雅思写作1.小作文1.The tables below give information about the amount of beer and fruit juice consumed person per year in different countriesThe table illustrates the consumption of beers and fruit juice by per person per year in 10 different countries.The first table provides with information of consumption of bears in these ten countries. It is obvious that Ireland consumes the most quantity of beer, reaching to 155 litres. Germany, consuming 119 litres per with 36liters less than that of Ireland, occupies the second places(ranks second). With 106 litres’ consumption, Autria comes the third. It is notable/remarkable/noticeable that people in Denmark drink the same quantity of beer as that in Belgium, which is 98 litres per year. It is then followed by Austria, Belgium, Denmark, United Kingdom, Australia, United States, Netherlands.Finland consumes fewest quantity of beers among these 10 countries, that is 79 litres.(没有突出Belgium 和Denmark 的消耗量是相同的）What has been displayed in second table is the consumption of fruit juices. It is clear that the consumption of fruit juice is approximate three times less than that of beer, In second table Belgium, Denmark and Ireland are replaced by Canada, Sweden and New Zealand to be taken into consideration . Canada, with 52.6 litres per personal per year in consumption of fruit juice, wins the first place. Then followed by United States with 42.8 litres. Following decreasing order, then comes to Germany, Austria, Sweden, Australia, Finland, United Kingdom, Netherlands, while New Zealand has lowest consumption(is placed at the bottom of the second table)(24.8 litres).Overall, these two tables list the condition of consumption of beers and fruit juice in 10 countries respectively, and there seems no relationship hidden with consumption of beer and fruit juice.剑5 task 4 (2)The given table compares the condition of underground railway systems in term of open date, the length of route and the passenger flow volumes among six cities.Compared with other cities, the city first equipped with underground railway systems is London in 1863 while Paris is the second in 1900. Then follows Tokyo(1927), Washington DC(1976), Kyoto(1981) with Los Angeles being the latest city which owned underground railway system.Being the earliest city constructed with underground railway systems, London also has the longest route(394 kilometers) with Paris positing in second with length of route in 199km as well. Following the decreasing order, then comes to Tokyo(155km), Washington DC(126km), Los Angeles，as the last city in construction, surpassing Kyoto(11 km) in possession of 28km in length of route.In terms of passenger flow volume, Tokyo, with 1927 million passengers per year, (serves the largest number of passengers per year) although it doesn’t have the longest route nor the earliest systems. It is then followed by Paris(1191) while London drops to the third with 775 million. Kypto and Los Angeles have fewest passengers with 45 and 50 million respectively which issignificantly fewer than Washington DC（144 millions).Overall ,the development of underground railway systems varies a lot within the given six cities.2.line graphThe graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland between the years of 1960 and 2000The line graph illustrates the comparison of the rate of smoking between men and women in Someland during years from 1960 and 2000.In these 40 years, the rate of smoking in men experienced an gradual decrease while this rate was always higher than that of women. In 1960, approximate 610 men of every1000 were involved in smoking which ranked the first. Subsequently, continuous decrease was noticeable and in 1995 the men who still smoked, declined to almost half of that in 1960 with 300 men. Finally, it was ended at 250 men in every 1000 men in terms of smoking in 2000.As for the rate of smoking in women, different from the condition of men, it saw an considerable rising trend at first and then dropped. In 1960, women who associated with smoking were much less than( around 6times) men, with 90 in every 1000which were very low. After following 15 years’remarkable increasing, peaking in 1975(中间变化的快慢也要说一下), the quantity of women who smoked in every 1000 people was 320. Afterwards, the population of women leveled off at 320 in subsequent 5 years and then steadily fell to 200 with less significance than that of men in 2000 which reached to its lowest point.Overall, this graph demonstrates the condition of smoking in men and women explicitly. Although the transformations of smoking in men and women have their distinct trend, the gap between men and women were constantly eliminated.(2)剑九test4The provided line graph compares the consumption of different kinds of energy in the USA between 1980 and 2030.( The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected consumption to 2030.)Throughout the period, ,petrol and oil were of the most prevailing usage ( are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period) and experienced a upward trend, starting from 35 quadrillion units in 1980 and being expected to reach approximately 48 in 2030. Following thesame tendency as the petrol and oil, the utility of coal and natural gas was also increasing and this trend was also projected to continue to 2030. In 1980, the consumption of coal and natural gas were 17 and 20 quadrillion units respectively and would increase to 33 and 26 in 2030. With consumption in coal increasing more significantly , it l was projected to outweigh the consumption of natural gas in 2015. In last 15 years, the the growth of coal was expected to be more noticeable while the consumption of natural gas would remain stable.The general usage of clear energy was comparatively low. With the similar consumption in 1980, the usage of the Nuclear, solar/wind and hydropower was about 3 quadrillion units. The growth in nuclear was most significant in comparison with the other two, with its consumption would nearly triple in 2030(8 quadrillion). The increasing rate for solar/wind was relatively marginal with 6 quadrillion units in 2030 while usage for hydropower remained at its original figures after experiencing a period of fluctuation.Overall, it is noticeable that the usage of fossil fuels, such as petrol and oil, coal and natural gas, was constantly more popular than emerging energies.The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012,and projected consumption to 2030(带有预测性质）Petrol and oil are the dominant fuels sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion units in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2013, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.In 1980, energy from nuclear,hydro-and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2. After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030, while the other s should rise slightly after 2025.描述总趋势时，用一般现在时，然后若有预期到未来在现在时停顿一下，然后再描述趋势(3)OG test2The given line graph illustrates the average temperatures at monthly base among three different major cities while the table shows the time of sunshine in these cities.(The temperature patterns for London and New York are similar) From the first graph, it is noticeable that New York and London have similar transformation tendency in terms of average temperatures whereas Sydney possesses the converse trend. In January, both New York and London reach their lowest temperatures with temperature in London sightly higher than New York( 8 and 4 respectively). As time passes, these two cities experience an upward trend, though the growth in New York is more significant, the temperature of which surpasses that of London after April. After peaking at July with 29 degree and 23 degree respectively, the temperatures of New York and London initiate to decrease and the falling trend of London is comparatively more obvious with the second equal temperatures of these two cities(11 degree) occurring in lateNovember. In December, the temperature of New York is over 9 degree, marginally higher that that of London(5 degree). In contrast, Sydney has highest temperature in January(26 degree) and witnesses a downward tendency then. In July, it reaches lowest temperature at 16 degree and starts to rise. Its comes back to 25 degree in December just slightly lower than its January figure.From the second table ,we can see that New York owns the longest time of annual sunshine(2535 hours) which slightly more than that of Sydney(2473 hours) whereas London only has 1180 hours which is less than half of the aforementioned two cities.Overall, from the graph and the table, we can notice that the total annual hours of sunshine among these three cities do have some relationships with their temperature since among these cities, the order of time in obtaining sunshine is in accordance with that of highest temperatures. Meanwhile, New York has the most significant difference in temperature compared with the other two.3.bar chartGiven two bar charts provide with information in two aspects. First graph displays the rates of USA marriage and divorce between 1970 and 2000 while the second one illustrates the marital status of adult Americans n tow of the years.In first graph, the rate of marriage in USA experienced a falling trend during 4 decades whereas the rate of divorce fluctuated much more marginally. In general the rate of marriages was nearly twice as much as its divorce counterpart. In 1970, the number of marriages reached to the peak with 2.5 millions, compared with 1 million of divorce. People who involved in marriages remained the highest value in the second decade, with number of divorces also becoming most significant(1.4 millions). In subsequent two decades, people who both got married and divorced saw a decreasing period with decreasing by 0.5 million and 0.4 million respectively. During 2000, the number of marriages dropped to 2 millions while that of divorce declined to 1 millions(ended at 1 million).The second graph displays substantial differences in proportion of two eras at distinct marital status. Most adults were at the married status where 70% adults had been married in 1970, compared with 60% in 2000(it is obvious that married people accounted for the greatest proportion of adult American population in both 1970 and 2000). Percentage of adults who had been widowed also slightly larger in 1970 than in 2000 with around 9% and 6% respectively. On contrast, the ratio of adults who stuck to never married status in 2000 came to higher than that in1970(20% and 15%), and proportion of adults in 2000 also overtook their counterparts in 1970 at the divorced status within 9% and 4% respectively.Overall, the marriage rates were significantly higher than the divorce rates over the three decades, and married population made up to largest proportion of the America population in both 1970 and 2000.(2)剑九test2The given bar chart compares the gross number of minutes consumed for telephone calls among three distinct categories from 1995 and 2002.( The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.)People in UK spent the most time on local telephone calls compared with the other two. (Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period)I n 1995, the time used to taking local telephone call was approximately 72 billion minutes then experienced the upward trend until 1999 when peaking at 90 billion minutes. In subsequent 3 years, the total number of minutes used in local telephone calls dropped continuously to around 72 billion minutes which was similar to that in 1995. (rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.As for time used in National and international calls, with time passing by, it was constantly increasing, ranging from 37 billion minutes in 1995 to 62 billion minutes in 2002. In the first 4 years, the total time used for local telephone calls was about twice as that used for National and international phone calls and after 1998, the gap between these two categories was steadily narrowed. Following the same tendency as National and international calls, the time used for mobiles witnessed an increasing trend as well, the tendency was more significant, though. In 1995, only 3 billion minutes were used for mobile in comparison with that used for local and National and international calls(37 billion and 72 billion respectively), with comparatively slight rise in first 6 years, time used for mobiles reached to 23 billion minutes in 2000. In the following 2 years, the total minutes nearly doubled and finally ended with 45 billion minutes in 2002.(though the growth slowed over the last two years) The rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.Overall, the time used for mobiles calls and national and international calls had been soared from 1995 to 2002 whereas the time used for local call, although went up for a certain period, finally decreased to its original level which lead the drastically narrowed gap among three categories in 2002 compared with that in 1995.(the most popular......the gap between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.(3)OG test1The chart below gives information on the percentage of British people giving money to charity by age range for the years 1990 and 2010The provided bar chart compare the proportion of people in different age level who donated money to charity between years 1990 and 2010.The percentage of people whose ages were ranging from 18 to 20 years fell significantly from 1990(17%) to 2010( 7%), while both of which shared the lowest proportion compared with other age levels.More proportion people who were in their 26-35 years old would like to donate money than their younger counterpart both in 1990 and 2010 with comparatively lows difference betweenthese two years( 31% and 24 %respectively). People in their 35-50 years old accounted for highest proportion in giving money to charity(41%) in 1990 and the further increasing trend could be seen for their peers in 2010(35%) as well.As for people who were older than 50 years old, the proportion of them devoting money to charity in 2010 surpassed that in 1990. After peaking at 40%, 35% of people whose ages were between 51 and 65 gave money to charity while 39% denoted money in 2010 which was the highest percentage among 5 different ranges. Less portion of people who spent money on charity when they were old than 65 years in both 1990 and 2010 with 27% and 30% respectively. Overall, people who would like to contribute to charity varied a lot in both different age level and different years and greater percentage of people gave money in 1990 than in 2010.(The figure of over 65s was lower than this in both 1990 and 2010 while it was still a little higher in 1990(35%) than in 2010(32%)一些表示年龄的词：36-50 age-group 18-25s可以直接表示people who were in their 18 to 25s4.pie chart(1) The provided two pie charts compare the changes in American spending patterns between 1966 and 1996. The spending patterns in both years consisted of the same components that are food, cars, petrol, restaurants, furniture, computers and books.As for the spending of food, which used to have the biggest stake(44%) in consumption of American households in 1966 plummeted to 14% in 1996 as the proportion also dropped to the second. In contrast, (the outlay on cars)the spending of cars had a significant rise which increased from 23% in 1966 to 45% in 1996 and became the largest expenditure of American households. It is remarkable that, yet, the expenditure in cars and food constituted over half of total spending of American families in both 1966 and 1996.The spending of petrol nearly remained stable between 1966 and 1996((9% and 8%,respectively) while the expenditure for restaurant doubled in 1996(14%), compared with its counterpart in 1966(7%). The expenditure for Furniture had a marginal fall in comparison of the year of 1966(10%) and 1996(8%). Significantly, both the expenditure in computers and books experienced a noticeable variation although the trend was in opposite direction. Spending on computers soared from 1% in 1966 to 10% in 1996 whereas that for books plunged from 6% to 1%.Overall, although the spending patterns of American had substantial differences, food and cars were still two staple costs compared with others in both 1996 and 1966.(2)剑九test2The provided pie charts illustrate the proportion of populations in three different age levels of Yemen and Italy.The first two pie charts compare the proportion of population in three distinct age ranges of Yemen between 2000 and 2050. The residents of Yemen younger than 14 years old, who accounted for 50.1% of Yemen’s total population in 2000, yet, will decrease to 37.0% in 2050. On the contrary, the population whose ages are within the range of 15 to 59 years old, would experience a significant upward trend, increasing from 46.3%(in 2000) to 57.3% (in 2050), and the proportion of which will outweigh that of people younger who are younger 14 years old in 2050. The proportion of the elder people older than 60 years old would also rise marginally, with increment from 3.6% in 2000 to 5.7% 2050.The distribution of ages in population of Italy differs noticeably from that of Yemen. As for young people who are younger than 14 years in Italy, the proportion of which only constituted 14.3% of the entire population compared with 50.1% in Yemen, yet still is expected to decrease to 11.5% in 2050. The proportion of people who took up the biggest stake in the population of Italy in 2000(61.6%) were the those, whose ages ranging from 15 to 59 years old, and in 2050, the population is projected to fall to 46.2. Following the same same tendency as Yemen’s population older than 60, the elder in Italy would also rise from 24.1% which was considerably larger than that in Yemen(3.6%) in 2000 to 42.3% in 2050.Overall, in the given two countries, the proportion of young generation would be reduced and that of the elder will have a rise, while people whose ages are between 15 to 59 would experience the opposite tendency.(3)OG test 5: The pie charts below show the online shopping sales for retail sectors in New Zealand in 2003 and 2013.The provided pie chart illustrates the changed preference of customers to online shopping in New Zealand in 2003 and 2013.(The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different sectors in NewZealand in the years 2003 and 2013. For three of the sectors, it is evident that over this time frame, there was significant change in their proportion of online transaction. ..making it the retail sector with highest overall share of the online market. Boast an impressive XX% of the total sales.In 2003, travel was the most popular compared with other item, representing 36% of the total online shopping sales with clothes positioning in second place(24%). Within slight difference, the sales for film/music and books were accounted for 21% and 19% respectively of the total sales.However, the proportion changed significantly in 2013. Customers consumption on film/music, with surpassing the consumption on travel, had the biggest stake in total sales with33%. The sales for travel decreased to 29% in comparison with that in 2003. Then follows books, increasing from 19% in 2003 to 22% in 22% in 2013. Noticeably, the popularity of clothes fell, the sales of which reduced from 24% to 16% and therefore constituted the fewest proportion of the entire sales.Overall, compared with the sales in 2003, the preference of customers for books and film/music rose whereas the popularity of travel and clothes dropped in 2013.(In 2013, the clothing industry boasted an impressive 24% of total online sales in New Zealand. Percentage, figure5.process diagram”流程图”(1)The provided five graphs illustrate how forests grow and recover in Yellowstone National Park after a fire disaster.The first graph displays the condition of forest before fire disaster that a mature forest operated stably in a certain order based on the provision given solar energy. What demonstrated in the second graph is large quantities of new plants started to germinate and grow, competing for the limited sunshine and other resources 0-50 years after the lightning and fire. The following 2 graphs reveals that as the time passed by, some plants which had better adaptation survived in the fierce competition and flourished whereas some plants went extinct. Therefore, the gross number of plant continuously experienced an decreasing trend in subsequent 50-300 years. Finally, after the long period of evolution that the adapters derived the opportunity to reserve while others were eliminated during the process of development, the forest system reached the balance again after over 300 years.Overall, the chronic process of recovery of a certain forest has explicitly described by given 5 graphs.(Overall, the process diagram shows that it can take 300 years or more for a forest in Yellowstone National Park to fully recover from a devastating wildfire.(2)The first graph illustrates the life span of the silkworm and while the second graph shows how the silkworm was used in the production of silk cloth.From the first graph, it is clear that the life circle of the silkworm can be divided into 4 main stages. The mature moth produces the egg which transforms into Silkworm larva after approximate ten days’ growth. In subsequent stage, feeding on mulberry leaf, larva intertwines itself into silk thread in after 4-6 weeks. In further 3-8days, larva is entirely winded into the thread and become cocoon. In last stage, the mature moth finally gets rid of cocoon which signifies the start of the new life cycle.(First of all, several eggs are produced by the moth and it takes 10 days to transform into Silkworm larva which feeds on mulberry leaf. This stage lasts 4-6 weeks until it produces the silk thread around. In further 3-8 days, larva is entirely intertwined into the thread and converts to the cocoon. In last stage, the mature moth emerges and signifies the start of the new life cycle.)Five steps in the production of silk cloth are explicitly demonstrated in the second graph. In the first step, high-qualified cocoons are selected to be used as the raw material. In the following step, cocoons are added to a container, which is filled with water, and then are boiled in the water. Having experienced the heat from boiled water, cocoon is unwound into thread the length of which is within the range of 300-900 meters. In the forth step, twist the thread and then weave the thread which is the last step. The process of dying can be completed either in the forth step or in the last step.Overall over, the provided two process diagrams show that the cocoon stage in the life cycle of the silkworm can be used as the raw material in the production of the silk cloth.6.地图题(1) The given two maps make a comparison about a certain island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.According to the diagram, the island, before the construction of tourist facilities, was composed of beach surrounded by a foot path in the eastern part of the island and the natural land attaching to the beach in its west edge with no artificial facilities at all.After the construction, the significant transformation had been made. A certain area of sea surrounding the beach was newly used for swimming. A footpath was added stretching from the west border of beach to the area of accommodation with a circular footpath attaching to it. The accommodation area was made up of six independent houses, in front of which each had a footpath connecting to the main circular footpath. In the eastern edge of circular footpath, there is circular vehicle track with the Reception in the center of it. In the north of the Reception lied a Restaurant which also was located in the north part of the island with a vehicle track linking to the Reception. In the south of the Reception, a vehicle track run to a pier over the sea with many boats travel around it.In the eastern part of the Reception, there was an another Accommodation area, the structure of which was similar to the above mentioned one except the number of house converted from 6 to 9.Overall, with the development of tourist industry, lots facilities were constructed to cater to the demand of tourists.(2)The map illustrates two proposed sites used to construct supermarket.The first site is located in the countryside of the town Garlsdon, adjacent both to the main road and the railway which links the town of Garldson over Gransdon. Moreover, this site also lies in 12 kilometers away from Hindon. Therefore, the transport would convenient for inhabitants of Hinsdon and Garlsdon (who travel by cars ) for its geographical advantages. Even residents from Gransdon could come to this site by means of railway and the the range potential customers can therefore cover three towns. (the supermarket would have easy access to shoppers in three towns )In the suburb area, the expenditure in land and labor would be comparatively lower, leading to more fund can be contributed to its service and products.(In contrast),The second site is situated right in the center of Garlsdon which is surrounded an expanse of no traffic zone. Although there are three main roads running from the edge of town center to three towns nearby, and a railway passing through the second site, it would be still inconvenient for people from other towns to go there for purchase since cars cannot be parked there. Only residents nearby and from Gransdon would be more likely to come. On the other hand, the second site, located in downtown, with surroundings being overcrowded and expenditure for operation being over-pricy, would therefore might not be a satisfactory place to build the supermarket.In conclusion, comparing with such two prospective sites according to their respective conditions, the first site is more favorable since it has larger potentiality in attracting customers with lower expenditure.(3)The given three diagrams compare the transformation of West Park Secondary School since its construction in 1950.The first map illustrates the original condition of the school when it was constructed in 1950. The school area was evenly divided into 4 parts. Houses and school building were located in the north-east and north-west respectively both of which were adjacent to the main road, with farmland and playground being situated in the south-east and south west. In 1980, the layout of the school area has been significantly modified. The area of houses was demolished to make room for a car park constructed in its west part. The school was extended westwards, the main building of which was still situated in its original site whereas the science block was added to the east part of removed houses area in the right side of the car park. Playground remained unchanged while the farm land was entirely replaced by sports field.In 2010, the further transformation had been made. Apart of its original size, the car part was extended noticeably southwards and totally occupied the site where sports field was located in with the sports field moved eastwards and took up nearly the half of playground’s range. Naturally, the size of playground was reduced to only little more than the half of its original size and the school building including main building and science block remained its original feature.Overall, since 1950, the layout of school area was remarkably changed.(During this period, the school has increased in size and a car park has been created and enlarged. The combined recreational areas, however, first expanded and were then reduced in size.Remain unchanged/ remain original feature最后一周task1必备1.line chart 剑5test1The line graph illustrates the transformation of (proportion) percentage of people who aged 65 and over from 1940 by and indicates the future projections until 2040 in three countries.In 1940, the people whose ages are more than 65 years old represented 9% of the entire population in USA which at that time had the highest rate of aging when compared with other two countries. Then the proportion experienced the upward trend in following more than 40 years and reached 15% in 1980 with the growth in last 20 years more significant.after 1982. By now, the percentage has seen a sightly decrease and this trend is expected to continue until 2018 or so. Since then the rising trend is projected again and the proportion of over 65-year-old people grow more remarkably after 2028 with reaching the figure of 23% by 2040.The proportion of people who are in or over their 65 in Sweden is in around 7% and had the similar growing trend to its USA counterpart until 1982 with 14%。
