1. Romance （名词解释）
(1).The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval romance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.
(2).A long composition describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.
(3).One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.
(4).The Nature of the Romance:
1）Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feudal morality.
2）The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle.
3）The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.
4）The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.
2 Renaissance（名词解释）
1. a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century.
The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:
(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,
(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,
(3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
在英国的文化和艺术运动从16世纪初至17世纪初。
文艺复兴标志着从中世纪到现代世界的过渡。文艺复兴是一个历史时期，欧洲人文主义思想家和学者尝试摆脱那些老封建主义思想在中世纪的欧洲，
介绍说表达了新兴资产阶级利益的新思路，
恢复从罗马天主教会腐败的早期教会的纯洁性。
3.Critical Realism【批判现实主义】
English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 50s. The critical realists described the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realists of the time was charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was no less severe exposer of contemporary society. The method of critical realism was further adopted by such writers as Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the 50s and 60s the realistic novel entered a stage of decline. George Eliot described the life of the labouring people and criticized the privileged classes, but the power of exposure became much weaker in her work.
The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. The writers often used humour and satire to expose the seamy side of bourgeoisie society. So far as the form is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.
批判现实主义【批判现实主义】英国19世纪的批判现实主义盛行于19世纪40年代和50年代初。关键的现实主义者描述了英国社会的主要特点，并批评从民主观的资本主义制度。该时间是最伟大的英国查尔斯狄更斯的现实主义者。随着打击力量和真实性，他创建了资产阶级文明的照片，描述的苦难和百姓疾苦。另一
个关键的现实主义者，萨克雷，是当代社会没有那么严重曝光器。批判现实主义的方法是通过进一步的夏洛特和艾米莉勃朗特，伊丽莎白盖斯凯尔等作家。在50年代和60年代的现实主义小说进入了衰退期。乔治艾略特描述了劳动人民的生活，并批评特权阶级，但暴露的力量在她的工作变得更为疲软。在19世纪英国批判现实主义不仅给了一个资产阶级的统治阶级和一切讽刺的写照，但也显示了普通百姓的深切同情。经常用幽默作家和讽刺揭露资产阶级社会的阴暗面。至于形式方面，主要贡献在19世纪的关键在于他们提出的现实主义者，小说的完善。
4.Naturalism [自然主义]
Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in the Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly produce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and the oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by all the details of life without any discrimination, they can only represent the external appearance instead of inner essence of real life. However, some of the best naturalist novel may approach or even become forceful realistic literature because naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism. This may be shown by the works of Emile Zola (1840-1902), the French novelist and the master of Naturalism. George Gissing is one of the English novelists who wrote under the influence of naturalism.
[自然主义]自然主义文学思潮是在欧洲盛行，特别是在法国和德国在19世纪下半叶。根据自然主义理论，文学必须是“真实的生活“，准确地产生现实生活中，包括其所有的选择没有任何细节。自然主义作家写的生活通常被压迫的穷人和，或“贫民窟的生活“，但没有任何歧视的所有生活细节，他们只能代表的外在表现，而不是现实生活的内在本质。然而，最好的方法自然小说有些甚至成为有力的现实主义文学，因为自然主义，在现实中，是一种现实主义的发展。这可能是表明了这埃米尔左拉（一八四○年至02年），法国小说家和自然主义大师的作品。乔治吉辛是自然主义的影响下说英语的小说家之一。
5.Neo-romanticism【新浪漫主义】The term neo-romanticism is synonymous with post-Romanticism or late Romanticism. It is a long-lived movement in the arts and literature.It is considered to be a reaction to naturalism. The naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romanticist adds feeling and internal observation. These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism, and from the sense of place they perceive in historic rural landscapes; and in this they react in general to the 'ugly' modern world of machines, new cities, and profit. Characteristic themes include longing for perfect love, utopian landscapes, nature reclaiming ruins, romantic death, and history-in-landscape. Neo-romanticism is often accused by critics of being too insular, too interested in figurative painting and beauty, too fond of intuition, too distrustful of ideological & theoretical ways of comprehending art, and too in love with the past and the idealised / spiritual / haunted landscape. A more persuasive criticism is that neo-romanticism lacks an adequate conception of evil in the modern world. In English Literature, Robert Louis Stevenson(1850-1894)was a representative of noe-romanticism.
【新浪漫主义】一词新浪漫主义与后浪漫主义或晚期浪漫主义的代名词。这是一个在艺术和文学上的长期运动。被认为是一个自然的反应。在艺术博物强调外部观察，而新增加的感觉浪漫主义和内部观察。这些艺术家往往借助高浪漫主义的时代艺术家的灵感，并从地方感，他们认为在历史悠久的农村景观，并在这方面他们的反应一般的'丑'的机器，新的城市现代世界，利润。特色主题包括完美的爱情，乌托邦式的景观，自然回收废墟，浪漫的死亡，和历史中，景观的渴望。新浪漫主义常常指责为过于狭隘，太具象绘画与美，太喜欢的直觉，太多的艺术思想理论理解的方式不信任，也与过去和理想化/精神恋爱和感兴趣的批评/闹鬼的景观。一个更有说服力的批评是，新浪漫主义缺乏对现代世界的邪恶足够的概念。在英国文学，罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森（1850至1894年）是挪亚浪漫主义的代表。
6.Aestheticism[唯美主义]Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The
theory of “art for art’s sake”was first put forward by the French Poet Theophile Gautier(1812-1872). Following him, Swinburne in English literature declared that art should serve no religious, moral, or social ene, nor any end except itself. Aestheticism in England also owe a great deal to Ruskin, whose social and art criticism prepared the way for its appearance, though its flowers and its fruit were not Ruskin would have desired, because its he insisted upon moral value in art while the later aestheticists, trying to separate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations. The two most important representatives of aestheticism in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wild. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.
唯美[唯美主义]唯美主义开始在欧洲盛行于19世纪中叶。对“为艺术而艺术“的理论最早是由法国提出Theophile的诗人戈蒂埃（1812年至1872年）。跟着他，在英国文学，艺术史文朋宣布要为没有宗教，道德或社会，除本身也没有结束。英国唯美主义也该给拉斯金，其社会和艺术批评准备了其外观的方法很多，但它的花和果实不拉斯金将所喜爱的，因为它的道德价值后，他坚持在艺术而后来aestheticists，试图从现实生活分开的艺术，很少注意其社会和道德义务。两个最重要的英语文学的唯美主义的代表沃尔特佩特和奥斯卡野生。它发生在维多利亚时代后期的地方，从1868年至01年左右，并普遍认为已与奥斯卡王尔德的审判结束。
1、Epic（叙事诗）:An epic is a long narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Nonetheless, epics have been written down at last since Homer. Epics have nine characteristics: opens in media res; vast setting covering many nations, the world or the universe; begins with an invocation to a muse; starts with a statement of the theme; the use of epithets; includes long lists; features long and formal speeches; shows divine intervention on human affairs; “star” heroes that embody the values of the civilization. Beowulf, the only organic whole poem of the old English period, is an epic of well over 3000 lines.
2、Blank verse: Blank verse was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translations of Books 2 and 4 o f Virgil’s The Aeneid. It consists of lines of iambic(抑
扬格) pentameter (five-stress iambic verse) which are unrhymed—hence the term “blank”. Of all English metrical（韵律的）forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification（诗律）. It became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama; a free form of blank verse is still the medium in twentieth-century verse plays.
3、Modernism: A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, V orticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated（独立的）writers. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism（理性主义）which is the theoretical
base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama.
4、Byronic hero: A stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is
usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt（腐败）society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.
5、Gothic novel: An alternative term is Gothic romance. It is a story of terror and
suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery（修道院）. Following the appearance of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), the Gothic novel flourished in Britain from the 1790s to the 1820s, dominated by Ann Radcliffe, whose The Mysteries of Udolpho had many imitators.
6、Utilitarianism（实用主义）: this was a hedonistic kind of philosophy, embracing Utility, or “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”as the sanction of morality, and spreading the belief that everyone was the best judge of his own interest. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill set the tone, and John Stuart Mill humanized it sufficiently to ensure its dissemination in the country. As a practical movement of philosophy, it advocated a few things which met the need of the age. One of these was its emphasis on the importance of representative government, universal education, trade unions, and philanthropy. It encouraged individual growth and social reform, and supported democratic politics and material progress. Utilitarianism was on the whole the reflection of the spirit of Victorian middle class liberalism（自由主义）, or philistinism（实利主义）as Matthew Arnold called it. And it provoked a reaction from the major authors of the period such Tennyson and Dickens.
7、Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the
human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.
8、Bildungsroman: This is a term more or less synonymous with
Erziehungsroman—literally an “upbringing” or “education” novel. Widely used by German critics, it refers to a novel which is an account of the youthful development of a hero or heroine (usually the former). It describes the processes by which maturity is achieved through the various ups and downs of life.
9、Postmodernism: A term referring to certain radically experimental works of
literature and art produced after World War II. Post-modernism is distinguished from modernism, which generally refers to the revolution in art and literature that occurred during the period 1910-1930, particularly following the disillusioning experience of World War I. Much of post-modernist writing reveals and highlights the alienation of individuals and the meaninglessness of human existence. Postmodernists break away from traditions through experimentation with new literary devices, forms, and styles.
10、Neoclassicism: A style of western literature that flourished from the
mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance, considering them to have mastered the noblest literary forms, tragic epic and the epic. Neoclassical writers shared several beliefs. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, politeness, order, peace, realism, and form---above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the neoclassical period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, ect.
2. Alliteration: repetition of the initial letter or first sound of several words, marking the stressed syllables in a line of poetry or prose. A simple example is the phrase “through thick and thin “. The device is used to emphasize meaning and thus can be effectively employed in oratory. Alliteration is a characteristic of Anglo-Saxon poetry, notably by the epic Beowulf; it is still used, with modifications, by modern poets.
3. Ballad: A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and forth lines rhymed, which are known as the ballad stanza, rhyming abcb. When it was chanted by ballad-singers, the audience joined in a refrain which usually followed each stanza.
4. Sonnet: A sonnet is a 14-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.
5. Metaphysical poetry: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar.
6. Romance: it was a long composition, sometimes sin verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romance
was knight and the reasons for their adventures could be love, religious faith, or the mere desire for excitement.
7. Renaissance: in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the roman church authorities.
8. Enlightenment: is a term used to describe the trends in thought and letters in Europe and the American colonies during the 18th century prior to the French revolution. The phrase was frequently employed by writers of the period itself, convinced that they were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and a respect for humanity. The enlighteners believed in the power of reason, and that is why the 18th century in England has often be en called “the age of reason “.
9. heroic couplet: it is a term in poetry applied to two successive lines of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme. Couplets in English are usually written in
10-syllableslines, a form first used by Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic-couplet popular in 17th and 18th century. The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are couplet within two lines.
10. Iambic pentameter: is a verse form in which a\one line of poem contains 10 syllables, which could be divided into five feet. Two syllables in one feet are stressed syllable followed by a unstressed one.
sonnet:The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure.
代表人物：One of the best-known sonnet writers is William Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them (not including those that appear in his plays).
英国文学简史完全版 A Concise History of British Literature Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period I. Introduction 1. The historical background （1）Before the Germanic invasion （2）During the Germanic invasion a. immigration; b. Christianity; c. heptarchy. d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）; e. social organization: clan or tribes. f. military Organization; g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education; h. economy: coins, trade, slavery; i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system. 2. The Overview of the culture （1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit. （2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures. II. Beowulf.
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二） I.Fill in the blanks 1.Two English poets,_____and_____published a book of poems Lyrical Ballads.【答案】William Wordsworth;Samuel Taylor Coleridge 【解析】1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治联合出版了《抒情歌谣集》，标志着英国浪漫主义的诞生。 2.Samson Agonistes was written by_____. 【答案】John Milton 【解析】《力士参孙》是英国作家John Milton的一部悲剧。 3.Of the four novels that Charlotte Bront?wrote,_____has achieved lasting fame.【答案】Jane Eyre 【解析】在夏洛特·勃朗特所写的四部小说中，《简·爱》获得了持久的名声。 4.Through the military life experience of Guy,and disillusionment of his dream of elimination of the evils through just wars,Evelyn Waugh explores in his work, _____,the nature of war. 【答案】Unconditional Surrender 【解析】伊夫林·沃在小说《无条件投降》（Unconditional Surrender）写到，盖伊希望通过战争消除罪恶的梦想最终破灭，从而以此来探索自己对战争本质的认识。
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
Part 1. Old and medieval Beowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. 1.William Langland 威廉。兰格伦: Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯 1.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400: 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂; Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. Part 2. The English renaissance 1.Thomas More托马斯。莫尔：Utopia乌托帮 1.Philip Sidney菲力普。锡德尼：Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩3.Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。斯宾塞: The Faerie Queen仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历 4.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; Novum Organum新工具; New Atlantic新大西岛; Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self） The founder of English materialist philosophy 5.Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。马洛: Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus 浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人 6.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616: The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗 The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;