Evaluation of the GovStat Statistical Interactive Glossary Implications for just-in-time he

统计学网址大全一、统计相关网址1．国外统计学网址/ 美国金融情报/ 美国金融briglehttp://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/StatResource.html 统计学与统计绘图资源/index.htm Lex Jansen个人主页(SAS SUGI pdf论文)/WoPEc.html 经济论文集/homepages.nsf/toc/...rialsstatistics 统计学指南/garson/pa765/statnote.htm G. David Garson的在线教材/statcodes/sc_multvar.html 多变量分析与分类/~sns99kla/links.html 统计遗传学网址/fin/journal/jofsites.htm Finance Site List/~harsham/stat-data/opre330.htm 统计学数据分析问题/? Finance USA/? 外汇基础知识/newrich/explain...ID=E_01&sTYPE=G 理财精算网http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/StatResource.html York大学讲义/publications/jse/ 统计学教育论文集/publications/jse/ 统计学论文集/garson/pa765/dicts.htm 统计学词典/textbook/glosfra.html SATA/artsci/botany/ordin...te/glossary.htm Michael Palmer 対応分析系/~lane/hyperstat/glossary.html Glossary/statglos/statglos.htm 统计基本用语/steps/glossary/index.html Statistics Glosaryhttp://cortex.med.nihon-u.ac.jp/department.../ebm/gloss.html Evidence Based Medicine /lists/exact-sta...es/glossary.txt stat/~nhodgins/desig...d_analysis.html 実験計画法/espse/hale/507Mat/...al/glossary.htm Glossary of Terms/hp/staff/dmb/matrix/intro.html Matrix Reference Manual/cases/ UCLA Statistics Case Studies/diagnoser.../diagnoser.html DIANA/%7Echance/chance_..._news/news.html Chance Case /steps/home.html STatistical Education.au/Database/index.html SMARD Database/hyperstat/index.html HyperStat Online Textbook.au/nceph/surfstat/surfs...e/surfstat.html Surfstat/~lowry/webtext.html 手計算の分散分析説明/~wallacd1/ Order of Operations/Solving Equations/modules/dau/stat/ STAT/stat/ 確率/stats/ Gene Glass :Arizona State University)/espse/hale/507Mat/default.html Bob Hale's Home Page/~dhowell/StatPages/Stat...atHomePage.html Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences,/vlib/jobs.html 美国统计找工作（job chance）/ UCLA Stathttp://www.psych.yorku.ca/lab/ 重回帰と実験計画法。

Performance evaluation usually also known as performance appraisal or "performance" is the enterprise borne by each worker in the work of the application of science and qualitative and quantitative methods, workers and the actual results of the enterprise value of the contribution or assessment and evaluation. It is an important corporate personnel management, strong corporate governance is one of the means. The purpose of performance evaluations by each individual assessment improve the efficiency, and eventually realize the goal of enterprise. In the enterprise for performance evaluation work, we need to do a lot of related work. First, the need for performance evaluation of the meaning of scientific explanation, the entire organization of a unified understanding.绩效估计常常又称为绩效评估，业绩评价也称为绩效考核或者绩效。

公共部门中的绩效悖论一、引言现在，国家投入了比以往任何时候都要多的注意力、时间和金钱在公共部门的绩效衡量和评价上（经济合作与发展组织［OECD］，1996；Pollitt & Bouckaert，2000；p.87；Power，1997）。

基于结果的管理是各级公共部门一整天的话题，从地方、区域、国家，甚至前国家。

学校和大学，地方政府，其他行政组织，发展援助机构（非政府组织和国际非政府组织），和组织，世界银行都参与绩效结果上的数据和信息制造，如果可能的话，也包括对绩效结果的影响。

Power（1994，1997，2000）甚至提到“审计爆炸”或“审计的社会”。

新公共管理领域的信徒将一个高度优先事项归于计量产出和成果。

他们旨在根据这种理想信息基础上的新政策和管理活动，使得政策的执行更有效率和效力。

但是，评价研究表明，很多试图引进基于结果的管理方式最后仍然不成功（例如Leeuw & V an Gils, 1999, 荷兰研究述评）。

不过，衡量产出、成果、和评价活动的需要在政治家和行政人员发表的改善政府工作表现的声明中仍然是一个重要的组成部分。

下面，我们将表明以下观点：公共部门产出计量的增加会导致某些意想不到的后果，不仅可能会废止公共部门绩效的结论，也会消极地影响这个绩效。

我们将通过一些不同的例子表明，公共部门的一些特征在发展和使用绩效指标之后还会适得其反。

最后，我们将就如何处理公共部门中运用绩效评估造成的问题提出一些建议。

我们认为，这个问题非常重要。

因为，尽管存在问题，绩效衡量仍对公共部门的日常运作，特别是公共支出，存在不菲的价值。

二、公共部门中的绩效考核随着行政改革的崛起，公共部门中的绩效考核得到了愈来愈多的关注（cf.power,2000）。

在上世纪80年代，大多数西方国家由于经济衰退和国际竞争加剧，逐渐引发了这种改革。

而这场改革的口号便是“新公共管理”。

它的目标是双重的：削减预算，并提高政府官僚机构的效力和效率。

历年AP统计学简答题解析及答案【导语】AP统计学考试有选择题和简答题两种类型，相对于选择题来说，简答题的难点在于根据实验目的，明确实验步骤，注重实验细节，并用英文表述出来。

因为可以使用计算器，因此计算的部分一般不是难点，但解答过程又不能直接写出使用计算器得出的数字结果，还要分步骤写出计算过程。

1.Two large corporations, A and B, hire many new college graduates as accountants at entry-level positions. In 2009 thestarting salary for an entry-level accountant position was $36,000 a year at both corporations. At each corporation, data were collected from 30 employees who were hired in 2009 as entry-level accountants and were still employed at the corporation five years later. The yearly salaries of the 60 employees in 2014 are summarized in the boxplots below.Corporation A ----------------------------- H -------------- * ♦Corporation B—i -------------) c ，i 《—$30 $40 $50 S60 $70 $80Yearly Salary (thousands)(a)Write a few sentences comparing the distributions of the yearly salaries at the two corporations.(b)Suppose both corporations offered you a job fbr $36,000 a year as an entry-level accountant.(i)Based on the boxplots, give one reason why you might choose to accept the job at corporation A.(ii)Based on the boxplots, give one reason why you might choose to accept the job at corporation B.考点：1.用box plot展示两组数据的分布；2.计算数据的特征值，从而做出统计决策。

国外典型的电子政务绩效评估框架联合国：综合性的国家电子政务评估框架联合国从2002年开始每年发布以其成员国为评测对象的全球电子政务测评报告，其电子政务绩效评估的指标体系，主要包括三个方面：政府网站状况、基础设施状况和人力资源状况，通过加权平均计算得出各国的“电子政务指数”。

从2003年开始，其测评最终结果体现为两个指数：电子政务完备性指数（E-governmentReadinessIndex）和电子政务参与指数（E-governmentParticipationIndex）。

欧盟：基于“eEurope”战略的评估框架欧盟2000年制定了“eEurope2002”计划，2002年又制定了“eEurope2005”计划，旨在建设信息社会。

欧盟配合eEurope计划制定了相关的发展测评指标，它包含的多种指标涵盖了社会信息化的各个方面，最主要的就是SIBIS （StatisticalIndicatorsBenchmarkingtheInformationSociety）。

SIBIS主要针对在计划中所设定的目标来对应设计，最终用于评估政策的结果、有效性以及评估信息社会的发展水平。

但欧盟并没有针对这些指标设定标准的量化及评估方法，因此有各种各样的量化和测评方法。

欧盟的测评数据除了来自于政府网站之外，还有许多是来自于对个人、企业等不同群体的主客观调研。

另外，欧盟委托了第三方公司凯捷（Capgimini）进行常年测评。

美国：基于“绩效参考模型（PRM）”的评估框架美国的电子政务绩效评估也是由法律催生，这些法令为电子政务绩效评估的实施打下了制度基础。

2002年，美国政府推出了联邦企业架构（FederalEnterpriseArchitecture），包括了与政务活动相关的五大类参考模型：绩效参考模型、业务参考模型、服务组件模型、数据参考模型以及技术参考模型。

绩效参考模型旨在建立一个标准化的电子政务评估体系，是美国政府各部门阐明电子政务系统绩效目标的基本参考标准，也是预算管理部门评价项目绩效的基本依据，处于整个FEA体系的最顶层，是整个联邦企业架构中最为重要和根本的一个模型。

第 22卷第 3期2023年 3月Vol.22 No.3Mar.2023软件导刊Software Guide新发展格局下政务大数据应用项目绩效审计研究沈静秋1，王旭辉2，吕魁1（1.南京审计大学信息工程学院； 2.南京审计大学商学院，江苏南京 211815）摘要：新发展格局的核心要义在于以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，要求加强数据技术新基建以及数字化发展与应用，促进数字社会与数字政府建设。

近年来，政务大数据应用信息化项目建设的数量与规模呈现爆发式增长，但一般属于高投入、长周期、高风险项目，能否取得预期应用成效已成为各级政府必须关注的问题。

为此，在分析“十四五”规划提出构建新发展格局的要求与“后新运动”理论背景下数字时代治理的特点基础上，提出政务大数据应用项目绩效审计的必要性，分析大数据应用项目相较于一般政务信息化项目的独特之处，提出政务大数据应用项目绩效审计的新视角，构建基于“流程—指标”的二维监督模式，为大数据应用项目绩效审计提供了一般性思路。

关键词：新发展格局；后新运动；数字治理；大数据应用项目；绩效审计；数字科技DOI：10.11907/rjdk.221986开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：中图分类号：F239.4 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7800（2023）003-0048-07Research on Performance Audit of Government Big Data ApplicationProjects under the New Development ParadigmSHEN Jing-qiu1， WANG Xu-hui2， LYU Kui1（1.School of Information Engineering， Nanjing Audit University；2.School of Business， Nanjing Audit University， Nanjing 211815， China）Abstract：Core meaning of the new development pattern is to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance ca⁃pacity by taking the domestic big cycle as the main body and promoting the mutual promotion of the domestic and international double cycles. This requires strengthening the new infrastructure of data technology and digital development and application， and promoting the construction of digital society and digital government. In recent years，the number and scale of government big data application informatization projects have shown explosive growth， but generally belong to high-investment， long-cycle and high-risk projects. Whether the expected application results can be achieved has become a problem that governments at all levels must pay attention to. To this end， based on the analysis of the re⁃quirements for building a new development pattern proposed in the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" and the characteristics of governance in the digital era under the background of the "Post New Movement" theory， propose the necessity of performance audit of government big data appli⁃cation projects， analyze the uniqueness of big data application projects compared with general government information projects， and propose a new perspective of performance audit of government big data application projects， The construction of a two-dimensional supervision model based on "process indicators" provides a general idea for the performance audit of big data application projects.Key Words：new development paradigm； post new movement； digital governance； big data application projects； performance audit；digital technology收稿日期：2022-08-22基金项目：南京审计大学信息工程学院青年教师开放课题（A111010005）；江苏省大数据管理中心课题（2021）；校企合作横向课题（2020HX083/001）作者简介：沈静秋（1983-），女，硕士，南京审计大学信息工程学院讲师，研究方向为信息系统绩效审计理论与实务、内部审计；王旭辉（1972-），女，博士，南京审计大学商学院副教授，研究方向为政府审计、内部审计与产业管理；吕魁（1974-），男，博士，南京审计大学信息工程学院副教授，研究方向为决策理论、信息系统审计。

4Stata’s help and search facilitiesContents4.1Introduction4.2Getting started4.3help:Stata’s help system4.4Accessing PDF manuals from help entries4.5Searching4.6More on search4.7More on help4.8search:All the details4.8.1How search works4.8.2Author searches4.8.3Entry ID searches4.8.4FAQ searches4.8.5Return codes4.9net search:Searching net resources4.1IntroductionTo access Stata’s help,you will either1.select Help from the menus,ore the help and search commands.Regardless of the method you use,results will be shown in the Viewer or Results windows.Blue text indicates a hypertext link,so you can click to go to related entries.4.2Getting startedThefirst time you use help,try one of the following:1.select Help>Advice from the menu bar,or2.type help advice.Either step will open the help advice helpfile within a Viewer window.The advicefile provides you with steps to search Stata tofind information on topics and commands that interest you.4.3help:Stata’s help systemWhen you1.Select Help>Stata command...Type a command name in the Command editfieldClick on OK,or2.Type help followed by a command name12[U]4Stata’s help and search facilitiesyou access Stata’s helpfiles.Thesefiles provide shortened versions of what is in the printed manuals.Let’s access the helpfile for Stata’s ttest command.Do one of the following:1.Select Help>Stata command...Type ttest in the Command editfieldClick on OK,or2.Type help ttestRegardless of which you do,the result will beThe trick is in already knowing that Stata’s command for testing equality of means is ttest and not,say,meanstest.The solution to that problem is searching.4.4Accessing PDF manuals from help entriesEvery helpfile in Stata links to the equivalent manual entry.If you are reading help ttest, simply click on(View complete PDF manual entry)below the title to go directly to the[R]ttest manual entry.We provide some tips for viewing Stata’s PDF documentation at https:///support/ faqs/resources/pdf-documentation-tips/.[U]4Stata’s help and search facilities3 4.5SearchingIf you do not know the name of the Stata command you are looking for,you can search for it by keyword,1.Select Help>Search...Type keywords in the editfieldClick on OK2.Type search followed by the keywordssearch matches the keywords you specify to a database and returns matches found in Stata commands,FAQ s at ,official blogs,and articles that have appeared in the Stata Journal.It can alsofind community-contributed additions to Stata available over the web.search does a better job when what you want is based on terms commonly used or when what you are looking for might not already be installed on your computer.4.6More on searchHowever you access search—command or menu—it does the same thing.You tell search what you want information about,and it searches for relevant entries.By default,search looks for the topic across all sources,including the system help,the FAQ s at the Stata website,the Stata Journal, and all Stata-related Internet sources including community-contributed additions.search can be used broadly or narrowly.For instance,if you want to perform the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for equality of distributions,you could type.search Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of equality of distributions[R]ksmirnov......Kolmogorov-Smirnov equality of distributions test(help ksmirnov)In fact,we did not have to be nearly so complete—typing search Kolmogorov-Smirnov would have been adequate.Had we specified our request more broadly—looking up equality of distributions—we would have obtained a longer list that included ksmirnov.Here are guidelines for using search.•Capitalization does not matter.Look up Kolmogorov-Smirnov or kolmogorov-smirnov.•Punctuation does not matter.Look up kolmogorov smirnov.•Order of words does not matter.Look up smirnov kolmogorov.•You may abbreviate,but how much depends.Break at syllables.Look up kol smir.searchtends to tolerate a lot of abbreviation;it is better to abbreviate than to misspell.•The words a,an,and,are,for,into,of,on,to,the,and with are e them—look upequality of distributions—or omit them—look up equality distributions—itmakes no difference.•search tolerates plurals,especially when they can be formed by adding an s.Even so,it isbetter to look up the singular.Look up normal distribution,not normal distributions.•Specify the search criterion in English,not in computer jargon.•Use American spellings.Look up color,not colour.•Use nouns.Do not use-ing words or other verbs.Look up median tests,not testingmedians.4[U ]4Stata’s help and search facilities•Use few words.Every word specified further restricts the search.Look up distribution ,and you get one list;look up normal distribution ,and the list is a sublist of that.•Sometimes words have more than one context.The following words can be used to restrict the context:a.data ,meaning in the context of data management.Order could refer to the order ofdata or to order statistics.Look up order data to restrict order to its data managementsense.b.statistics (abbreviation stat ),meaning in the context of statistics.Look up order statistics to restrict order to the statistical sense.c.graph or graphs ,meaning in the context of statistical graphics.Look up mediangraphs to restrict the list to commands for graphing medians.d.utility (abbreviation util ),meaning in the context of utility commands.Thesearch command itself is not data management,not statistics,and not graphics;itis a utility.e.programs or programming (abbreviation prog ),to mean in the context of program-ming.Look up programming scalar to obtain a sublist of scalars in programming.search has other features,as well;see [U ]4.8search:All the details .4.7More on helpBoth help and search are understanding of some mistakes.For instance,you may abbreviate some command names.If you type either help regres or help regress ,you will bring up the help file for regress .When help cannot find the command you are looking for among Stata’s official help files or any community-contributed additions you have installed,Stata automatically performs a search.For instance,typing help ranktest causes Stata to reply with “help for ranktest not found”,and then Stata performs search ranktest .The search tells you that ranktest is available in the Enhanced routines for IV/GMM estimation and testing article in Stata Journal,V olume 7,Number 4.Stata can run into some problems with abbreviations.For instance,Stata has a command with the inelegant name ksmirnov .You forget and think the command is called ksmir :.help ksmirNo entries found for search on "ksmir"A help file for ksmir was not found,so Stata automatically performed a search on the word.The message indicates that a search of ksmir also produced no results.You should type search followed by what you are really looking for:search kolmogorov smirnov .4.8search:All the detailsThe search command actually provides a few features that are not available from the Help menu.The full syntax of the search command is search word word ... [, all |local |net author entry exact faq historical or manual sj ]where underlining indicates the minimum allowable abbreviation and brackets indicate optional.[U ]4Stata’s help and search facilities 5all ,the default,specifies that the search be performed across both the local keyword database and the net materials.local specifies that the search be performed using only Stata’s keyword database.net specifies that the search be performed across the materials available via Stata’s net ing search word word ... ,net is equivalent to typing net search word word ... (without options);see [R ]net .author specifies that the search be performed on the basis of author’s name rather than keywords.entry specifies that the search be performed on the basis of entry ID s rather than keywords.exact prevents matching on abbreviations.faq limits the search to the FAQ s posted on the Stata and other select websites.historical adds to the search entries that are of historical interest only.By default,such entries are not listed.or specifies that an entry be listed if any of the words typed after search are associated with the entry.The default is to list the entry only if all the words specified are associated with the entry.manual limits the search to entries in the User’s Guide and all the Reference manuals.sj limits the search to entries in the Stata Journal .4.8.1How search workssearch has a database—files—containing the titles,etc.,of every entry in the User’s Guide ,Reference manuals,undocumented help files,NetCourses,Stata Press books,FAQ s posted on the Stata website,videos on StataCorp’s YouTube channel,selected articles on StataCorp’s official blog,selected community-contributed FAQ s and examples,and the articles in the Stata Journal .In this file is a list of words associated with each entry,called keywords.When you type search xyz ,search reads this file and compares the list of keywords with xyz .If it finds xyz in the list or a keyword that allows an abbreviation of xyz ,it displays the entry.When you type search xyz abc ,search does the same thing but displays an entry only if it contains both keywords.The order does not matter,so you can search linear regression or search regression linear .How many entries search finds depends on how the search database was constructed.We have included a plethora of keywords under the theory that,for a given request,it is better to list too much rather than risk listing nothing at all.Still,you are in the position of guessing the keywords.Do you look up normality test,normality tests,or tests of normality?Normality test would be best,but all would work.In general,use the singular and strike the unnecessary words.We provide guidelines for specifying keywords in [U ]4.6More on search above.4.8.2Author searchessearch ordinarily compares the words following search with the keywords for the entry.If you specify the author option,however,it compares the words with the author’s name.In the search database,we have filled in author names for Stata Journal articles,Stata Press books,StataCorp’s official blog,and FAQ s.For instance,in the Acknowledgments of [R ]kdensity ,you will discover the name Isa´ıas H.Salgado-Ugarte.You want to know if he has written any articles in the Stata Journal .To find out,type6[U]4Stata’s help and search facilities.search Salgado-Ugarte,author(output omitted)Names like Salgado-Ugarte are confusing to some people.search does not require you specify the entire name;what you type is compared with each“word”of the name,and if any part matches,the entry is listed.The hyphen is a special character,and you can omit it.Thus you can obtain the same list by looking up Salgado,Ugarte,or Salgado Ugarte without the hyphen.4.8.3Entry ID searchesIf you specify the entry option,search compares what you have typed with the entry ID.The entry ID is not the title—it is the reference listed to the left of the title that tells you where to look.For instance,in[R]regress......................Linear regression(help regress)“[R]regress”is the entry ID.InGS........................Getting Started manual “GS”is the entry ID.InSJ-14-4gr0059.....Plotting regression coefficients and other estimates(help coefplot if installed)................ B.JannQ4/14SJ14(4):708--737alternative to marginsplot that plots results from anyestimation command and combines results from several modelsinto one graph“SJ-14-4gr0059”is the entry ID.search with the entry option searches these entry ID s.Thus you could generate a table of contents for the Reference manuals by typing .search[R],entry(output omitted)4.8.4FAQ searchesTo search across the FAQ s,specify the faq option:.search logistic regression,faq(output omitted)4.8.5Return codesIn addition to indexing the entries in the User’s Guide and all the Stata Reference manuals,search also can be used to look up return codes.To see information about return code131,type.search rc131[R]error messages...................Return code131not possible with test;You requested a test of a hypothesis that is nonlinear in thevariables.test tests only linear e testnl.To get a list of all Stata return codes,type.search rc(output omitted)[U]4Stata’s help and search facilities7 4.9net search:Searching net resourcesWhen you select Help>Search...,there are two types of searches to choose.Thefirst,which has been discussed in the previous sections,is to Search documentation and FAQs.The second is to Search net resources.This feature of Stata searches resources over the Internet.When you choose Search net resources in the search dialog box and enter keywords in thefield, Stata searches all community-contributed programs on the Internet,including community-contributed additions published in the Stata Journal.The results are displayed in the Viewer,and you can click to go to any of the matches found.Equivalently,you can type net search keywords on the Stata command line to display the results in the Results window.For the full syntax for using the net search command,see[R]net search.Stata,Stata Press,and Mata are registered trademarks of StataCorp LLC.Stata andStata Press are registered trademarks with the World Intellectual Property Organization®of the United Nations.Other brand and product names are registered trademarks ortrademarks of their respective companies.Copyright c 1985–2023StataCorp LLC,College Station,TX,USA.All rights reserved.。