2011职称英语考试卫生完形填空

目录卫生类---C级 (1)Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found (1)Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers (2)One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live (3)8 New Y ork Students Have Swine Flu (4)卫生类---B级 (5)Hospital Mistreatment (5)Men Too May Suffer from Domestic V iolence (5)Charter Schools (6)Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change Habits (7)Nurse ! I Want My Mummy (8)Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment (9)卫生类---A级 (11)Homosexuals (11)Skin Cancer Now Top Cancer among Y oung Women in UK (12)Migrant Workers (13)Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack (13)Is Y our Child's Stomach Pain All in His Head? (14)完形填空参考答案 (16)卫生类---C级Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their ___1__ . Two million people die ___2___ it. The disease has __3___ with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to ___4___ a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop ___5___ they feel better. Doing that can ___6___ to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how ___7___it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients ___8___. It would also mean ___9___ infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They ___10__ the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might __11__ about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these __12__ would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization __13__the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make ___14___they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research ___15__new TB drugs. The four most common drugsused now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.练习：1. A. kidneys B. lungs C. bones D. livers2. A. with B. without C. of D. out of3. A. increased B. decreased C. changed D. disappeared4. A. make B. take C. try D. test5. A. as if B. as though C. as far as D. as soon as6. A. refer B. apply C. lead D. amount7. A. effective B. ineffective C. expensive D. inexpensive8. A. cured B. to cure C. being cured D. having been cured9. A. many B. more C. few D. fewer10. A. provided B. introduced C. tested D. tempted11. A. bring about B. contributed to C. promote D. prevent12. A. increases B. reductions C. creations D. collections13. A. developed B. invented C. delayed D. refused14. A. easy B. uneasy C. sure D. unsure15. A. with B. to C. onto D. intoDiet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading 1 of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease 2 developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to 3 ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity 4 a major role.―Five percent of cancers could be avoided 5 nobody was obese,‖ he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 6 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol 7 about six percent.Obesity raises the 8 of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is 9 when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK 10 other elements of diet linked to cancer are 11 unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some 12 .Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the 13 consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at 14 five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers 15 colorectal, breast and prostate.练习：1.A.cours B. cause C. court D. reason2.A.on B. up C. in D. down3.A.cancer B. health C. disease D. man4.A.dance B. turn C. take D. play5.A.while B. if C. unless D. since6.A.percent B. countries C. people D. number7.A.at B. in C. of D. for8.A.risk B. degree C. presence D. place9.A.reduce B. increased C. mysterious D. seen10.A.whether B. why C. that D. if11.A.still B. also C. although D. however12.A.decision B. questions C. answers D. needs13.A.lowest B. enough C. daily D. perfect14.A.home B. most C. least D. best15.A.causing B. including C. illustrating D. definingOne Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?__1__ reality, of course, it was naive to__2__ that everyone would let__3__of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have__4__vials. __5__the last ―official‖ stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, ____6____no obvious gain.Now American researchers have ____7____ an animal model of the human disease, opening the ____8____ for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to____9____the virus—just in____10____the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we____11____with the mistrust of the US and Russia? ____12____. Keep the virus____13____international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t____14____the idea is wrong. If the virus____15____useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.练习：1. A In B On C At D For2. A know B imagine C realize D be aware3. A to go B going C go D went4. A much B more C most D a few5. A And B While C Whereas D Although6. A since B for C because D of7. A looked for B sought C found D talked about8. A method B road C street D way9. A keep B put C destroy D eradicate10. A need B case C necessity D time11. A handle B tackle C deal D treat12. A Difficult B Hard C Safe D Simple13. A under B in C on D for14. A say B mean C state D declare15. A will be B would be C is D are8 New Y ork Students Have Swine FluThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed 1 of swine flu in eight students at a New Y ork preparatory school, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Sunday. The students have had only 2 symptoms and none have been hospitalized, he said. Some of the students have already recovered.More than 100 students were absent from 3 due to flu-like symptoms last week. New Y ork health officials tested samples for eight students Saturday and determined the students were probably 4 from. swine flu, and the CDC confirmed the 5 on Sunday, Bloomberg said.The announcement brings the 6 of confirmed swine flu cases in the United States to 20. Bloomberg and New Y ork Health Commissioner Tom Frieden said there is no 7 of a citywide outbreak of the flu, and no sign of a potential 8 of swine flu at other schools.Some students at the school 9 spring break1 in Mexico, Bloomberg said, but authorities have not determined 10 any of the students with a confirmed case of swine flu was in Mexico. Someone who traveled to Mexico may not have had any flu symptoms but 11 on the flu to someone else, he noted.Frieden called 12 students who are home sick to stay home for 48 hours after their symptoms subside.If symptoms are normal for a regular kind of flu, there is 13 need to go to a hospital, said Bloomberg. If symptoms become severe, as with any 14 , people should go to the hospital, he said. St. Francis, which has 2,700 students, announced it will remain closed for two days. 15 whether the students' illnesses have been minor because they're young and healthy or because it is a minor strain of the virus, Frieden responded, "We don't know. "练习：1. A cases B bases C doses D noses2. A common B physical C mild D wild3. A work B home C school D hospital4. A escaping B surviving C dying D suffering5. A treatment B diagnosis C doubt D choice6. A point B number C spread D value7. A chance B need C hope D sign8. A welcome B outbreak C success D injury9. A spent B made C took D traveled10. A why B how C when D whether11. A passed B kept C rolled D swept12. A at B up C on D of13. A no B much C any D a14. A person B matter C thing D illness15. A Asked B Tested C Troubled D Doubted卫生类---B级Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, __1__ threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the ___2___ a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and ___3___ appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents __4___ completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. ___5___ reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons ___6___ false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent ___7__.More than 10% of the residents said they were ___8___ to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours _____9_____ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a __10__ week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. __11__ 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they __12__ belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being ―__13__ tasks for punishment,‖―being pushed, kicked or hit,‖ and __14__ someone ―threatening your reputation or career,‖ were reported as a more __15__ occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.练习：1．A. be B. been C. were D. being2. A. responsive B. responses to C. respond to D. responding3. A. analyze B. analysis C. having analyzed D. be analyzed4. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose5. A. In spite of B. In addition to C. Because D. Although6. A. had made B. have made C. has made D. make7. A. events B. happens C. event D. happen8. A. allowed not B. not allowed C. allow not D. not allow9. A. without B. on C. with D. because of10. A. unusual B. typical C. easy D. difficult11. A. In spite of B. Therefore C. Although D. So12. A. are B. be C. must be D. were13. A. give B. giving C. gave D. given14. A. had B. have C. having D. has15. A. frequent B. frequency C. dependent D. independenMen Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look 1 domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it 2 ," Dr. RobertJ. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ 3 __ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who __ 4 __ experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to 5 "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical 6 , such as threats that made them 7 for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go., and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ 8 __ in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and __ 9 __ ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of __ 10 __ violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men __ 11 __ was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as 12 suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of 13 .Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems __ 14 __ those who had not, especially older men, the __ 15 __ found.练习：1. A by B at C on D for2. A never B often C ever D now3. A and B but C yet D unless4. A to B ho C do D go5. A us B him C you D them6. A strength B labor C abuse D exercise7. A hope B fear C wait D 10ok8. A violence B attitude C friendship D stress9. A younger B junior C senior D older10. A normal B necessary C domestic D foreign11. A enjoyed B experienced C performed D committed12. A this B those C that D one13. A women B people C adults D children14. A from B than C except D despite15. A victims B participants C researchers D partnersCharter SchoolsAmerican public education has changed in recent years. One change is that increasing numbers of American parents and teachers are starting independent public schools called charter schools.In 1991, there were 1 charter schools in the United States. Today, more than 2,300 charter schools 2 in 34 states and the District of Columbia2. 575,000 students 3 these schools. The students are from 5 years 4 age through 18 or older.A charter school is created by groups of parents, teachers and community members. It is similar 5 some ways to a traditional public school. It receives tax money to operate just as 6 .public schools do. The amount it receives depends 7 the number of students. The charter school must prove __ 8 __ local or state governments that its students are learning. These governments provide the school 9 the agreement, or charter that permits it to operate.Unlike a traditional public school, 10 , the charter school does not have to obey most laws governing public schools. Local, state or federal governments cannot tell it what to teach.Each school can choose its own goals and decide the ways it wants to 11 those goals. Class sizes usually are smaller than in many traditional public schools. Many students and parents say teachers in charter schools can be more creative.However, state education agencies3, local education-governing committees and unions often 12 charter schools. They say these schools may receive money badly needed by traditional public schools. Experts say some charter schools are doing well while others are struggling.Congress provided 200 million dollars for establishing charter schools in the 2002 federal budget. 13 , often the schools say they lack enough money for their programs. Many also lack needed space.14 , many of the 36 charter schools in the District of Columbia hold classes in crowded buildings. These schools have almost 11,000 students. District officials say they have provided 14 former school buildings 15 charter education. Y et, charter-school supporters say officials should try harder to find more space.练习：1. A not B little C no D none2. A work B operate C carry on D open3. A study B learn C attend D are educated4. A of B at C on D about5. A to B in C on D by6. A another B else C other D others7. A of B in C for D on8. A for B to C with D by9. A for B by C with D on10. A moreover B however C besides D consequently11. A arrive B hold C take D reach12. A approve B oppose C praise D object13. A And B Besides C Again D But14. A As example B As an example C For example D For an example15. A for B with C to D onMany W omen Who Beat Cancer Don't Change HabitsMany women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many _ 1 _, the changes aren't always positive or permanent.Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast 2 So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind _ 3 she had to do."I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on, as 4 as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough _ 5 _ important that is," says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that _ 6 every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even _ 7 surviving breast cancer, they haven't made significant changes in the _ 8 _ they eat or how much they exercise."Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in _ 9 _ life," says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may 10 play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. 11 _ growing evidence, some women just aren't listening."Colon cancer survivors _ 12 exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health," says Paskett.As a breast cancer survivor _13 _ , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can 14 _ The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth, during and after treatment.Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut 15 _ on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.练习：1. A women B people C persons D men2. A death B ache C cancer D feeding3. A which B that C what D those4. A far B soon C fast D early5. A what B so C very D how6. A not B no C neither D nor7. A before B after C without D since8. A place B kind C way D much9. A their B his C her D our10. A too B do C further D also11. A Despite B Although C Accepting D Regardless12. A who B whose C which D what13. A myself B itself C herself D yourself14. A take B make C offer D decide15. A up B off C in D downNurse ! I W ant My MummyWhen a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be 1 them.Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep 2 with their child，providing a bed or sofaon the ward.But until the 1970s this 3 was not only frowned upon —it was actively discouraged.Staff worried that the children were upset when their parents 4 , and so there was a blanket ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! want my mummy", published in 1974, 5 the face of paediatric nursing.Professor Martin Johnson, professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of 6 like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the 7 of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in 8 ."The idea was that if mum came to 9 a small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours."Y et the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at 10 the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed."Of course we know now that they had almost, given 11 hope that mum was ever coming back."To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit."But children were alone, and 12 , so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit.Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her 13 had been seminal."Her research put an end to the 14 when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward."As a result of her work, parents and carers are now recognized as partners in care and are 15 the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care. "练习：1. A for B with C upon D against2. A occasionally B soundly C overnight D overtime3. A practice B exercise C thought D request4. A stayed B cried C appeared D left5. A lost B changed C studied D made6. A professors B doctors C nurses D parents7. A background B history C fact D reality8. A school B hospital C family D world9. A take B control C persuade D visit10. A once B will C all D large11. A up B off C down D away12. A relaxed B pleased C depressed D stable13. A work B dream C issue D doubt14. A hours B days C weeks D months15. A refused B created C lent D affordeOnce-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, for example, are all treated with __1__ of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be _ 2__ if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just __3__ treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have __4__ a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them __5__ the name of Sustiva. Gilead combined the __6__, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than __7__ issues. It also involves issues of competition __8__the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of __9__ is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its _10__ to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir __11__ two drugs, AZT and 3TC. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with __12__ side effects. Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted __13__ the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration to __14__ the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, __15__ womenare told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders. Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV练习：1. A conservation B cooperation C combinations D considerations2. A simpler B more complex C more meaningless D more troublesome3. A starting B stopping C ending D discontinuing4. A analyzed B examined C explored D developed5. A before B after C under D above6. A one B ones C other D others7. A social B technical C personal D historical8. A if B as if C though D as though9. A that B which C what D whatever10. A size B shape C appearance D effectiveness11. A excludes B contains C looks like D tastes of12. A few B fewer C many D more13. A for B with C to D into14. A prove B disprove C improve D approve15. A weak B strong C elder D pregnant卫生类---A级HomosexualsMany homosexuals prefer to be called gay or, for women, lesbian. Most of them live quiet lives just 1 anyone else. Some gay people have always raised children, 2 or with partners, and the use of artificial insemination is increasing among lesbians.Gay persons are in every kind of job. Some are very open about their homosexuality, and some are more private. Some 3 their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice. For those women who see it as a choice, one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual relationships.Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally4 . As a result, homosexual activity became a crime,5 which the penalty in early courts was death. Homosexual behavior is still6 in many countries and U.S. states.Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness, but now no mental-health profession any longer 7 homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to 8 for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors. To date, 9 , there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.Attitudes 10 homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this, in part, to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now 11 health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory committees. 12 some attitudes have changed, however, prejudice still exists, and in the late 1980s and early 1990s there were considerable shouts against homosexuals, with attempts to 13 laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.The AIDS epidemic, which started in the 1980s, has devastated the gay community and brought it together as never before. The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victims, 14__ they be gays or not, has been a model of community action. AIDS, however, has also 15___ people with another reason for their prejudice.练习：1. A. alike B. like C. likely D. liking2. A. lone B. lonely C. along D. alone3. A. glare B. observe C. glance D. view4. A. condemned B. condemning C. to condemn D. being condemned5. A. against B. from C. for D. of6. A. legal B. illegal C. resistible D. irresistible7. A. takes B. considers C. regards D. thinks of8. A. account B. look C. fight D. plead9. A. in addition B. therefore C. however D. consequently10. A. in B. at C. for D. toward11. A. exclude B. include C. extend D. intend12. A. Because B. While C. If D. In order that13. A. pass B. ban C. discontinue D. cancel14. A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. whether15. A. associated B. shared C. provided D. charged。