original research articles basic science影响因子

Primary Literature 名词解释1. 引言在科学研究中，primary literature（原始文献）是指由科学研究者们撰写的、详细描述他们的研究成果的文献。

这些文献主要以研究论文的形式出现，通过学术期刊等渠道进行发布。

Primary literature 对于科学研究具有重要的意义，本文将详细探讨 primary literature 的定义、特点以及其在科研中的作用。

2. Primary Literature 的定义Primary literature 是指研究者所做研究成果的首次出版物，其主要特点包括：2.1 独立研究Primary literature 的主要特点是独立研究，也就是说，这些文献是基于研究者自己进行的实验、观察和分析得出的结论。

这些研究成果是经过严谨的科学方法和实验证实的。

2.2 学术期刊发表Primary literature 一般通过学术期刊等渠道进行发表。

学术期刊是专门用于发布科学研究成果的刊物，其内容经过同行评议（peer review）的严格审查，保证了文献的质量和科学可靠性。

2.3 信息全面和详细Primary literature 的文献内容通常需要对研究的背景、目的、方法、结果和结论进行全面和详细的描述。

这些文献往往包含大量的实验数据、图表和统计分析，使得读者能够对研究成果进行充分的了解和评估。

3. Primary Literature 在科研中的作用3.1 可信度Primary literature 作为科学研究的基础，具有较高的可信度。

由于其经过同行评议和学术期刊的审查，其质量和科学可靠性得到了保证。

因此，研究者在开展新的研究时，通常会先查阅 primary literature，了解前人的研究成果，从而在研究设计和实验方法上得到指导。

3.2 研究综述Primary literature 中的研究成果可以被用于撰写综述性的文献，以对某个研究领域进行总结和评价。

2010年9月公共英语三级考试真题及答案 SECTION I Listening Comprehension 听力略( 25 minutes) SECTION II Use of English ( 15 minutes) Directions: Read the following text. Choose the bestword or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET I. Western-style conversations often developquite differently from Japanese-style conversations. A Western-styleconversation between two people is like a 26 of tennis. If Iintroduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you do 27 it back.If you agree with me, I don't expect you simply to agree andto 28 more. I expect you to add something to carry the ideafurther.29 I don't expect you always to agree. I am justas 30 if you completely disagree with me.31 you agree or disagree,your 32 will return the ball to me. And then it is my turn 33. Idon't serve a new ball from my _ 34 starting line. I hit your ball backagain to you by 35 your idea further. And so the ball goes backandforth,36 each of us doing our best to give it a new twist. A Japanese-style conversation,37, is not atall like tennis or volleyball. It's like bowling.You 38 for yourturn. And you always know your 39 in line. It depends on such thingsas whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a relativestranger 40 the previous speaker, in a senior or junior position, andso on. When your turn comes, you.41 up to the starting line with yourbowling ball, and 42 bowl it. Everyone else stands back and watchespolitely, whispering 43. Everyone waits until the ball has reached the endof the alley, and watches to see if it 44 down all the pins, or onlysome of them, or none of them. There is a pause, while every- one registersyour 45 26. A．play B．game C．round D． set 27. A．hit B．move C] throw D． push 28. A．everything B．anything D．something 29. A．Then B．So C．Instead D．But 30. A．anxious B．serious C．happy D．grateful 31. A．After B．Because C．Though D．Whether 32. A．response B．action C．operation D．service 33. A．also B．again C．too D．soon 34. A．actual B．new C．particular D．original 35. A．deepening B．carrying C J leading D．employing 36. A．with B．for C．before D．except 37. A．therefore B．moreover C．likewise 38. A．wonder B．work C．wait D．watch 39. A．point B．place C．post D．pole 40. A．than B．beside C．to D．with 41. A．step B．climb C．stand D．catch 42. A．accurately B．carefully C．awkwardly D．courageously 43. A ]instruction B．satisfaction C．agreement D．encouragement 44. A．knocks B．pushes C．kicks D． puts 45. A．line B．work C．score D．outcomeSECTION 111 Reading Comprehension(40 minutes) Part A Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer thequestions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. Text 1 When Amber Post started graduate school inphysics at Princeton, her goal was the same as her male colleagues' : ateaching post at a major university. Now with her Ph.D. just a year away, Postis thinking instead about working for a policymaking agency in Washington.Although Princeton, with Shirley Tilghman as the president, is welcoming tofemale scientists, Post senses that her re- ception in the larger academicworld might be chillier. At famous universities, the percentage of women earningdoctor's degrees in science and engineering is considerably higher than thepercent- age of women professors--whi.ch means that a lot of talented women Ph.D. s like Post leave cam- pus for jobs in government or industry instead ofclimbing the teaching ladder. Stopping this female brain drain has been achallenge for years. At a recent academic confer- ence, Harvard presidentLawrence Summers suggested that women aren't succeeding because they lackability in math and science by nature. His comments drew immediate criticism.Indeed, scien- tists have uncovered some differences in male and female brains,but it's unclear how these differ- ences affect talent. Summers proposed two other possible problemsfor women:the conflict between work and life, and absolute prejudice againstwomen( which he seemed to dismiss). Many women scientists blame these twoproblems for the lack of women professors. Junior teachers need to spend their20s and 30s on research and publication. Those are the same years when women havechildren. Time is an enemy for women in other professions, especially law andmedicine. But while women doctors and lawyers benefit from lots of successfulrole models, academic science continues to belong to men chiefly. "Theatmosphere isn't compelling or welcoming, "Post says. "Too many of myfemale friends drop out of graduate programs simply because the environment isdisappointing, not because theycan't handle the math. " Even against this background, there has beensome progress. More universities are pushing hard with stepped-up recruitmentefforts and trying hard to assist staff members with young families. Butultimately, the best remedy against prejudice would be more women on top,like Princeton's Tilghman. 46. Amber Post is thinking about a job ingovernment because __ A．it isthe usual goal of the Ph.D. students at Princeton B she is doubtful about her future inthe academic world C．it isdifficult to get a teaching post at major universities D．shefears that she may not graduate with a Ph. D. degree 47. According to the text, the gap inpercentage between women Ph.D. s and women professors indicates that A．universities lack competitiveness in the recruitment market B．a lotof women professors have chosen to leave universities C．few womenPh. D. s are qualified for the competitive campus D．universitiesare faced with the problem of female brain drain 48. According to the writer, Summers'comments on women's ability seem to be based on A． hisown attitude towards women scientists B．hisrecent study on women's weaknesses C. the latest findings about human brains D.the conventional opinion about talents 49. We can infer that the most seriousproblem of women teachers is A． theirconflict with male colleagues B． thetrouble in balancing work and life C．theircooperation with male colleagues D．thedifficulty in their career advancement 50. The best solution to the female braindrain in universities is to A. create more academic posts for women B． offerhelp to women with young children C．dismissthose with prejudice against women D. promote more women to leadershippositions Text 2 Recently in the Scottish Highlands,260theatergoers were led up a well-lit, pin-tree-lined con- crete path. Theirdestination? A vacant water plant. The large concrete space had the impersonalfeel of an army camp--exactly the atmosphere the producers of Black Watch hopedto reproduce. The play is based on the true story of a Highlands troop sentoverseas in 2004. Essentially, site-specific theater refers toplays produced in places directly relevant to their ac- tion. At the MuseumHotel in Wellington, New Zealand, audiences filed into room 217 to watch a taleabout the various personalities who had occupied the room over time. "Ithink people are tired of the same old plays in the same confines of space,"says Paul McLaughlin, who produced Hotel."Drama happens all aroundus--at the bus stop, in a supermarket--so we attempted to show how people caninteract with the space that surrounds them. " To be sure, on-scene productions presenttheir own set of challenges. Producers of Black Watch had to scout aroundLondon for a location for when the show comes to the British capital. But formany audience members, leaving the comfort of their theater seats makes for amore meaningful experience. "A lot of site-specific work challenges theway you look and think, "says Nick Kaye, adrama professor at theUniversity of Exeter. Site-specific shows can also satisfy thegrowing desire for individualized entertainment fueled by on-demand televisionand the Intemet. In Faust, which the London-based theater group Punch- drunkjust wrapped up, audience members got to pick what they wanted to see. Housedin an old five-story storehouse in east London, the play featured different settings.Audience members could choose to watch a scene and follow certain actors fromlocation to location. Felix Barrett, the direc- tor of Faust, says today'stheatergoers expect more than just the traditional audience-actor relation-ship. "What I wanted to do was to create a piece where the audience cancarve out the night they want to have, and it stays with them. "Creating astrong sense of place goes a long way toward a- chieving that. - 51. Recently,260 Scottish people went to adeserted water plant A．to toura newly-built military base B． towatch a play about military life C. to visit a military troop back home D. to attend a military trainingprogram 52. The essence of site-specific theaterlies in the idea that drama A． shouldbe made as lifelike as possible B. should reflect people's feelings andideas C.should reveal what is going on in theworld D.should be acted by those related to thestory 53. Compared with the conventional form oftheater, on-scene theater to producers is less A．meaningful B．demanding C.convenient D．interactive 54. In the play Faust, audience members can A．revisethe story in their own way B. talk freely to their favoriteactors C．chooseto take part in the acting D.jump over uninteresting scenes 55. We learn from the text thatsite-specific drama is created to accommodate A. the change in what theatergoers expect ofa play B．theatergoers'growing need for a sense of place C．thechange in the role modem drama is to play D．theatergoers' falling interest in entertainment Text 3 Forgive and forget. Most of us find theforgetting easier, but maybe we should work on the for- giving part."Holding on to hurts wears you down physically and emotionally, "saysStanford Uni- versity psychologist Fred Luskin, author of Forgive for Good."Forgiving someone can be a powerful remedy. " In a recent study, Charlotte Van OyenWitvliet, assistant professor of psychology at Hope Col- lege in Holland,Michigan, and colleagues asked 71 volunteers to remember a past hurt. Tests re-corded sudden increases in blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tension--thesame responses that occur when people are beside themselves. Research haslinked temper and heart diseases. When the volunteers were asked to imagineforgiving those who'd wronged them, they remained calm by comparison. What's more, forgiveness can be learned,insists Luskin, director of the Stanford Forgiveness Project. "We teachpeople to rewrite their story in their minds, to change from victim to hero. Ifthe hurt is from a husband's or awife's unfaithfulness, we might encouragethem to think of themselves not only as a person who was cheated on, but as theperson who tried to keep the marriage togeth- er. "Two years ago Luskintested his method on five Northern Irish women whose sons had been murdered.After undergoing a week of forgiveness training, the women's sense of hurt,measured u- sing psychological tests, had fallen by more than half. They werealso much less likely to feelde- pressed and angry. "Forgiving isn'tabout regarding what happened as harmless or acceptable, "says Luskin."It is about breaking free of the person who wronged us. " The early signs that forgiving improvesoverall health are promisings. A survey of 1,423 adults by the University ofMichigan's Institute for Social Research in 2001 found that people who hadforgiven someone in their past also reported being in better health than thosewho hadn't. However, while 75 per cent said they weresure God had forgiven them for past mistakes, only52 per cent had been able tofind it in their hearts to forgive others. Forgiveness, it seems, is stilldivine. 56. In Luskin's opinion, people could enjoybetter health if they A．holdpast hurts back B．avoidthe wrongdoers C．becomeless emotional D．let offthose who hurt them 57. According to Luskin, to forgive anunfaithful husband, a wife needs to A．urgeherself to see the hurt as nothing B．takemeasures in restoring the marriage C.persuade herself to put up with the hurt D． seeherself as the guardian of the marriage 58. According to the text, to forgive means A．to keepsilent when someone hurts you article B.to stop being angry with those who wrongedyou C．tothink of something tolerable that has happened D．toprevent yourself from doing wrong to your enemies 59. What does the last paragraphimply? A. Most mistakes are forgivable. B. It's really no easy task to forgive. C.It's part of human nature toforgive. D．Fewpeople can truly forgive others. 60. The best title of the text mightbe A．TheResearch on Forgiveness B．TheDifficulty in Forgiveness C．ThePromotion of Forgiveness D. The Healing Power of Forgiveness Part B Directions: Read the texts from a magazine article whichdescribes the celebration of the New Year in five places. For questions 61 to65, match the name of each place (61 to 65) to one of the statements ( A to G )given below. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Edinburgh, Scotland Edinburgh is the home of Hogmanay, a grandlyexciting four-day celebration that welcomes the New Year with fire, music,parades and then some more fire. The party starts on Dec.29 with a15,000-strongsong-filled candlelight procession and fire festival through Edinburgh and endswith the symbolic burning of a Viking ship. Days of parades, concerts, dograces and fireworks follow. Reykjavik, Iceland On New Year's Eve, Icelanders in Reykjavikgather around dozens of massive fires in the open to sing traditional folksongs accompanied, according to local legend, by imaginary human-like creaturesin folk tales. At midnight the city explodes in a massive fireworks display.The dancing and partying that follow last until the sun comes up, which inIceland is at about lunchtime on Jan.1. Kahuitara Point, Chatham Islands If you want to experience New Year with theearly birds, the South Pole is the place to be. On any Jan.1, the sun sitsabove the horizon the whole day across most of the South Pole. For a slight- lymore comfortable holiday vacation, head to the Chatham Islands. Kahuitara Pointon Pitt Island in this Pacific Ocean chain is the first populated place on theplanet to see the sun rise. Bangkok, Thailand In Thailand you have three chances to ringin the New Year. On Dec.31, Western New Year's Eve is celebrated with parties,concerts and fireworks. A few weeks later, the country stages mas- sivecelebrations in honor of ChineseNew Year. Finally, on April 13, Thailandcelebrates the first day of the traditional Thai calendar with Songkran, athree-day festival marked by parades, feasts and waterthrowing. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil New Year's Eve is one of Rio de Janeiro'smost important holidays. Expensive beachfront celebrations unfold alongCopacabana, attracting some 2 million participants. Live music ranging fromsamba to rock explodes along the beach. New Year's Eve is also a day to honorthe goddess of sea with conventional offerings packed in small wooden boats.Tradition holds that if the goddess is pleased with a boat's offering, she willcarry the boat out to sea and give the bearer blessings. If not, it's a greatparty. Now match the name of each place (61 to65)to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements 61. Edinburgh, Scotland 62. Reykjavik, Iceland 63. Kahuitara Point, Chatham Islands 64. Bangkok, Thailand 65. RiO de Janeiro, Brazil A． New Year's celebrations will go on four days on　end. B．People here are the first to greet the New Year's　sun. C．Concerts are held on New Year's Eve forcelebration. D．A midnight fireworks display is an important part　of the celebration. E．People send New Year's greeting cards and gifts　to each other. F．Peoplespend New Year's Eve on the beach singing and dancing. G．NewYear is ~elebrated three times according to different calendars. SECTION IV Writing (40 minutes) Directions: You should write your responses to both PartA and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2. Part A 66. You received an email from your friendJohn, in which he asked whether you could work as a volunteer on a weekend program to helpthe aged people who live alone. Write back to your friend, 1 )expressing your willingness toparticipate; 2) asking about what preparations to bemade; 3 )confirming the time and location for thework. You should write about 100 words. Do notsign your own name at the end of your email. Use" Wang Lin" instead. Part B 67. Look at the picture below and write anessay of about 120 Words, making reference to the following points: 1) a description of the picture; 2) your comment on this picture. 参考答案及精析 第一部分听力1一25略 第二部分英语知识运用 参考译文 西式的交谈和日式的交谈非常不同。

细数SCI论文有哪些类型？这12类论文你投稿投对了吗？本文系募格课堂原创，转载开白请后台联系。

作者：晨星《孙子·谋攻》有句名言“知己知彼，百战不殆。

”SCI论文写好后也要遵循这个规律，首先要了解自己的SCI论文属于那种类型，以便确定投稿哪家国际期刊。

一般SCI的类型主要有以下几种：01Research Articles（研究性论文）Research Articles是指对理论或基础研究有贡献的论文。

这种论文可以从研究内容的角度分类，分为纯基础研究和应用性基础研究两大类。

Research Articles应提供研究工作中收集的重要新信息，报告新颖且精心设计的研究，并提出完整的研究成果。

Research Articles 的研究结论不应基于未发表的工作或初步的数据摘要。

作为完整的Research Articles，论文涉及到以前的研究或先例应被了解清楚，完整地引用。

需要注意的是，纯基础研究可能没有涉及到科技秘密的问题，但应用性基础研究虽然只属于基础研究，但是涉及到一个新的理论，一个技术突破，或者一个重大发明，可能在某些当前的理论研究中涉及到一些敏感的课题。

因此，在向国际期刊提交这种性质的论文时，研究成果是否合适公开发表必须考虑。

Research Articles篇幅较长，例如有SCI期刊规定这种类型论文要有：250 words abstract，包括含义说明、简洁的单句摘要，可将整体的研究发现和/或结论提炼为更广大的普通科学工作者快速了解；5,000–6,000 words of text；50 references；7 figures and/or tables；其他要求，如10 x 7.5英寸的载玻片概图，400dpi以上的插图等等。

Research Articles是我们主要撰写的论文类型。

02Rapid Communication（快讯）Rapid Communication是一般具有重大价值影响力大的简短文章，其研究表明其有异常价值和影响的意义、及时性或新颖性。

科学技术史（英）笔记整理★考点Lecture 1: introductionPossible definitions of “science”:The Latin scientia , root scireAllen Charimos科学始于迷茫，终于更高的迷茫。

★Deng Xiaoping : Science and technology is the first productivity George Sarton: mankind's unique activity of accumulation and progression ★Three aspects of science:1.scientific knowledge科学知识2.scientific methods科学方法3.scientific spirit科学精神Three kinds of research methods of hist of scien&tec:1.annals or chronicles2.conceptual analysis of school of thought :original documents notthe achievements but the mind of those writers思想史学派的概念分析方法3.sociological method社会学的方法:注重科学的社会、文化功能★Functions of history of science & technology:1. to understand sciences better帮助人们更好地理解科学To help people better understand science and application of science ,that is, history of science and application.2. to be a basis of other branchesIt can be a basis of other branches of humanities, a know background basis or a cognition platform for philosophy of science , socioitey of science.3. to bridge liberal arts and sciencesIt can assume its educational function,especially the popularization of science including the understanding of man himself, briding the intercultural rift (conmunication between liberal arts and science ; as buffers between science and humanites)4 . to form a basis for scientific decision-makingIt can form a basis for scientific decision-making,. Recently there have arison some researchs on this aspect worldwide.Lecture 2: Science and technology of the ancient worldAncestry of alphabetic system of writing:腓尼基人★Cancer (巨蟹座)：21st June ~20th JulyAries (白羊座)：21st March~20th AprilLike eye and ear trouble,skin and heart diseasesSurgical equipment made in 2300 BC in BabylonBabylon diseases were described on the clay tablets like eye and ear trouble, skin and heart diseases .surgical equipment made in 2300 BC Lecture 3: Greco-RomanSocrates—Plato------Aristotle----Alexander the GreatAristotelian kinematics:★Motiion of objects on earth fall into 2 types: natural and compulsary Earth-centeredIt's illogical to apply the scientific concepts and inferences applicable to the earthAny objects in motion are propelled by external objects. The speed and propelling force for the motion of objects from the external force are on the right proportion but are on the reverse proportion with resistance.Euclid, virtually founder of the plane geometry.★Archimedes 物理学家，数学家，静力学和附体力学奠基人★杠杆原理lever principle 浮力定律law of buoyancy★Given me a fulcrum, I can propel the earth. Give me a fulcrum and I will turn the earth.Ptolemy(100~170AD)Greek astronomer and geographer.集大成之作《至大论》（约145AD）Ancient Chinese sciences and civilizatiion★Four great invention that have changed the course of the world civilization Paper-making; printing; power; compassConfucius 孔子Menfucius 孟子Taoism 老子Zhuangzi 庄子Mozi 墨子Xunzi 荀子Compendium of Materia Medica 本草纲目东汉Zhang Heng, the famous Chinese astronmerSeismograph as invemted by the Chinese scientist Zhang Heng天坛的祈年殿——祭天祀谷，风调雨顺，国泰民安宇宙理论：盖天说，浑天说，宣夜说★Outstanding achievements of the ancientChinese mathmatics:1.method of numeration记数法2.method of positive and negative ; plus-minus notation正负术3.limit极限4.numerical solution of the equation of a higher degree高次方程的数值解法5.quaternary technique四元术6.congruence expression同余式7.equation方程术8.Jia Xian triangle---Yang Hui triangle贾宪三角——杨辉三角9.method of numeration for the carry digit进位位置记数法★Ancient Chinese concept of scienceAncient Chia brewed a considerable number of very important ideas about sciences(natural concept, scientific conceptand methodology), which has played an important pole of great guidance and influence to the formation and archievements. A scientific theory or a technological invention mayfall in disuse with the historical development and passage of time but scientific concept may be everlasting, retain its eternal chan as time goes by, profoundly enlightenling future souls.chapter 5 Period from the Middle Ages to Renaissance★Significance of the navigation:The navigations have led to the journeys of exploration to discovery more unknown lands , greatly increasing human knowledge about the worldthey live in. More development in other disciplines like navigations and astronomy, making the economy prosper. In addition to the increase of the specific knowledge about the world, journeys of expoloration broadened people’s horizen at that time.Lecture 6: scientific revolutions initiated by the astronomy progress ★Leonardo da vinci (the Renaissance 文艺复兴) Italian painter, architect ★Reformation of the church★The study of Bible 研究圣经德国★Columbus’first voyage On August .3.1492Between 1405 and 1433. Zheng He traveled seven times to the West across the oceans . Zheng He in contrast★Revolutiion initiated by the astronmy progress.★On the revolutions 天体运行论, that the sun is the center of the universe .四大要点：1.The earth is not static.2.The monn is a satellite of earth.3.the sun is the center of the universe.4.heavenly bodies happen to be where they are in a certain order and thereis also law with their motion.Four key figures in answering what has caused planets,especially the earth to be in motion.1.Tycho's main contribution is accurate and compete observation2.Kepler Johaness Kepler turned astronomy from the application ofgeometry into a branch of physical mechanics3.Galileo Galileo revealed the truth behind the heavenly bodies way ofthe telescope and further developed the new(没记)4.Descartes Rene Descartes conceived a finite universe,where no positionor direction is very special and the su is only a fixed star in our region.Tycho Brahe第谷布拉赫1. a great deal of data about planetsTycho's great contribution lies in that he has accumulated a great deal of data about planets through his long observation2. the star” Nova”1572年11月11日，于仙后座发现新星，后命名为“第谷星”3. observation of comets4.successfully cultivated Kepler★Kepler, three laws of Kepler1st law : law of ellipseThe orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci行星沿椭圆轨道绕太阳运动，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上2nd law: law of areaA line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.从太阳到行星的矢径在相等的时间内扫过相同的面积3rd law : the law of harmony调和定律The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.行星绕日一周时间的平方和行星各自椭圆轨道的长半轴的立方成正比R^3/T^2=k★Three legacies 三大遗产1 Copernicus’ Ptolemaic system 哥白尼的日心体系2 Collected data from Tychro's accurate observation - data of position of the constellation. 第谷的精确观测资料——星的位置资料3 （On the Magant 1600）论磁★Galileo 1564年2月15日生于比萨，米开朗琪罗死于3日后★Galileo’s neaphysics 新物理学★A falling body does not depend on its mass.贡献: discovery of the planets of JupiterAccording to Aristotle's theory, every object has its own fixed position. Any object away from its fixed position will come back to its original position.Falling body doesn't depend on its mass.Descartes' mechanical methodology 笛卡尔的机械主义方法论French philosopher, physicist, mathematicianFather of modern philosophy: DescartesFather of modern science: GalileoHis main achievements rest with his philosophy. To him, man or universe is a machine. The influence of his mechanical philosophy is profound, which later became the basic thinking mode of scientists after him. Lecture 8 Newton's era★His virtue of modesty:If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants.★Newton's laws of motion:1.Every object is in a state of rest or in a uniform linear motion ,unlessexerted by an external force.2.The acceleration and the external force of the object are in the rightproportion, the direction of the accelerating velocity and that of the external force are the same.3.There is always an equal counteraction opposite in direction, for everyaction, Newton lays claims to the third law as his discovery. Conclusions about optics: sunlight and the ordinary white light are made up of lights of its own color. These colors are inherent in nature, not caused by prism.★Newton's contributions:1.H has established mechanics as an independent discipline by laying thefoundation for the axioms of the mechanics themselves.通过奠定力学的公理基础把力学确立为一门独立学科。

专四听力原文Legal Age for Marriage (1997)Throughout the United States, the legal age for marriage shows some difference./ The most com mon age without parents’ consent is 18 for both females and males./ However, persons who are under age in their home state can get married in another state, and then return to the home stat e legally married./ Each state issues its own marriage license./ Both residents and non-residents a re qualified for such a license./ The fees and ceremonies vary greatly from state to state./ Most st ates, for instance, have a blood test requirement, but a few do not./ Most states permit either a c ivil or religious ceremony, but a few require the ceremony to be religious./ In most states a waitin g period is required before the license is issued. /This period is from one to five days depending o n the state. / A three-day-wait is the most common. In some states there is no required waiting p eriod.The Railways in Britain (1998)The success of early railways, such as the lines between big cities,/ led to a great increase in railw ay building in Victorian times. / Between 1835 and 1865 about 25000 kilometers of track were bu ilt,/ and over 100 railway companies were created. / Railway travel transformed people's lives. / Trains were first designed to carry goods. / However, a law in the 19th century forced railway companies to run one cheap train a day / which stopped at every station and cost only a penny a mile. / Soon working class passengers found they could a fford to travel by rail. / Cheap day excursion trains became popular and seaside resorts grew rapi dly. / The railways also provided thousands ofnew jobs:/ building carriages, running the railways and repairing the tracks. / Railways even changed the time. / The need to run the railways on tim e meant that local time was abolished/ and clocks showed the same time all over the country. / United Nations Day (1999)The 24th of October is celebrated as United Nations Day. /it is a day that belongs to everyone./ A nd it is celebrated in most countries of the world./ Some countries celebrate for a week instead o f a day. /In many parts of the world, schools have special programs for the day. /Boys and girls in s ome communities decorate a UN tree./ In other communities, young people put on plays about t he UN./ Some libraries exhibit children’s art works from around the world. /Schools celebrate wit h the songs and dances of other countries/ or give parties where foods of other countries are ser ved./ No matter how the day is celebrated,/ the purpose of these celebrations is to help everyon e understand the UN,/ and the important roles it plays in world affairs. /The UN encourages peop le to learn about other lands and their customs./ In this way, people can gain a better understand ing and appreciation of peoples all over the world./What We Know About Language (2000)Many things about language are a mystery and will remain so. /However, we now do know something about it./ First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort./ No hu man race anywhere on earth is so backward/ that it has no language of its own at all. /Second, th ere is no such thing as a primitive language./ There are many peoples whose cultures are undevel oped/ but the languages they speak are by no means primitive./ In all the languages existing in th e world today, /there are complexities that must have been developed for years. /Third,we know that all languages are perfectly adequate. / Each is a perfect means of expressing its culture. / An d finally, we know that language changes over time, / which is natural and normal if a language is to survive. /The language which remains unchanged is nothing but dead. / Characteristics of a Good Reader (2001)To improve your reading habits, /you must understand the characteristics of a good reader. /First, the good reader usually reads rapidly. / Of course, he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. / But whether he is reading a newspaper/ or a chapter in a physics text, / his re ading rate is relatively fast. /He has learned to read for ideas/ rather than words one at a time. /N ext, the good reader can recognize/ and understand general ideas and specific details./ Thus he is able to comprehend the material /with a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest./ Finally, the good reader has in his command /several special skills, /which he can apply to reading proble ms/ as they occur./ For the college student,/ the most helpful of these skills/ include making use of the various aids to understanding /that most text books provide/ and skim-reading for a gener al survey./Disappearing Forests (2002)The world’s forests are disappearing. / As much as 1/3 of the total tree cover/ has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. / The remaining forests are home to half/ of the world’s species,/ thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. /Tropical rain forests once co vered 12% of the land of the planet,/ as well as supp orting at least half of the world’s species of p lants and animals./These rain forests are home to millions of people. /But there are other deman ds on them./ Forexample, much has been cut for timber./An increasing amount of forest land /ha s been used for industrial purposes /or for agricultural development /such as crop-growing. /By t he 1990’s less than half of the earth’s original rain forests remained,/ and theycontinued to disappear at an alarming rate every year./ As a result the world’s forests ar e now facing gradual extinction.Salmon (2003)Every year, millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouths of rivers and then steadily up the rivers./ Passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls,/ the fish finally reach their origi nal streams or lakes./ They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs./ Then, exhausted by their journey,/ the parent salmon die./ They have finished the task that nature has given them. /M onths, or years later, /the young fish start their trip to the ocean. /They live in the salt water from 2-7 years,/ until they, too are ready to swim back to reproduce. /Their life cycle helps man provid e himself with a basic food-fish./ When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the annu al trip up the rivers,/ they are in the best possible condition,/ and nearly every harbor has its sal mon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.Money (2004)Money is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. / People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. / In the past, many different things were used as mo ney. / People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. / The Chinese used cloth and kni ves. / In Africa, elephant tusks or salt were used. / Even today, some people in Africa are still paid in salt. /Coins were first invented by the Chinese./originally, they were round pieces of metal wit h a hole in the center, / so that a piece of string could keep them together. / This made doing busi ness much easier, / but people still found coins inconvenient to carry/ when they wanted to buy s omething expensive. /To solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with the solution. /They began to use paper money for coins. / Now paper notes are used throughout the world. The Wrist Watch （2005）It is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception / to the normal sequence in the evolut ion of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, / and then ado pted by men. / In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. / Until World War I, Americans associated the wat ch with fortune hunters. / Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical f or active combat. / Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and pilots found them mo st useful while flying. / Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. / By 1924, some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. / Today, the figure is 90 percen t. / And they are now worn by both men and women / for practical purposesrather than for decor ation.The Internet (2006)The Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. / Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, / or imagine a research project with thousands of scien tists / working around the clock forever. / This is the magic of the Internet. / Yet the Internet has t he potential for good and bad. / One can find well-organized, information-richwebsites. / At the s ame time, one can also find wasteful websites. / Most websites are known as different Internet a pplications. / These include online games, chat rooms (chatrooms) and so on. / These application s have great power, too. / Sometimes the power can be so great / that young people may easily b ecome victims to their attraction. / So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. / We must work together to use its power for better ends.2007 AdvertisingAdvertising has already become a very specialized activity in modern times. / In today's business world, supply is usually greater than demand./ There is great competition between manufacturer s of the same kind of product,/ because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand./ They always have to remind their customers/ of the name and the qualities of their produ cts by advertising./ The manufacturer advertises in newspapers and on the radio;/ he sometimes employs sales girls to distribute samples of his products; /he sometimes advertises on the interne t as well./ In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them./ Manufacturers often spend huge sums of money on advertisements./ We buy a particular product because we think that's the best./ We usually think so because the advertisements say s o,/ people often don’t ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth, /when they buy advertised products from the shops.2008 Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,/ many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives /and they sometimes move from job to job,/ until they find something thatsuits th em/ and of equally importance to which they are suited./ Others never find a job in which they ar e really happy. /They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes. /When we choose our care ers,we need to ask ourselves two questions./ First, what do we think we would like to be? /Secon d, what kind of people are we? /The idea, for example of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,/ but unless we have great talent, and are willing to work very hard. /We are certai n to fail in these occupations /and failure will lead to unhappiness in life. /So it is important to ass ess our suitability for a certain career in job search./2009 New Year’s EveFor many people in the west, New Year’s Eve is the biggest party of the year./ It’s time to get toge ther with friends or family /and welcome in the coming year./ New Y ear’s parties can take place i n different places. /Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, /while some jus t go for a few drinks with their friends. /Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. /T here is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common,/ the countdown to midnight./ When the clock strikes 12, people gi ve a loud cheer and sing songs./ It’s also popular to make a pr omise in the New Year./ This is called a New Year’s resolution./ Typical resolutions include giving u p smoking and keeping fit./ However the promise is often broken quite quickly /and people are b ack into their bad habits within weeks or days./ 2010Freshmen’s' WeekBritain has a well-respected higher education system/ and some of the top universities and resea rch institutions in the world. / But to those who are new to this system, it can sometimes be conf using. / October is usually the busiest monthin the academic calendar./ Universities have somet hing called Freshmen's Week for their newcomers./ It's a great opportunity to make new friends, /join lots of clubs and settle into university life./ However, having just left the comfort of home a nd all your friends behind, /the prospect of meeting strangers in classrooms and dormitories can be worrying./ Where do you start? And who should you make friends with? / Which clubs and so ciety should you join?/ Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you./ They worry about starting their university social life on the right foot./ So just take it all in slowly./ Don' t rush into anything that you'll regret for the next three years/British holiday habits 2011In the late 1970s, air travel became affordable for the average family in the UK, and more people started travelling aboard for their summer holidays. After all, the British weather wasn’t very goo d even in summer. So a lot of people left the country for a vacation. In the 1980s and the 1990s, y oung people in the UK become well-fare on average. As a result, they started to go aboard in grou ps to places such as Spain and Greece. Once they arrived at their destination, they met with othe r groups of young people and had one long party. British holidaying habits have begun to change , however. Climate change means that the UK now has a hotter climate. So people do not need to go overseas to find good weather. Also, going aboard is more expensive. As a result, more British people are choosing to spend their summer holidays in the UK.Ecotourism 2012Nowadays many of us try to live in a way that will damage the environment as little as possible. We recycle our newspapers and bottles; we take public transport to get to work; and we tryto bu y locally produced fruit and vegetables. And we want to take these attitudes on holiday with us. T his is why alternative forms of tourism are becoming popular in the world. There are lots of name s for these new forms of tourism: responsible tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, educat ional tourism and more. Although everyone may have a different definition, most people agree th at these new forms of tourism should do the following: first, they should conserve the wildlife an d culture of the area; second, they should benefit the local people; third, they should make a prof it without destroying natural resources; and finally they should provide an experience that tourist s want to pay for.What are dreams for2013One theory is that we dream to release the deep, secret desires. We do not express these desires in real life because of the rules of polite society. Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go t o sleep with a problem and wake up with the solution. This may be a way to use our dreams rather than a purpose of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analyzing them may help you to focus on the problem and help you to find the solution.The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk. Dreams organize the events of the day into folders and delete what is not needed. But we all know that very little of what we dream is concerned with what happened to us that day.Limiting the growth of technology 2014 Throughout history, man has changed his physical environment to improve his way of life.// With the tools of technology, // man has altered many physical features of the earth. // He has transfor med woodlandinto farmland. // He has modified the face of the earth// by cutting through moun tains to build roads and railways. // However, these changes in the physical environment// have n ot always had beneficial results. // Today, pollution of the air and water is a danger to the health of the planet. // Each day, thousands of tons of gases come out of the vehicles. // Smoke from fac tories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding countryside. // The air in cities i s becoming increasingly unhealthy. // The pollution of water is equally harmful. // In the sea, poll ution from oil is killing a lot of sea plants and fish. //It is now necessary for man to limit the growt h of technology in order to survive on earth. //。

B O O K R E V I E WM.Cargill and P.O’Connor:Writing scientific research articles:strategy and stepsWiley-Blackwell,Chichester,2009,X +173pp,£17.99(Paperback),ISBN:978-1-4051-8619-3Malcolm JoblingReceived:27April 2009/Accepted:27April 2009ÓSpringer Science+Business Media B.V.2009There are several manuals and guides that give information about how to write scientific papers,theses and reports,and how to prepare research applications,posters and other types of presentation.Writing Scientific Research Articles:Strategy and Steps is distin-guished by being one of the few books on scientific writing that is intended for course use.The focus is on the writing of scientific articles for publication in international peer-reviewed journals.The authors adopt a practical approach;text is kept to a minimum,and readers are challenged to develop and improve their writing skills by completing a series of exercises and work-tasks.The book is primarily aimed at those with limited writing experience,such as research students and early-career scientists,but the audience could also include researchers who have published several scientific articles.In other words,there are many practising scientists who could benefit from reading the book,completing the exercises and following the advice given.The book is divided into five parts,three of which are concerned directly with the writing and publication process,and two that provide supportive information and examples of published articles.The authors use extracts from the sample articles to illustrate salient points made in the main text,and these articles are also used as the basis for many of the exercises.A detailed list of contents can be found on the authors’information and support website (.au ).‘‘A framework for success’’deals with some preliminaries and serves to introduce readers to the basic concepts of scientific writing.The authors present a few thoughts about international publishing and the structure of research articles,introduce readers to intro-duction,methods,results and discussion (IMRAD)article structure and provide informa-tion about the criteria used by reviewers when evaluating manuscripts.‘‘When and how to write each article section’’is concerned with the mechanics of preparing manuscripts.In other words,this section answers questions about what should go where,and why.It deals with many specific points,such as:Why are the title and abstract so important?How can I make the introduction compelling reading?How muchdetail M.Jobling (&)University of Tromsø,9037Tromsø,Norwaye-mail:Malcolm.jobling@uit.no123Aquacult IntDOI 10.1007/s10499-009-9261-7Aquacult Int should I include in the methods?When should I usefigures,tables and text for presenting my results?And so on.‘‘Getting your manuscript published’’takes up the dilemmas faced by scientists when making choices about journals in which to publish.Guidance is also given about the procedures to be followed when submitting manuscripts.The authors also explain how to tackle the complex problems of dealing with reviewers’comments,manuscript revisions, re-submissions and communicating with journal editors.‘‘Further developing your publication skills’’introduces readers to a few tricks of the writing and publication trade.If readers follow the tips given they should become more proficient at dealing with the problems experienced at each stage of the writing and publication process.There is some focus on discussion of writing style and acceptable forms of prose.The concepts of textual frameworks and templates are introduced,and the importance of paraphrasing is stressed.Some guidelines are given about how to avoid florid language,hyperbole and redundancy.The authors also point out some other common mistakes that appear in scientific manuscripts.I cringed more than once as I read this section,because I came across descriptions of errors and faux pas that I make all too often.Each of the main sections includes practical exercises intended to enable readers to hone their writing skills and improve their chances of getting work published.The exercises are at the core of the book,and several of these are novel and innovative.Two sample papers, presented at the end of the book,are often referred to in the main text and they are much used in the exercises.Both papers are from biological science journals;one has a biochemical focus and the other is ecological.Readers are also instructed to select papers from their own researchfield for use in some of the exercises and work-tasks.Writing Scientific Research Articles:Strategy and Steps is clearly written,has a logical step-by-step structure,is easy to read and contains a lot of sensible advice about how to get scientific work published in international journals.The book is a most useful addition to the literature covering scientific writing.It should be of particular interest and value to those who are on the verge of embarking upon a career in scientific research.123。

历年考研真题英语二阅读理解做阅读要把握三个方法，1、阅读的本质是规律，2、反复强调的是重点，重点即是考点，3、考研阅读理解的答案不是选出来的，而是用排解法比较出来的。

下文是我为你细心编辑整理的历年考研真题英语二阅读理解，盼望对你有所关心，更多内容，请点击相关栏目查看，感谢!历年考研真题英语二阅读理解1Text 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created a paradox in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves aone-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity.First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration studentsstruggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn therules of the game，and take advantage of college resou rces, they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages dont talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges anduniversities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question答案：26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question历年考研真题英语二阅读理解2Text 2While fossil fuels—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasinglythe story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “What happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who areplacing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting”(Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .[A] stabilizing[B] changing[C] falling[D] rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America .[A] is progressing notably[B] is as extensive as in Europe[C] faces many challenges[D] has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .[A] wind is a widely used energy source[B] wind energy has replaced fossil fuels[C] tech giants are investing in clean energy[D] there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 56?[A] Its application has boosted battery storage.[B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing.[C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.[D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.[A] will bring the USA closer to other countries.[B] will accelerate global environmental change.[C] is not really encouraged by the USA government.[D] is not competitive enough with regard to its cost.历年考研真题英语二阅读理解3Text 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average inleadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have areany evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tendedto______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sides历年考研真题英语二阅读理解4Text 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intentionto stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can beboth here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.考研英语二。

赛默飞英文文章引用全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：赛默飞（Thermo Fisher Scientific）是一家全球领先的生命科学和实验室技术公司，总部位于美国麻省。

该公司致力于为全球生命科学研究、生产和实验室应用等领域提供广泛的产品和服务。

赛默飞拥有庞大的员工团队、先进的研发能力和全球化的销售网络，为客户提供最先进的技术和解决方案。

赛默飞的产品涵盖了生物医学、生命科学、医疗诊断、实验室设备等多个领域，可满足客户在科研、医疗、生产等方面的需求。

公司不仅有着丰富的产品线，更有着专业的技术团队和服务团队，能够为客户提供全方位的帮助和支持。

赛默飞致力于推动科学的发展和创新，持续投入研发与创新，不断推出新产品和技术，以满足客户的需求。

公司注重质量和可靠性，严格执行质量管理体系，并持续改进产品和服务，以确保客户能获得最好的体验。

赛默飞的服务团队一直以客户满意度为宗旨，通过专业的技术支持、培训课程和应用实验室等服务，帮助客户充分发挥产品的性能和效益。

公司拥有强大的全球销售网络，能够及时、高效地为客户提供产品和服务支持。

作为生命科学和实验室技术行业的领军企业，赛默飞一直以其卓越的品质和服务受到客户的高度认可和信赖。

公司始终秉承“以客户为中心，追求卓越”的经营理念，不断提升自身实力，推动行业的发展和创新。

赛默飞作为全球领先的生命科学和实验室技术公司，凭借其优秀的产品、服务和创新能力，为客户提供了全方位的支持和帮助，成为众多科研机构、医疗机构和实验室的首选合作伙伴。

在未来，赛默飞将继续致力于推动科学的发展和创新，为客户创造更大的价值和贡献。

第二篇示例：赛默飞（Thermo Fisher）是一间全球领先的生命科学和实验室技术公司，总部设在美国马萨诸塞州。

该公司成立于2006年，是由赛默飞与Invitrogen 公司合并而成的。

赛默飞主要从事生命科学、生物技术、光谱学、药物开发和临床诊断等领域的研究与开发，并提供广泛的产品和服务。