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OUT LINEFEATURES（Unless otherwise specified, Ta=+25℃）(1)Range and accuracy of detection/release voltage・Overcharge detection voltage 4.15V to 4.50V, 5mV step Accuracy±20mVAccuracy±25mV （Ta=-5 to +60℃）・Overcharge release voltage 4.00V to 4.35V *1Accuracy±50mV ・Overdischarge detection voltage 2.00V to 3.00V *2Accuracy±100mV ・Overdischarge release voltage2.00V to3.00V*2Accuracy±100mV ・Discharging overcurrent detection voltage +20mV to +65mV, 1mV step Accuracy±5mV (Discharging overcurrent detection current)(0.310A to 1.00A)・Charging overcurrent detection voltage -25mV to -65mV, 1mV step Accuracy±5mV (Charging overcurrent detection current)(0.385A to 1.00A)・Short detection voltageSelection from 0.19V, 0.36VAccuracy±50mV*1Hysteresis voltagebetween Overcharge detection and release voltage is selectable from 0.10V/0.15V/0.20V/0.25V.*2Please inquire to us about details of the setting of Overdischarge detection and release voltage.(2)Range of detection delay time・Overcharge detection delay time 1.0s fixed・Overcharge release delay time Selection from 6ms, 16ms ・Overdischarge detection delay time Selection from 100ms, 256ms ・Overdischarge release delay time0.5ms fixed・Discharging overcurrent detection delay time Selection from 8ms, 12ms, 16ms, 20ms, 48ms, 224ms ・Charging overcurrent detection delay time Selection from 8.5ms, 16.5ms, 32.5ms ・Short detection delay timeSelection from 0.50ms, 0.75ms ・Chager connection detection delay time Selection from 1.0ms, 8.0ms(3)0V battery charge functionSelection from "Inhibition" or "Permission"*3*3In the case of "0V battery charge inhibition", the setting voltage is selectable from 0.65V or 0.90V.(4)Low current consumption・Normal mode Typ. 3.0μA, Max. 4.5μA・Stand-by modeMax. 0.025μA (In case Overdischarge latch function "Enable")Max. 0.500μA (In case Overdischarge latch function "Disable")(5)MOS-FET・Source to Source on state resistanceTyp. 65.0mΩ (@VDD=3.5V)One-cell Lithium-ion/Lithium-polymer battery protection IC with integrated MOS-FET MC3651 SeriesMC3651 series are protection IC with integrated MOS-FET for protection of the rechargeable Lithium-ion or Lithium-polymer battery.The overcharge, overdischarge and discharging and charging overcurrent protection of the rechargeable one-cell Lithium-ion or Lithium-polymer battery can be detected.(6)Absolute maximum ratings・VDD pin-0.3V to +12V・V- pin VDD-24V to VDD+0.3V・Drain-source voltage Max. 24V・Drain current Max. 1.2A・Total Power Dssipation Max. 0.4W・Storage temperature-40 to +125℃・Operation temperature-40 to +85℃(7)Package type・PLP-4E 1.25 × 2.85 × 0.50max [mm] *4Please inquire to us, if you need another specifications.PIN CONFIGURATIONPACKAGE DIMENSIONUNIT: mmBottom ViewSide ViewTop ViewRECOMMEND OPERATION CONDITIONSELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS （Main item ）Ta=25℃, S1=0V unless otherwise specified. Ta=25℃, S1=0V unless otherwise specified.Chager connection detection delay timetVchgVDD=3.6V 0.30 1.00 3.00ms V-=3.6V->0.0V3.008.0016.00Short detection delay time tshort VDD=3.6V,0.360.500.84ms V-=0V->3.6V 0.550.75 1.14Discharging overcurrent detection delay timetVdet3VDD=3.6V, V-=0V->0.1VtVdet3*0.75tVdet3tVdet3*1.25ms Charging overcurrent detection delay time tVdet4VDD=3.6V, V-=0V->-0.3V tVdet4*0.75tVdet4tVdet4*1.25ms Overdischarge detection delay time tVdet2VDD=3.6V->2.0V, V-=0V tVdet2*0.75tVdet2tVdet2*1.25ms Overdischarge detection delay timetVrel2VDD=2.0V->3.6V, V-=0V0.100.50 3.00ms Overcharge release delay time tVrel1VDD=4.6V->3.6V,V-=0V1.00 6.0020.00ms 5.0016.0050.000V battery charge permission charger voltageVst=VDD-V-, VDD=S1=0V-- 1.60V S2=V-, Is=-1mA *10Overcharge detection delay time tVdet1VDD=3.6V->4.6V,V-=0V tVdet1*0.75tVdet1tVdet1*1.25s 0V battery charge inhibition battery voltage Vst=VDD-VSS 0.400.65 1.10V V-=VDD-4.2V *90.650.90 1.25Vst Charging overcurrent detection voltageVdet4Vdet4-5.0Vdet4Vdet4+5.0mV Short detection voltageVshort VDD=3.5V, R2=2.7kΩVshort-0.05Vshort Vshort+0.05V VDD=3.5V, R2=2.7kΩDischarging overcurrent detection voltage Vdet3-1Vdet3-8.0Vdet3Vdet3+8.0mV Vdet3-3Vdet3-5.0Vdet3+5.0Vdet3-3Vdet3-8.0Vdet3+8.0VDD=4.5V, R2=2.7kΩVDD=3.5V, R2=2.7kΩVDD=2.5V, R2=2.7kΩOverdischarge release voltage1Vrel2Vrel2-0.10Vrel2Vrel2+0.10VOverdischarge release voltage2Vrel2D Vrel2D-0.10Vrel2DVrel2D+0.10Vdet2=Vrel2 *5Vdet2≠Vrel2 *6Overcharge release voltage Vrel1Vrel1-0.05Vrel1Vrel1+0.02V Vrel1-0.05Vrel1+0.05Overdischarge detection voltage Vdet2Vdet2-0.10Vdet2Vdet2+0.10V Vdet1≠Vrel1 *8Vdet1=Vrel1 *7ITEMSYMBOL MIN.TYP.MAX.UNIT Overcharge detection voltage Vdet1Vdet1-0.02Vdet1Vdet1+0.02V CONDITION Current consumption at stand-byIstb--0.025uA--0.500VDD=2.0V, V-=VDD *5VDD=2.0V, V-=VDD *6VM terminal pull-up resistancesRpu VDD=2.0V, V-=0V 175.0350.0700.0kΩCurrent consumption Idd - 3.0 4.5uA ITEMSYMBOL CONDITION MIN.TYP.MAX.UNIT Discharge overcurrent release resistanceRshort VDD=3.6V, V-=3.6V5.010.025.0kΩITEMSYMBOL MIN.MAX.UNIT VstVDD=3.6V, V-=0V Operating Ambient temperatureTopr -4085℃Operating voltageVop1.55.5VTa=25℃, S1=0V unless otherwise specified.*5In case Overdischarge latch function "Enable"*6In case Overdischarge latch function "Disable"*7In case Overcharge latch function "Enable"*8In case Overcharge latch function "Disable"*9In case 0V battery charge inhibition, "Inhibition"*10In case 0V battery charge inhibition, "Permission"*11These range and accuracy are the one of the standard setting. It may differ each product.Please refer to an individual specifications about detail parameters.Body diode forward voltage VSD Is=1A0.500.701.00VRSS(on)30VDD=3.0V , Is=1.0A 58.068.081.0mΩRSS(on)25VDD=2.5V , Is=1.0A59.074.091.0mΩSource to sourceon state resistanceRSS(on)45VDD=4.5V , Is=1.0A 53.062.073.0mΩRSS(on)35VDD=3.5V , Is=1.0A 56.065.074.0mΩRSS(on)33VDD=3.3V , Is=1.0A 56.566.076.5mΩITEMSYMBOL CONDITION MIN.TYP.MAX.UNITDrain current of cut offIDSSVDS=24V-- 1.0uA 71.0mΩRSS(on)42VDD=4.2V , Is=1.0A 53.562.571.5mΩRSS(on)39VDD=3.9V , Is=1.0A54.563.572.5mΩRSS(on)37VDD=3.7V , Is=1.0A 55.064.0Typical application circuitApplication hintsC3Capacitor-0.1uF-For exogenous noiseThe resistors that are inserted into each pin are to protect the IC. They help to remove ESD and latch-up damages. The capacitors help to reduce the effects of transient variations in voltage and electromagnetic waves,and to improve ESD tolerance of the IC.Please use either C2 or C3, or both of them by request of your application.These values in the above figure are for example. Please choose appropriate values.Capacitor -0.1uF -For voltage fluctuationR2Resistor - 2.7kΩ-Current limit for charger reverse connection Symbol Parts Min.Typ.Max.PurposeR1Resistor -330Ω470ΩFor voltage fluctuation, For ESD C1C2Capacitor -0.1uF -For exogenous noisePRODUCT LINEUPNOTES【Safety Precautions 】・・【Precautions for Product Liability Act】・【ATTENTION】・・・Though Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Mitsumi") works continually to improve our product's quality and reliability,semiconductor products may generally malfunction or fail. Customers are responsible for complying with safety standards and for providing adequate designs and safeguards for their hardware, software and systems which minimize risk and avoid situations in which a malfunction or failure of this product could cause loss of human life, bodily injury, or damage to property, including data loss or corruption. Before customers use this product, create designs including this product, or incorporate this product into their own applications, customers must also refer to and comply with (a) the latest versions or all of our relevant information, including without limitation, product specifications,data sheets and application notes for this product and (b) the user’s manual, handling instructions or all relevant information for any products which is to be used, or combined with this products. Customers are solely responsible for all aspects of their own product design orapplications, including but not limited to (a) determining the appropriateness of the use of this product in such design or applications; (b)evaluating and determining the applicability of any information contained in this document, or in charts, diagrams, programs, algorithms,sample application circuits, or any other referenced documents; and (c) validating all operating parameters for such designs and applications.Mitsumi assumes no liability for customers’ product design or applications.This product is intended for applying to computers, OA units, communication units, instrumentation units, machine tools, industrial robots,AV units, household electrical appliances, and other general electronic units.No responsibility is assumed by us for any consequence resulting from any wrong or improper use or operation, etc. of this product.This product is designed and manufactured with the intention of normal use in general electronics. No special circumstance as described below is considered for the use of it when it is designed. With this reason, any use and storage under the circumstances below may affect the performance of this product. Prior confirmation of performance and reliability is requested to customers. Environment with strong static electricity or electromagnetic waveEnvironment with high temperature or high humidity where dew condensation may occurThis product is not designed to withstand radioactivity, and must avoid using in a radioactive environment.This specification is written in Japanese and English. The English text is faithfully translated into the Japanese. However, if any question arises,Japanese text shall prevail.。
石墨烯基柔性锂离子电容器计划书英文回答，Graphene-Based Flexible Lithium-Ion Capacitor Proposal.Introduction.Graphene-based flexible lithium-ion capacitors have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential applications in flexible electronics, wearable devices, and energy storage systems. This proposal aims to outline the key components and research plan for developing a high-performance graphene-based flexible lithium-ion capacitor.Key Components.The proposed graphene-based flexible lithium-ion capacitor will consist of three main components: graphene-based electrodes, a lithium-ion electrolyte, and a flexible substrate. The electrodes will be fabricated using high-quality graphene to ensure high electrical conductivity and large surface area for lithium-ion storage. The lithium-ion electrolyte will be carefully selected and optimized to enable fast ion transport and high energy density. The flexible substrate will provide mechanical support and enable the integration of the capacitor into flexible and wearable devices.Research Plan.The research plan will involve several key steps, including the synthesis and characterization of graphene-based electrodes, the development of a suitable lithium-ion electrolyte, and the fabrication and testing of theflexible capacitor device. The synthesis of graphene-based electrodes will be carried out using a combination of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and wet chemical methods to produce high-quality graphene with controlled morphologyand surface chemistry. The lithium-ion electrolyte will be optimized through the selection of suitable solvents, salts, and additives to achieve high ionic conductivity and stability. The flexible capacitor device will be fabricatedusing scalable manufacturing techniques and tested for electrochemical performance, mechanical flexibility, and long-term stability.Conclusion.In conclusion, the development of graphene-basedflexible lithium-ion capacitors holds great promise for advancing the field of flexible electronics and energy storage. This proposal outlines the key components and research plan for developing a high-performance graphene-based flexible lithium-ion capacitor, and it is expected to contribute to the advancement of flexible and wearable devices.中文回答，石墨烯基柔性锂离子电容器计划书。
铝电解电容负极铝箔化成电压概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述本文将探讨铝电解电容负极铝箔化成电压的相关问题。
随着科技的不断发展，电解电容被广泛应用于许多领域，例如电子设备、通信网络和能源储存等。
而作为电解电容中重要组成部分的负极铝箔化成电压对其性能具有至关重要的影响。
因此，了解和理解负极铝箔化成电压的概念、原理以及影响因素是十分必要的。
1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构进行论述：首先简要介绍铝电解电容以及其特点；然后详细探究负极铝箔化成电压的概念和原理；接着阐述影响负极铝箔化成电压的因素；接下来，将进一步解释说明为什么需要负极铝箔化成电压以及它对于整个电解电容性能的影响；最后，分享如何提高负极铝箔化成电压水平。
通过这样逐步深入剖析该主题，希望可以全面展现负极铝箔化成电压的重要性和作用。
1.3 目的本文的目的是为读者提供对于负极铝箔化成电压的全面了解。
通过对该主题的概念、原理、影响因素以及应用等方面的探讨，旨在加深对电解电容负极铝箔化成电压的认识，并为研究人员提供参考和启发，以进一步推动相关领域的发展和创新。
以上便是本文“1. 引言”部分内容，介绍了文章撰写的概述、结构以及目的。
2. 正文2.1 铝电解电容简介铝电解电容是一种重要的电子元器件，广泛应用于各种电子设备中。
它由正极氧化铝膜和负极铝箔构成，中间通过电介质隔离。
在工作过程中，当施加正向电压时，正极氧化铝膜上会形成一层细微的绝缘膜，使得只有微弱的漏电流通过。
而当施加反向电压时，负极铝箔上会发生氧化反应，形成一层致密的氧化物保护膜。
2.2 负极铝箔化成电压的概念和原理负极铝箔化成电压指的是当施加正向电压时，负极铝箔上开始发生氧化反应的临界电压值。
通常情况下，这个临界值远高于实际工作所需的正向偏置电压。
负极铝箔的氧化反应能够在较高的阳极偏置下自发进行，并且具有很高速率。
这主要得益于负极表面存在大量未被锌等杂质和氢氧化物污染的金属铝颗粒，这些颗粒提供了较高的反应活性。
谨以此论文献给所有关心我成长的老师、亲人、同学和朋友们-----------孙帆电解液对超级电容器电化学性能影响的研究摘要超级电容器是一种高效的储能元件，性能介于传统电容器和化学电池之间。
影响超级电容器性能的因素有电极材料、电解液等。
电极材料主要包括碳材料、金属氧化物材料和导电聚合物材料。
碳材料在超级电容器的材料中由于稳定性好、价格低廉，应用最为广泛；导电聚苯胺（PANI）由于自身的性能与活性炭（AC）制备成聚苯胺/活性炭复合电极得到了广泛的关注，可以用于制备超级电容器。
LiClO4/乙腈在超级电容器研究中得到了广泛的关注，但是市场销售的锂离子电解液对超级电容器的影响不同，这对于超级电容器的实际应用具有十分重要的意义。
本文利用扫描电镜（SEM）、循环伏安法（CV）、恒流充放电、交流阻抗法（EIS）对电极材料进行表征与测试，并利用恒流充放电讨论了两种电解液对超级电容器的电化学性能的影响。
全文主要内容概括如下：（1）活性炭电极与聚苯胺/活性炭电极的制备与性能测试将活性炭、炭黑、聚偏氟乙烯按质量比8:1:1的比例制备活性炭电极。
利用CV在活性炭电极上沉积聚苯胺制备成复合电极。
然后用SEM、CV、充放电和EIS对两种电极进行表征与测试。
结果表明，当电流密度为3 mA·cm-2时，活性炭电极比电容为97.4 F·g-1，1000次充放电循环后，比电容降至首次循环的90%。
而复合电极在3mA·cm-2的电流密度时，比电容为340.4 F·g-1，明显高于活性炭电极，这是因为聚苯胺在充放电过程中，由于其表面形貌产生的双电层电容和氧化还原反应产生的赝电容起到了增加比电容的作用。
经过1000次充放电循环，比电容降至首次循环的70%。
（2）电解液对对称超级电容器电化学性能影响的研究分别组装电解液为LiClO4/乙腈和市售的NH602锂离子电解液两种对称超级电容器。
然后利用充放电进行测试。
2022-2023学年九年级英语下册单元模块满分必刷题（牛津译林版）Unit 4 Life on Mars【刷速度】(模块过关检测练)一、单项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）请认真阅读下列各题，从题中所给的A.B.C.D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1．—________ the way, do you think this job has become easier than it used to be?—To be honest, it has turned out to be more difficult ________ some ways.A．In; on B．By; on C．By; in D．In; by2．Mrs Yang often makes ________ cakes and biscuits for kids and kids like them very much. A．strange B．tasty C．awful D．polluted3．Don’t always ________ your daughter ________ others. It’s not good for her growth. A．compare; from B．connect; to C．compare; with D．prevent; from4．—What is the ________ of high school students going to college?—About 70%.A．percentage B．number C．population D．temperature5．Li Ling’s mother wanted to know ________.A．how did she study at school B．what she has studied at schoolC．whether did she study hard at school D．if she studied hard at school6．—This red dress looks so ________ !—It is ________ designed for a famous actress.A．special; special B．special; specially C．specially; special D．specially; specially7．I don’t know what should ________ to stop the factories ________ the lake near them.A．to do; polluting B．to do; to pollute C．doing; to pollute D．be done; polluting 8．When I was young, I ________ in the country.A．used to live B．was used to live C．used to living D．am used to living 9．Perhaps we will live on the food ________ the form of pills in the future.A．on B．in C．at D．by10．He is wearing his sunglasses to himself from the strong sunlight.A．prevent B．stop C．keep D．protect11．Up to now, almost ________ of the students in the class have completed ________ of their work. A．two-thirds; 60 percents B．two-thirds; 60 percentC．two third; 60 percents D．two third; 60 percent12．— Was the baby really amazed when seeing such a ________ scene?— Yes. The ________ look on its face told us that it was.A．surprised; surprising B．surprising; surprisedC．surprising; surprising D．surprised; surprised13．No one can be sure ________ in thousands of years, not to say in a million years.A．what man looks like B．what will man look likeC．what did man look like D．what man will look like14．The girl seemed too busy __________ her test _________ her mother enter the room. A．preparing, to notice B．to prepare, to noticeC．preparing, noticing D．to prepare, noticing15．—Are you confident about this evening’s performance, Kate?—________. I’m well prepared.A．I hope so B．It’s hard to say C．Sure, I am D．I am afraid not二、完形填空（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A.B.C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
清华考博辅导：清华大学环境科学与新能源技术考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，全国共有111所开设建筑学专业的大学参与了2017-2018建筑学专业大学排名，其中排名第一清华大学，排名第二的是哈尔滨工业大学，排名第三的是同济大学。
作为清华大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，环境科学与新能源技术一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第一。
下面是启道考博整理的关于清华大学环境科学与新能源技术考博相关内容。
一、专业介绍环境科学与新能源技术专业主要应对中国社会经济发展面临的能源瓶颈和环境污染问题，以及全球变暖带来的挑战，研究前沿的新材料、新型器件，并与电力系统、环境工程、自动控制、交通运输等应用学科相结合，探索低碳新能源领域的新技术，解决中国面临的世界级问题。
清华大学环境科学与新能源技术专业在博士招生方面，划分为9个研究方向：0830J2环境科学与新能源技术研究方向：01纳米能源材料；02环境科学与技术；03智能电网与可再生能源；04智能电网电力系统分析；05智能交通与物流系统；06大数据与运筹学；07大数据与智能交通；08低碳经济与金融风险分析研究；09低维材料与器件此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容清华大学环境科学与新能源技术专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+面试构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:综合考核形式及项目：综合面试（由学院面试专家组进行英语面试），每位考生约30分钟，满分100 分。
面试重点考查申请人攻读博士学位的基本素养、学术能力、学术志趣、语言等综合能力。
四、申请材料1）清华大学2019年报考攻读博士学位研究生登记表（网上报名后打印）；清华-伯克利深圳学院申请表，登录TBSI招生线上报名系统（网址：/admissions/）填写提交，并用A4纸打印，签字。
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frontiers in materials endnote格式-回复"Frontiers in Materials: The Advancement and Impact on Various Industries"Introduction:The field of materials science has witnessed significant progress over the years, leading to the emergence of frontiers in materials research. These advancements have had a profound impact on various industries, revolutionizing their practices and introducing new possibilities. In this article, we will delve into the exciting developments in materials science and explore their implications in a range of industries.1. What are Frontiers in Materials?Frontiers in materials refer to the cutting-edge research and discoveries in the field of materials science. This interdisciplinary field focuses on studying the properties, structures, and applications of different materials. By expanding our understanding of materials and their behavior, researchers aim to design innovative materials with improved functionalities.2. The Role of Materials in Energy Industry:One of the most significant impacts of frontiers in materials can be observed in the energy industry. Advanced materials like graphene, perovskite, and carbon nanotubes have revolutionized energy storage, conversion, and generation technologies. For instance, the development of lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density and ultracapacitors capable of fast charging has transformed the electric vehicle market. Additionally, the use of materials in solar cells has increased efficiency and reduced the cost of solar energy production.3. Materials in Healthcare and Biotechnology:Frontiers in materials have also made substantial contributions to healthcare and biotechnology. Biomaterials, such as synthetic polymers and biocompatible metals, have enabled the development of advanced medical devices like artificial organs, implants, and drug delivery systems. Moreover, materials with unique properties, such as self-healing and antibacterial coatings, have enhanced the safety and effectiveness of medical equipment.4. Materials in Aerospace and Transportation:The aerospace and transportation industries have greatly benefited from the advancements in materials science. Lightweight andhigh-strength materials such as carbon fiber composites and titanium alloys have resulted in more fuel-efficient aircraft, reducing emissions and operational costs. Additionally, the use of advanced materials in the construction of vehicles has improved both performance and safety.5. Materials in Information Technology:Frontiers in materials have also had a profound impact on the information technology sector. The development of nanoscale materials and devices has led to the miniaturization of electronic components, enabling faster and more powerful electronic devices. Advancements in materials have also facilitated the development of flexible and wearable electronics, expanding the possibilities for user-friendly technologies.6. Environmental Impact and Sustainability:While frontiers in materials have brought significant progress, it is essential to address their environmental impact. The production and disposal of certain materials can lead to pollution and resource depletion. However, researchers are actively exploring sustainable alternatives, such as bio-based and recyclable materials, to minimize environmental harm and promote a circular economy.Conclusion:Frontiers in materials have revolutionized various industries, including energy, healthcare, aerospace, transportation, and information technology. These advancements have significantly enhanced the efficiency, performance, and sustainability of products and processes in these sectors. As materials science continues to progress, it holds immense potential for further innovation and positive societal impact. However, it is crucial to consider the environmental implications of these advancements and strive towards sustainable and responsible material development and usage.。
储能英文名词解释Energy storage, often abbreviated as EES, refers to the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a different time. It plays a crucial role in balancing supply and demand in the power grid, ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply.There are various methods of energy storage, including:1. Batteries: The most common form of EES, where chemical energy is stored and converted into electrical energy when needed. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their high energy density and efficiency.2. Pumped Hydroelectric Storage: Water is pumped to a higher elevation during times of low energy demand or excess energy production and then released to flow downhill through turbines to generate electricity during periods of high energy demand.3. Thermal Storage: Heat is stored, often in materials like molten salts, water, or sand, and is later used directly for heating or to generate electricity.4. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): Air is compressed and stored under pressure in underground caverns or containers and is released to power turbines when electricity is needed.5. Flywheels: Energy is stored in the form of rotational kinetic energy using a spinning wheel or rotor. The flywheel spins faster as energy is stored and slows down when energyis released.6. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES): Energy is stored in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil which has been cooled to below its superconducting critical temperature.7. Supercapacitors: Also known as ultracapacitors, these devices store energy in an electric field, which allows for rapid charging and discharging compared to batteries.Energy storage systems are essential for renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, which are intermittent and may not always produce energy when demand is highest. By storing excess energy, these systems can release it back to the grid during peak demand or when the generation of renewable energy is low.The global energy storage market is growing rapidly due to the increasing need for more sustainable and reliable energy solutions. Technological advancements are continually improving the efficiency, capacity, and economic viability of energy storage systems, making them an integral part of the future energy landscape.。
Lithium-Ion Capacitors in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Global Market Forecast & Analysis (2011-2021)PublishedbyElectroniCastPublished December, 2011 Product code 2261 25Contentinfo226 PagesUS $ 2800License)TweetIntroductionPress ReleaseRelated ReportsLithium-Ion Capacitors in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Global Market Forecast & Analysis (2011-2021) published by ElectroniCast in December, 2011. This report consists of 226 Pages and the price starts from US $ 2800.Introduction AbstractThis ElectroniCast report provides a 2011-2021 market forecast and analysis of the worldwide consumption of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) used in solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation applications.A capacitor is an electrical device that stores or releases electricity through rapid electrostatic reactions. Compared with a battery that stores electricity through slow chemical reactions, a capacitor makes it possible to charge and discharge electricity almost instantaneously with a long cycle life.Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LICs) have a higher power density as compared to batteries and LIC's are safer in use than Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), since thermal runaway reactions may occur with the LIBs. Compared to an Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC), the lithium-ion capacitor has a higher output voltage. They both have similar power densities, but energy density of a lithium-ion capacitor is higher.Lithium-ion capacitors contain no hazardous substances, such as heavy metals (Cadmium, Mercury or Lead) making them environmentally friendly electrical storage devices. They are also characterized by an ability to charge with even weak current, and as a result, demand is expected to increase substantially in environmentally friendly fields such as solar power generation. The use of lithium-ion capacitors as independent power supplies in combination with photovoltaic panels is considered for a wide range of devices such as streetlights, surveillance cameras, and security sensors.Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.ElectroniCast Consultants, per requests from clients are following-up on the exciting and innovation aspects of the lithium-ion capacitors, present this report specifically addressing the potential use of lithium-ion capacitors in photovoltaic (PV) power generation applications.The conclusions of this report are based on background research plus application of quantitative data processing and correlation. ElectroniCast analysts performed interviews with authoritative and representative individuals concerned with the power storage industry sector, plus natural energy power generating technologies (wind, solar and other), energy-efficient lighting (LEDs), industrial logistical machinery/ Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) / industrial robot, electric vehicles, migration systems of voltage sags/swells, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) devices, and many other concerns and related entities.The future of the lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) market, despite exciting innovative devices driven by technological advances and ecological/energy-saving concerns, still face challenges in overcoming performance/price limitations and in attracting widespread consumption. The use of LICs in solar photovoltaic power generation applications is increasing, initiating from government-based initiative - then to commercial/business - and eventually to the consumer-level.On-going extensive customer demand-side and supplier-side information interviews, combined with ElectroniCast background of information and opinions in the energy efficiency solution field were the basis for estimating data to be inserted into the analysis/forecast data base spreadsheets. Published information related to LIC and related component/applications and consumption, was reviewed, including:∙Trade press∙Press release information∙Financial reports∙Web site background information∙Vendor production information∙Other published informationThe ElectroniCast market forecast (Excel spreadsheet) database structure used for this project is provided for insertion (and later manipulation) of quantities, prices (and thus value) for lithium-ion capacitors used in solar photovoltaic power generation applications for each year, in each end-user category subset of each geographical region. This technique permits analysis for reasonableness check at all levels. The finaldatabase/spreadsheet is the source for the various values incorporated in the tables and figures in this report and quoted in the (report) text.Regional Market Segmentation This report provides the market data by the following regional segments and sub-regions:∙Global (Total)o America▪United States and Canada▪Latin Americao EMEA▪Northern Europe▪Southern Europe▪Western Europe▪Eastern Europe▪Middle East and Africao APAC▪People's Republic of China (PRC)▪Japan▪Republic of Korea (ROK)▪Rest of APACConsumption Value:The consumption value of a Lithium-Ion capacitor (LIC) is determined by the final application (“end-use”) and ownership of that product. For example, a packaged LIC produced in Japan (APAC region) and then the LIC ends-up in a new car manufactured in Europe, and then the car is sold and consumed (consumption) in the USA, is shown in the ElectroniCast market forecast Excel database as a LIC consumed in America (not APAC and not Europe).The estimate of 2011 plus the market forecast (2012-2021) is presented for Lithium-Ion capacitors for use with solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation.The Lithium-Ion capacitor (LIC) market forecast data are segmented by the following functions:∙Consumption Value (US$, million)∙Quantity (number/Farad: Million)∙Average Selling Prices (ASP $, each Farad)Nominal Capacitance - Farad (F):The farad (symbol: F) is the SI unit of capacitance (SI is the International System of Units). Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store energy in an electric field. Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electric potential energy stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor.Market Forecast Application Categories The ElectroniCast market forecast of consumption is also presented for two major End-User categories:∙Government/Commercial∙Residential/Non-SpecificMarket Forecast:LICs used in Solar PV Power Generation ElectroniCast estimates that in 2011, the worldwide consumption value of lithium-ion capacitors used in solar photovoltaic power generation applications will reach (only) $0.862 million; consumption value is forecast to increase at an average annual growth rate of 87.5 percent to $19.99 million in 2016(1). From 2016-2021, the total consumption value is forecast an increase 63.4 percent per year, reaching $232.88 million in the year 2021.Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LICs) used in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Global Market Forecast (Value Basis, US$ Million)(1) All values and prices in this report are at end-user levels, and are in current dollars, which include the effect of a forecasted 5 percent annual inflation rate over the forecast period.Note: Market forecast data in this study report refers to consumption (use) for a particular calendar year; therefore, this data is not cumulative data. Market forecast data are provided in United States Dollars.Report Statistics∙Publication Date:December 13, 2011∙Total Number of Pages:226∙Also Included:Excel worksheets and PowerPoint SlidesTable of Contents1. Executive Summary∙ 1.1. Overview: Lithium-Ion Capacitor Marketo Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LICs)o Photovoltaics (PV)o More Effective Utilization of Energyo Joint-venture company for LIC businesso The Lithium-Ion Capacitor Marketo ElectroniCast Market Forecast Database Structureo Regional Market Segmentationo Consumption Valueo Nominal Capacitance - Farad (F)o Comparison to Other Technologieso Photovoltaic: Growing Demand for Renewable Energy Sourceso Solar Cell Manufacturing Planto Solar PV LED Lighting Using Lithium-Ion Capacitorso Light Emitting Diode Lightingo Street Lightingo Advantages of LEDso Market Forecast: LICs used in Solar PV Power Generationo Quantity Market Forecast (Farad)o Selling Price Market Forecast (Farad)o Value Market Forecast by Regiono Green-Tech Opportunity Costso Types of End-Use Solar Photovoltaic Systemso Market Forecast Application Categorieso R&D (Research and Development)∙ 1.2. Solar Photovoltaic Technology- Overviewo Explanation: Photovoltaico PV: Cells, Modules and Arrayso Solar Cells and Energy Paybacko Crystalline Silicono Types of Thin-film Semiconductorso Solar Cells Manufacturing - Competition Overview2. Technology Overview: LIC and Relevant Concerns∙ A Novel Lithium-Doping Approach for an Advanced Lithium Ion Capacitor∙Patent Information: Lithium Ion Capacitor∙Carbon Nanofiber∙Lithium-ion Capacitor versus Other Storage Technologies∙Water System - Hybrid Capacitor∙Hybrid Device: Lithium-ion Capacitor and Lithium-ion Battery∙Nanogate Carbon∙Capacitance Increasing Technology∙Electric Car with a Lithium Ion Capacitor∙High-performance Li-ion Capacitor Developed With CNT, Lithium Titanate∙Northwestern University∙Evolution of Research Emphasis During Technology Life Cycle3. LIC in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation (2011-2021)∙ 3.1. Overview: Global Market Forecasto Market Forecast Application Categorieso Market Forecast Functionso Advantages of Using Solar Photovoltaic Streetlightso Sales/Distribution-Channelo Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiativeo International Energy Agencyo Ubiquitous Product Environmento Worldwide Market Forecast (Value, $Million)o Nominal Capacitance - Farad (F)o Worldwide Market Forecast (Volume, Farad/Million)o Worldwide Market Forecast (ASP, $/Each Farad)o Value Market Forecast by Region∙ 3.2. America Market Forecasto Value Market Forecast: Americao American Region, by User Groupo Energy Policy of the United Stateso Five-Year Commercialization Support Plano Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)o Development of the Economies in Latin Americao Economic Recoveryo Countries Face the Risk of Overheatingo Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Latin Americao Union de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR)o Comunidad Andina, CANo South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA)o Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur)o Cooperation Agreement with Mercosuro The World Bank Group (WBG)/Otherso Trade and Integration between Brazil and Colombiao Argentina Economic Overviewo Bolivia Economic Overviewo Brazil Economic Overviewo Chile Economic Overviewo Colombia Economic Overviewo Costa Rica Economic Overviewo Ecuador Economic Overviewo El Salvador Economic Overviewo Guatemala Economic Overviewo Honduras Economic Overviewo Mexico Economic Overviewo Nicaragua Economic Overviewo Panama Economic Overviewo Paraguay Economic Overviewo Peru Economic Overviewo Uruguay Economic Overviewo Venezuela Economic Overviewo LED-Based Street Lamps Used With Solar Panelo Viaducto Bicentenario Superhighway (Mexico)∙ 3.3. EMEA Market Forecasto European Sub-Regions as identified by the United Nations Geo-scheme o European Market Forecast by Regional Geo-schemeo Value Market Forecast: EMEAo International Environmental Treatyo Energy Performance of Buildingso Economic Recovery Overview-Europeo Council of the European Union - Foreign Affairs/Tradeo Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Program (CIP)o Economic Developments in Africa∙ 3.4. APAC Market Forecasto Value Market Forecast: APACo Global Financial Crisiso Japan Economic Situationo People's Republic of China Economyo Republic of Korea's Economyo Kyoto Protocolo Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)o Japan Energy Star Councilo Energy efficiency buildings in Japano Energy efficiency buildings in Chinao Energy efficiency buildings in Hong Kongo Energy efficiency buildings in Taiwano Energy efficiency buildings in Koreao Energy efficiency buildings in Malaysiao Building energy efficiency policy in the Philippineso Energy efficiency building in Singaporeo Energy efficiency buildings in Thailando Energy efficiency buildings for Indiao Australia GDPo ANZCERTAo Australian Foreign Investment Review Boardo Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)o Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA)o Australia-United States Free Trade Agreemento Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA)o Australia-China Free Trade Agreement Negotiationso Australia-GCC Free Trade Agreement Negotiationso Australia-Japan Free Trade Agreement Negotiationso Australia-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Negotiationso Australia-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement negotiationso Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER)o Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) negotiationso Australia-India FTA Feasibility Studyo Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA)o Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Researcho Future Manufacturing Industry Innovation Councilo Australia: Re-tooling for Climate Change Programo Energy Efficiency for Small business program - NSW onlyo Australia Commercial Building Disclosure scheme (CBD scheme)o NSW Green Business Programo AusIndustry Green Building Fundo Development of the Economy in Indiao ELCINA Electronic Industries Association of Indiao ELCOMA (India)o World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC)o Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)o Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)o National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (India)o Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)o Solar/Wind LED Street Lighting in Tangshan, Hebei province, Chinao Solar Street Light Project - Okinawa4. Lithium-Ion Capacitor Competitors & Related Entities∙The following Companies/Entities are discussed in this chapteo Advanced Capacitor Technologies, Inc.▪JEOL Ltd.▪Sojitz Corporation▪Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd.o Asahi Kasei FDK Energy Device Co., Ltd.▪Asahi Kasei▪FDKo Eamex Corporationo Fraunhofer-Gesellschafto Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.o Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.; Hitachi AIC Inc.o Ionova Technologieso Ioxus Incorporatedo JM Energy Corporation / JSR Groupo KAIDO MFG.CO.,LTD.o Mitsubishi Electrico NEC Energy Devices, Ltd.▪NEC/Tokino Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation▪Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology▪K&W Companyo Oki Printed Circuits Co Ltdo Panasonic▪Sanyo Electric5. Market Research Methodology∙Information Base∙Bottom-Up Methodology∙Cross-Correlation Increases Accuracy∙Nature of the Data∙Inventory Change∙R&D (Research and Development)6. Definitions: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and General Terms7. ElectroniCast Market Forecast Data Base - Introduction/Explanation of Excel Worksheets∙7.1. Overview∙7.2. Tutorial of the Excel Worksheetso ExampleList of Tables∙ 1.1.1. LICs in Solar PV Power Generation Global Market Forecast, by Region ($ Million)∙ 1.1.2. LICs in Solar PV Power Generation Global Market Forecast, by End-User ($ Million)∙ 2.1. LICs Measurement Specifications∙ 3.1.1. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.1.2. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by End-User Group (Million/Farads)∙ 3.1.3. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by End-User Group (ASP per Farad)∙ 3.1.4. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by Region ($ Million) ∙ 3.1.5. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by Region (Million/Farads)∙ 3.1.6. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Global Forecast, by Region (ASP per Farad)∙ 3.2.1. LICs Used in PV Power Generation American Forecast, by Sub-Region ($ Million)∙ 3.2.2. LICs Used in PV Power Generation American Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.2.3. LICs Used in PV Power Generation USA/Canada Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.2.4. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Latin American Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.2.5. Latin American Demographic Trends∙ 3.3.1. European Sub-Regions as identified by the United Nations Geo-scheme ∙ 3.3.2. Population in Northern Europe, by Country∙ 3.3.3. Population in Southern Europe, by Country∙ 3.3.4. Population in Western Europe, by Country∙ 3.3.5. Population in Eastern Europe, by Country∙ 3.3.6. LICs Used in PV Power Generation EMEA Forecast, by Sub-Region ($ Million)∙ 3.3.7. LICs Used in PV Power Generation EMEA Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.3.8. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Northern Europe Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.3.9. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Southern Europe Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.3.10. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Western Europe Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.3.11. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Eastern Europe Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.3.12. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Middle East/Africa Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.1. LICs Used in PV Power Generation APAC Forecast, by Sub-Region ($ Million)∙ 3.4.2. LICs Used in PV Power Generation APAC Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.3. LICs in PV Power Generation People's Republic of China Forecast, End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.4. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Japan Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.5. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Republic of Korea Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.5. LICs Used in PV Power Generation Rest of APAC Forecast, by End-User Group ($ Million)∙ 3.4.5. List of ELCOMA MembersList of Figures∙ 1.1.1. Energy Density vs. Power Density for LIC with Different Technologies ∙ 1.1.2. Solar Photovoltaic LED Lighting Using Lithium-Ion Capacitors∙ 1.1.3. LICs used in Solar PV Power Generation Global Market Forecast (Value Basis, $ Million)∙ 1.1.4. LICs used in Solar PV Power Generation Global Market Forecast (Quantity Basis, Million/Farad)∙ 1.1.5. LICs used in Solar PV Power Generation Global Market Forecast (ASP per Farad)∙ 1.1.6. LICs in Solar PV Power Gen. Global Forecast, by End-User Group, $ Million & Market Share (%)∙ 1.2.1. Photovoltaic Cell, Module and Array∙ 1.2.2. Cell Efficiencies∙ 2.1. Advanced Lithium Ion Capacitor∙ 2.2. Ultra-Centrifugal Processing Technology∙ 2.3. Electrochemical Difference: EDLC and Lithium Ion Capacitors∙ 2.4. High-performance LIC Developed With CNT, Lithium Titanate∙ 2.5. Electrode: Composite material and Aluminum Alloy Current Collector ∙ 2.6. Evolution of Research Emphasis during Technology Life Cycle∙ 3.2.1. LED-Based Street Lamps Used With Solar Panel in Mexico∙ 3.4.1. Solar/Wind LED Street Lighting (China)∙ 3.4.2. Solar LED Street Lighting (Okinawa)∙ 4.1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Capacitor∙ 4.2. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) capacitor module for HEVs∙ 4.3. Lithium-ion Capacitor∙ 4.4. Lithium-ion Capacitor∙ 4.5. Ultra Capacitors∙ 4.6. Laminate Cell∙ 4.7. Laminate Cell Module 4-2∙ 4.8. Prismatic Cell∙ 4.9. Prismatic Cell Module∙ 4.10. Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Prototype∙ 4.11. Structure of (3 x 3cm) Prototype∙ 4.12. Lithium-Ion Battery (Cell) for Electric Vehicles∙ 4.13. Nano-Hybrid Capacitors∙ 4.14. Embedded Li-ion Battery in Printed Board∙ 5.1. Market Research & Forecasting Methodology。
