English Literature History
Old and Medieval English Literature
Old English Literature (mid-4th C-mid 11th C)
Language: Anglo-Saxon (old English)
Society: tribal society~feudalism
Belief: Christianity (7th C)
Literature: poetry
Romance 冒险故事，传奇: knight
famous three:
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
the earliest literature
the national epic (叙事史诗) of the English people (Anglo-
Saxons)
Denmark story
alliteration, metaphors, understatements 保守的说法Medieval English Literature (1066-the end of 14th C)
Norman conquest-Feudalism
styles:
romance
legend
story
poems
Messenger of humannism;
Founder of English realism;
Father of English poetry;
Master of Modern English languages;
Pioneer of English Renaissance.
representative writers
William Langland
Piers the Plowman 耕者皮尔斯
a picture of feudal English (over 7000 lines)
in the form of a dream vision
using symbolism (to relate truth)
Geoffery Chaucer
Introduction
In English literature history, London dialect was first used to
write.
Achievements :
Founder of English Realism
The Father of English Poetry
Messenger of humanism
Founder & Master of modern English language
Pioneer of the English Renaissance
The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集
the 1st time to use "heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)" by middle
English
124 stories panned but 24 finished and 2 unfinished
The English Renaissance
Renaissance: 14th C-17th C, English Renaissance: 15th C-17th C.
Literary Features:
translation works (French/Italian/Lation/Greek)
poetry
adventurous stories
drama
prose writing
Characteristics:
Keen interests and curiosity for classics
Aspiration for humanity, humanism is the key note of Renaissance.
Utopia: an ideal communist society
Sir Philip Sidney: a poet and critic poetry
Astrophel and Stella, Apology for poetry
Walter Raleigh
Discovery of Guiana
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
The Faerie Queen 仙后 (written for Queen Elizabeth)
The Shepherd Calendar (modern English)
Francis Bacon
The founder of English materialist/modern science in English.
The first essayist
Of Studies
The wording of this essay is elegant with parallel
structures and long sentences. It shows Bacon's great
talent in language and offers many proverbs.
New Instrument
He even invented the fridge.
Advance of Learning
William Shakespeare
Main Features:
realistic writing
imitation and adaptation
deversifies writing skills and methods: song, sonnet, couplet
and blank verse
Four Great Comedies
A Midsummer Night's Dream
The Merchant of Venice
As You Like It
Twelfth Night
Four Great Tragedies
Macbeth
King Lear
Hamlet
Othello
The English Bourgeois Revolution (Transitional Period)
John Milton
三大史诗 epics
Paradise Lost (1667): blank verse. Plots originated from Old Testament
旧约
Theme: a revolt against God's authority
Paradise Regained (1671)
Samson Agonistes (1671): poetical drama
Comments about him
political in both his life and his art
wrote the greatest epic in English literature
master of the blank verse
great stylist
has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majestry of
expression
John Bunyan
The Pilgrim's Progress 朝圣之路: a religious allegory but like real person
written in prison because of his exclusive reading of the Bible
John Donne
famous for peculiar conceits 妙喻
Founder of the Metaphysical school
Features of the school:
philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images
John Dryden
Restoration Literature (1660-1788) 复辟时期
a period of reaction and degenerationp
with the restoration of the Stuart monarchy 斯图亚特王朝, a white
terror set in. Some of the revolutionary leaders were cruelly executed,
and Puritans indiscriminately [不分清红皂白] repressed.
Forerunner of the Classicism in Britain (in Restoration Period)
All for Love (a tragedy)
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (literary criticism)
18th Century English Literature (the end of 17th C-18th C [1798], the Enlightment Intellectual Movement-Bourgeois Movement)
Steel and Addison
Richard Steele
The Tatler
styles
humour, intimacy, elegance
Joseph Addison
The Spectator
Different from the version today, this newspaper applied series of
virtual figures as writers to publish their essays.
Their contributions
Their writings afford a new code social morality for the rising
bourgeoisie.
They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th
In the hands of Addison and Steele,the English essay had completely
established its as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character
sketching and storytelling, they ushered 开启 in the dawn of modern
English novel.
Neo-Classicism
Alexander Pope
works
Essay on Criticism
Essays on Man
The Rape of Lock
The Dunciad
comments
An outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the
classical school in the first half of the 18th century.
A diligent reader.
He style depends on his great patience in elaborating his art.
The most important representative of English classical poetry.
Realism
The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent
achievement of the 18th century English literature.
Jonathan Swift
works
Gulliver's Travels (satire)
Lilliput 小人国 → British government/parties
Brobdingnag 大人国 → British policies+political and regional
measures
Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan →
philosopher, scientist, inventor, critic and historian
The Country of the Houghnhnms → wars, hypocrisy of the
law
A Modest Proposal (irony)
The Battle of Books 书战
A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 (parable)
The Drapper's Letters 一个麻布商的书信
Daniel Defoe
Forerunner of English realistic novel
Robinson Crusoe
The prototype of the early black slaves, the budding of
colonialism. [早期黑奴的原型，殖民主义的萌芽]
Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the
earlier stage of its development.
Henry Fielding
Founder of English realistic novel.
He set up the theory of realism in literary creation.
Father of the English novel.
styles
In a series of letters, in the mouth of the principal character
directly by the author.
Satire (Humorous satire and grim satire)
Belief in the educational function of novel.
works
Joseph Andrews
Jonathan Wild
Tom Jones
Samuel Richardson
Pamela——the first epistolary [书信的] novel
Smollet
Roderick Random (a picaresque novel 流浪汉小说)
Pererine Pickle
Hunphry Clinker
Sentimentalism
A transitional form of writing
emphasize too much emotion rather than reason
optimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanity Representatives
Laurence Sterne
Tristram Shandy
Richard Sheridan
The School of Scandal
Samuel Johnson
Dictionary
Letter to Lord Chesterfield
the writer's declaration of independence
Oliver Goldsmith
poem——heroic couplet
The Traveller
The Deserted Village
novel
The Vicar of Wakefield(sentimental novel)
comedy
The Good-Natured Man
She Stoops to Conquer
The Citizen of the World
Edward Gibbon
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
*Thomas Gray
A representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets
墓园派诗人
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
sentimenal poetry
Pre-romanticism
in the latter of the 18th century
representatives
Robert Burns
a pre-romantic/a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of 19th C
works
Song of Innocence
Songs of Experience
the contrast: the world: light, harmony, peace and love → the
power of evil, the great misery and pain of the people's life
concise in the use of language, mysterious
writing styles
emphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality,
showing revolutionary passion against classical tradtition,
followed by Shelley
William Blake
a great Scottish national poet
works
A Red Red Rose
Auld Lang Syne
features of writing
Scottish dialect
a poet of peasant and Scotish people
plain language
influence from Scottish folk songs and ballads
musical quality of his poems
19th Century English Literature (Industrial Revolution[内]/French
Revolution[外]/Independence of the US[背景])
Romanticism: Romantic Movement (Lyrical Ballads, 1798)
*William Wordsworth
Themes of his works
nature and common people's lives
Lyrical Ballads
is a starting point and a manifesto of romaticism period in
Britain.
The Prelude
I Wandered Lonely as A Cloud
To the Cuckoo
Lines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
5 "I"s in Romanticism
imagination
intuition
idealism
inspiration
individuality
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Theme: supernatural
works
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Kubla Khan
*George Gordeon Byron
works
Don Juan
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Spenserian Stanza)
comments
Byron is a leading romanticist. His verse was easy,fluent and
natural beauty. Byron's diction, though unequal and frequently
faulty, has on the whole of freedom, copiousness and vigor. His
descriptions are simple and fresh and often bring vivid objects
before the reader. Byron's poetry employed the Ottra Rima from
Italian mock-heroic poetry.
*Percy Shelley
works
Queen Mab
The Revolt of Islam
Prometheus Unbound
lyrical drama
It is different from the Greek myth, and the difference has a
special meaning.
Ode to the West Wind 西风颂
*John Keats
works
Ode to Autumn
Ode on a Grecian Urn
His poetry is different from Byron's and Shelley's because these two
emphasize more on revolution but Keats's is for building a beautiful
pure world. Generally, he wrote in pursuit of beauty.
Charles Lamb
The Essays of Elia
humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers
*Walter Scott
Founder and great master/father of the historiacal novel.
His death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature.
novels:
Rob Roy
Ivanhoe
features of his novels:
gift of vivifying the past
historical events are closely interwoven with the facts of
individuals
fates of ordinary people
romantic
a Tory 英国保守党党员, i.e. a conservative in politics
Realism (Realistic Movement, 1836, Victorian Period)
English critical realism
gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,
and showed a profound sympathy for the common people
features
the struggling of the proletariat (/?pr??l?'te?r??t/, 无产阶级) for its
right
critical ideas occupied great place
women writers stood on the stage of literature
*Charles Dickens
works
The Pickwick Papers (1st novel)
Olive Twist
Dombey and Son
David Copperfield
A Tales of Two Cities
features of his novels:
an encyclopaedic knowlege of London
inexhaustible 无穷无尽的 powers of character creation
a strong narrative impulse
a highly individual and inventinve prose style
Vanity Fair —— a novel withou a hero
originated from John Byron's The Pilgrims's Progress
*Jane Austen
works
Pride and Prejudice
writing features
thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society
good at writing young girls
modest satire
witty dialogues
the protagnist: Darcy
a young girl who rejects an offer of marriage because the
young nobleman who makes it has been rude to her faimily.
*Charlotte Bronte
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre, daughter of a poor parson, loses both of her parents
shorlt after her birth.
her aunt → charity school → Rochester → Rev. Rivers → married
Rochester
criticism of the bourgeois system of education
*Emily Bronte
Wuthering Heights
Bronte姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但是其作品有明显的浪漫
主义色彩，如包含一些supernatural elements，特别提现在《呼啸山庄》
中。
Mrs. Gaskell
one of the first English writers to describe the class struggle in a novel
famous novel
Mary Barton
George Eliot
works
Adam Bede
The Mill on Floss
Silas Marner
Alfred Tennyson
Matthew Arnold
the Victorian Age (the mid and late 19th C)
Thomas Carlyle (prose)
John Ruskin (prose)
Matthew Arnold (prose)
In Memoriam
The Idylls of the Kings
famous short poems
Break, Break, Break
Crossing the Bar
此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩Robert Browning
He introduced dramatic monologue to poetry
Home-thoughts from Abroad
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Sonnets form the Portuguese
William Morris
A Dream of John Ball
News from Nowhere
Naturalism, Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism
Oscar Wilde——Aestheticism
Aestheticism: a kind of escapism in essence
The Importance of Being Earnest
Wilde wrote fairy stories for his boys. These were later published as
The Happy Prince and Other Tales.
In 1899 he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a poem inspired by his
prison experience.
George Gissing——Naturalism
Robert Louis Steveson——Neo-romanticism
20th Century English Literature
Features of 20th C literature
modernism as a new trend, new contents and new forms
realistic writing → psychological approaches, psychological criticism grows
war
criticism → Marxism criticism
Realistic Fiction
Henry James
Thomas Hardy
Tess of the D'urbervilles
Joseph Conrad
John Galsworthy
The Forsyte Saga
由两个trilogy(三部曲)构成，不是一本小说
The Man of Property
Drama
a critical realistic dramatist
Mrs Warren's Profession
Major Babara
Poetry (imagism)
W. B. Yeats
works
Sailing to Byzantium
The Second Coming
The Wild Swans at Coole
features of his poetry
symbolism, mysticism, modernists' influence
He won the Nobel Prize in 1923.
T. S. Eliot
The Waste Land
Murder in the Cathedral （诗剧）
His famous article "Tradition and the Indicidua Talent" is considered
the manifesto (宣言) of modernist poetry.
Psychological Fiction
D. H. Laurence
Sons and Lovers (autobiographical)
James Joyce
features in stream of consciousness
Ulysses 尤利西斯
Virginia Woolf
features in stream of consciousness
To the Lighthouse
Before and After WWII
W. H. Auden
Dylan Thomas
Hugh MacDiarmid
E. M. Forster
Evelyn Waugh
Graham Greene
Aldous Huxley
George Orwell
Animal Farm
William Golding
Lord of the Flies
Doris Lessing
Golden Notebook
Geoffrey Chaucer: the legend of good women 良妇传说the house of fame 名誉堂 the parliament of fowls 百鸟会Troilus and Cressie 特罗勒斯与克莱西 the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集 Thomas More Utopia Edmund Spenser the fairy queen William Shakespeare four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello king Lear Macbeth Four great comedies: the merchant of Venice a midsummer night’s dream twelfth night 第十二夜as you like it 皆大欢喜 Francis Bacon the advancement of learning 学术的进展the Novum Organum 求学之新器the De Augmentis 新工具essays 随笔Maxims of the Law 法律准则 Reading on the Stature of Uses 谈使用法则Of Studies 论读书 John Donne the flea 跳蚤 John Milton paradise lost 失乐园 John Bunyan the pilgrim’s progress 天路历程 John Dryden all for love an essay of dramatic poesy Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan swift a tale of a tub 木桶的故事the battle of books 书战 a modest proposal 一个小小的建议Gulliver’s travels 格列佛游记 William Blake poetical sketches 诗歌札记songs of innocence 天真之歌 Songs of experience 经验之歌prophecies 预言the lamb the chimney sweeper The marriage of heaven and hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻 Robert burns a red red rose auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长 William Wordsworth lines composed a few miles above tinterm abbey 丁登寺 The prelude 序曲the excursion 漫游sonnets 十四行诗 I wandered lonely as a cloud composed upon Westminster bridge She dwelt among the untrodden ways 她在人迹罕至的路边 The solitary reaper 孤独的割麦女 Samuel Taylor Coleridge the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏 Christabel 克里斯塔贝尔Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron childe Harold’s pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记Cain 该隐 Don Juan 唐璜she walks in beauty when a man hath no freedom to fight for at home Percy Bysshe Shelley queen Mab 麦布女王the Cenci 钦契Prometheus unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯ode to the west wind in defense of poetry 诗辩 John Keats on first looking into Champman’s homer 初读查普曼译荷马史诗 Endymion 恩底弥翁ode to a nightingale ode to a Grecian um 希腊古瓮颂 Lamia, Isabella, the eve of st. Agnes, and other poems 女妖、伊莎贝尔、圣爱尼节前夜及其他Jane Austen sense and sensibility 理智与情感pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见persuasion 劝导Emma 艾玛Mansfield park 曼斯菲尔德庄园Northanger abbey 诺桑觉寺 Charles Dickens sketches by boz 博兹札记Pickwick papers 匹克威克外传Oliver twist 奥利弗退斯特Nicholas nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克贝old curiosity shop 老古玩店 Bamaby rudge 巴纳比拉奇American notes 旅美札记martin chuzzlewit 马丁朱兹尔维特A Christmas carol 圣诞颂歌the chimes 钟声the cricked 炉边的蟋蟀dombey and son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔bleak house 荒凉山庄hard times 艰难时世Little dorrit 小杜丽 a tale of two cities 双城记great expectations 远大前程
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
第2章盎格鲁-诺曼底时期 2.1复习笔记 I.Background Knowledge(1066-1350)(背景知识) 1.The Norman Conquest(诺曼征服) A.Brief Introduction(简介) The French-speaking Normans began their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, Duke of Normandy,with the battle of Hastings in1066. 说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵的带领下，在1066年的黑斯廷斯战役中打败了英国人，开始了对英国的统治。 B.Chief Influences(主要影响) (1)The bringing of Roman civilization to England; (2)The growth of nationality,i.e.a strong centralized government,instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes; (3)The birth of new English language and literature due to the integration with French vocabulary. （1）将罗曼文化带到英格兰； （2）促进了国家的发展，强大的中央集权政府代替了散乱的撒克逊部落联盟；（3）和法国语言的融合产生了新的英语语言和文学。 II.Features of the New Literature(新文学特征) (1)The new literature is a combination of French and Anglo-Saxon elements. (2)There are three classes of new literature: ①Matter of France(tales about Charlemagne and his peers); ②Matter of Greece and Rome(tales about Alexander and the fall of Troy); ③Matter of Britain(tales about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table).
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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
Index The Sixteenth Century
The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations. Works First period: Romeo and Juliet Second Period: 1. Hamlet, Prince of Demark 2. Othello, the Moor of Venice 3. King Lear 4. The Tragedy of Macbeth The Seventeenth Century Puritan Age Burrton?s Anatomy of Melancholy. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression. Restoration Age As a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim as to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Donne 1. Poetry Form
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 2Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist. 3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具 4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.
英美文学选读（英国文学部分） Period Life Time Name CN Nane Writings CN Writings Renaissance1500-1660Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯 宾赛 The Faerie Queen仙后 Blank verse University wit Christopher Marlowe 克里斯扥 夫.马洛 Tamburlaine Dr Fauctus The Jew of Malta 帖木耳大帝 弗士德博士的悲剧 马耳他的犹太人 William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士 比亚 The Merchant of Venice Hamlet The Tempest 威尼斯商人 哈姆雷特 暴风雨 叙事诗 十四行诗 Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯. 培根 Essays Of Studies 论说文 论学习 John Donne约翰.邓恩 The Sun Rising Death Be Not Proud John Milton 约翰.弥尔 顿 Lycidas Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes 利西达斯 失乐园 复乐园 力士参孙 Neoclassical Period 1660-1798John Bunyan约翰.班杨The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Alexander Pope 亚历山大. 蒲伯 An Essay on Criticism论批评 1660-1731Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛 弗 Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯 威特 Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔 丁 The History of The Adventures of Joseph Andrew The History of Jonathan Wild the Great The History of Tom Jons 约瑟夫.安德鲁 伟大的乔纳森.怀尔 德 汤姆.琼斯Samuel Johnson 赛缪尔.约 翰逊 A Dictionary of the English Language To the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield 英语大词典 致切斯特菲尔德勋 爵的信 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德德. 比.谢立丹 The School of Scandal造谣学校Thomas Gray 扥马斯.格 雷 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 写在教堂墓地的挽 歌 Romantic1798-1870William Blake 威廉.布莱 克 Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天真之歌 经验之歌 天堂与地狱联姻 先知书 William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹 华斯 Lyrical Ballads Tintern Abbey Prelude 抒情歌谣集 丁登寺旁 序曲 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔.特 勒.科勒律 治 The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Kubla Khan Christalbel Biographia Literaria 老水手之行 忽必烈汉 克丽斯塔贝尔 文学传记 George Gordon Byron 乔治.戈登. 拜伦 Childe Harold Don Juan 洽尔德.哈罗德游记 唐璜 该隐 Percy Bysshe Shelley 铂.比.雪莱 Ode to the West Wind To a Skylark 西风颂 云雀颂
History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.