翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)资料
- 格式:ppt
- 大小:765.00 KB
- 文档页数:52
英汉对比翻译知识点总结翻译是一门复杂的艺术,尤其是英汉翻译,因为中英两种语言有着根本的差异。
对于翻译工作者来说,了解和掌握英汉两种语言的特点和规律是非常重要的。
在翻译过程中,需要考虑语言的语法、词汇、文化以及表达方式等方面的差异。
下面将对英汉翻译中的一些常见知识点进行总结和比较。
1.语法结构英汉两种语言的语法结构有很大的差异。
中文语法灵活,句子结构简洁,通常不需要使用冠词、时态、语气等。
而英语语法则更为严谨,句子结构复杂,使用了丰富的时态、语气和冠词等。
在翻译时,需要注意将英文句子中的时态和语气等信息准确地转化为中文,同时也要保持句子结构的自然流畅。
2.词汇中英两种语言的词汇差异也是翻译中需要关注的重点之一。
英语词汇丰富多样,有着丰富的同义词和近义词,而中文的词汇相对简洁,往往需要通过上下文来理解词义。
在翻译时,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语,保持译文的意思准确清晰。
3.文化背景文化背景是影响翻译质量的重要因素之一。
英汉两种文化有着不同的价值观、习俗、传统等,因此在翻译时需要考虑到文化差异。
有些词语、习惯用语或者成语在中英两种文化中可能有着不同的含义和使用方式,因此需要特别留意,以免产生误解或者歧义。
4.表达方式英语和中文的表达方式也有着一定的差异。
中文语言善于表达抽象意义,通过修饰词和成语来表达情感和意象。
而英语语言更注重直接的表达和逻辑推理。
在翻译时,需要根据原文的表达方式来选择合适的中文表达方式,以保持译文的准确和自然。
5.口语和书面语中英两种语言的口语和书面语也有着不同的风格和表达方式。
英语口语更为活泼自然,词汇量较大,而中文口语则更为简洁直接,词汇量较小。
在翻译时,需要根据文体和语境来选择合适的口语和书面语表达方式,以保持译文的自然流畅。
总之,英汉翻译是一项需要耐心、细心和专业知识的工作。
翻译工作者需要对比英汉两种语言的语法、词汇、表达方式以及文化背景等方面的差异,才能够做出高质量的翻译作品。
第二章翻译中的语言对比分析1.语义的差异1)词汇意义:完全对应;部分对应:不对应:一词多义tuberculosis The U.S.State Department The Pacific ocean marriage gun sister cousin beddo,overkillHe is a loose man.He is a loose woman.2)搭配能力to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nailswear glasses and thick jersey3)词序方面A little ,yellow,ragged,lame unshaven beggar.2.词法差异英语——静态--- 综合性语言—词的关系靠词本身的形态变化来表现汉语——动态——分析性语言---词的关系靠词序或虚词/助词/量词等来表现1)英语名词化Don't believe him.You should know he is a good kidder.Would you like to take a walk with him?That Would be the confirmation that it Was in general use.2)英语介词优势,Mother is On the telephone with father.She is On maternity leave.,The failure gave me a heavy blow and l was at a loss about my future.3)英语中形容词,副词的动态特征I'm doubtful whether he is Still alive.Water is incompatible with fire.I must be Off now, for my sister IS expecting me.After staying in bed for a week,he iS now Up and about.4)英语中有动词时态的体现, 汉语无Mrs. Long has just been here,and she told me all about it." What was l talking Of?”said he, beginning again when they were all in the street.5)代词使用上的差异Money is a wonderful thing6)量词的增补表达法Before l arrived in sight of it,a11 that remained Of day was a beamless,amber light along the west;but l could see every pebble on the path,and every blade Of grass:by that splendid moon.P1ease go there and give it to him.7)增补语气词,汉语中有,英语中无“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife,“how can you be SO tiresome! You must know,that I’m thinking of marrying one of them/my daughters.3.句法的差异1) 形合与意合的差异The gate was opened, and the audience came crowding in.The more you give, the more you will get.If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious claim, it will investigate the claim as ameans of protecting itself against false claims.It's easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.. ,A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.Grasp all, lose all.Out of sight, out of mind.Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live along in the sea without some kind of warmth..With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.2) 句序的差异Nothing has happened since we parted:As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.4.思维的差异1) 语篇的衔接与连贯Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with homes, factories, slag-heaps and other productsof his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favors the multiplicationof others,人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。
第五章翻译的语言对比规律一、语义的差异(1)完全对应New York, mathematics, pneumonia, head, mouth, airport(2)部分或大部分对应1.I have no experience as a parent.2.She is my cousin.(3)完全或大部分不对应things 教材P68-69 S1-5如出一撤P1571.Opening/ closing speech2.bite off more than one can chew3.scratch one’s head4.scratch the surface5.my English stinks6.It all happened in the twinkling of an eye.7.He is well over forty.8.This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere9.He tried to concentrate on the news over the radio, but hiseyes kept on closing.10.H e shook his head.特别提醒P15911.A ll of us know he ( the speaker) is a busybody.12.(not ) for love or money13.O ur firm is on the rocks.14.H e was quite at fault.15.H is fingers are all thumbs.大同小异P1591.National minority2.Sum total3.License suspension4.You should think twice before doing it.5.Some students like to burn the midnight oil.6.I’ll eat my hat/head/boots if …7.In no case will they look on with folded arms.8.That night they had a heart to heart talk.9.The committee sat on our proposal for several months.搁置10.I didn’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to livewith it, don’t we?但是没办法11.H e just clammed up and wouldn’t talk.拒不开口搭配P1611.sound sleep sound judgment准确判断2.heavy rain / snow; heavy weather恶劣天气3.keep a diary keep/ observe Spring Festival过春节keep hens/pets4.instant coffee/ instant noodle审视角度P162fire engine fire hose tear gas dump truckdust cover reading lampcombination lock placement test pocket moneynext-door neighbor broad jumpstop watch borrowed prosperity思维方式P1621.the rush to learn English rush hours Christmas rush,football craze2.he has no ear for music3.The noise gets on my nerves.4.have a butterfly in the stomach.心里紧张5.Words and figures differ on this check.差异悬殊P1641.The employee was summarily dismissed.2.The murderer was arrested red-handed.3.Bad habits die hard.4.What’s done cannot be undone.5.It’s better to be the safe side.还是稳妥点好6.My husband sends me flowers once in a blue moon.千载难逢7.Today we have reached a stage of realizing that rivers can bepolluted past praying for.现在我们意识到河流受到污染可能已到了无法挽救的地步。
英汉翻译教程--汉英语言对比第一部分汉英语言对比翻译教学和研究的经验表明:翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。
英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧,如选词(Diction)、转换(Conversion)、增补(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重复(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、变换(Variation)、倒置(Inversion)、拆离(Division)、缀合(Combination)、阐释(Annotation)、浓缩(Condensation)、重组(Reconstruction),以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法,都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。
机器翻译是让计算按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换,也离不开对比分析。
翻译之所以困难,归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。
因此,对比、分析和归纳这些差异,便是翻译学的重要任务。
不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译,也有助于语言交际。
通过对比分析,人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性,在进行交际时,能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法,以顺应这些差异,防止表达错误,避免运用失当,从而达到交际的目的。
(连淑能,《英汉对比研究》)纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。
在他看来,“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”,但同时,“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译,译文更容易走样”。
纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的,既是精神的,也是语言的。
他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中,经历了一系列的考验。
对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇,他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述:描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇,也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。
纪德首先看到的,是语言与文化层面的逻辑性,这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。
他说:“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性,而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。