12 Fortified Food

垃圾食品英语汇总junk food (垃圾食品)processed food (加工食品)fast food (快餐)fatty food (高脂肪食品)sugary food (高糖食品)unhealthy food (不健康食品)highly-processed food (高度加工食品) convenience food (方便食品)snack food (零食)fried food (油炸食品)carbonated beverages (碳酸饮料)soda (苏打水)chips (薯片)candy (糖果)chocolate bars (巧克力棒)cookies (饼干)cake (蛋糕)ice cream (冰淇淋)pizza (比萨饼)hamburger (汉堡包)french fries (薯条)fried chicken (炸鸡)soft drinks (软饮料)sweets (甜食)soda pop (汽水)snack cakes (小吃蛋糕)ice pops (冰棍)milkshakes (奶昔)candy bars (巧克力棒)popsicles (果冻冰棒)doughnuts (甜甜圈)potato chips (薯片)sugar-sweetened beverages (含糖饮料)chocolate-covered anything (巧克力包裹的任何食物) excessive calorie food (高热量食品)high sodium food (高钠食品)highly-caffeinated drinks (高咖啡因饮料)deep-fried food (油炸食物)frozen desserts (冷冻甜点)salty snacks (咸味零食)sugar-laden treats (含糖食物)overly processed meals (超加工食品)junk food addiction (垃圾食品成瘾)。

GRE（VERBAL）基础填空模拟试卷25(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. PART ONEPART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1．NASA engineer Gloria Yamauchi uses______approach to research, in that it draws on physics, aerodynamics, mathematics, and other fields.正确答案：B，C解析：逗号说明前后同义重复。

空格与physics，aerodynamics，mathematics，and other fields(物理学、空气动力学、数学以及其他学科)同义重复。

self-evident 不言而喻的，interdisciplinary跨学科的，eclectic混合的，economical节俭的，impractical不切实际的，unfeasible不切实际的。

答案选BC。

注：这里impractical 和unfeasible是干扰项，同表示“不切实际的”。

知识模块：基础填空2．Less confident employees tend to be______about asking for a pay increase, preferring to wait for their supervisors to raise the issue.正确答案：C，F解析：空格和Less confident同义重复。

A氨基酸 amino acid爱尔啤酒（美国）aleA级牛奶 grand A milkB必需氨基酸 essential amino acid冰镇啤酒 iced(chilled ) beer话梅prune candied plum棒棒糖bonbon班图酒bantu beer薄荷糖mint冰棒（冰果） ice（frozen） sucker布丁pudding冰淇凌ice cream半干雪利 dry sark槟榔betelnut包心菜; 大白菜cabbage菠菜 spinach巴西果 brazil nut白萝卜ternip白酒 white wine白兰地 brandy白啤酒 white beer百木耳 white fungus冰棒 Ice-lolly啤酒beer饱和脂肪酸 saturated fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸 unsaturated fatty acid 鲍鱼 sea-ear abalone百叶beancurd sheet八角star anise饼干 cookies白薯甘薯 sweet potato保质期date of minimum durability保鲜 refreshment (refreshing)巴氏消毒 pasteurization不溶性固形物 insoluble solidC 草莓 strawberry菜瓜long crooked squash葱green onion鲳鱼 butterfish草菇button mushroom醋 vinegar茶叶蛋 Tea eggs春卷Spring rolls餐饮业厨房用地板 - Kitchen flooring for catering成分 ingredient糙米 Brown rice粗脂肪 crude fat粗纤维 crude fiber传统食品traditional food餐饮业清洁设备 - Catering sanitizers 沉淀 precipitation成熟 ripening超高温瞬时灭菌 ultra high temperature short time sterilization充气包装 gas flush packaging （ gas packing ）超高温杀菌设备 - Over-temperature sterilization equipment; 超临界萃取设备 - Over-critical extraction equipment;D豆芽bean sprout地瓜ficus tikaua冬瓜white gourd大蒜 garlic参水牛奶 blue milk对虾、大虾 prawn冬菇dried mushroom饼（蛋糕）cake大麦barley点心（中式）dim sum淀粉starch豆奶 soy milk豆浆soybean milk蛋挞 egg tart蛋白质 protein动物性食品 food of animal origin (animal food)动物蛋白 animal protein淀粉制品 starch-based product蛋白质变性protein denaturation蛋白质互补 complementary action of protein碘价 iodine value大肠菌群 coliform蛋制品 egg product打浆 mashingEF番茄 tomato番茄酱 tomato ketchup, tomato sauce方便面 instant noodle番石榴 guava凤梨pineapple伏特加酒vodka发菜hair-like seaweed方便食品convenient food(fast food, prepared f ood, instant food)废物处理设备 - Waste disposal equipment;放射性污染 radioactive contamination发酵 fermentation粉碎 grinding分离 separation 复水 rehydration辐照保藏 irradiation preservation 腐败 spoilage防腐剂preservative分子蒸馏设备 - Molecule distillation equipment;G甘蔗sugar-cane橄榄olive羔羊肉 lamb甘蓝菜 kale牡蛎oyster咖喱 curry高筋面粉 Strong flour高粱broomcorn （kaoliang ）固形物 solid content果脯 preserved fruit感官特性organoleptic attribute干制食品 dehydrated food罐藏食品canned food谷类制品cereal product糕点 pastry过滤 filtration干燥 drying锅巴 rice crust瓜子 melon seed干制保藏drying preservation (preserved by deh ydration ; drying process)过氧化值peroxide value果汁juice过滤设备 - Filtration equipmentH哈密瓜honey-dew melon化学品/农药残留物检测系统 - Chemical/pesticide residue testing;火龙果 pitaya红毛丹rambutan黄豆芽 soybean sprout花椰菜broccoli蒿菜tarragon胡萝卜 carrot黄瓜cucumber海参 sea cucumber海蜇jellyfish鳖海龟turtle黄花鱼 yellow croaker花生油 peanut oil红椒 paprika还原糖 reducing sugar黄油（白塔油）butter汉堡 hamburger黄花 daylily火腿ham馄饨皮 wonton skin汉斯啤酒 Hans beer花生 peanut核桃 walnut烘焙食品 bakery化学品分析仪器 - Chemical analyzers 红酒 red wine糊化 gelatinization烘焙 baking化学保藏 chemical preservation化学性污染chemical contamination 褐变 browningIJ酱油 soy sauce鸡尾酒cocktail鸡肉chickenstring橘子 tangerine橘mandarin orange 金针菜 dried lily flower芥菜mustard leaf韭菜leek金针菇needle mushroom韭黄chives芥茉mustard饺子dumpling加工助剂 processing aid酒水类beverage碱处理 alkali treatment搅拌 mixing精馏 rectification (distilling) 解吸 deabsorption均质 homogenizing精制 refining酱渍 saucing接种 inoculation检测设备 - Testing equipment菌落总数 total plate countK空心菜 mater convolvulus苦瓜 bitter gourd开胃菜 appetizer矿物质 mineral matter可溶性固形物 soluble solid抗生素 antibiotic开心果 pistachionL栗子chestnut梨子pear荔枝lichee龙眼wax-apple菱角water caltrop凉开水 cold boiled water李子plum榴梿 durian绿豆芽mung bean sprout札幌（日本啤酒）Sapporo芦荟asparagus龙虾 lobster莲藕lotus root里脊肉 fille凉粉 bean jelly粟 Chinese corn良好操作规范good manufacturing practice (GMP)粮食 grain硫处理 sulphuring treatment离心分离centrifugal separation冷冻速冻设备 - Freezing and deep freezing equipment离析器 Separators离子交换 ion exchange冷藏 cold storage , frozen storageM毛豆green soy bean芒果mango木瓜papaya蘑菇 agaricus木耳agaric面筋wheat gluten马铃薯potato, spud摸拟食品 imitation food麦芽糖 maltose米饭rice面包 bread面条 noodle馒头 steamed bread面粉 flour酶enzyme膜分离 membrane separation膜分离设备 - Velum seperation equipment 灭菌 sterilization霉变 mould每日推荐的营养素供给量 (RDA) recommended daily nutrient a llowance N南瓜 pumpkin奶酪 cheese牛排 steak糯米江米 sticky rice浓缩 concentration浓缩果汁 concentrated juice酿造 brewing凝沉 coagulation嫩化 tenderization农药残留 residue of pesticideOP苹果apple枇杷 loquat比萨饼 pizza葡萄 grape碰柑ponkan葡萄柚grapefruit葡萄干raisin cordial葡萄酒 sherry膨化食品 puffed food (extruded food) 配方 formula配料表list of ingredients破碎 cracking (crushing)膨化 extrusion (puffing)培菌 cultivationQ芹菜 celery七喜 7 UP麒麟（日本啤酒kirin）青葱scallion, leek茄子eggplant青椒green pepper青稞highland barley强化食品 nutrient fortified food巧克力豆 marble chocolate barley （盐）汽水sparkling water汽水(软饮料) soda气相／液相色谱仪 - Gas/Liquid chromatogram apparatus清洁剂 - Cleanser浸取 extraction氢化 hydrogenation气调贮藏 storage in controlled atmosphereR肉挂cinnamon肉馅饼minced pie肉丸子 meat balls软包装flexible package软化 softening肉制品 meat product乳制品 dairy product乳化 emu染菌 microbiological contamination （ c ontamination ） lsification热量 calorie人体每日允许摄入量 (ADI) acceptable daily intake (ADI )日本粗茶 bancha溶剂– SolventsS蔬菜制品 vegetable product筛分screening (sifting)生啤酒 draft beer<苏格兰>大麦酒barley-bree水产品 sea food水果制品 fruit product水蜜桃juice peach柿子persimmon 四季豆bean圣代冰淇淋 sundae酸奶 yoghurt生菜lettuce笋干dried bamboo shoot丝瓜loofah山芋yam ginger蒜头garlic bulb扇贝 scallop沙茶酱barbeque sauce三文治 sandwich山药yam松花蛋皮蛋preserved eggs水溶性维生素water soluble vitamin水分 moisture content水分活度water activity水质量分析和控制设备 - Water quality analysis and control equipment酸度 acidity速冻食品 quick-frozen food食品感官检验 sensory analysis ( sensory evaluat ion)食品理化检验 food physical and chemical analysi s酸价 acid value食品制造 food manufacturing食品加工 food processing食品工业 food industry食品资源food resource食品新资源new resource for food 食品添加剂food additive食品营养强化剂food enrichment试纸、试剂 - Test paper and reagent. 审核和认证服务 - Auditing and certification;数据库和软件服务 - Databanks and software on regulatory issues食品包装材料packaging material for food食品包装 food packaging （ food packing ，food package ）食品包装容器food container食品标签food labeling食品质量管理food quality control食品质量监督food quality supervision手套 - Gloves; 食品质量检验food quality inspection食品质量控制管理服务 - Food quality control management services;实验室食品分析服务 - Food analysis laboratory services;食品安全管理服务 - Food safety management services;食品卫生管理服务 - Food hygiene management services食品卫生 food hygiene (food safety)食品营养food nutrition食品成分food composition食品分析food analysis食品工业标准化food industry standardization食品标准food standard食品产品标准food product standard食品微生物学检验food microbiological analysis食品卫生标准food hygienic standard 食品厂卫生规范hygienic code of food factory食品分析方法标准food analysing standard methed食品生产许可证 food production licence食品产品合格证food product qualification食品卫生许可证food hygiene licence 食物安全毒理学评价toxicological evaluation for food saf ety食品污染food contamination生物性污染biologic contamination兽药残留residue of veterinary drug 食物中毒food poisoning酸败 rancidity食品卫生合格证 food hygiene qualification食品工业副产品 by-product of food industry食用油脂 edible oil and fat食用盐 edible salt (food grade salt) 实验室设备和传感器 - Laboratory equipment and sensors;射线杀菌和巴氏杀菌消毒技术 - Irradiation sterilization and pasteurization technology;食品成分分析仪器 - Constituent analyzers;食品预处理设备 - Food preparation equipment;酸处理acid treatment闪蒸 flash evaporation速冻 quick-freezing酸渍 pickling商业无菌 commercial sterilization膳食纤维 dietary fiber湿度控制仪器 - Humidity control equipment;食品配料分析仪器 - Ingredient analyzers;T碳水化合物 carbohydrate桃子peach汤 soup甜菜 beetroot, beet调味品seasoning糖 sugar糖制品 confectionery特殊营养食品food of special nutrients天然食品natural food糖果 candy调味品 condiment (seasoning)脱水 dehydration糖化 saccharification (conversion)糖渍 sugaringUVW文旦shaddock无花果fig豌豆pea莴苣 lettuce味噌miso味精monosodium glutamate , gourmet powder无花果fig无菌（真空）包装设备 - Vacuum packaging equipment微量元素 trace element维生素 vitamin危害分析关键控制点 hazard analysis and critical contr ol point (HACCP)微生物毒素 microbial toxin无酒精饮料non-alcoholic drink （ soft drink ）无菌包装aseptic packaging （ aseptic packing ）温度纪录仪器 Temperature recording equipment污染控制设备 - Pollution control equipment外界污染源勘测仪器 - Detection of foreign contaminating objects;X 杏仁almond香蕉banana西瓜watermelon香瓜muskmelon香菜caraway雪里红salted vegetable 小黄瓜 gherkin虾仁Peeled Prawns小龙虾 crayfish（退缩者）蟹 crab蟹足crab claws小虾（虾米） shrimp小贝肉cockles虾籽 shrimp egg香菇champignon香肠 sausage咸菜（泡菜）pickle小麦wheat馅儿 stuffing熏制食品 smoking food 吸附 adsorption吸收 absorption熏制 smoking消毒 disinfectionY椰子coconut杨桃carambola芋头taro樱桃 cherry洋葱onion（烤）鱿鱼（toast）squid 鱼鳞scale银鲤鱼chub silver carp 鱼子酱 caviar盐salt芋头 Taro油菜 rape鱼翅 shark fin玉米 corn燕麦 oat燕窝bird’s nest腰果 Cashew nuts腌制品 curing food婴幼儿食品 infant or baby food预包装食品prepackaged food原料raw material硬包装rigid package饮料酒 alcoholic drink原料清理 raw material handling (raw materia l cleaning)原料预处理 pretreatment of raw material有效碳水化合物 effective carbohydrate压榨 pressing液化 liquefaction)营养强化 fortification (enrichment) 营养素 nutrient腌制保藏 curing preservation (preserved by curing process)盐渍 salting营养学评价nutritional evaluationZ紫菜 agar-agar榨菜preserved szec huan pickle竹笋bamboo shoot猪油 lard粥congee （rice soup枳橙citrange榛子filbert hazel植物性品 vegetable food (plant food) 辅料 minor ingredient植物蛋白食品 vegetable protein food蒸馏 distillation蒸发 evaporation糟渍 cured or pickled with germented grains 真空包装 vacuum packing粗蛋白质 crude protein 植物蛋白 vegetable protein脂肪 fat (oil and fat)脂肪酸 fatty acid脂溶性维生素 liposoluble vitamin (fat soluble vitamin) 重金属 heavy metal总还原糖 total reducing sugar总酸 total acid致病菌 pathogenic bacterium咨询服务 Consulting services。

1、世界各国与CAC对食品添加剂定义的描述有何区别？ P1-22、食品添加剂具有什么功能？ P23、你认为推动食品添加剂行业发展的原因是什么？ P84、说出以下各类食品添加剂的相应英文表达？1 酸度调节剂 acidity regulators2 抗结剂 anticaking agents3 消泡剂 antifoaming agents4 抗氧化剂 antioxidants5 漂白剂 bleaching agents6 膨松剂 bulking agents7 胶姆糖基础剂 chewing gum bases 8 着色剂 coloring agents 9 护色剂 color fixatives10乳化剂emulsifiers 11酶制剂 enzyme preparations 12 增味剂 flavor enhancers13 面粉处理剂 flour-treating agents 14 被膜剂 coating agents 15 水分保持剂 humectants16 营养强化剂 nutrition enhancers17 防腐剂 preservatives18 稳定剂凝固剂stabilizers andcoagulators 19 甜味剂 sweeteners20增稠剂thickeners 21 香精香料flavoring agents 22食品工业用加工助剂 food processing aids1、食品添加剂毒理学评价的主要内容是什么？（1）食品添加剂的化学结构、理化性质和纯度，在食品中存在的形式以及降解过程和降解产物。

（2）食品添加剂随同食品进入机体后，在组织器官内的贮留分布、代谢转变及排泄状况。

（3）食品添加剂及其代谢产物在机体内引起的生物学变化，亦即对机体可能造成的毒害及其机理。

2、毒理学评价试验包括哪四个阶段？其目的是什么？（1）第一阶段：急性毒性试验（acute toxicity study）LD50，了解受试物的毒性强度、性质和可能的靶器官，为进一步进行毒性试验的剂量和毒性判定指标的选择提供依据。

食品工业基本术语GB15091-95(1)中华人民共和国国家标准食品工业基本术语Fundamental terms of food industry GB 15091-951 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了食品工业常用的基本术语。

本标准适用于食品工业生产、科研、教学及其他有关领域。

2 一般术语2.1 食品 food 可供人类食用或饮用的物质，包括加工食品、半成品和未加工食品，不包括烟草或只作药品用的物质。

2.1.1 动物性食品 food of animal origin (animal food) 动物体及其产物的可食部分，或以其为原料的加工制品。

2.1.2 植物性食品 vegetable food (plant food) 可食植物的根、茎、叶、花、果、籽、皮、汁，以及食用菌和藻类；或以其为主要原料的加工制品。

2.1.3 传统食品 traditional food 生产历史悠久，采用传统工艺加工制造，反映地方和/或民族特色的食品。

2.1.4 干制食品 dehydrated food 将动植物原料经过不同程度的干燥制成的食品。

同义词：脱水食品。

2.1.5 糖制食品 confectionery 以糖、乳、油脂、谷物、果仁、豆类、水果为主要原料，添加香料或其他食品添加剂制成的含糖量较高的食品。

同义词：糖食品。

2.1.6 腌制品 curing food 采用腌制(详见"腌制"条)工艺制成的食品。

2.1.7 烘焙食品 bakery 采用烘焙（详见“烘焙”条）工艺制成的食品。

2.1.8 熏制食品 smoking food 采用烟熏（详见“烟熏”条）工艺制成的食品。

2.1.9 膨化食品 puffed food (extruded food) 采用膨化（详见“膨化”条）工艺制成的食品。

2.1.10 速冻食品 quick-frozen food 采用速冻（详见“速冻”条）工艺制成的食品。

2.1.11 罐藏食品canned food 将原料或半成品加工处理后装入金属罐、玻璃瓶或软包装容器中，经排气、密封、加热杀菌、冷却等工序，制成的商业无菌食品。

食物制造的英文作文带翻译Title: The Art and Science of Food Manufacturing。

Food manufacturing is a multifaceted process that encompasses both artistry and scientific precision. From the inception of an idea to the final product on the consumer's plate, numerous steps are involved in transforming raw ingredients into delectable treats. Let's delve into the intricacies of food manufacturing and explore its significance in today's culinary landscape.First and foremost, food manufacturing begins with the conception of a recipe. Whether it's a traditional family recipe passed down through generations or a groundbreaking innovation, the formulation stage sets the foundation for the entire process. This is where creativity flourishes as chefs and food scientists experiment with flavor combinations, textures, and techniques to achieve the desired outcome.Once a recipe is finalized, the next step is ingredient sourcing. Quality ingredients are paramount in food manufacturing, as they directly influence the taste, nutritional value, and overall appeal of the final product. Whether it's locally sourced produce, sustainably sourced seafood, or premium imported spices, meticulous attentionis paid to selecting the finest ingredients available.With the ingredients in hand, the manufacturing process kicks into high gear. This typically involves a series of precise measurements, mixing, blending, heating, and cooling steps to transform raw materials into finished goods. Modern food manufacturing facilities are equipped with state-of-the-art machinery and technology to streamline production and ensure consistency in quality and safety standards.However, it's not just about mechanization and automation. The human touch remains an integral part of food manufacturing, especially when it comes to artisanal and craft foods. Skilled artisans and chefs lend their expertise to every stage of the process, from handcraftingspecialty chocolates to meticulously shaping pasta dough. This infusion of craftsmanship adds a unique dimension to the final product, appealing to discerning consumers seeking authenticity and artisanal flair.Moreover, food manufacturing is not merely about mass production; it's also about customization and innovation. With advancements in food science and technology, manufacturers can tailor products to meet specific dietary preferences, nutritional requirements, and flavor profiles. Whether it's gluten-free baked goods, plant-based meat alternatives, or functional foods fortified with vitamins and minerals, the possibilities are endless.In today's increasingly health-conscious society, food safety and quality assurance are paramount considerations in food manufacturing. Stringent regulations and standards govern every aspect of the process, from hygiene practices in the production facility to labeling requirements on the packaging. Manufacturers invest heavily in quality control measures, including regular testing, inspections, and audits, to uphold the highest standards of food safety andintegrity.Furthermore, sustainability has emerged as a pressing concern in food manufacturing. With growing awareness of environmental issues and resource depletion, manufacturers are adopting eco-friendly practices to minimize their carbon footprint and promote sustainability throughout the supply chain. This includes reducing food waste, optimizing energy usage, and sourcing ingredients from ethical and environmentally responsible sources.In conclusion, food manufacturing is a dynamic and evolving industry that combines artistry, science, and innovation to create the foods we love. From the meticulous craftsmanship of artisanal producers to the cutting-edge technologies of large-scale manufacturers, each plays a vital role in shaping the culinary landscape. By embracing creativity, quality, safety, and sustainability, food manufacturers continue to delight and nourish consumers around the globe.食品制造是一个多方面的过程，涵盖了艺术和科学的精确性。

thiamin翻译Thiamin（又称维生素B1）是一种水溶性维生素，属于B族维生素之一。

它在人体中发挥重要作用，包括促进神经系统的正常功能、维持心脏健康以及帮助身体将碳水化合物转化为能量。

下面是一些关于thiamin的用法和中英文对照例句：1. Dietary sources of thiamin include whole grains, legumes, lean meats, nuts, and seeds.食物中富含维生素B1的食物包括全谷类食物、豆类、瘦肉、坚果和种子。

2. Thiamin deficiency can lead to a condition called beriberi, which is characterized by weakness, fatigue, and nerve damage.缺乏维生素B1会导致一种称为脚气病的疾病，其特征为虚弱、疲劳和神经损伤。

3. Alcohol consumption can interfere with thiamin absorption and increase the risk of thiamin deficiency.饮酒会干扰维生素B1的吸收，增加维生素B1缺乏的风险。

4. Thiamin supplements are sometimes recommended for individuals with certain medical conditions or those who have an increased need for this vitamin.对于某些特定的医疗状况或者对维生素B1有更高需求的人群，有时会建议补充维生素B1。

5. The recommended daily intake of thiamin for adults is around 1.1-1.2 mg.成年人每天建议摄入的维生素B1约为1.1-1.2毫克。

食品营养强化剂英语Food Nutrition FortifiersThe world of food and nutrition has evolved significantly over the past few decades. As our understanding of the human body and its nutritional needs has grown, so too has the development of various food additives and fortifiers designed to enhance the nutritional value of our diets. One such category of these additives is food nutrition fortifiers, which have become increasingly prevalent in the modern food industry.Food nutrition fortifiers are substances that are intentionally added to food products to increase their nutritional content. These can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other essential nutrients that may be lacking in the original food item. The goal of using these fortifiers is to improve the overall nutritional profile of the food, providing consumers with a more well-rounded and healthful product.One of the primary benefits of food nutrition fortifiers is their ability to address deficiencies in the population's dietary intake. Many people, particularly in developing countries, may not have access toa diverse and nutrient-rich diet. By fortifying staple foods with essential vitamins and minerals, these fortifiers can help to bridge the gap and ensure that people are getting the nutrients they need to maintain good health.For example, iodine fortification of salt has been a successful public health intervention in many countries, helping to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, which can lead to cognitive impairment and other serious health problems. Similarly, the fortification of flour with folic acid has been shown to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects in newborns.Beyond addressing deficiencies, food nutrition fortifiers can also be used to enhance the nutritional value of processed and convenience foods. Many of these products, while often affordable and accessible, can be lacking in certain essential nutrients. By adding fortifiers, manufacturers can create more nutrient-dense versions of these foods, making them a more viable option for those who may not have the time or resources to prepare fresh, whole-food meals.One of the key advantages of food nutrition fortifiers is their versatility. They can be incorporated into a wide range of food products, from breads and cereals to dairy items and beverages. This allows for a more comprehensive approach to improving the overall nutritional quality of the food supply, rather than relying on a singlefortified product or food group.However, the use of food nutrition fortifiers is not without its challenges and considerations. There are concerns about the potential for overconsumption of certain nutrients, as well as the possibility of interactions between fortifiers and other food components. Regulatory bodies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, have established guidelines and regulations to ensure the safe and appropriate use of these additives.Additionally, there are debates around the long-term health implications of consuming fortified foods. While the short-term benefits may be clear, there are questions about the potential for unintended consequences or the development of dependencies on fortified products.Despite these concerns, the overall consensus among nutrition experts is that the judicious use of food nutrition fortifiers can be a valuable tool in promoting public health and addressing nutritional deficiencies. When implemented responsibly and in conjunction with a balanced, whole-food diet, these fortifiers can play a crucial role in improving the nutritional status of populations around the world.As the food industry continues to evolve, it is likely that the use offood nutrition fortifiers will become even more widespread. However, it is important that this evolution is accompanied by ongoing research, education, and responsible regulation to ensure that these additives are used in a way that truly benefits the health and well-being of consumers.。

2021专升本阅读理解练习及答案详解Reading Comprehension(January, 2021)Passage 1Packaging is an important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate someone to buy a product. For example, a small child may ask for a breakfast food that comes in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or to cut out, games printed on a package or small gifts inside a box also motivate many children to buy products, or to ask their parents to buy for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing. Food products sold in reusable container are examples of this. Although a similar product in a plain container may cost less, people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish, because they believe the container is free. However, the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.The size of the package also motivates a buyer. Maybe the package has “Economy Size” or “Family Size” painte d on it. This suggests that the large size has the most products for the least money. But that is not always true. To find out, a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.The information on the package should provide some answers. But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement. The words and pictures do not tell the whole story. Only the product inside can do that.□1.As used in the passage, the word “motivate” most probably mea ns . A) making one deep in thoughtB) supplying a thought or feeling that makes one act C) providing a story that makes one moveD) making one believe what he does is just right2. A buyer will get something for nothing most probably means that ___ .A) a buyer will get something useful free of charge B) a buyer will get what hepays for C) a buyer will gain more than he loses D) a buyer will not get what he wants3.People are likely to buy the product sold in a glass or dish because . A) they believe the cost of the container is included in the cost of the product B) the container is too attractiveC) they think they can get the container for free D) they have no other choice□□4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? . A) Package is often a successful advertisementB)Children are often encouraged to buy a product by its package withattractive picturesC) A buyer is also attracted by the size of the containerD)On seeing a well-designed container, a buyer often neglects what is in it5. What suggestion does the author give in the passage? _________ .E)The quality of the container has nothing to do with the quality of the product B) Don’t buy the product which is sold in a glass or dish C) A buyer should get what he needs mostF)The best choice for a buyer is to get a product in a plain packagePassage 2China is pushing forward a nationwide trial on fortified (强化的) food, in a bid to improve the health of its citizens. About 30,000 people from the country’s western region have used fortified flour for two years. Their diets had been improved. This experience will be promoted throughout the country and fortifiedoil and rice have also been introduced across the country.Fortified food refers to food with nutrients (营养) added, such as vitamins, calcium and iron. The nutrition program is expected to be included in the key projects for the country’s 11th Five-Year Plan (2021-2021). Aseries of rules and regulations, such as nutrition rules and production standards for fortified flour, will come into effect.The intake of some nutrients, such as fat, protein and calories is oftenexcessive, but some other nutrients, such as vitamins, are lacking in some diets, according to some experts.At the moment there are three ways to improve public nutrition ----- a balanced diet, food fortification and nutritional supplements (补充). However, due to China’s massive population and its unbalanced economic development, food fortification is thought to be the best way of improving public nutrition in a short period of time.China started fortifying food in 2002, while developed countries such as the United States have more than 50 years of such experience. “Fortified foods do not sell well, as the public still knows little about it.” Some experts pointed out.1.What is the purpose for China to push forward the plan on fortified food? .A) To improve the health of its citizensB)To advise its citizens to use fortified flour C) To introduce fortified oil and rice1D) To introduce 3 ways to improve public nutrition 2. What are added to fortified food? _____ . A) Vitamins B) Calcium and ironC)Fat, protein and calories D) Both A and B3.Where is the nutrition program expected to be included? ______ . A) In a series of rules and regulations B) In nutrition rulesC) In the key projects for the country’s 11th Five-Year Plan D) In production standards4.Which of the following statements is NOT true? ______ . A) Somenutrients are lacking in some dietsB)China started fortifying food nearly around years earlier than U.S.C)Food fortification is thought to be the best way of improving public nutrition now D) There are 3 ways to improve public nutrition at the moment 5.Why don’t the fortified foods sell well? ______ . A) Because the public knowlittle about them B) Because the prices are higherC)Because fortified foods don’t taste go odD)Because fat, protein and calories in fortified foods are often excessive□Passage 3A moment’s drilling by the dentists may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the “needle” that deadens the nerves around the tooth. Now it’s true that human body has developed millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves --------------------------------- and our brain, which is a bundleof nerves --- we wouldn’t know what’s happening. But we pay for oursensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain. But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian Fakir who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain. Thisability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain. The big thing in withstanding pain is ourattitude towards it. If the denti st says, “This2□will hurt a little”, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating thepain as an interesting sensation, we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.1.The purpose of this passage is mainly to tell us ______ . A) that painis good for us8)to stop taking the “needle” at the dentist’s C) how to handle pain D) how to avoid torture2.The sense of pain can ______ .A) let u s know what’s going on in any part of our body B) make us open to tortureC) make us pay for our sensitivity D) help us get more sensations3.The best way to ease pain is to _____ . A) do what the Indian Fakirs doB) welcome it C) know about it in advance D) treat it as an interesting sensation4.In the first sentence of the last paragraph the word “withstanding” probably means _____ .A) accepting B) avoiding C) handling D) curing 5. “We pay for oursensitivity” (paragraph 2) means ______ .A) it was fortunate for humans to have developed this sensitivity B) we suffer because of this sensitivityC) we know very well how to cope with sensations of pain D) we have to pay the dentist for his treatment of our teeth□Passage 4Governments at all levels face a tough task in better managing and serving migrant populations.The municipal government of Shanghai carried out a residence certificate system in 2002, granting migrant laborers some treatments enjoyed by their urban counterparts. In Shenzhen, the residence certificate has included healthcare, education and many other contents. The government of Beijing is also working on a local regulation about migrant population management that has aroused much attention.It is not only a specific issue of migrant population management and service but also an issue concerning social welfare, public products, management mechanisms and humanrights.For more than half a century, permanent residence registration has been the sole criterion (标准)for one to enjoy urban public products such as healthcare, education, employment and social security. Migrant workers, though contributing to the local economy, can’t enjoy such products equally.Sometimes they are even guarded or discriminated (歧视)against. □Migrant populations cannot have a sense of belonging to the city they live in, which is no good for social order and stability and will bring negative impacts to the management.Scientific, rational (合理的)and just social policies and laws will build our society in a positive way. Migrant laborers, especially those who have realized stable employment in the city, should be granted treatment equal to their urban counterparts.1.How long has the permanent residence registration been the sole criterion?. A) For more than 20 years B) For more than 40 years C) For more than 50 years D) For more than 100 years 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? _____________ .A)It is in 2002 that the municipal government of Shanghai carried out a residencecertificate systemB)It is in Shenzhen that the residence certificate has included healthcare, educationand many other contentsC)It is the compulsory education of migrant children that all municipal governmentsshould pay attention toD)It is in Beijing that the government is working on a local regulation about migrantpopulation management3. We can infer from the passage that ______ . A) Migrant populationswant to settle in citiesB) Migrant workers play an important role in local economy C) Migrant workers are all trouble-makersD)Migrant workers will move out of cities sooner or later 4. What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage? ______ . A) To argue for theimportance of equal rights for all citizens. B) To explain the importance of migrant workers. C) To show the importance of social stability.E)To indicate the importance of municipal governments of all cities. 5. The best title for the passage is __________ . A) Equal rights for migrants B)Social order and stabilityF)Migrant population management□G)Migrant population servicePassage 5Although one might not think so from some of the criticism of it, advertising is essential to the kind of society in which people in the United Kingdom, and a very considerable proportion of the world at large, live. Advertising is indispensable as a means of communicating with others, of telling them about the goods and services that are provided, and of which most of them would never get to hear at all if it were not for advertising. And advertising is extremely helpful to promote a rising standard of living.In talking about advertising, one should not think only in terms of a commercial on television, or an advertisement in the newspapers or periodicals. In its widest sense, advertising includes a host of other activities such as packaging, shop displays and ---- i n the sense of communication ---- even the spoken word of the salesman. After all, the resources of advertising are to be found in the market place.For many years it was considered that it was enough to produce goods and supply services. It is only more recently that it has become increasingly understood that the manufacture of goods is a waste of resources unless those goods can be sold at a fair price within a reasonable time span. In the competitive society in which we live, it is important that we go out and sell what we have, and advertising plays an important role in this aspect, whether selling at home or in export markets.About two percent of the UK gross national product is relied on advertising. But it must not be thought that this advertising tries to sell goods to consumers who do not want them. Certainly, advertising does try toattract the interest of the potential consumer, but if the article when purchased does not match up to the standards that the advertising suggests that it will, it is obviously exceedingly unlikely that the article will sell well.1. According to the text, advertising is important to _______ . A) every potential consumer in the world B) large countries in the worldC) people with a high standard of living D) a large number of people in the world 2. Advertising has its origins in __________ .A) shop window displays and the wrapping of goods B) face to face contact between sellers and buyersC) the communicative abilities of a trained sales person D) articles in newspapers and magazines3.People have realized that resources are wasted if goods _______ . A) are not of lasting value B) are not sold at a high price C) remain unsold for a long time D) remained unsold in export markets3□4.The text makes a point that goods will sell well if ______ . A) advertisements show the true value of them B) enough money is spent on advertising C) advertisements are well designed D) they are of high quality5.The best title of this passage would be ______ . A) Benefits ofAdvertisingB)A Brief History of Advertising in the UK C) Limitations of Advertising D) Production and Advertising□Passage 6In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study withpeople who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of tes ting candidates for the doctor’s degree.Generally, however, modern examinations are written. Two types of tests are commonly used in modern schools. The first type is sometimes called an “objective” test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal op inions.To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.The student has just one task: he must recognize the correct answer and copy its letter (or number) on his examination paper.For testing a student’s memory of facts and details, the objective test has advantages. It can be scored very quickly by the teacher or even by a machine. In a short time the teacher can find out a great deal about the student’s range of knowledge.For testing some kinds of learning, however, such a test is not very satisfactory. A lucky student may guess the correct answer without really knowing the material. 1. This passage is mainly about ______________ . A) examinationsin ancient times B) modern examinationsC)how to do well in an examination4□D)how to set questions for an examination 2. To get a doctor’s degree, one has to . A) say poetry aloud B) give speechesE)discuss questions in his field with experts D) both A and B3.The objective test is not very satisfactory because ______ . A) it iseasy and quick to scoreB)the teacher can find out a grea t deal about the student’s range of knowledge in a short timeC)it shows how deeply the student has thought about the subject D) it contains element of luck4.Which of the following statements about the objective test is NOT true? .A)Students who have not learned the material properly may fail to recognize the correct answer.B)Each question has more than one correct answer.C)A lucky student may guess the correct answer without really knowing the material. D) The objective test has advantages for testing a student’s memory of facts and details.5.The next paragraph will probably deal with ______ . A) the other type of examinationB) the advantages of the objective testC) how students guess the correct answer without really knowing the materialD) examinations in the ancient times□Passage 7In Britain arrangements for inviting and entertaining guests at a wedding are usually the responsibility of the bride’s family. In most cases it is mainly friends and relations of both families who are invited but when the bride’sfather is a businessman of some kind, the wedding reception may provide a useful occasion for establishing social connections with clients or, customers and other people whose good will may be of advantage to him. It is, however, the bride’s mother who has the job of sending out the formal printed invitation cards. In the case of a church wedding, the vicar (priest) of each parish (教区) in which the ceremony bride and bridegroom live is normally informed about a month in advance of the ceremony so that an announcement of the coming wedding can be made in church on each of three Sundays before it takes place. Anyone who may know of an existingmarriage of either partner is ordered to give information about it, thoughthis means of avoiding bigamy(重婚罪)must have been more effective in the days when people moved about the world less than they do today. Often up to a hundred or more people attend the religious service and the bride usually wears the traditional long white dress and veil, while her bride-maids, who are often children, wear long dress in attractive colors. This may also happen in the case of a civil wedding in a register office but is probably less usual. The reception which follows may be held in a restaurant, a local hall or, when there are fewg uests, in the bride’s own home. Refreshments (茶点) are provided, a special iced wedding-cake is cut (usually to the accompaniment of speeches) and distributed to the guests, toasts are drunk and dancing may follow. At some point in the celebrations, the bride goes to change into everyday clothes and then leaves the party with her husband to go on their honeymoon, the journey they will make together, often in romantic surroundings abroad.1.According to the passage some guests may be invited because _______ . A) they are likely to be annoyed if they are not B) they may give valuable presentsC) their presence could provide future benefits D) they may help with the expenses of the wedding2.What possible difference is suggested between a church and a civil wedding?. A) Civil weddings are less commonly followed by a reception B)It is less usual for guests to attend the civil wedding ceremonies C) Guests at civil weddings are less formally dressedD) Less attention could be paid at the latter to convention and charmingeffect3.Why are the arrangements for a church wedding usually made some time before? ______ .A)To allow the necessary length of time for publishing the wedding B) To provide time for organizing the receptionC)To make sure that the guests can arrange to be free on the dayD)To ensure a thorough investigation of the couple’s existing marital status4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the wedding reception?.A)Speeches may be given in the wedding receptionB)The wedding reception may be held in the bride’s homeC)Guests are asked to dress formally to attend the wedding reception D) Guests may dance in the wedding reception 5. The couple leave for their honeymoon . A) after the church or register office ceremony□B) immediately after the cake has been cut and the speeches made C) at the end of the receptionD) as soon as the bride is ready to leave□Passage 8Today millions of Americans, of all ages and backgrounds, are participating in thousands of continuing education programs scattered throughout the country. Life-long learning is becoming a part of the American way of life. Vocational educators collectively have a wealth of skills and knowledge to impart to these seekers of new learning.There are many reasons why people are going “back to school”. Diploma s, degrees and certificates bring increased earnings, job promotions and acceptance into new and more challenging careers. Workers must constantly face the challenge of keeping up with the latest developments in their career fields. Reduced working hours are giving adults established in their career fields more time to pursue vocational and leisure-time activities.Continuing education has something for every one of these groups. Real estate salesmen and accountants learn about new laws and financial concepts affecting their clients; union members learn new and advanced skills in contract negotiations; college professors learn new teaching techniques, and housewives learn how to manage the household budget more skillfully.Universities, community colleges, local schools, labor unions, business and industry, and community organizations all contribute to making these continuing education programs available.1.Continuing education programs can be carried out successfully because .A) professional educators as a whole are rich in knowledge and teaching experiences B) people all enjoy the social aspects of structured educational activities---meeting new peopleC) universities, colleges and other organizations all do their best to make the programs available D) both A and C2.The reasons why people are going “back to school” show that___ . A) Life-long learning is becoming a part of the American way of life B) continuing education may meet the needs of all kinds of peopleC) the continuing education is closely related to th e promotion in people’s career fields and reduced working hours make the spare time study availableD) people from all kinds of life are participating in various teaching programs5□□□□□感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。