MR Cardiac

检查方法的中英对照--CT、MR、CR、DR、DSA 头部急诊平扫Emergent Head Scan 轴扫腹部穿刺 Axial Abdomen Puncture Scan 头部急诊增强Emergent Head Enhanced Scan 颈椎平扫 C-spine Routine Scan 头部平扫Head Routine Scan 胸椎平扫T-spine Routine Scan 头部增强Head Enhanced Scan 腰椎平扫L-spine Routine Scan 眼部平扫Orbits Routine Scan 盆腔平扫Pelvis Routine Scan 眼部增强Orbits Enhanced Scan 盆腔增强Pelvis Enhanced Scan 内耳平扫 Inner Ear Routine Scan 骶髂关节平扫 SI Joint Scan 内耳增强Inner Ear Enhanced Scan 肩关节平扫Shoulder Joint Scan 乳突平扫 Mastoid Routine Scan 上肢软组织平扫Upper Extremities Soft Tissue Scan 乳突增强Mastoid Enhanced Scan 蝶鞍平扫Sella Routine Scan 上肢软组织增强Upper Extremities Soft Tissue Enhanced 蝶鞍增强 Sella Enhanced Scan 鼻窦轴位平扫Sinus Axial Routine Scan 肘关节平扫Elbow Joint Routine Scan 鼻窦轴位增强 Sinus Axial Enhanced Scan 腕关节平扫 Wrist Joint Routine Scan 鼻窦冠位平扫 Sinus Coronal Scan 手部平扫Hand Routine Scan 鼻窦冠位增强Sinus Coronal Enhanced Scan 髋关节平扫Hip Joint Routine Scan 鼻咽平扫Nasopharynx Routine Scan 膝关节平扫 Knee Joint Routine Scan 鼻咽增强Nasopharynx Enhanced Scan 踝关节平扫Ankle Joint Routine Scan 腮腺平扫Parotid Routine Scan 下肢软组织平扫Lower Extremities Soft Tissue Scan 腮腺增强 Parotid EnhancedScan 喉平扫Larynx Routine Scan 下肢软组织增强Lower Extremities Soft Tissue Enhanced 喉增强 Larynx Enhanced Scan 甲状腺平扫Hypothyroid Routine Scan 足部平扫Foot Routine Scan 甲状腺增强Hypothyroid Enhanced Scan 头部血管造影Head CT Angiography 颈部平扫 Neck Routine Scan 颈部血管造影Neck CT Angiography 颈部增强 Neck Enhanced Scan 心脏冠脉造影 Coronal Artery Angiography 肺栓塞扫描 Lung Embolism Scan 心脏冠脉钙化积分Cardiac Calcium Scoring Scan 胸腺平扫Thymus Routine Scan 胸腺增强 Thymus Enhanced Scan 胸部血管造影 Chest CT Angiography 胸骨平扫 Sternum Routine Scan 腹部血管造影 Abdomen CT Angiography 胸骨增强 Sternum Enhanced Scan 上肢血管造影 Upper Extremities CT Angiography 胸部平扫Chest Routine Scan 胸部薄层扫描 High Resolution Chest Scan 下肢血管造影Lower Extremities CT Angiography 胸部增强Chest Enhanced Scan 胸部穿刺Chest Puncture Scan 头部平扫Head Routine Scan 轴扫胸部穿刺 Axial Chest Punture Scan 头部常规增强Head Routine Enhanced Scan 上腹部平扫Upper-Abdomen Routine Scan 头部动态增强 Head Dynamic Enhanced Scan 中腹部平扫 Mid-Abdomen Routine Scan 垂体平扫 Sella Routine Scan 上腹部增强Upper-Abdomen Routine 垂体增强Sella Enhanced Scan Enhanced Scan 鼻咽部平扫 Nasopharynx Routine Scan 中腹部增强Mid-Abdomen Routine Scan 鼻咽部增强NasopharynxEnhanced Scan 腹部穿刺Abdomen Puncture Scan 眼眶部平扫Orbits Routine Scan 1检查方法的中英对照--CT、MR、CR、DR、DSA 眼眶部增强Orbits Enhanced Scan 男性盆腔动态增强Male Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced 内听道平扫Inner Ear Routine Scan 颈部平扫Neck Routine Scan 肩关节平扫 Shoulder Joint Scan 颈部普通增强 Neck Enhanced Scan 肘关节平扫 Elbow Joint Scan 颈部动态增强 Neck Dynamic Enhanced Scan 腕关节平扫 Wrist Joint Scan 上腹部平扫Upper Abdomen Scan 手部平扫Hand Scan 上腹部普通增强Upper Abdomen Routine 上肢软组织平扫 Upper Soft Tissue Scan Enhanced 上肢软组织普通增强Upper Soft Tissue Routine Enhanced 上腹部动态增强Upper Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced 上肢软组织动态增强 Upper Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced 中腹部平扫Mid-Abdomen Scan 中腹部普通增强Mid-Abdomen Routine 五官三维成像3D Facial Scan Enhanced 胃三维3D Stomach CT Scan 中腹部动态增强 Mid-Abdomen Dynamic 结肠三维 3D Colon CT Scan Enhanced 颈椎三维 3D C-Spine 肾脏平扫Kidney Routine Scan 胸椎三维3D T-Spine 肾上腺平扫Adrenal Routine Scan 腰椎三维 3D L-Spine 肾脏普通增强 Kidney Routine Enhanced Scan 肩关节三维3D Shoulder Joint 肾脏动态增强Kidney Dynamic Enhanced 肘关节三维 3D Elbow Joint Scan 腕关节三维3D Wrist Joint 胰胆管造影MRCP 髋关节三维3D HipJoint 尿路造影 MRU 膝关节三维 3D Knee Joint 腹和盆腔联合扫描 Abdomen & Pelvis Scan 踝关节三维 3D Ankle Joint 颈椎平扫C-spine Scan 头部平扫Head Routine Scan 颈椎增强C-spine Enhanced Scan 头部常规增强 Head Routine Enhanced Scan 胸椎平扫 T-spine Scan 头部动态增强 Head Dynamic Enhanced Scan 胸椎增强 T-spine Enhanced Scan 垂体平扫 Sella Routine Scan 腰椎平扫L-spine Scan 垂体增强Sella Enhanced Scan 腰椎增强L-spine Enhanced Scan 鼻咽部平扫 Nasopharynx Routine Scan 胸腰段平扫 T&L Spine Scan 鼻咽部增强 Nasopharynx Enhanced Scan 胸腰段增强 T&L Spine Enhanced Scan 眼眶部平扫 Orbits Routine Scan 胸部平扫 Chest Scan 眼眶部增强 Orbits Enhanced Scan 胸部普通增强Chest Routine Enhanced Scan 内听道平扫Inner Ear Routine Scan 胸部动态增强 Chest Dynamic Enhanced Scan 颈部平扫 Neck Routine Scan 女性盆腔平扫 Female Pelvis Scan 颈部普通增强Neck Enhanced Scan 女性盆腔普通增强Female Pelvis Routine 颈部动态增强 Neck Dynamic Enhanced Scan Enhanced 上腹部平扫 Upper Abdomen Scan 女性盆腔动态增强 Female Pelvis Dynamic 上腹部普通增强Upper Abdomen Routine Enhanced Enhanced 男性盆腔平扫 Male Pelvis Scan 上腹部动态增强 Upper Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced 男性盆腔普通增强Male Pelvis Routine Enhanced 中腹部平扫 Mid-Abdomen Scan 2检查方法的中英对照--CT、MR、CR、DR、DSA 中腹部普通增强 Mid-Abdomen Routine 头颅正侧位Skull PA & LAT Enhanced 鼻窦Sinus PA 中腹部动态增强 Mid-Abdomen Dynamic 左侧乳突 Left Mastoid Process Enhanced 右侧乳突 Right Mastoid Process 肾脏平扫 Kidney Routine Scan 鼻骨侧位 Nasal Bones LAT 肾上腺平扫Adrenal Routine Scan 颈椎正侧位 C-Spine PA & LAT 肾脏普通增强Kidney Routine Enhanced Scan 颈椎双斜位 C-Spine Dual Oblique 肾脏动态增强 Kidney Dynamic Enhanced 胸椎正侧位 T-Spine PA & LAT Scan 腰椎正侧位 L-Spine PA & LAT 胰胆管造影 MRCP 骶尾正侧位Saccrum/Coccyx AP & LAT 尿路造影MRU 胸部正侧位（成人） Chest PA & LAT (Adult) 腹和盆腔联合扫描 Abdomen & Pelvis Scan 胸部正侧位（儿童） Chest PA & LAT (Pediatrics) 颈椎平扫 C-spine Scan 颈椎增强 C-spine Enhanced Scan 骨盆（成人）Pelvis PA (Adult) 胸椎平扫T-spine Scan 骨盆（儿童）Pelvis PA (Pediatrics) 胸椎增强 T-spine Enhanced Scan 腹部（成人）Abdomen ( Adult) 腰椎平扫 L-spine Scan 腹部（儿童） Abdomen (Pediatircs) 腰椎增强L-spine Enhanced Scan 左侧肩关节Left Shoulder Joint 胸腰段平扫T&L Spine Scan 右侧肩关节Right Shoulder Joint 胸腰段增强 T&L Spine Enhanced Scan 左侧肱骨正侧位 Left Humerus AP & LAT 胸部平扫 Chest Scan 右侧肱骨正侧位Right Humerus AP & LAT 胸部普通增强Chest Routine Enhanced Scan 左侧尺桡骨正侧位 Left Forearm AP & LAT 胸部动态增强Chest Dynamic Enhanced Scan 右侧尺桡骨正侧位RightForearm AP & LAT 女性盆腔平扫 Female Pelvis Scan 左侧肘关节正侧位Left Elbow Joint AP & LAT 女性盆腔普通增强Female Pelvis Routine Enhanced 右侧肘关节正侧位 Right Elbow Joint AP & LAT 女性盆腔动态增强 Female Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced 左手正斜位 Left Hand AP & Oblique 男性盆腔平扫 Male Pelvis Scan 右手正斜位Right Hand AP & Oblique 男性盆腔普通增强Male Pelvis Routine 左侧腕关节正侧位Left Wrist Joint AP & LAT Enhanced 右侧腕关节正侧位 Right Wrist Joint AP & LAT 男性盆腔动态增强 Male Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced 双腕关节正位（成人）Dual Wrist Joint AP (Adult) 肩关节平扫 Shoulder Joint Scan 肘关节平扫 Elbow Joint Scan 双腕关节正位（儿童） Dual Wrist Joint AP (Pediatrics) 腕关节平扫Wrist Joint Scan 手部平扫Hand Scan 左侧股骨正侧位Left Femur AP & LAT 上肢软组织平扫Upper Soft Tissue Scan 右侧股骨正侧位 Right Femur AP & LAT 上肢软组织普通增强Upper Soft Tissue 左侧膝关节正侧位Left Knee Joint AP & LAT Routine Enhanced 右侧膝关节正侧位 Right Knee Joint AP & LAT 上肢软组织动态增强Upper Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced 左侧胫腓骨正侧位 Left Tibia Fibula AP & 3检查方法的中英对照--CT、MR、CR、DR、DSA LAT 骨盆正位Pelvis AP 右侧胫腓骨正侧位Right Tibia Fibula AP & 耻骨坐骨正位Pubis Ischium AP LAT 腹部平片 Abdomen AP 左侧踝关节正侧位Left Ankle Joint AP & LAT 上肢 Upper Extremities 右侧踝关节正侧位Right Ankle Joint AP & 下肢Lower Extremities LAT 华氏位Waltz Position 左侧足部正侧位 Left Foot AP & LAT 下颌骨正侧位Mandible PA_LAT 右侧足部正侧位 Right Foot AP & LAT 头颅正侧位 Skull PA_LAT 足跟侧位 Calcaneus LAT 颧弓切线位 Zygomatic 胸部正位 Chest PA 小儿胸片 Chest 胸部正侧位 Chest PA & LAT 膝关节造影Knee Joint Contrast 心脏三位片Heart 肩关节造影Shoulder Joint Contrast 胸部斜位Chest OBL 椎管造影Spinal Contrast 胸骨侧位 Sternum LAT TMJ造影 TMJ contrast 胸锁骨关节像 Sternum Calvicle Joint PA 腮腺造影 Parotid Contrast 锁骨正位 Calvicle PA 静脉肾盂造影 IVP 肩关节正位 Shoulder Joint AP 逆行尿路造影 Contrary Urethral Contrast 头颅正位 Skull AP 子宫造影 Uterus Contrast 头颅正侧 Skull AP & LAT T管造影 T-tube Cholangiography 颈椎正位 C-spine AP 五官造影 Facial Contrast 颈椎张口位C-spine Open Mouth 窦道造影Contrast Fistulography 颈椎正侧位 C-spine AP & LAT 瘤腔造影 Tumor Cavity Contrast 颈椎正侧双斜位C-spine AP & LAT & Dual 异物定位Orientation OBL 胆系造影 Cholecystography ERCP Endoscopic Retrograde 颈椎六位像 C-spine 6 position Cholangiopancreatography 颈椎正侧双斜张口位 C-spine AP & LAT & Dual OBL Open Mouth 上消化道造影Upper Gastrointestinal Contrast 颈胸段正侧位C-T-spine AP & LAT 全消化道造影 Full Gastrointestinal Contrast 胸椎正侧 T-spine AP & LAT 钡灌肠造影 Barium Contrast of Colon 胸腰段正侧位 T-L-spine AP & LAT 小肠低张造影 Small Bowel Enema 腰椎正侧位 L-spine AP & LAT 结肠低张造影 Hypotonic Colon Contrast 腰椎正侧双斜L-spine AP & LAT & Dual OBL 食道造影Contrast Esophagography 腰椎双斜 L-spine Dual OBL 下肢静脉造影 Lower Vein Angiography 腰椎六位像L-spine 6 position 上肢静脉造影Upper Vein Angiography 腰椎过伸过屈位L-spine Lordotic Kyphotic 下肢动脉造影 Lower Artery Angiography Position 上肢动脉造影 Upper Artery Angiography 腰骶椎正侧位 L-S-spine AP & LAT 脑血管造影Cerebrovascular Angiograhy 骶尾椎正侧位Saccrum/Coccyx AP & LAT 主动脉弓胸腹主动脉造影Aorta Angiography 尾椎侧位像Coccyx LAT 肾静脉取血Kidney Vein Blood Sampling 骶髂关节正位 Sacrum Ilium Joint AP 右心、左心造影Right and Left Ventricular Angiography 骶髂关节切线位Sacrum Ilium Joint Tangential Position 心肌活检Myocardiam Centesis and Sampling 4检查方法的中英对照--CT、MR、CR、DR、DSA 冠状动脉造影Coronary Arteriography 室间隔缺损封堵术Ventricular septal defect closer 腔静脉取血 Vena cava sampling 心导管检查(微导管同)(进口仪器）Cardiac 动脉导管封堵术Patent doctus arteriosus closer catheterization 冠状动脉瘘封堵术Coronary artery fistula closer 经皮球囊扩张Percutaneous balloon dilatating 予激综合症心内膜检测 Endocardial 冠状动脉腔内超声Intracoronary ultrasound investigation of preexcitation syndrome 非冠状动脉血管内支架置入治疗Stenting therapy of non-coronary artery 希氏束电图 Electrocardiogram of bundle of His 经皮清除血管内异物 Transluminal eyewinker clearing 心脏临时起搏Cardiac temporary pacing 埋置永久心脏起搏器Cardioc permanent 经皮放置静脉滤器Transluminal filter pacemaker implanting implantaion 体肢动脉系统介入治疗 Transartery 骶髂关节平扫 Sacrum Ilium Joint Scan interventional therapy 髋关节平扫 Hip Joint Scan 支气管动脉介入治疗 Bronchus artery 膝关节平扫Knee Joint Routine Scan interventional therapy 踝关节平扫Ankle Joint Routine Scan 肺动脉介入治疗 Pulmonary artery 足部平扫Foot Routine Scan interventional therapy 下肢软组织平扫Lower Soft Tissue Scan 头臂动脉介入治疗 Brachiocephalic artery 下肢软组织普通增强Lower Soft Tissue interventional therapy Routine Enhanced 静脉介入治疗Veinous interventional therapy 下肢软组织动态增强 Lower Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced 冠状动脉介入治疗(球囊成形) Coronary Artery interventional therapy (balloon 上肢MRA Upper Extremities MRA angioplasty) 下肢MRA Lower Extremities MRA 冠状动脉介入治疗(腔内旋磨) Coronary 心脏大血管造影Heart MR Angiography Artery interventional therapy (rotablating) 胸主动脉造影 T-Artery MR Angiography 冠状动脉介入治疗(腔内支架) Coronary 腹主动脉造影 Abd-Artery MRAngiography Artery interventional therapy (stent implantaion) 头部血管造影Head MR Angiography 主动脉介入治疗Aorta interventional therapy 颈部血管造影Head MR Angiography 肾动脉介入治疗Renal artery interventional 盆腔血管造影Pelvis MR Angiography therapy 心脏瓣膜成形术 Heart valvuloplasty 房间隔缺损封堵术 Atrial septal defect closer 5。

国际医学放射学杂志ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭｅｄｉｃａｌＲａｄｉｏｌｏｇｙ２０19Jan 鸦42穴1雪：71-75MR 示踪技术在干细胞治疗心肌梗死中的研究进展吴诗熳张华姚振威*【摘要】活体细胞MR 示踪成像技术能有效在体内实时、准确评价干细胞治疗心肌梗死的效果，可分为MR 对比剂标记细胞成像和MR 报告基因成像。

自体移植干细胞治疗心肌梗死的疗法中，能标记干细胞的MR 对比剂主要有以钆剂为主的顺磁性对比剂、化学交换饱和转移成像（CEST ）相关对比剂以及氧化铁类对比剂；MR 报告基因导入后能使细胞表达产生MR 信号改变的蛋白质，以膜表面蛋白为主，包括铁蛋白受体、膜表面抗原、酶等。

目前的MR 细胞示踪技术对自体移植干细胞治疗的疗效评价、机制研究有一定的指导作用。

【关键词】磁共振成像；心肌梗死；干细胞示踪；细胞标记；报告基因中图分类号：R542.2+2；R445.2文献标志码：AProgress of MRI techniques in tracking of stem cells for myocardial infarction WU Shiman,ZHANG Hua,YAOZhenwei.Department of Radiology,Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai 200040,China【Abstract 】MRI-associated techniques for in-vivo tracking of stem cells can be used to effectively and accuratelyevaluate stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction in real-time.It includes MRI contrast agent (CA)labeling technique and MR reporter gene editing tool.MR contrast agents which are capable of labeling stem cells in treatment of myocardial infarction mainly include positive contrast agents (mainly gadolinium-based paramagnetic contrast agents),chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)-MRI imaging related contrast agents,and iron oxide-based agents.After the introduction of the MR reporter gene,the cells can express proteins that produce MR signal changes,mainly membrane proteins,including ferritin receptors,membrane surface antigens,and enzymes.At present,the existing MR cell tracking techniques has a certain guiding role in the evaluation and mechanism study of autologous transplantation stem cell therapy.【Keywords 】Magnetic resonance imaging;Myocardial infarction;Stem cell tracking;Cell labeling;Reporter geneＩｎｔＪＭｅｄＲａｄｉｏｌ，２０１9，42（1）：71-75作者单位：复旦大学附属华山医院放射科，上海200040通信作者：姚振威，E-mail:aocnhnr@ *审校者基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（81671732）DOI:10.19300/j.2019.Z6648目前心肌梗死仍然是威胁人类生命及生活质量的主要原因之一，而自体移植干细胞治疗心肌梗死已逐渐从实验室研究走向临床应用，但仍然面临着诸多困难，其中一个重要限制是移植细胞的示踪和疗效评价。

心肌应变成像技术逐渐发展为一项优于射血分数，且能够更准确评估整体及局部心肌功能改变的方法，在精准诊断和预后评估中具有重要的潜在价值。

本文就磁共振心肌应变技术在心肌梗死评估及预后方面的应用进行全面总结与分析。

近年来，早期再灌注治疗大大改善了急性心肌梗死（myocardial infarction，MI）患者生存率。

MI 所致的左心室功能障碍乃至心力衰竭是患者远期死亡的主要原因，心脏MR（cardiac MR，CMR）成像技术作为评估心脏结构和功能的金标准，同时可以评估组织学特征，在MI患者常规诊疗决策及危险分层上具有重要价值。

左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction，LVEF）是评估心脏收缩功能的重要指标，但是LVEF无法早期识别出射血分数保留的心力衰竭患者，也无法反映局部心肌收缩功能的改变。

CMR心肌应变技术能够定量评估整体及局部心肌运动功能，对心肌功能障碍检测的灵敏度更高，在疾病诊断及预后分层上具有重要的潜在价值。

笔者将阐述CMR心肌应变技术特点，并对其在MI诊断及预后评估方面的应用价值进行综述。

心肌应变是心肌在指定方向上从松弛状态到收缩状态（即舒张末期到收缩末期）单位长度变化的百分比，可用于分析心肌局部或整体在径向、周向、纵向3个正交方向上的空间分量，反映不同走行方向的心肌纤维的收缩力。

CMR应变分析常用的参数主要包括径向、周向、纵向3个方向的应变及应变率。

径向应变向量垂直于心外膜朝向心腔的中心，收缩末期心肌在径向上的拉伸使得心肌室壁增厚，应变值常为正值；周向应变向量沿圆周方向与心外膜壁相切，纵向应变向量沿心腔长轴方向与心肌壁相切，收缩期心肌在周向上的收缩使得心腔在短轴截面缩小，纵向上心脏短缩而进一步缩小心腔，周向及纵向应变常呈负值。

应变率是应变随时间的变化速度。

1.基于组织标记的心肌应变技术：CMR通过追踪心肌组织的物理特征评估心肌应变的技术包括心肌组织标记（myocardial tissue tagging）、应变编码（strain encoded，SENC）、相位对比速度编码（velocity-encoded，VENC）、受激回波位移编码（displacement encoding with stimulated echoes，DENSE）等技术，均需要扫描特定的序列。

INTRODUCTIONThese magnetic resonance (MR) protocols were developed by an expert consensus panel for use on General Electric (GE) MR imaging machines, and were developed for high-end platform scanners with multichannel phased array coils and parallel reconstruction capabilities. The protocols are divided into 3 sections:•Body MR imaging•Body MR angiography•Central nervous system (CNS) MR imagingThe protocol parameters can generally be adapted to work with other software platforms or releases and hardware configurations but may require small modifications that can be made by a knowledgeable and experienced MR technologist. Scan times may increase in some circumstances.These protocols provide field strength–specific parameters for 1.5T and 3T. Attention has also been given to patient preparation, streamlining the exam, and making the best use of contrast material, whether it is a standard gadolinium-based extracellular fluid agent, a high-relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), such as MultiHance® (gadobenate dimeglumine [Gd-BOPTA]), or agents with hepatobiliary uptake such as Eovist®(gadoxetic acid) and MultiHance®.Each protocol contains a brief description of patient preparation, special notes on coil choice and placement, suggestions for contrast dose and administration rate, and suggestions concerning timing of fluoroscopic triggering, if appropriate.The consensus panel consisted of the following experts in radiology:Thomas Grist, MD University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Mark C. DeLano, MD ̶ Michigan State University, Advanced Radiology Services, PC, Grand Rapids, Michigan Scott B. Reeder, MD, PhD ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Howard A. Rowley, MD ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Steffen Sammet, MD, PhD, DABR, DABMRS, FAMP ̶ The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WisconsinDisclaimerThe content and views presented in this educational activity are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Medical Education Resources, ABC Medical Education, and/or Bracco Diagnostics Inc. The authors have disclosed if there is any discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in their presentations. The protocols presented here were developed for pediatric and adult patients of average weight.Before prescribing any medicine, primary references and the full prescribing information for each product should be consulted. Any procedures, medications, or other courses of diagnosis or treatment discussed or suggested in this activity should not be used by clinicians without evaluation of their patient’s conditions and possible contraindications or dangers in use, review of any applicable manufacturer’s product information, and comparison with recommendations of other authorities. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management.Off-Label StatementThis educational activity contains discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not on-label by the FDA. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty. Please refer to the official prescribing information for each product for discussion of approved indications, contraindications, and warnings. Further, participants should critically appraise the information presented and are encouraged to consult appropriate resources for any product or device mentioned in this activity.MR Protocols for Body MR ImagingContrast timing is extremely important for abdominal MR imaging, particularly for high-quality liver imaging. We recommend the use of fluoro-triggering or “SmartPrep” methods rather than the use of a timing bolus.All body MR imaging protocols presented here were developed by Scott B. Reeder, MD, PhD, Steffen Sammet, MD, PhD, DABR, DABMRS, FAMP, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for 1.5T and 3T systems. Specific protocols include:•Abdomen‒ Generic Abdomen Pelvis 1.5T and 3T‒ Appendicitis Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T‒ MR Enterography 1.5T and 3T•Liver‒ Liver/Pancreas Extracellular Agent 1.5T and 3T‒ Liver/Pancreas Hepatobiliary Agent 1.5T and 3T‒ Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T‒ Diffuse Liver Disease 1.5T and 3T•Pelvis‒ Generic Pelvis 1.5T and 3T‒ Female Pelvis Malignant 1.5T and 3T‒ Female Pelvis Benign 1.5T and 3T‒ Uterine Anomaly 1.5T and 3T‒ Rectal Cancer 1.5T and 3T‒ Perianal Fistula 1.5T and 3T‒ Prostate 1.5T and 3T•Adrenal and Renal‒ Adrenal 1.5T and 3T‒ Renal 1.5T and 3TGeneral Notes•Intravenous access should be obtained with an 18- to 22-gauge needle•We suggest the use of a contrast injector and a saline flush of a minimum of 20 to 30 mL at the same injection rate as the contrast injection (1.5-2.0 mL/sec)•Breath-holding is essential for good image quality for thoracic or abdominal MR imaging. Precontrast scans should be used to ensure that the patient can both breath-hold adequately and understand the instructions. We recommend breath-holding at end-expiration (end tidal volume)•When parallel imaging is used, care must be taken to increase the field of view sufficiently to avoid residual aliasing artifact. This is generally more often a problem for coronal imaging, which may require placing the arms over the head or elevating the arms by the patient’s side•In patients with renal failure, consider using a half-dose (0.05 mmol/kg) of a high-relaxivity Group II contrast agent such as MultiHance® (gadobenate dimeglumine), particularly at 3TMR Protocols for Body MR AngiographyAll protocols should use Fluoro-Triggered (FT) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography fluoroscopic imaging for bolus detection. MR imaging protocols for MR angiography presented here include 1.5T and 3T systems, and were developed by Thomas Grist, MD, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for the following procedures:•Cardiac MRA–Cardiac Basic Anatomy and Function 1.5T and 3T–Pulmonary Artery 1.5T and 3T–Pulmonary Vein Mapping 1.5T and 3T•Thoracic MRA–Thoracic Aorta MRA 1.5T and 3T–Gated Thoracic Aorta 1.5T and 3T•Abdominal MRA–Contrast-enhanced MRA Abdomen 1.5T and 3T–Noncontrast-enhanced MRA Abdomen 1.5T and 3T–Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm MRA 1.5T and 3T•Peripheral MRA–Lower Extremity Contrast-enhanced MR Venography (CE MRV) 1.5T and 3T–Runoff Abdomen to Lower Extremity MRA 1.5T and 3T–Peripheral Runoff Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T–Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Evaluation 1.5T and 3TThe rationale for the patient preparation for contrast-enhanced MR angiography is based on a hypothetical generic patient. Individual protocols may include important variations and will be delineated in the specific protocol. General Notes•Intravenous access should be obtained with an 18- to 22-gauge needle, inserted preferably in the antecubital fossa. Right side is preferred (when possible) for thoracic or carotid MR angiography•Use respiratory bellows – gating parameters:–R-R intervals = 2-3–Trigger point = 40%–Trigger window = 30%–Delay = minimum•The basic sequences recommended are intended to achieve both anatomic localization and high-quality anatomic imaging to complement the angiographic sequences that are performed. These include:–3-plane localizer–Coronal single-shot fast spin-echo (FSE)–Axial T2 FSE (respiratory triggered)–3D (three-dimensional) contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (precontrast-practice breath-hold)–3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (postcontrast)–3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (2nd postcontrast)–Axial fast spoiled gradient-echo postcontrast fat-saturated•A power injector is highly recommended with a minimum of 20- to 30-mL saline flush delivered at the same injection rate as the contrast injection•Breath-holding is critical to good image quality for thoracic or abdominal MR angiography. Precontrast or practice scans help ensure that the patient can both breath-hold adequately and understand the instructions•When parallel imaging is used, care must be taken to not have wraparound artifact on the vascular structures. This generally requires prescribing a large field of view beyond the body wall, and for abdominal imaging, it requires placing the arms over the head or elevating the arms at the patient’s side. When performing the calibration scan, overprescribe by one-fourth the area of interest in the superior and inferior directions to reduce scan cutoff. Calibration scans are performed in the axial plane MR Protocols for Central Nervous System (CNS) MR Imaging Newer hardware and software platforms at both 1.5T and 3T allow efficient protocol options for a wide range of CNS indications. This section suggests multiple consensus methods for optimizing examination of patients undergoing MR imaging in the CNS. Core sequences in each protocol are identified, and their aggregate use constitutes a complete examination for each protocol. Alternative sequences of interest are included for emerging technologies, specific target anatomy, or subspecialty preference.1.5T and 3T CNS MR imaging protocols presented here were developed by Howard A. Rowley, MD, Mark C. DeLano, MD, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for the following procedures:•Brain–Routine Adult Brain 1.5T and 3T–Brain Neck Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)/Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) 1.5T and 3T –Motion Brain 1.5T and 3T–Routine Stroke Fast 1.5T and 3T–Hyperacute Stroke Brain 1.5T and 3T–Tumor Brain 1.5T and 3T–Multiple Sclerosis Brain 1.5T and 3T–Pediatric Brain 1.5T and 3T–Epilepsy Brain 1.5T and 3T•Specialty Brain–Hydrocephalus Brain 1.5T and 3T–Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow 1.5T and 3T–Pituitary 1.5T and 3T–Cranial Nerves/Internal Auditory Canals 1.5T and 3T–Vessel Wall 1.5T and 3T•Head and Neck–Orbits 1.5T and 3T–Soft Tissue Neck 1.5T and 3T–Sinuses/Face 1.5T and 3T•Spine–Cervical Spine 1.5T and 3T–Lumbar Spine 1.5T and 3T–Thoracic Spine 1.5T and 3T–Routine Total Spine 1.5T and 3T–Focused Total Spine 1.5T and 3T–Specialty Spine 1.5T and 3T–Brachial Plexus 1.5T and 3T–Lumbar Plexus 1.5T and 3TGeneral CNS Protocol Notes•Standard brain. There are multiple approaches to obtain various tissue parameter weightings at both1.5T and 3T, such that “standard” imaging refers more to the general-purpose nature of the protocolrather than the core sequence choices. The core preferences of our consensus panel are indicated within each protocol•T1.Six techniques for obtaining T1-weighting are included: spin echo (SE), fast spin echo (FSE), T1 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T1-FLAIR), 3D IR-prepared FSPGR (BRAVO), 3D T1 CUBE, and magnetization transfer (MT)–SE is the T1 reference standard for image contrast at 1.5T, although the other sequences have unique advantages and are included as options. Due to T1 prolongation at 3T and associated loss of gray-white contrast there is no consensus standard for T1-weighting, and many sites use inversion recovery preparation to restore tissue contrast–FSE with its intrinsic magnetization transfer effects results in decreased gray-white contrast but may depict contrast enhancement to better advantage–T1-FLAIR and BRAVO are inversion prepared, facilitating excellent gray-white differentiation but with the potential disadvantage of inconspicuous contrast enhancement due to the marked precontrast hypointensity of many lesions and subsequent isointensity to surrounding brain postcontrast –BRAVO, as a standard 3D sequence, has the key advantage of multiplanar reconstruction capability of the isotropic data sets, and excellent gray-white contrast desirable for most applications –T1 CUBE. This T1-weighted FSE-based volumetric sequence can be performed either before or after contrast. Beyond the usual 3D attributes (such as high resolution and multiplanar reconstructions), it has particular advantages postcontrast, where it provides black blood imaging, supports fat saturation, and shows outstanding tissue contrast for enhancing lesions. T1 CUBE is suitable for routine brain imaging and also orbital, cranial nerve, and vessel wall imaging exams. Many sites now use T1 CUBE as a supplement to postcontrast T1 BRAVO and other sequences–MT is an optional feature that can be added to increase contrast enhancement conspicuity on SE imaging, but at the cost of increased SAR and decreased gray-white distinction•T2. Most sites use FSE sequences rather than SE. PROPELLER is effective for dealing with patient motion, and is the primary FSE sequence used at many sites. Some users add fat saturation to T2 imaging as an option•T2-FLAIR.Improves lesion detection particularly at the brain-CSF interface. When done as the first sequence postinjection, postcontrast T2-FLAIR imaging effectively inserts a time delay for subsequent T1-weighted scans, which improves lesion detection on subsequent T1 imaging. The T2-FLAIR images also have some intrinsic T1 contrast that allows visualization of both edema and enhancement on one sequence for many lesions. Both 2D and 3D T2-FLAIR sequences are commonly performed, with the advantage of multiplanar reconstruction capability and fewer CSF pulsation artifacts of the 3D CUBE •Susceptibility. Due to the reduced susceptibility weighting of FSE methods, a T2*-GRE sequence can be added as an option to detect blood products and calcium. The SWAN sequence has been shown to more sensitively detect subtle areas of blood and calcium and has become a common protocol choice•Diffusion. Most brain protocols include a diffusion-weighted imaging sequence that is useful for stroke, infection, and tumor imaging. Apparent diffusion coefficient maps should be included to assess T2 shine-through. In areas near the skull base or orbits, PROPELLER DWI can be a good option to reduce signal pile-up and geometric distortion artifacts•Perfusion. Dynamic susceptibility contrast, perfusion-weighted imaging is becoming increasingly important and can provide clinically significant information regarding blood volume and/or transit time for both stroke and tumor imaging. Arterial spin labeling is also an option for assessing cerebral blood flow at 3T, but must be obtained precontrast•Contrast. The protocols presented here do not list separate imaging sequences for postcontrast imaging; rather, the T1-weighted sequence of choice is typically repeated after contrast agent administration. Most neurologic sequences with contrast are acquired with at least a 3- to 5-minute delay after injection to optimize visualization of disorders of the blood-brain barrier. Some protocols use more than one sequence “family” postcontrast, such as T2-FLAIR, T1-BRAVO, and T1-CUBE Fat Sat due to their complementary information. Many centers prefer routinely acquiring such volumetric series postcontrast to facilitate retrospective multiplanar reconstructions, treatment planning, and neuronavigation applications. T2-FLAIR is an excellent complement to T1 series, and may be done first postcontrast to intentionally provide a time delay before the T1 series are acquired. The method of injection is not important in these cases, and manual injection is typically used. However, power injectors are needed for contrast-enhanced MR angiography and perfusion imaging. Rates of injection vary, but 4 to 5 mL/sec is standard for perfusion, and 1.5 to 2 mL/sec is used for MR angiography. Dosing is weight based and at 0.1 mmol/kg for most protocols aimed at standard extracellular fluid distribution. The dose for an individual injection may be lower for first-pass MRA or perfusion exams, where a split-dose protocol can often be used, keeping overall dose within the standard 0.1 mmol/kg guideline. The ACR has recommended that the lowest dose feasible be used for diagnostic purposes. Because standard dosing recommendations are mostly influenced by lean body mass, and ECF volume in fatty tissues is low, some sites cap the upper limit of contrast for heavier adults at 20 mL total, especially when a high-relaxivity agent is being used.A useful contrast dose calculator (“GadCalc”) is available at https:///contrastCorner/ gadcalc.php and is also available for free download at the Apple and Droid App Stores.。

·方法技术学·Cardiac MR tissue tracking technique for quantitativelyevaluating myocardial strain of cardiacamyloidosis patientsHE　Jiangkai1， CUI　Chen1， MA　Wei2， WANG　Zhi2， LIU　Jia1， LI　Wei1，ZHAO　Kai1， NAI　Rile1， XU　Shasha1， QIU　Jianxing1*（1.Department of Radiology，2.Department of Cardiovascular， PekingUniversity First Hospital， Beijing 100034， China）［Abstract］Objective　To observe the feasibility of cardiac MR tissue tracking （CMR-TT）technique for quantitatively evaluating myocardial strain of patients with myocardial amyloidosis （CA）.Methods　Cardiac MRI were collected from20 patients of immunoglobulin amyloid light-chain CA （AL-CA，group A），20 cases of transthyretin CA （ATTR-CA，group B） and 20 healthy subjects （group C）， and myocardial strain parameters were obtained using CMR-TT technique.Left ventricular cardiac function parameters were compared among 3 groups， so were strain parameters of each myocardial segment of left ventricle and global myocardium，including 3D longitudinal strain （LS），3D radial strain （RS）and 3D circumferential strain （CS）.Results　Compared with those in group C，significant differences of left ventricular cardiac function parameters were found in both group A and B （all P＜0.01），while no statistical difference was found between group A and B （all P＞0.05）. Except for apical segment RS （P=0.81）， strain parameters in group A and B were both lower than those in group C （all P＜0.01）， while no significant difference was detected between group A and B （all P＞0.05）.Conclusion　CMR-TT technique could be used to quantitatively evaluate left ventricular myocardial strain of CApatients.［Keywords］myocardium； amyloidosis； magnetic resonance imaging； tissue tracking techniqueDOI：10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2024.01.009心脏MR组织追踪技术定量评估心肌淀粉样变性患者心肌应变何江凯1，崔晨1，马为2，王智2，刘佳1，李玮1，赵凯1，奈日乐1，徐莎莎1，邱建星1*（1.北京大学第一医院医学影像科，2.心血管内科，北京 100034）［摘要］目的　观察利用心脏MR组织追踪（CMR-TT）技术定量评估心肌淀粉样变性（CA）患者心肌应变的可行性。

国际医学放射学杂志ＩｎｔＪＭｅｄＲａｄｉｏｌ２０21Jan 鸦44穴1雪：48-51纹理分析在心脏MR 成像中的研究进展王春华1王哲涛2任静1周鹏1郜发宝2*【摘要】纹理分析可以挖掘肉眼无法观察的高通量医学影像定量特征，基于心脏MR （CMR ）成像的纹理分析可以提高CMR 对心脏疾病的诊断、预后及预测价值。

近年纹理分析已应用于钆对比剂延迟强化、电影、T 1WI 、T 1mapping 、T 2mapping 序列。

综述CMR 成像不同序列纹理分析的研究进展，以指导临床精准诊断及治疗。

【关键词】磁共振成像；纹理分析；心脏疾病；心肌梗死中图分类号：R542.2；R445.2文献标志码：AResearch progress of texture analysis in cardiac MR imagingWANG Chunhua 1,WANG Zhetao 2,REN Jing 1,ZHOU Peng 1,GAO Fabao 2.1Department of Radiology,Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute,Sichuan Cancer Center,School of Medicine,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 610041,China;2Department of Radiology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University.Corresponding author:GAO Fabao,E-mail:******************【Abstract 】Texture analysis can excavate high -throughput quantitative features of medical images that can ’t beobserved by naked eye.Cardiac MR (CMR)-based texture analysis can improve the diagnosis and prognostic estimation of cardiac diseases.The texture analysis has been applied in varied CMR techniques including late gadolinium enhancement,cine,T 1WI,T 1mapping,and T 2mapping in recent years.We reviewed the progress of texture analysis using different CMRsequences,in order to guide precise diagnosis and treatment.【Keywords 】Magnetic resonance imaging;Texture analysis;Cardiac disease;Myocardial infarctionＩｎｔＪＭｅｄＲａｄｉｏｌ，２０21，44（1）：48-51作者单位：1四川省肿瘤医院·研究所影像科，四川省癌症防治中心，电子科技大学附属医学院，成都610041；2四川大学华西医院放射科通信作者：郜发宝，E-mail ：*******************审校者基金项目：国家自然科学基金（81520108014，81771800，81829003，81930046）；国家重点研发项目（2016YFA0201402）DOI:10.19300/j.2021.Z18306综述心血管放射学心脏磁共振（cardiac magnetic resonance ，CMR ）成像可以实现多方位、多参数、多序列扫描，且具有良好的组织分辨力。

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Enhanced Scan鼻咽部平扫Nasopharynx Routine Scan鼻咽部增强Nasopharynx Enhanced Scan眼眶部平扫Orbits Routine Scan1眼眶部增强Orbits Enhanced Scan内听道平扫Inner Ear Routine Scan颈部平扫Neck Routine Scan颈部普通增强Neck Enhanced Scan颈部动态增强Neck Dynamic Enhanced Scan 上腹部平扫Upper Abdomen Scan上腹部普通增强Upper Abdomen Routine Enhanced上腹部动态增强Upper Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced中腹部平扫Mid-Abdomen Scan中腹部普通增强Mid-Abdomen Routine Enhanced中腹部动态增强Mid-Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced肾脏平扫Kidney Routine Scan肾上腺平扫Adrenal Routine Scan肾脏普通增强Kidney Routine Enhanced Scan 肾脏动态增强Kidney Dynamic Enhanced Scan胰胆管造影MRCP尿路造影MRU腹和盆腔联合扫描Abdomen & Pelvis Scan颈椎平扫C-spine Scan颈椎增强C-spine Enhanced Scan胸椎平扫T-spine Scan胸椎增强T-spine Enhanced Scan腰椎平扫L-spine Scan腰椎增强L-spine Enhanced Scan胸腰段平扫T&L Spine Scan胸腰段增强T&L Spine Enhanced Scan胸部平扫Chest Scan胸部普通增强Chest Routine Enhanced Scan 胸部动态增强Chest Dynamic Enhanced Scan 女性盆腔平扫Female Pelvis Scan女性盆腔普通增强Female Pelvis Routine Enhanced女性盆腔动态增强Female Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced男性盆腔平扫Male Pelvis Scan男性盆腔普通增强Male Pelvis Routine Enhanced 男性盆腔动态增强Male Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced肩关节平扫Shoulder Joint Scan肘关节平扫Elbow Joint Scan腕关节平扫Wrist Joint Scan手部平扫Hand Scan上肢软组织平扫Upper Soft Tissue Scan上肢软组织普通增强Upper Soft Tissue Routine Enhanced上肢软组织动态增强Upper Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced五官三维成像3D Facial Scan胃三维3D Stomach CT Scan结肠三维3D Colon CT Scan颈椎三维3D C-Spine胸椎三维3D T-Spine腰椎三维3D L-Spine肩关节三维3D Shoulder Joint肘关节三维3D Elbow Joint腕关节三维3D Wrist Joint髋关节三维3D Hip Joint膝关节三维3D Knee Joint踝关节三维3D Ankle Joint头部平扫Head Routine Scan头部常规增强Head Routine Enhanced Scan头部动态增强Head Dynamic Enhanced Scan 垂体平扫Sella Routine Scan垂体增强Sella Enhanced Scan鼻咽部平扫Nasopharynx Routine Scan鼻咽部增强Nasopharynx Enhanced Scan眼眶部平扫Orbits Routine Scan眼眶部增强Orbits Enhanced Scan内听道平扫Inner Ear Routine Scan颈部平扫Neck Routine Scan颈部普通增强Neck Enhanced Scan颈部动态增强Neck Dynamic Enhanced Scan 上腹部平扫Upper Abdomen Scan上腹部普通增强Upper Abdomen Routine Enhanced上腹部动态增强Upper Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced中腹部平扫Mid-Abdomen Scan2中腹部普通增强Mid-Abdomen Routine Enhanced中腹部动态增强Mid-Abdomen Dynamic Enhanced肾脏平扫Kidney Routine Scan肾上腺平扫Adrenal Routine Scan肾脏普通增强Kidney Routine Enhanced Scan 肾脏动态增强Kidney Dynamic Enhanced Scan胰胆管造影MRCP尿路造影MRU腹和盆腔联合扫描Abdomen & Pelvis Scan颈椎平扫C-spine Scan颈椎增强C-spine Enhanced Scan胸椎平扫T-spine Scan胸椎增强T-spine Enhanced Scan腰椎平扫L-spine Scan腰椎增强L-spine Enhanced Scan胸腰段平扫T&L Spine Scan胸腰段增强T&L Spine Enhanced Scan胸部平扫Chest Scan胸部普通增强Chest Routine Enhanced Scan 胸部动态增强Chest Dynamic Enhanced Scan 女性盆腔平扫Female Pelvis Scan女性盆腔普通增强Female Pelvis Routine Enhanced女性盆腔动态增强Female Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced男性盆腔平扫Male Pelvis Scan男性盆腔普通增强Male Pelvis Routine Enhanced男性盆腔动态增强Male Pelvis Dynamic Enhanced肩关节平扫Shoulder Joint Scan肘关节平扫Elbow Joint Scan腕关节平扫Wrist Joint Scan手部平扫Hand Scan上肢软组织平扫Upper Soft Tissue Scan上肢软组织普通增强Upper Soft Tissue Routine Enhanced上肢软组织动态增强Upper Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced 头颅正侧位Skull PA & LAT鼻窦Sinus PA左侧乳突Left Mastoid Process右侧乳突Right Mastoid Process鼻骨侧位Nasal Bones LAT颈椎正侧位C-Spine PA & LAT颈椎双斜位C-Spine Dual Oblique胸椎正侧位T-Spine PA & LAT腰椎正侧位L-Spine PA & LAT骶尾正侧位Saccrum/Coccyx AP & LAT胸部正侧位（成人）Chest PA & LAT (Adult) 胸部正侧位（儿童）Chest PA & LAT (Pediatrics)骨盆（成人）Pelvis PA (Adult)骨盆（儿童）Pelvis PA (Pediatrics)腹部（成人）Abdomen ( Adult)腹部（儿童）Abdomen (Pediatircs)左侧肩关节Left Shoulder Joint右侧肩关节Right Shoulder Joint左侧肱骨正侧位Left Humerus AP & LAT右侧肱骨正侧位Right Humerus AP & LAT左侧尺桡骨正侧位Left Forearm AP & LAT右侧尺桡骨正侧位Right Forearm AP & LAT 左侧肘关节正侧位Left Elbow Joint AP & LAT右侧肘关节正侧位Right Elbow Joint AP & LAT左手正斜位Left Hand AP & Oblique右手正斜位Right Hand AP & Oblique左侧腕关节正侧位Left Wrist Joint AP & LAT 右侧腕关节正侧位Right Wrist Joint AP & LAT双腕关节正位（成人）Dual Wrist Joint AP (Adult)双腕关节正位（儿童）Dual Wrist Joint AP (Pediatrics)左侧股骨正侧位Left Femur AP & LAT右侧股骨正侧位Right Femur AP & LAT左侧膝关节正侧位Left Knee Joint AP & LAT 右侧膝关节正侧位Right Knee Joint AP & LAT左侧胫腓骨正侧位Left Tibia Fibula AP &3LAT右侧胫腓骨正侧位Right Tibia Fibula AP & LAT左侧踝关节正侧位Left Ankle Joint AP & LAT 右侧踝关节正侧位Right Ankle Joint AP & LAT左侧足部正侧位Left Foot AP & LAT右侧足部正侧位Right Foot AP & LAT足跟侧位Calcaneus LAT胸部正位Chest PA胸部正侧位Chest PA & LAT心脏三位片Heart胸部斜位Chest OBL胸骨侧位Sternum LAT胸锁骨关节像Sternum Calvicle Joint PA锁骨正位Calvicle PA肩关节正位Shoulder Joint AP头颅正位Skull AP头颅正侧Skull AP & LAT颈椎正位C-spine AP颈椎张口位C-spine Open Mouth颈椎正侧位C-spine AP & LAT颈椎正侧双斜位C-spine AP & LAT & Dual OBL颈椎六位像C-spine 6 position颈椎正侧双斜张口位C-spine AP & LAT & Dual OBL Open Mouth颈胸段正侧位C-T-spine AP & LAT胸椎正侧T-spine AP & LAT胸腰段正侧位T-L-spine AP & LAT腰椎正侧位L-spine AP & LAT腰椎正侧双斜L-spine AP & LAT & Dual OBL 腰椎双斜L-spine Dual OBL腰椎六位像L-spine 6 position腰椎过伸过屈位L-spine Lordotic Kyphotic Position腰骶椎正侧位L-S-spine AP & LAT骶尾椎正侧位Saccrum/Coccyx AP & LAT尾椎侧位像Coccyx LAT骶髂关节正位Sacrum Ilium Joint AP骶髂关节切线位Sacrum Ilium Joint Tangential Position 骨盆正位Pelvis AP耻骨坐骨正位Pubis Ischium AP腹部平片Abdomen AP上肢Upper Extremities下肢Lower Extremities华氏位Waltz Position下颌骨正侧位Mandible PA_LAT头颅正侧位Skull PA_LAT颧弓切线位Zygomatic小儿胸片Chest膝关节造影Knee Joint Contrast肩关节造影Shoulder Joint Contrast椎管造影Spinal ContrastTMJ造影TMJ contrast腮腺造影Parotid Contrast静脉肾盂造影IVP逆行尿路造影Contrary Urethral Contrast子宫造影Uterus ContrastT管造影T-tube Cholangiography五官造影Facial Contrast窦道造影Contrast Fistulography瘤腔造影Tumor Cavity Contrast异物定位Orientation胆系造影CholecystographyERCP Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography上消化道造影Upper Gastrointestinal Contrast 全消化道造影Full Gastrointestinal Contrast钡灌肠造影Barium Contrast of Colon小肠低张造影Small Bowel Enema结肠低张造影Hypotonic Colon Contrast食道造影Contrast Esophagography下肢静脉造影Lower Vein Angiography上肢静脉造影Upper Vein Angiography下肢动脉造影Lower Artery Angiography上肢动脉造影Upper Artery Angiography脑血管造影Cerebrovascular Angiograhy主动脉弓胸腹主动脉造影Aorta Angiography 肾静脉取血Kidney Vein Blood Sampling右心、左心造影Right and Left Ventricular Angiography心肌活检Myocardiam Centesis and Sampling4冠状动脉造影Coronary Arteriography腔静脉取血V ena cava sampling心导管检查(微导管同)(进口仪器）Cardiac catheterization经皮球囊扩张Percutaneous balloon dilatating 予激综合症心内膜检测Endocardial investigation of preexcitation syndrome希氏束电图Electrocardiogram of bundle of His心脏临时起搏Cardiac temporary pacing埋置永久心脏起搏器Cardioc permanent pacemaker implanting体肢动脉系统介入治疗Transartery interventional therapy支气管动脉介入治疗Bronchus artery interventional therapy肺动脉介入治疗Pulmonary artery interventional therapy头臂动脉介入治疗Brachiocephalic artery interventional therapy静脉介入治疗Veinous interventional therapy 冠状动脉介入治疗(球囊成形) Coronary Artery interventional therapy (balloon angioplasty)冠状动脉介入治疗(腔内旋磨) Coronary Artery interventional therapy (rotablating)冠状动脉介入治疗(腔内支架) Coronary Artery interventional therapy (stent implantaion) 主动脉介入治疗Aorta interventional therapy 肾动脉介入治疗Renal artery interventional therapy心脏瓣膜成形术Heart valvuloplasty房间隔缺损封堵术Atrial septal defect closer 室间隔缺损封堵术Ventricular septal defect closer动脉导管封堵术Patent doctus arteriosus closer 冠状动脉瘘封堵术Coronary artery fistula closer冠状动脉腔内超声Intracoronary ultrasound非冠状动脉血管内支架置入治疗Stenting therapy of non-coronary artery经皮清除血管内异物Transluminal eyewinker clearing经皮放置静脉滤器Transluminal filter implantaion骶髂关节平扫Sacrum Ilium Joint Scan髋关节平扫Hip Joint Scan膝关节平扫Knee Joint Routine Scan踝关节平扫Ankle Joint Routine Scan足部平扫Foot Routine Scan下肢软组织平扫Lower Soft Tissue Scan下肢软组织普通增强Lower Soft Tissue Routine Enhanced下肢软组织动态增强Lower Soft Tissue Dynamic Enhanced上肢MRA Upper Extremities MRA下肢MRA Lower Extremities MRA心脏大血管造影Heart MR Angiography胸主动脉造影T-Artery MR Angiography腹主动脉造影Abd-Artery MR Angiography头部血管造影Head MR Angiography颈部血管造影Head MR Angiography盆腔血管造影Pelvis MR Angiography5。