of The Scarlet Letter. 《海关》是《红字》的前言。
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
