Rosen-财政学Glossary
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罗森财政学知识点1. 罗森财政学的定义和背景罗森财政学是以美国经济学家罗森(Rosen)为代表的公共经济学派的一个重要分支。
它主要研究公共部门和私人部门之间的关系以及公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
罗森财政学在20世纪60年代兴起,并在之后几十年中得到了广泛发展和应用。
2. 罗森财政学的基本假设罗森财政学基于一系列基本假设,其中最重要的是“人们对于公共产品和服务具有非排他性消费特征”。
这意味着,一旦公共产品或服务得到提供,任何人都无法排除其他人享受它们带来的好处。
这种特征使得私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品,需要相关部门来进行干预。
3. 公共产品与私人产品在罗森财政学中,将产品分为公共产品和私人产品两类。
公共产品具有非排他性消费特征,并且一旦提供给一个人使用,其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
而私人产品则具有排他性消费特征,只有购买者支付了相应的费用,才能享受到产品的好处。
4. 公共产品的特征公共产品具有以下几个基本特征:(1)非排他性消费特征:一旦公共产品提供给一个人使用,其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
(2)非竞争性消费特征:一个人对公共产品的使用不会减少其他人对该产品的使用。
(3)无法通过市场供给:私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品。
5. 公共支出和税收罗森财政学研究了公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
根据罗森财政学理论,相关部门通过提供公共产品和服务来改善社会福利,并通过税收来融资。
合理配置公共支出和税收可以实现社会资源最优化配置,并提高整体福利水平。
6. 公共支出与经济增长罗森财政学认为,合理增加公共支出可以促进经济增长。
适当投资于基础设施建设、教育、医疗保健等领域,可以提高生产力和劳动力素质,进而推动经济发展。
然而,过度的公共支出可能会导致财政赤字和债务累积,对经济稳定产生负面影响。
7. 税收与经济效应罗森财政学研究了税收对经济的影响。
税收可以用来调节收入分配、实现资源再分配,并提供公共产品和服务。
哈维罗森《财政学》哈维•罗森(Harvey S. Rosen)是当今美国新生代的著名经济学家之一。
他出生于1949年,1974年毕业于哈佛大学,获经济学博士学位,随后在美国著名的普林斯顿大学经济系任教。
罗森的研究成果涉及理论经济学与财政学的诸多领域,在世界一流的经济学杂志上发表了相当多的论文,编辑与撰写了6部专著。
其最著名的著作就是《财政学》。
此书一出版,就受到美国各大学的普遍欢迎,现在,在美国一流大学的本科生财政学教材中,基本上以它做教材。
《财政学》(英文版)出版后,被翻译为多种文字在西班牙、德国、加拿大、中国等多个国家出版发行,流行于世界各地,受到普遍的欢迎,成为世界一流大学的首选财政学教材。
世界上目前就税制体系而言,主要是两大类,即美国的税制与西欧的税制。
我们引入增值税,一个很大的动因是着眼于出口退税,即为了利用关税贸易总协定所允许的以出口退税来提高我国产品的国际竞争力,这里所谓的“退税”,退的就是“增值税”。
而美国则没有增值税,美国税制中三大主体税,即所得税、销售税与财富税,都均有分析,其对于围绕着种种税制而展开的正反面意见,都有细致的介绍,并作了明晰的梳理。
中国目前所面临的种种财政问题,其实在美国也照样存在。
所以,我们有认真研读人家的理论与经验的必要。
中国的税制与美国不同,前面已经说过,中国的税制并不是中国人的发明,而是照搬西欧的。
资本主义与自由弗里德曼弗里德曼的《资本主义与自由》一书出版之后在理论界掀起了一场思想的革命,它使经济自由主义深入到经济学界的每个角落。
这本书至今已经卖出超过五十万本、并且被翻译为十八种语言。
这本书指出自由市场在理论上和实践上都是应该被提倡的概念,并且对此提出了许多惊人的结论。
《资本主义与自由》一书着重介绍了弗里德曼的经济自由主义思想。
作者同时介绍了政治自由,以进一步来讨论它与经济自由两者之间的密切联系。
并且,作者从人类历史发展的历程阐述了经济自由的必然性。
该书主要阐明了两个思想:第一,资本主义社会一切活动的最终目的是达到经济自由,经济自由是政治自由得以实现的基础。
罗森财政学知识点1. 什么是罗森财政学?罗森财政学(Rosen’s Public Finance)是一门研究政府如何收入和支出的经济学分支,它主要关注公共部门的经济活动和决策。
罗森财政学涵盖了许多重要的知识点,如税收、公共支出、社会保障、公共债务等。
通过研究这些知识点,我们可以更好地理解政府在经济中的作用和影响。
2. 税收税收是罗森财政学中一个重要的知识点。
它是指政府从个人和企业等经济单位征收的一种强制性非对等交换关系。
税收有许多不同的类型,包括所得税、消费税、财产税等。
税收的目的主要有三个方面:平衡财政预算、调节经济和实现社会公平。
在罗森财政学中,我们还研究了税收的效率和公平性问题。
效率指的是最大化社会总福利,而公平性则包括垂直公平性(富人应缴纳更多税款)和水平公平性(相同财富状况的人应缴纳相同的税款)。
3. 公共支出公共支出是指政府为了满足公众需求而进行的支出活动。
它包括教育、医疗、基础设施建设等各个方面。
罗森财政学研究了公共支出的决策过程和效果评估。
政府在进行公共支出时需要考虑资源配置效率、社会福利最大化和可持续发展等因素。
4. 社会保障社会保障是罗森财政学中一个重要的议题。
它包括养老金、医疗保险、失业保险等各种社会福利项目。
罗森财政学研究了社会保障的融资和管理问题,以及其对经济和社会的影响。
在社会保障领域,我们还需要关注可持续性问题。
由于人口老龄化和生育率下降等原因,许多国家面临着社会保障系统不可持续的挑战。
罗森财政学提供了一些解决方案,如增加税收收入、调整退休年龄等。
5. 公共债务公共债务是指政府通过发行债券等形式借入的资金。
罗森财政学研究了公共债务的融资、管理和影响。
公共债务可以用于满足紧急需求、推动经济增长和实现社会福利,但也可能带来财政风险和经济不稳定。
在研究公共债务时,我们需要考虑其可持续性和影响因素。
可持续性指的是政府能否按时偿还债务,而影响因素包括利率、经济增长率等。
总结罗森财政学是一门研究政府收入和支出的重要学科,它涵盖了税收、公共支出、社会保障和公共债务等知识点。
罗森财政学知识点【原创版】目录1.罗森财政学的基本概念2.罗森财政学的核心理论3.罗森财政学的应用实例4.罗森财政学的意义和影响正文1.罗森财政学的基本概念罗森财政学,是以美国经济学家罗森(Rosen)为代表的一种财政学理论。
它是公共财政学的一个重要分支,主要研究政府财政行为及其对经济的影响。
罗森财政学关注的核心问题是政府如何通过财政政策来实现社会公平与效率的平衡。
2.罗森财政学的核心理论罗森财政学的核心理论是“公共品与私人品的最优组合理论”。
该理论认为,政府和市场在提供公共品和私人品时各自有其优势,政府的职责是提供那些市场无法有效提供的公共品,如国防、教育、医疗等,而私人品则应由市场来提供。
通过政府与市场的有机结合,可以实现社会公平与效率的最优组合。
3.罗森财政学的应用实例罗森财政学理论在实际应用中有很多实例,如政府通过财政支出提供基础设施、教育、医疗等公共服务,以满足社会公平的需要;同时,政府通过税收政策调控市场经济的运行,保证经济的稳定与增长。
这些政策措施均体现了罗森财政学理论的核心思想。
4.罗森财政学的意义和影响罗森财政学理论对我国财政制度的改革和经济发展具有重要的指导意义。
首先,它为我国政府提供了一种理论依据,帮助政府明确财政职能,更好地实现公共服务与市场经济的有机结合。
其次,罗森财政学理论强调财政政策在实现社会公平与效率平衡方面的重要作用,为我国财政政策的制定和实施提供了有益启示。
最后,罗森财政学理论有助于我国经济学界深入研究公共财政领域的问题,推动财政学理论的发展。
总之,罗森财政学作为一种重要的财政学理论,对于我国财政制度的改革和经济发展具有重要的指导意义。
CHAPTER 14 - Efficient and Equitable TaxationMultiple-Choice Questions1. A natural monopoly hasa) many producers of the same product.b) easy access to the market.c) a single firm providing the industry’s output.d) one buyer of output.e) none of the above.2. Horizontal equity incorporates the notion thata) those earning higher incomes should pay more in taxes.b) those earning equal incomes should pay the same in taxes.c) taxes paid should be unassociated with income levels.d) there should be no excess burden created by a tax.3. Tax evasion isa) an illegal act.b) prevalent in the United States.c) failing to pay legally due taxes.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.4. The Ramsey Rule implies that goods be __________ in consumption.a) unrelatedb) equalc) opposited) moderate5. Tax avoidance isa) illegal in the United States.b) changing your behavior so as to reduce your tax liability.c) the same as tax evasion.d) a minor source of concern in the United States.6. When the minimum marginal penalty for tax evasion is greater than the maximummarginal tax rate, theory suggests that tax evasion will bea) greater than 1.b) .c) 0.d) 100.7. Vertical equity incorporates the notion thata) those earning higher incomes should pay more in taxes.b) those earning equal incomes should pay the same in taxes.c) taxes paid should be unassociated with income levels.d) there should be no excess burden created by a tax.8. Average cost pricing is founda) when supply equals demand.b) when AC = MR.c) when P = 0.d) where AC = AR.e) when MR > 0.9. “For goods that are unrelated in consumption, efficiency requires that tax rates beinversely proportional to elasticities.” This is the definition ofa) the benefits-received principle.b) the Ramsey Rule.c) the second best principle.d) the inverse elasticity rule.e) horizontal equity.10. Deciding to engage in tax evasion requires consideration of all of the following, exceptthea) probability of being caught.b) probability of conviction if caught.c) probability of winning extra money.d) costs of defending oneself.11. A linear income tax schedule is known asa) a flat income tax.b) a regressive tax.c) a Haig-Simons tax.d) a user fee.e) all of the above.12. Optimal commodity taxation woulda) put a tax on leisure time, which is currently untaxed.b) have the smallest amount of excess burden possible for a given amount of taxrevenue.c) optimize tax rates on the wealthiest Americans.d) eliminate tax evasion in the United States.e) do all of the above.13. Refer to Figure 14.3 in your textbook. When the MC z line crosses the D z line, profits forthe firm area) 0.b) greater than 1.c) less than 0.d) .14. A situation in which the government cannot implement an optimal tax policy because thepolicy is inconsistent with the government’s incentives over time is known asa) government tax problem.b) time inconsistency of optimal policy.c) the double-counting game.d) Wagner’s Law.15. A time endowment isa) the number of hours in a day.b) a gift of time that a person receives.c) the maximum number of hours in a year that a person can work.d) the largest amount of time that can be spent at leisure.e) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Consider a monopolist that has a total cost curve of TC=300X-(1/2)Q2. The marketdemand equation is Q d=250-(1/2)P.a) What are the equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits in this market?b) Suppose the government instructs the firm to produce using average cost pricing.What are the equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits?c) Suppose further that the government wants the firm to produce where supplyequals demand. What will be the equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, andprofits?2. Refer to Figure 14.1 in your textbook. Assume that the equation of D x is X d = 33 – P/3.If the original price of the good was $9 and a $2 tax was imposed, how much marginal excess burden will be created?3. Refer to the figure below. If the equation of MC of unreported income is MC = 4 + 2X,and the MB of unreported income is MB = 44 – 3X, what will be the amount of unreported income? How much of a change will there be if enforcement becomes more strict, resulting in MC = 9 + 2X?4. Suppose the demand for good X can be represented by the following equation: X d =22-(1/4)P. Furthermore, suppose that the demand for good Y can be represented by Y d =50-P. a) Find the elasticity of demand for both good X and good Y when the price is $10.b) Suppose that an ad valorem tax is placed on both goods. Good Y is taxed at a rateof 5%. To ensure that the inverse elasticity rule holds, what must be the rate atwhich good X is taxed?Reminder : Elasticity at a given price is found using the formula = -(1/S)(P/X), where S is the slope of the demand curve, X is the quantity demanded, and P is the price.5.Refer to Figure 14.5 in your textbook. If the marginal cost of underreporting can be written as MC = X 2 + 4, what is the maximum tax level possible that will ensure tax evasion is zero?Unreported Income Costs /Benefits MB MCTrue/False/Uncertain Questions1. Neutral taxation is taxing different commodities at the same tax rate.2. Choosing optimal user fees for government produced services is similar to choosingoptimal taxes.3. Natural monopolies have U-shaped cost curves.4. Tax evasion is more likely to occur when people feel that their tax dollars are not beingused properly.5. Income is a poor measure of relative position when attempting to determine horizontalequity.6. People who are risk neutral are more likely to engage in tax evasion than people who arerisk loving.7. Optimal user fees are paid only by the consumers of the good or service produced.8. If a tax is efficient, it will necessarily be equitable.9. Changing tax regimes can sometimes be difficult and lead to inequities.10. Working fewer hours to reduce your tax burden is tax evasion.Essay Questions1. Ms. Mahmood is a retired schoolteacher whose pension income is $25,000 per year. Shealso receives Social Security income of $5,000 per year. Mr. Little is a young man who does not choose to work. He inherited $600,000 from his Aunt Clara, which he invested in a bond fund that provides a 5 percent return, generating $30,000 income per year. If we are concerned about the equity of taxation, should we consider these two people as equals and tax them equally? Explain why or why not.2. Is the assumption that all utility functions of individuals be the same reasonable in theEdgeworth model discussed in this chapter?3. One of the conditions mentioned in our formulation of the Ramsey Rule is that goods beunrelated in consumption. Do you think this is a reasonable assumption? If this condition does not hold, will the Ramsey Rule still work?Answers to CHAPTER 14 - Efficient and Equitable TaxationAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. b3. d4. a5. b6. c7. a8. d9. d10. c11. a12. b13. c14. b15. cAnswers to Discussion Questions1. Price is written P = 500 – 2Q. TR is price multiplied by quantity for TR = 500Q – 2Q2.Marginal revenue is MR = 500 – 4Q. Marginal costs are MC = 300 – Q.a) Q* = 200/3, P* = 1,100/3, profits are 20,000/3.b) Q* = 400/3, P* = 700/3, profits are zero.c) Q* = 200, P* = 100, profits are –20,000.2. At a price of $9, the quantity demanded is 30 units. At a price of $11, the quantitydemanded would be 29⅓. Adding on one dollar more in taxes would be a price of $12 with a corresponding quantity demanded of 29. The area of the square ibae is (2)(1/3) = 2/3. The area of the triangle fbi is (1/2)(1/3)(1) = 1/6. Therefore, total marginal excess burden is 2/3 + 1/6 = 5/6.3. Set MB = MC. Giving 4 + 2X = 44 –3X. Therefore, X* = 8. The increase in MCreduces X* to 7.4. a) εx = (1/4)(10/19.5) = 0.128. εy = (1/1)(10/40) = 0.25.b) To ensure t x/t y= εx/εy, given t y= 0.05, solve t x/0.05 = 0.25/0.128 = 0.0975 or9.75%.5. t* < 4.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. T3. F4. U5. T6. U7. T8. F9. T10. FAnswers to Essay Questions1. The incomes are not derived from the same types of sources. Horizontal equity wouldsay that since incomes are the same, they should be taxed the same. In the United States, income derived from capital gains is not taxed like other sources of income. This issue is related to the ability to pay principle, as discussed in the textbook.2. Assuming that utilities are equal makes it easier to model the economy using arepresentative model where any one individual can represent the entire economy. Some critics think that this assumption is too restrictive.3. The assumption is reasonable, but not necessary. In advanced courses of Public Finance,the Ramsey Rule is derived when goods are related.。
哈维·S·罗森(Harvey S. Rosen),特德·盖亚(Ted Gayer)著.财政学(第八版).中国人民大学出版社,2009.09.
人们对于政府应该如何进行资金运作的看法,深受其政治哲
学的影响。
有些人最关心个人自由,有些人则更强调整个社会福
利的增长。
哲学上的差异能够并且的确导致人们对政府经济活动
在适当范围内的不同看法。
然而,对于公共政策要形成明智的意见,不仅需要一种政治
哲学,还要了解政府在干什么。
实施经济政策的法定权力归属于
谁?政府把钱花在何处?如何筹集收入?第1章讨论政治观点如
何影响人们对财政的看法,概述美国财政制度的运行。
本章为我
们思考以后各章所讨论的财政制度细节提供了一个大框架。
第2章和第3章介绍财政经济学家所用的分析工具。
第2章
主要讲实证分析工具,这种分析是对原因和结果的陈述。
问题是,
经济学家如何设法断定各种政府政策的影响,而我们想知道的不
仅是政府政策的影响,还有它们所产生的结果在某种意义上说是
否是好的。
这正是规范分析的作用,它需要明确的伦理框架,没
有伦理框架,就不能说什么是好的。
这种伦理框架就是第3章的内容。
GlossaryAbsolute Tax Incidence :绝对税负归宿Accelerated Depreciation :加速折旧Accessions Tax :嗣继税Ad V alorem Tax :从价税Additive Social Welfare Function :可加的社会福利函数Assessment Ratio :估计率Adjusted Gross Income :调整后的毛收入Adverse Selection :逆向选择Agenda Manipulation :程序控制Alternative Minimum Tax :供选择的最小税款Arm ’s Length System :独立核算体系Arrow ’S Impossibility Theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assessed Value :估计值Average Indexed Monthly Earnings ( AIME ):指数化月平均工资Balanced Budget Incidence :平衡预算归宿Benefit - Cost Ratio :效益-成本比率Benefits - Received Principled :受益原则Bequest Effect :遗赠效应Bracket Creep :税档爬升Tax Indexing :税收指数化Budget Constrain :预算约束Budget Line :预算线Capital Gain (Loss):资本利得 (亏损 ) Capital Intensive :资本密集型Capitalization :资本化Capitation Fee :人头费Catastrophic Cap :灾难性的限额Categorical Grants :规定用途的补助Centralization Ratio :集中率Certainty Equivalent :确定性等值Ceteris Paribus :其它因素不变Circuit Breakers :循环支付Clientele Effect :顾客效应Club :俱乐部Coase Theorem :科斯定理Coinsurance Rate :共同保险率Commodity Egalitarianism :商品平等主义Compensated Demand Curve:补偿性需求曲线Compensated Response :补偿后的反映Complements :互补品Conditional Grants :有条件补助Consumer Surplus :消费者剩余Consumption - Type VAT :消费型增值税Contract Curve :契约线Corlett - Hague Rule :科勒特-哈格法规Corporation :公司Cost- Based Reimbursements :基于成本的赔偿Cost-Benefit Analysis? :成本收益分析Cost- Effectiveness Analysis :成本效益分析Cost- Plus Contract :成本加成合同Credit Budget :信贷预算Crowding Out Hypothesis :挤出假说Cycling :循环Debt :债务Decedent :死者Deductible :可扣减性Deductions :扣减Deficit :赤字Demand Curve :需求曲线Demand Schedule :需求表Discount Factor :贴现因素Diagnostic Related Groups ( Drgs):诊断有关的组Direct Loans :直接贷款Differential Commodity Tax :有差别的商品税Discount Rate :贴现率Differential Tax Incidence :差别税的归宿Diminishing Marginal Rate Of Substitution :边际替代率递减Director ’s Law :迪拉克特定律Dividend Relief Approach :红利免除法District Power Equalization Grant :地区权利均等化拨款Double - Peaked Preferences双峰偏好Earned Income Tax Credit :劳动所得税收抵免Econometrics :计量经济学Economic Incidence :经济归宿Edgeworth Box :埃奇沃思盒式图Pareto Efficient :帕雷托效应Empirical Work :经验工作Entitlement Programs :权利方案Equivalent Variation :等价变动Exclusionary Zoning Laws :排斥性的区域法Expenditure Incidence :支出归宿Personal Consumption Tax :个人消费税Experience Rated :交费率Externality :外部性Factors of Production :生产要素Fixed- Price Contract :固定价格合约Functional Distribution of Income :收入的功能性分配Flypaper Effect :粘蝇纸效应 Foreign Subsidiary :国外附属机构401( K ) Plan : 401( K )计划 Full Loss Effect :全额亏损效应Earnings Test:收入调查Economic Depreciation:经济折旧Economic Profit:经济利润Efficient:有效率的Elasticity Of Substitution:替代弹性Endowment Point:禀赋点Equilibrium:均衡Excess Burden:超额负担Exemption:豁免Expenditure Tax:支出税Expensing:扣除External Debt:外债Excise Tax:货物税Federal Government:联邦政府Flat Tax:平税Flow Variable流量:Foundation Aid:基本资助Free Rider Problem:搭便车问题Functional Finance:功能性财政General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade ( GATT ):关税与贸易总协定General Equilibrium Analysis :一般均衡分析General Sales Tax :一般销售税Generation Skipping :隔代跳跃Global System :全球系统Government- Sponsored Enterprises :政府支持的企业Gramm- Rudman- Hollings Act (GRH ):格啦姆-鲁得曼-霍林斯法案Gross Estate :毛遗产Gross Income- Type VAT:毛收入型增值税Gross Replacement Rate :毛替代率Haig - Simons( H-S) Definition Of Income :黑格-西蒙斯收入定义Hicks - Kaldor Criterion :希克斯-卡尔多准则Horizontal Equity :水平公平Horizontal Summation :水平加总Hospital Insurance ( HI ):医院保险Impure Public Good :非纯公共产品Imputed Rent :推算租金Incentive Contract :激励合同Income Effect :收入效应Income Splitting :收入分割Independence Of Irrelevant Alternatives :对非相关选择的独立性Indifference Curve :无差异曲线Indifference Map :无差异曲线图Individual Retirement Account ( IRA ):个人退休帐户Inferior Good :劣质品Inheritance Tax :遗产税In- Kind Transfers :实物转移Inputs :投入Inter Vivos Transfers :生存者之间的转移Internal Debt :内债Internal Rate Of Return :内部收益率Intertemporal Budget Constraint :跨期的预算约束 Inverse Elasticity Rule :反向弹性法则Investment Tax Credit ( ITC ):投资税收抵免Invoice Method:(增值税征收的)发票法Iron Triangle:铁三角Itemized Deduction:分项扣减Keogh Plan:基奥计划Labor Intensive :劳动密集型Laffer Curve :拉弗曲线Life -Cycle Model :生命周期模型Lindahl Prices :林达尔价格Linear Income Tax Schedule :线性所得税表Loan Guarantee :贷款担保Local Public Good :地方性公共产品Logrolling :互投赞成票Lock - In Effect :锁定效应Lump Sum Tax :一次性总额税Majority Voting Rule :多数投票规则Marginal :边际的Marginal Cost :边际成本Marginal Rate Of Substitution :边际替代率Marginal Rate of Transformation :边际转换率Marginal Tax Rate :边际税率Marriage Neutral :婚姻中性Maximin Criterion :最大最小标准Means-Tested :均值检查Mechanistic View of Government :政府机械论Median V oter :中位数投票人Median Voter Theorem :中位数投票人定理Merit Good :有益产品Monopoly :垄断Moral Hazard :道德风险Multiple Regression Analysis :多元回归分析Natural Monopoly :自然垄断Neoclassical Model :新古典模型Net Income - Type VAT :净收入型增值税Net Replacement Rate :净替代率Net Wage :纯收入Neutral Taxation :中性课税Nominal Amounts :名义数额Nominal Income :名义收入Noncategorical Welfare Program :不分类的福利方案Nominal Interest Rate :名义利率Normal Good :正常产品Normative Economics :规范经济学Off - Budget Deficit :预算外赤字On- Budget Deficit :预算赤字Off - Budget Federal Agencies :预算外的联邦机构Organic View Of Government :政府有机论Original Position :初始状态Overlapping Generations Model :世代重叠模型Parameters :参数Pareto Improvement :帕雷托改进Partial Factor Tax :局部要素税收Pay- As- You- Go :现收现付Pecuniary Externality:金钱的外部性Personal Consumption Tax :个人消费税Pigouvian Tax :庇古税Poverty Gap :贫困缺口Preference: 偏好Present Value Criteria :现值标准Price Elasticity of Supply :供给的价格弹性Primary Insurance Amount ( PIA ):原始保险额Pareto Efficient :帕雷托效率Partial Equilibrium Model:局部均衡模型Partnership Method :合伙制方法Peak :峰Perfect Price Discrimination:完全价格歧视Personal Net Worth Tax :个人净财富税Positive Tax :实证经济学Poverty Line:贫困线Present Value :现值Price Elasticity of Demand:需求的价格弹性Price Taker :价格接受者Principal -Agent Problem:委托-代理问题Privatization :私有化Production Possibilities Frontier :生产可能性边界Progressive :累进Property Rights 产权Proportional :成比例的Public Economics :公共经济学Public Finance : (公共 )财政学Public Good :公共产品Public Sector Economics :公共部门经济学Pure Public Good :纯公共产品Ramsey Rule :兰姆斯法则Random Error :随机误差Rate Schedule :税率表Real Amounts :实际数额Real Income :实际收入Real Interest Rate :实际税率Realized Capital Gain :实现了的资本利得Regression Coefficient :回归系数Regression Line :回归线Regressive :累退Regulatory Budget :管制预算Repatriate :遣返Retirement Effect :退休效应Revenue Sharing :收入分享Right of Survivorship :生存者权利Rivalness Of Consumption :消费的竞争性Selective Sales Tax :选择性销售税Shadow Price :影子价格Shares Allocation Approach :份额配置的方法Slope :斜率Single- Peaked Preferences :单峰偏好Size Distribution of Income :收入的等级分配Social Insurance :社会保险Social Rate of Discount :社会贴现率Social Security Trust Fund :社会保障信托基金Social Security Wealth :社会保障财富Social Welfare Function :社会福利函数Spending: 支出Standard Deduction :标准扣减Standard Error :标准误差Statistically Significant 统计显著Statutory Incidence :法定归宿Stock Variable :存量Subsidiary :附属机构Substitutes :替代品Substitution Effect :替代效应Supplementary Medical Insurance ( SMI ):补充性医疗保险 Supplementary Security Income ( SSI):补助性保障收入 Supply Schedule :供给表Tax Amnesty 税收大赦Tax Avoidance :避税Tax Effort:税收努力Tax Expenditure :税收支出Tax Life:税收生命Tax Shifting:税收转嫁Taxable Estate :应税遗产Territorial System:属地体系Third -Party Payment :第三方支付Trust :信托Two- Part Tariff:两部收费Underground Economy :地下经济Unified Budget :统一预算Unit Tax:从量税Tax Arbitrage :税收套利Tax Credit :税收抵免Tax Evasion :偷漏税Tax Indexing:税收指数化Tax Prepayment Approach :税收预付方式Tax Wedge :税收楔子Taxable Income :应税所得Theory of The Second Best:次优理论Time Endowment:时间禀赋Turnover Tax :周转税Unearned Income :非劳动所得Unified Transfer Tax:统一转移税Unrealized Capital Gain:未实现的资本利得Use Tax :使用税User Cost of Capital :资本的使用者成本User Fee :使用者收费Utility :效用Utilitarian Social Welfare Function :功利主义者的社会福利函数Utility Definition Of Horizontal Equity :横向公平的效用定义Utility Possibilities Curve :效用可能性曲线Value Added :增值Value- Added Tax(VAT )增值税Vertical Equity :纵向 (垂直 )公平Vertical Summation :垂直加总Voting Paradox :投票悖论Vouchers :担保人Wagner’S Law :瓦格纳定律Wealth Substitution Effect :财富替代效应Welfare Economics :福利经济学Workfare :工作福利。
Rosen-财政学GlossaryGlossaryAbsolute Tax Incidence :绝对税负归宿Accelerated Depreciation :加速折旧Accessions Tax :嗣继税Ad Valorem Tax :从价税Additive Social Welfare Function :可加的社会Adjusted Gross Income :调整后的毛收入Adverse Selection :逆向选择Agenda Manipulation :程序控制Alternative Minimum Tax :供选择的最小税款Arm’s Length System :独立核算体系Assessed Value :估计值Average Indexed Monthly Earnings (AIME):Balanced Budget Incidence :平衡预算归宿Benefits-Received Principled :受益原则Bracket Creep :税档爬升Budget Constrain :预算约束Capital Gain(Loss):资本利得(亏损)Capitalization :资本化Catastrophic Cap :灾难性的限额Centralization Ratio :集中率Ceteris Paribus :其它因素不变Clientele Effect :顾客效应Coase Theorem :科斯定理Commodity Egalitarianism:商品平等主义Compensated Response :补偿后的反映Conditional Grants :有条件补助Consumption-Type V AT :消费型增值税Corlett-Hague Rule :科勒特-哈格法规Cost-Based Reimbursements :基于成本的赔Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:成本效益分析Credit Budget :信贷预算Cycling :循环Debt :债务Deductible :可扣减性Deficit :赤字Demand Schedule :需求表Diagnostic Related Groups(Drgs):诊断有关的Differential Commodity Tax :有差别的商品税Differential Tax Incidence :差别税的归宿Diminishing Marginal Rate Of Substitution:边Director’s Law :迪拉克特定律Dividend Relief Approach:红利免除法District Power Equalization Grant:地区权利均Double Taxation :双重征税Earned Income Tax Credit :劳动所得税收抵免Earnings Test:收入调查Econometrics :计量经济学Economic Depreciation :经济折旧Economic Incidence :经济归宿Economic Profit :经济利润Edgeworth Box :埃奇沃思盒式图Efficient :有效率的Pareto Efficient :帕雷托效应Elasticity Of Substitution :替代弹性Empirical Work :经验工作Endowment Point :禀赋点Entitlement Programs :权利方案Equilibrium :均衡Equivalent Variation :等价变动Excess Burden :超额负担Exclusionary Zoning Laws :排斥性的区域法Exemption :豁免Expenditure Incidence :支出归宿Expenditure Tax :支出税Personal Consumption Tax :个人消费税Expensing :扣除Experience Rated :交费率External Debt :外债Externality :外部性Factors of Production:生产要素Federal Government :联邦政府Fixed-Price Contract :固定价格合约Flat Tax :平税Functional Distribution of Income :收入的功能性分配Flow Variable 流量:Flypaper Effect :粘蝇纸效应Foreign Subsidiary :国外附属机构Foundation Aid :基本资助401(K)Plan :401(K)计划Free Rider Problem :搭便车问题Full Loss Effect :全额亏损效应Functional Finance :功能性财政General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (GATT):关税与贸易总协定General Equilibrium Analysis :一般均衡分析General Sales Tax :一般销售税Generation Skipping :隔代跳跃Global System :全球系统Government-Sponsored Enterprises :政府支持的企业Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act(GRH):格啦姆-鲁得曼-霍林斯法案Gross Estate :毛遗产Gross Income-Type V AT:毛收入型增值税Gross Replacement Rate :毛替代率Haig-Simons(H-S)Definition Of Income :黑格-西蒙斯收入定义Hicks-Kaldor Criterion :希克斯-卡尔多准则Horizontal Equity :水平公平Horizontal Summation :水平加总Hospital Insurance(HI):医院保险Impure Public Good :非纯公共产品Imputed Rent :推算租金Incentive Contract :激励合同Income Effect :收入效应Income Splitting :收入分割Independence Of Irrelevant Alternatives :对非相关选择的独立性Indifference Curve :无差异曲线Indifference Map :无差异曲线图Individual Retirement Account(IRA):个人退休帐户Inferior Good :劣质品Inheritance Tax :遗产税In-Kind Transfers :实物转移Inputs :投入Inter Vivos Transfers :生存者之间的转移Internal Debt :内债Internal Rate Of Return :内部收益率Intertemporal Budget Constraint :跨期的预算约束Inverse Elasticity Rule :反向弹性法则Investment Tax Credit(ITC):投资税收抵免Invoice Method :(增值税征收的)发票法Iron Triangle :铁三角Itemized Deduction :分项扣减Keogh Plan :基奥计划Labor Intensive :劳动密集型Laffer Curve :拉弗曲线Life-Cycle Model :生命周期模型Lindahl Prices:林达尔价格Linear Income Tax Schedule :线性所得税表Loan Guarantee :贷款担保Local Public Good :地方性公共产品Logrolling :互投赞成票Lock-In Effect :锁定效应Lump Sum Tax :一次性总额税Majority Voting Rule :多数投票规则Marginal :边际的Marginal Cost :边际成本Marginal Rate Of Substitution :边际替代率Marginal Rate of Transformation :边际转换率Marginal Tax Rate :边际税率Marriage Neutral :婚姻中性Maximin Criterion :最大最小标准Means-Tested :均值检查Mechanistic View of Government:政府机械论Median Voter :中位数投票人Median Voter Theorem :中位数投票人定理Merit Good :有益产品Monopoly :垄断Moral Hazard :道德风险Multiple Regression Analysis :多元回归分析Natural Monopoly :自然垄断Neoclassical Model :新古典模型Net Income-Type V AT :净收入型增值税Net Replacement Rate :净替代率Net Wage :纯收入Neutral Taxation :中性课税Nominal Amounts :名义数额Nominal Income :名义收入Noncategorical Welfare Program:不分类的福利方案Nominal Interest Rate :名义利率Normal Good :正常产品Normative Economics :规范经济学Off-Budget Deficit :预算外赤字On-Budget Deficit :预算赤字Off-Budget Federal Agencies:预算外的联邦机构Organic View Of Government :政府有机论Original Position :初始状态Overlapping Generations Model :世代重叠模型Parameters :参数Pareto Efficient:帕雷托效率Pareto Improvement :帕雷托改进Partial Equilibrium Model :局部均衡模型Partial Factor Tax :局部要素税收Partnership Method :合伙制方法Pay-As-You-Go :现收现付Peak :峰Pecuniary Externality :金钱的外部性Perfect Price Discrimination :完全价格歧视Personal Consumption Tax :个人消费税Personal Net Worth Tax:个人净财富税Pigouvian Tax :庇古税Positive Tax :实证经济学Poverty Gap :贫困缺口Poverty Line :贫困线Preference: 偏好Present Value :现值Present Value Criteria :现值标准Price Elasticity of Demand :需求的价格弹性Price Elasticity of Supply :供给的价格弹性Price Taker :价格接受者Primary Insurance Amount(PIA):原始保险额Principal-Agent Problem :委托-代理问题Privatization :私有化Production Possibilities Frontier :生产可能性边界Progressive :累进Property Rights 产权Proportional :成比例的Public Economics :公共经济学Public Finance :(公共)财政学Public Good :公共产品Public Sector Economics :公共部门经济学Pure Public Good :纯公共产品Ramsey Rule :兰姆斯法则Random Error :随机误差Rate Schedule :税率表Real Amounts :实际数额Real Income :实际收入Real Interest Rate :实际税率Realized Capital Gain :实现了的资本利得Regression Coefficient :回归系数Regression Line :回归线Regressive :累退Regulatory Budget :管制预算Repatriate :遣返Retirement Effect :退休效应Revenue Sharing :收入分享Right of Survivorship :生存者权利Rivalness Of Consumption :消费的竞争性Selective Sales Tax :选择性销售税Shadow Price :影子价格Shares Allocation Approach :份额配置的方法Slope :斜率Single-Peaked Preferences :单峰偏好Size Distribution of Income :收入的等级分配Social Insurance :社会保险Social Rate of Discount :社会贴现率Social Security Trust Fund :社会保障信托基金Social Security Wealth :社会保障财富Social Welfare Function :社会福利函数Spending: 支出Standard Deduction :标准扣减Standard Error :标准误差Statistically Significant 统计显著Statutory Incidence :法定归宿Stock Variable :存量Subsidiary :附属机构Substitutes :替代品Substitution Effect :替代效应Supplementary Medical Insurance(SMI):补充性医疗保险Supplementary Security Income(SSI):补助性保障收入Supply Schedule :供给表Tax Amnesty 税收大赦Tax Arbitrage :税收套利Tax Avoidance :避税Tax Credit :税收抵免Tax Effort :税收努力Tax Evasion :偷漏税Tax Expenditure :税收支出Tax Indexing :税收指数化Tax Life :税收生命Tax Prepayment Approach :税收预付方式Tax Shifting :税收转嫁Tax Wedge :税收楔子Taxable Estate :应税遗产Taxable Income :应税所得Territorial System :属地体系Theory of The Second Best :次优理论Third-Party Payment :第三方支付Time Endowment :时间禀赋Trust :信托Turnover Tax :周转税Two-Part Tariff :两部收费Underground Economy :地下经济Unearned Income :非劳动所得Unified Budget :统一预算Unified Transfer Tax :统一转移税Unit Tax :从量税Unrealized Capital Gain :未实现的资本利得Use Tax :使用税User Cost of Capital :资本的使用者成本User Fee :使用者收费Utility :效用Utilitarian Social Welfare Function :功利主义者的社会福利函数Utility Definition Of Horizontal Equity :横向公平的效用定义Utility Possibilities Curve :效用可能性曲线Value Added :增值Value-Added Tax(V AT)增值税Vertical Equity :纵向(垂直)公平Vertical Summation :垂直加总Voting Paradox :投票悖论Vouchers :担保人Wagner’S Law :瓦格纳定律Wealth Substitution Effect :财富替代效应Welfare Economics :福利经济学Workfare :工作福利。