杜邦工程塑料高性能齿轮技术手册

塑料工程技术手册一、引言塑料是一种重要的工程材料，广泛应用于各行各业。

为了更好地了解塑料工程技术，本手册将介绍塑料的基本知识、加工技术、设计原则以及质量控制等方面的内容。

二、塑料的基本知识1. 塑料的分类塑料按来源可以分为合成树脂、天然树脂和再生塑料三类；按照物理性质可分为热塑性塑料和热固性塑料；根据树脂的化学结构可分为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯等多种类型。

2. 塑料的性能塑料具有轻质、绝缘、耐低温、耐腐蚀等特性，常用于制造各类容器、管道、电线等产品。

三、塑料的加工技术1. 塑料的成型方法塑料的成型方法包括注塑成型、挤出成型、吹塑成型、压塑成型等。

注塑成型是最常用的方法，可以制造出各种尺寸和形状的塑料制品。

2. 塑料的改性技术塑料的改性技术可以改善塑料的物理性能，常用的改性技术包括填充剂增强、增韧剂掺入、改性剂添加等。

3. 塑料的表面处理技术塑料的表面处理技术可以提高塑料制品的外观质量和耐用性，常用的表面处理技术有喷涂、电镀、印刷等。

四、塑料制品的设计原则1. 强度设计原则塑料制品在设计时需要考虑到其受力情况，合理选择塑料材料和结构设计，确保制品的强度满足要求。

2. 尺寸设计原则塑料制品的尺寸设计需考虑到塑料材料的收缩率，以确保成型后的尺寸符合设计要求。

3. 壳体设计原则塑料制品的壳体设计需要满足结构强度、制造工艺和装配要求，合理选择壳体的厚度和型腔结构。

五、塑料制品的质量控制1. 塑料原料的质量控制塑料原料的质量对最终制品的性能有重要影响，应选用合格的原料并进行严格的质量检测。

2. 加工工艺的质量控制加工工艺的合理控制可以确保塑料制品的尺寸、外观等质量要求，需进行严格的加工工艺检验。

3. 成品质量的控制成品质量的控制包括外观检验、物理性能测试等，确保塑料制品能够满足使用要求。

六、未来发展趋势塑料工程技术在不断发展，未来的趋势包括绿色环保塑料的研发、智能制造技术的应用以及废弃塑料的回收利用等。

七、结论本手册从塑料的基本知识、加工技术、设计原则和质量控制等方面介绍了塑料工程技术的相关内容。

杜邦膜技术手册摘要：杜邦膜是一种高性能聚合物薄膜，具有优异的耐热、耐化学腐蚀、电绝缘性能和机械强度，被广泛应用于包装、建筑、电子、航空航天等领域。

本技术手册将介绍杜邦膜的特性、制备工艺、应用领域等内容，为从事相关行业的人员提供了解和参考。

一、杜邦膜的特性1. 高温耐性：杜邦膜具有出色的高温稳定性，能够在高温环境下保持较好的性能。

2. 抗化学腐蚀：杜邦膜对酸、碱、有机溶剂等具有优秀的抗腐蚀能力，适用于恶劣的化学环境下。

3. 机械强度：该薄膜具有优异的机械强度和耐撕裂性能，适合用于要求高强度的领域。

4. 电绝缘性能：杜邦膜具有良好的电绝缘性能，可用于电子领域的绝缘材料。

二、杜邦膜的制备工艺1. 原料选用：杜邦膜的原料主要包括聚四氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮等高性能聚合物。

2. 制备工艺：杜邦膜的制备主要包括挤出、注塑、压延等工艺，需要严格控制温度、压力和速度。

3. 后处理工艺：制备完成的杜邦膜需要经过拉伸、热处理、涂层等后处理工艺，以提高薄膜的性能。

三、杜邦膜的应用领域1. 包装领域：杜邦膜被广泛用于食品包装、医药包装等领域，具有优秀的耐高温、抗湿气和气体透过性能。

2. 建筑领域：杜邦膜用作建筑隔热膜、防水膜等，具有耐候性好、抗老化等特点。

3. 电子领域：杜邦膜可用于制作电路板覆盖膜、绝缘材料等，具有优异的电绝缘性能。

4. 航空航天领域：杜邦膜用于制作航空航天器材、舱内隔热材料等，具有轻质、耐高温等特点。

结论：杜邦膜作为一种高性能聚合物薄膜，在包装、建筑、电子、航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用前景。

随着技术的不断进步，杜邦膜将会在更多领域展现出其优异的性能和应用价值。

Precision Gear Technology GuideNidec-SHiMPO cORPORATiONOur companyNIDEC-SHIMPO has established itself as the leading supplier of precision gearing solutions to the industrial automation mar-ketplace. Since 1952, when we introduced the world’s first mechanical variable speed drive, NIDEC-SHIMPO has expanded into a diverse manufacturer of high precision power transmission systems for highly dynamic motion control applications. In 1994, SHIMPO was acquired by the NIDEC Corporation and became formally known as NIDEC-SHIMPO. NIDEC-SHIMPO began to focus on accelerating production volumes as the global market for motion control and mechatronics grew at an acceler-ated rate. We saw a unique opportunity to supply our customer base with the highest variety of transmission technologies, which brought forward strain wave, index table and worm gear products to complement our existing portfolio of planetary and cycloidal gearheads. The result for our customers was a single source drive solutions supplier.Today, our company is shipping over 100,000 gearheads per month out of our manufacturing plants in Kyoto and Shanghai. Our products are used in robotics, machine tools, food packaging, printing, paper converting, material handling, medical, semiconductor and aerospace related systems. Our diverse product portfolio, state-of-the-art equipment, engineering know-how and manufacturing scale allow our customers to compete and expand their businesses globally. NIDEC-SHIMPO has over 2,400 employees strong with a presence across five continents. Our engineering staff, customer support team and dis-tribution partners undergo rigorous product training to ensure the quickest response to our customers’ needs. Our aim is to continue to innovate and provide the highest quality, best-in-class products and services for our customer base.Our Local capabilitiesNIDEC-SHIMPO services the North American marketthrough our Headquarters and 50,000 sq. ft. assembly fa-cility in Glendale Heights, Illinois. This facility houses oursales, design and application engineering and customersupport teams. We assemble over 75% of our productsin North America, most of which can ship within 1 week.Motor adapters are readily available for easy mountingto any servomotor manufacturers’ models. With over$3MM in inventory, next day delivery is available for sev-eral common models and for emergency replacementsfor equipment in the field. We are highly flexible and canfulfill custom requirements such as special output shaftsdimensions, coatings, lubrication, materials of construc-tion and integrated product assemblies.Our products are 100% exit-tested to ensure allperformance specifications are met, giving our cus-tomers security and peace of mind. Each gearboxis inspected for noise, backlash, vibration, no-loadrunning torque, concentricity and input shaft slip-ping using the latest equipment and methods. Our 5Year Standard Warranty is our way of demonstratingNIDEC-SHIMPO’s commitment to quality and durabil-ity over the long term. Local, personal support is aphone call or email away. Each NIDEC-SHIMPO cus-tomer has a dedicated team of customer service andtechnical support professionals, on-standby to assistwith pricing, delivery, sizing, repairs, installation sup-port or other needs. We strive to deliver the highestquality, value and service in the industry.VR Series Inline Planetary GearheadsExceptional value for mid to high end motion controlapplications with demanding accuracy requirementsThe widest range of frame sizes (042-285) and ratios(3-100) available in the marketBest-In-class backlash (≤3 arc-min), with reducedbacklash option availableBroad range of mounting adapters offer a simple,precise attachment to any motorMaintenance-free solution that is lubricated for life.High performance grease allows for flexible mount-ing in any orientationIndustry standard mounting dimensionsAssembled in the USA, with immediate deliveryVR FeaturesCarburized helical gears with proprietary secondaryfinishing process for higher accuracy and smooth,quiet operation. 40% higher tooth surface area thanthe industry standardOne piece output shaft and planet carrier with twobearings straddling the planet gears. Higher stiffness,torque capacity and safety factor, with guaranteedalignment of gearingUncaged needle roller bearings provide excellenttorque density and torsional rigidity. 43% larger bear-ing surface area compared to the rest of the industry Unique labyrinth input seal design greatly reducesheat and increases system efficiency. IP65 protection is available for wash down applicationsOptimized mounting system with active centering on motor pilot diameter guarantees alignment of motor. Motor can be installed in any orientationTrue concentric motor shaft clamping connection,optimized for your specific motor. Reduced inertia for dynamic performance and balanced for highspeed operationRing gear machined directly into the housing, not welded or pressed in. Provides greater concentricityand elimination of speed fluctuation3 2VRSF VRL VRB VRS VRT Inline Inline Inline Inline Inline Helical Planetary Helical Planetary Helical Planetary Helical Planetary Helical Planetary042-220047-285EV Series Right-angle Planetary Gearheads5Compact right-angle design for application where space and clearance are a serious limitation Exceptional value for mid to high end mo-tion control applications with demanding accuracy requirementsThe widest range of frame sizes ( 060-255) and ratios (3-105) available in the marketBroad range of mounting adapters offer a simple, precise attachment to any motorMaintenance-free solution that is lubricated for life. High performance grease allows for mounting in any orientationHollow output shaft available for flexible mounting to machinery Assembled in the USAeV FeaturesRight angle bevel gear configuration allows motor to be mounted at a 90 degree position from the gearbox, saving spaceCarburized helical gears with proprietary secondary finishing process for higher accuracy and smooth, quiet operation. 40% higher tooth surface area than the industry standardOne piece output shaft and planet carrier with two bearings straddling the planet gears. Higher stiffness, torque capacity and safety factor, with guaranteed alignment of gearingUncaged needle roller bearings provide excellent torque density and torsional rigidity. 43% larger bear-ing surface area compared to the rest of the industry Optimized mounting system with active centering on motor pilot diameter guarantees alignment of motor. Motor can be installed in any orientationTrue concentric motor shaft clamping connection, optimized for your specific motor. Reduced inertia for dynamic performance and balanced for high speed operationRing gear machined directly into the housing, not welded or pressed in. Provides greater concentricity and elimination of speed fluctuationNeV eVL eVS eVT Right-angle Right-angle Right-angle Right-angle Spiral Bevel/Planetary Spiral Bevel/Planetary Spiral Bevel/Planetary Spiral Bevel/Planetary070-235060-240064-2553-1004-100EJ Series Servo Worm GearheadsExceptionally quiet, smooth running design. Zero backlash availableNo change in envelope with increase in ratio. Up to 90:1 available in a single stage 300% shock load capacity combined with high overhung load capacityHigh repeatability with exact ratios, beneficial for tuningExcellent fit for continuous duty applications with continuous running speeds as high as 4,000 rpmFlexible mounting options include solidshaft, hollow shaft, dual shaft, ISO flange and shrink discSuperior environmental protection: stainless, black anodized or white epoxy coatings; IP65 orIP69K rated, with double input and output seals3Globoidal gear set – between 3-8 teeth in contact at once, allowing 300% shock load capacityAdapter–bushing connection al-lows simple mounting to virtually any servomotor manufacturerWide range of output mounting styles avail-able – hollow shaft, solid shaft, dual shaft, shrink disc, ISO flangeDouble oil seal and o-ring provide IP65 protectionTapered roller or ball bearings at input side Thermally efficient housings available in an-odized aluminum, cast iron or stainless steeleJ FeatureseJM eJL eJH EJP EJS Right-angle Right-angle Right-angle Right-angle Right-angle Globoidal Worm Globoidal Worm Globoidal Worm Globoidal Worm Globoidal Worm 02-0925-20015-3538-8939-76 5-605-905-605-605-60STH Series Rotary Index TablesSTH Features drive directions85mm pass through hole allows pass through of air lines, wiring or other peripheral components ≤2 arc-min backlash with +- 60 arc-sec indexing accuracyReduction ratios from 12:1 up to 400:15000N radial load capacity, ideal for mid-range index table applicationsBroad range of mounting adapters offer a simple, precise attachment to any motorMaintenance-free solution that is lubricated for life. High performance grease allows flexible mounting in any orientationAssembled in the USA with immediate deliverySTR Series Rotary Index TablesHighest level of positioning accuracy and runout accuracy, difficult to attain with other gearing technologiesZero Backlash Available – a unique preload mecha-nism to completely eliminate backlash and deliver motion that is true to input commandsImpressive dynamics – Exceptional with direction reversing applicationsReduction ratios up to 2000:1 are possible using a planetary primary stageLightweight, compact aluminum alloy housing for minimal footprintExcellent fit for rotary pick and place applications, large dial tables , positioners and transfer systems Maintenance free solution using grease lubrica-tion, can be mounted in any positionWedge-shape ribs on input shaft maintain contact with the roller followers under preload to com-pletely remove backlash.The steel alloy input shaft is made to meet extremely tight toler-ances. These shafts are balanced to suppress vibration under high speed rotation.Roller bearing construction trans-fers torque by the rolling action of the roller followers. Rolling con-tact maintains initial accuracy for extended periods of use.Preloadinput ShaftRoller FollowersSTR FeaturesThe output shaft has an oversized hollow bore that allows easy pas-sage of wiring and air lines, or the shaft of another device, for ex-tended design flexibility.Cross roller bearings are used in-side the output unit for increased rigidity and minimal runout.The motor or gearbox shaft is rig-idly clamped to the input shaft of the rotary unit for a direct transfer of power.Hollow Output Shaftcross Rollersinput clamping System< 1 arc-min backlash with 20-30 arc-sec repeatability High torsional stiffness with minimal hysteresis loss Large e-stop capacity of 5x rated torqueHigh reduction ratios and power density in a com-pact design4 frame sizes with acceleration torque ranging from 613-3185 NmHollow shaft for easy pass thru of wires, cabling or ball screwsFlexible integration into robotic joints, positioners,turntables or other automated machineryEccentricrollerbearings eRP FeaturesWheelseRH FeaturesMounting OptionsBase MountFlange MountRing MountHollow MountHigh efficiency cycloidal design 500% shock load capacity Backlash as low as 6arc-minVarious mounting options: Base, Flange, Ring, Hollow Reduction ratios up to 71:1 offered in a single stage Broad range of mounting adapters offer a simple, precise attachment to any motor Food grade options available Assembled in the USAWP Strain Wave GearsHarmonic gear reduction mechanism that achieves zero backlash, as well as exceptional positioning accuracy, repeatability and high torque densityHigh Reduction Ratios in a single stage. Lightweight, compact designVarious form factors, including component sets, simple contained assemblies and complete gear units. Cup, Silk Hat, solid and hol-low shaft configurations give engineers true design freedom Available in Ultra-Flat and High Torque variations for applications with demanding footprint and performance requirements Industry standard dimensions for simple implementation in legacy equipment designsSuperior choice for Robotics, Machine Tool, Medical, Semiconduc-tor, SatCom and Assembly Automation applicationsWave GeneratorCircular Spline Flexspline 123configure our planetary products with ease. download models.NIDEC-SHIMPO’s Online Product Configurator makes it eas-ier than ever for engineers to incorporate our products into their drive system design. Our configurator allows our cus-tomers to select from wide range of servo motor manufac-turer models to ensure flawless fitment with our products. With over 75 motor manufacturers included, there is a good possibility we have a solution ready to go. The following are just a few examples of motor manufacturers we are fully compatible with:In addition to motor sizing, our configurator also allows our customers to select gearheads based on application. These applications include rotary tables, belt conveyors, rack and pinion drives, lifting and lowering devices, ball screws, drive gears, drive carriages and robot joints. After selecting the application template, customers can then input the application load parameters and motion profile. The proper frame size and reduction ratio are then deter-mined, with motor selection as the final last step.Once sizing is complete, our configurator will then display the full part number, along with gearbox and motor tech-nical specifications. This part number includes the motor mounting adapter, which can be sent directly to our sales support team for pricing & delivery.Drawings and models are also available in PDF, DXF, IG S and STEP formats, making it simple for machine designers to quickly drop them into machine schematics to check for proper fitment. We have seasoned application engineersstanding by to assist with any sizing or selection questions.http://www.nidec-shimpo.co.jp/selection/all/index.phpDrive GearsRack and PinionDrive CarriageRotary TableRobot JointsLifting & Lowering DeviceBall ScrewBelt ConveyorApplication Selection。

杜邦膜技术手册杜邦膜是一种高性能、多功能的材料，具有出色的耐温性、化学稳定性和机械性能，广泛用于包装、建筑、电子、农业和其他领域。

为了帮助用户更好地了解和应用杜邦膜技术，我们制作了一份2000字的中文手册，介绍杜邦膜的特性、生产工艺、应用场景等方面的内容。

第一节：介绍杜邦膜是一种由杜邦公司开发的高性能、多功能塑料制品，采用聚四氟乙烯树脂作为基材，经过特殊工艺加工而成。

杜邦膜具有出色的耐高温性、化学稳定性和极佳的机械性能，其特殊结构使其成为众多领域不可或缺的材料。

第二节：杜邦膜的特性1. 耐高温性：杜邦膜可以长时间承受高温，不会发生软化、脆化或者改变物理性能。

2. 化学稳定性：对酸、碱、有机溶剂等化学物质具有出色的稳定性，不会发生腐蚀或溶解。

3. 机械性能：具有优异的强度、韧性和耐磨性，适用于复杂的力学环境。

4. 透明性：杜邦膜具有良好的透明性，可以作为包装材料，不影响内部物品的观察。

第三节：杜邦膜的生产工艺1. 原材料准备：选用高质量的聚四氟乙烯树脂颗粒，确保产品的质量稳定。

2. 挤出成型：采用高精度的挤出机械设备，通过特殊工艺将杜邦膜材料挤出成型。

3. 加工处理：对挤出的杜邦膜进行拉伸、热处理等加工工艺，改善其物理性能。

4. 检测质量：严格按照国家标准对杜邦膜进行质量检测，确保产品达到相关标准。

第四节：杜邦膜的应用场景1. 包装领域：杜邦膜适用于食品、医药、电子等领域的高温、高湿包装。

2. 建筑领域：作为建筑隔热材料和防水材料，具有良好的耐候性和化学稳定性。

3. 电子领域：用于制造高温电气绝缘材料，具有优异的高温绝缘性能。

4. 农业领域：广泛用于温室大棚、土地覆盖等场合，提高农产品生产效率。

第五节：杜邦膜的未来发展趋势1. 绿色环保：杜邦膜将以更环保的生产工艺和可降解材料作为未来发展的趋势。

2. 多功能化：不仅作为包装材料，还将广泛应用于建筑、电子、医药等领域。

3. 智能化：通过添加智能感应材料，实现对温度、湿度等环境参数的感知和反馈。

8 – GearsIntroductionD ELRIN®acetal resins and Z YTEL®nylon resins are used in a wide variety of gear applications throughout the world. They offer the widest range of operating temperature and highest fatigue endurance of any thermoplastic gear mate-rial, accounting for their almost universal use in non-metallic gearing.The primary driving force in the use of plastic vs. metal gears is the large economic advantage afforded by the injection moulding process. In addition, cams, bearings, ratchets, springs, gear shafts and other gears can be designed as integral parts in a single moulding, thus elim-inating costly manufacturing and assembly operations. Tolerances for plastic gears are in some cases less critical than for metal gears because the inherent resiliency enables the teeth to conform to slight errors in pitch and profile. This same resilience offers the ability to dampen shock or impact loads. The use of Z YTEL®nylon resin as the tooth surface in engine timing chain sprockets is an outstanding example of this latter advantage. In this case, timing chain life is extended because nylon dampens somewhat the transmission of shock loads from fuel igni-tion. Z YTEL®nylon resin and D ELRIN®acetal resin have low coefficients of friction and good wear characteristics, offering the ability to operate with little or no lubrication. They can also operate in environments that would be adverse to metal gears. A summary of the advantages and limitations of plastic gears is given in Table 8.01. Knowledge of the material performance characteristics and use of the gear design information to follow is impor-tant to successful gear applications in D ELRIN®acetal resin and Z YTEL®nylon resin.Gear DesignThe key step in gear design is the determination of the allowable tooth bending stress. Prototyping of gears is expensive and time consuming, so an error in the initial choice of the tooth bending stress can be costly.For any given material, the allowable stress is dependent on a number of factors, including:–Total lifetime cycle.–Intermittent or continuous duty.–Environment – temperature, humidity, solvents, chemicals, etc.–Change in diameter and centre to centre distance with temperature and humidity.–Pitch line velocity.–Diametral pitch (size of teeth) and tooth form.–Accuracy of tooth form, helix angle, pitch diameter, etc.–Mating gear material including surface finish and hard-ness.–Type of lubrication (frictional heat).Selection of the proper stress level can best be made based on experience with successful gear applications of a simi-lar nature. Fig. 8.01 plots a number of successful gear applications of D ELRIN®acetal resin and Z YTEL®nylon resin in terms of peripheral speed and tooth bending stress. Note that all of these applications are in room temperature, indoor environments. For similar applications operating at higher temperatures, the allowable stress should be corrected, see factor C1in Table 8.02. Since fatigue endurance is reduced somewhat as temperature increases, this effect must also be considered. Where very high tem-peratures are encountered, thermal ageing may become a factor.Where suitable experience is not available, the allowable tooth stress must be based on careful consideration of all the factors previously outlined, and on available test data on the gear material of choice.Table 8.01Advantages and Limitations of Plastic GearsAdvantages LimitationsEconomy in injection moulding Load carrying capacityCombining of functions Environmental temperatureNo post-machining or burr removal Higher thermal expansion coefficientWeight reduction Less dimensional stabilityOperate with little or no lubrication Accuracy of manufactureShock and Vibration dampingLower noise levelCorrosion resistance5960A number of years ago, DuPont commissioned a series of extensive gear tests on gears of D ELRIN ®acetal resin and Z YTEL ®nylon resin, which resulted in the information summarised in Tables 8.02 and 8.03. This data can be combined with environmental operating conditions to arrive at an allowable tooth bending stress.Whether similar experience exists or not, it is essential that a prototype mould be built and the design carefully tested in the actual or simulated end-use conditions.®®Table 8.03Fatigue Strength (σ1) for DuPont gear materials for 106cycles (MPa)LubricationMaterial Mating Material Continuous InitialD ELRIN ®100Steel 4827D ELRIN ®500Steel 3618Z YTEL ®101Steel 4025Z YTEL ®101Z YTEL ®10118Once the admissible tooth bending stress has been deter-mined, the designer can proceed with the selection of theother variables, for which an understanding of the basic terminology used in gear work is helpfull. The terms most commonly used to describe gears are:–Pitch diameter (d) is the diameter measured at the pitch circle.–Diametral pitch (P d ) is the number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter, commonly used in USA.–Module (M) is pitch diameter divided by number of teeth (z). Thus: M = d/z.For standard gears:•external diameter = d + 2M;•tooth thickness = 0,5 πM;•tooth height = 2M + clearance.–Pinion is the smaller of a pair of meshing gears.–Gear is the larger of a pair of meshing gears.–Ratio is number of teeth gear/number of teeth pinion.Fig. 8.01Speed versus stress: Typical gear applications placed on curve61Gear with off-centre webin the rim or the web, then web thickness should equalhub thickness, as no section of a given thickness can befilled properly through a thinner one.The maximum wall thickness of the hub should usuallynot exceed 6 mm. For minimum out-of-roundness, useOn gears which are an integral part of a multifunctionalcomponent or which have to fulfill special requirementsas shown in Fig. 8.20-8.25, it could be impossible toapproach the ideal symmetrical shape as shown inFig. 8.03, in which case the assembly must be designedto accept somewhat less accuracy in the gear dimensions.The following additional examples illustrate a few moregear geometries which could lead to moulding and/orfunctional problems:Relatively wide gears which have the web on one sidewill be rather difficult to mould perfectly cylindrical,especially if the centre core is not properly temperaturecontrolled. If the end use temperature is elevated, thepitch diameter furthest from the web will tend to besmaller than the pitch diameter at the web (Fig. 8.04).Effect of radial ribs Ribbed worm take-off gear 6263Low shrinkageHigh shrinkageGate3 GatesWeld linesFig. 8.08Holes and ribs in moulded gearsFig. 8.09Centre gated gearFig. 8.10Web gated gear Measurement of tooth profile errorTotal profile errorBacklash and Centre DistancesAs shown in Fig. 8.11-e backlash is the tangential clear-ance between two meshing teeth. Fig. 8.12 providesa suggested range of backlash for a first approach.It is essential to measure and adjust the correct backlash at operating temperature and under real working condi-tions. Many gears, even though correctly designed and moulded fail as a result of incorrect backlash at operating conditions.64Center distance measuring instrumentFig. 8.11-c Center distance variation diagramFig. 8.11-d Moulding tolerances from center distance diagramTotal composite errorRunoutOne revolution of gearTooth-to-tooth errorT 1T65LubricationExperience has shown that initial lubrication is effective for a limited time. Units disassembled after completion of their service life showed that all the grease was thrown on the housing walls; hence the gears ran completely dry. Initial lubrication does not allow a high load, it should be considered as an additional safety factor. It should, however, always be provided as it helps greatly during the run-in period.On applications where lubricant cannot be tolerated, the combination of D ELRIN®acetal resin and Z YTEL®nylon resin offers great advantages. Even under dry conditions such gear trains run smoothly and with little noise. Where continuous lubrication of gears in D ELRIN®acetal resin and Z YTEL®nylon resin is practical, and where surface pressure on the meshing teeth is not excessive, wear is negligible and service life is determined exclu-sively by fatigue resistance.Testing Machined PrototypesThough it would appear that the easiest way to determine whether a proposed gear will show the expected perform-ance would be to test machined prototypes, results thus obtained must be interpreted with great care. A designer has no guarantee that a subsequently moulded gear will have the same performance characteristics. Therefore no final conclusion can be drawn from test results using machined gears. Making a trial mould is the only safe way to prototype a gear design. It allows not only mean-ingful tests but also the measurement of shrinkage, tooth profile, pitch diameter and overall accuracy.It is highly recommended to check tooth quality on a pro-file projector which enables detection of deviation from the theoretical curve.Prototype TestingThe importance of adequate testing of injection moulded prototype gears has been emphasized. Here are some guidelines:–Accelerated tests at speeds higher than requiredof a given application are of no value.–Increasing temperature above normal working tempera-ture may cause rapid failure whereas under normal working conditions the gear may perform well. Test conditions should always be chosen to come as close as possible to the real running conditions.The following examples further explain the need for meaningful end-use testing.–Gears under a high load (e.g., in appliances) which operate only intermittently should not be tested in a continuous run, but in cycles which allow the whole device to cool down to room temperature between running periods.–Infrequently operated, slow-running gears (such as window blinds) can be tested in a continuous run but at the same speed, providing temperature increase on the tooth surfaces remains negligible.–Other applications like windshield wiper gears reach their maximum working temperature quickly, and oper-ate most of their service life under these conditions. They should therefore be tested on a continuous-run base.Valuable conclusions can often be drawn from the static torque at which a moulded gear fails. If breaking torque proves to be 8-10 times the operating load, it can usually be taken as an indication that the gear will provide a long service life in use. However, plastic gears often operate very close to the endurance limit, and the above relation should not be considered as valid in all cases.In any event, backlash must be checked during all tests. Once a gear has failed, it is almost impossible to deter-mine whether incorrect backlash was partially or entirely responsible.Helical Gear DesignWhenever possible, helical gears should be used in pre-ference to spur gears. Among other advantages they run more smoothly and have less tendency to squeak. However, they require not only perfect tooth profiles but also exactly matching helix angles. This requirementis sometimes difficult to fulfill, especially if the plastic gear meshes with a metal gear.Helical gears generate axial thrust which must be con-sidered. It is advisable to use helix angles not greater than 15°. Compared to a spur gear having the same tooth size, a helical gear has slightly improved tooth strength. Since small helix angles are most commonly used, this fact can be neglected when determining the module and it should be considered as an additional safety factor only.66Fig. 8.13One piece worm gear9 side coresFig. 8.14Side-cored worm gearFig. 8.15Half throated worm gearFig. 8.16Split worm gear676869Worm gearof D ELRIN®dαWorm of Z YTEL® 101Fig. 8.18Can opener with worm drive70Fig. 8.21Impact resistant webFig. 8.20Ratchet and gear combinedFig. 8.22Backlash-free gear71Backlash-free gearFig. 8.24Torque limiting gearFig. 8.25Gear with sliding coupling 72When to use D ELRIN®Acetal Resin or Z YTEL®Nylon ResinZ YTEL®nylon resin and D ELRIN®acetal resin are excellent gear materials, used extensively in a variety of applica-tions. The choice of one over the other may at first seem unclear, but as one examines the specific requirements of the application, it becomes relatively easy. Although the two materials are similar in many ways, they have distinct property differences, and it is these differences upon which the selection is made. Some guidelines are as follows:Z YTEL®Nylon Resin–Highest end-use temperature–Max. impact and shock absorption–Insert moulding–Max. abrasion resistance–Better resistance to weak acids and bases–Quieter runningD ELRIN®Acetal Resin–Best dimensional stability–Integrally moulded springs–Running against soft metals–Low moisture absorption–Best resistance to solvents–Good stain resistance–Stiffer and stronger in higher humidity environmentAs previously pointed out, running D ELRIN®acetal resin and Z YTEL®nylon resin against each other results in lower wear and friction than either material running against steel (not always true when high loads are encountered and heat dissipation is controlling). Some designers have used this combination in developing new, more efficient gear systems.When properties of D ELRIN®acetal resin are needed,D ELRIN®100 is the preferred gear material. As previously stated, D ELRIN®100 outperforms D ELRIN®500 by about 40%. D ELRIN®100 is the most viscous in the melt state, and cannot always be used in hard to fill moulds. D ELRIN®500 and 900 have been used successfully in many such cases.When Z YTEL®nylon resin is the chosen material,Z YTEL®101L is the most common material used.Z YTEL®103HSL, a heat stabilized version ofZ YTEL®101L, should be specified if the service life and end use temperature are high.Glass reinforced versions of either material should be avoided.The glass fibres are very abrasive and the wear rate of both the plastic gear and the mating gear will be high. Gears which operate for extremely short periods of time on an intermittent basis have been used with glass reinforcement to improve stiffness, strength or dimen-sional stability.Very careful testing is mandatory.The moulding conditions must be controlled carefully, not only for the usual purpose of maintaining gear accuracy, but also because glass reinforced resins will exhibit large differences in surface appearance with changes in mould-ing conditions, particularly mould temperature. It is pos-sible to vary mould temperature without changing dimen-sions, by compensating through adjustments in other process variables. Thus, establish surface smoothness specifications to be sure the type of gear surface tested is reproduced in mass production.73。

®杜邦公司注册商标杜邦中国集团有限公司工程塑料部地址200021电话021 –6385 3155网址®杜邦公司注册商标特灵®聚甲醛特灵®聚甲醛是由聚甲醛是由杜邦公司于上世纪50年代末发明的均聚高分子材料共聚聚甲醛由Celanese公司在2年后发明Formaldehyde moleculeHydrogen atomHydrogen bondingOxygen atomCarbon atom®杜邦公司注册商标聚甲醛的改性品种n抗紫外线n耐摩擦和低磨损n增韧剂n挤出级别n玻璃纤维n抗静电处理相互摩擦时抗摩擦®杜邦公司注册商标n燃油系统n夹子n门把手n摇窗手柄n音响隔栅特灵®汽车工业的应用特灵®主要应用n运输带n齿轮n小型轮子n夹子n弹簧n轴承支架n空气阀门n录象带带座n滑雪板n点火机n泵体n拉链n照射系统n厨房家电n气枪n图章®DuPont’s registered trade name®杜邦公司注册商标特灵®标准牌号牌号类型特灵®100, 100P高韧级特灵®500, 500P, 511P中流动级特灵®900P, 911P低流动级特灵®127UV, 527UV耐侯级特灵®100ST, 100T, 500T冲击改性特灵®500AF, DE9156特氟龙®-改性特灵®500CL耐磨损如果您需要聚甲醛您需要聚酰胺是由杜邦公司于1920年发明的®杜邦公司注册商标PA 66, (120/180Zytel ®/ Minlon ®汽车工业的应用®杜邦公司注册商标n 连接器n 风扇n 风扇罩n后视镜n 阀门罩子n 进气歧管n 水箱n车轮盖Zytel ®/ Minlon ®电子/电器工业的应用®杜邦公司注册商标n 连接器n 扎带n 短路开关n线圈骨架n 插座n 封装马达n 电动工具n焊接工具Zytel ®/ Minlon ®主要应用®杜邦公司注册商标n 小型锯部件n 自行车轮子n 运动器械n 滑雪鞋n滑雪撬n 家具部件n 火车绝缘器n 焊接头盔n 热水泵n厨房器具Zytel®HTN 是杜邦开发的一种新型聚合物®杜邦公司注册商标优势:硬度(玻纤增强)低吸水性高的尺寸稳定性高的使用温度(150/200 ®杜邦公司注册商标如果您需要尼龙塑料,您需要®杜邦公司注册商标Crastin®Crastin®是杜邦公司热塑性PBT聚酯塑料的商品名杜邦公司在1993年收购了汽巴嘉技的PBT业务后在很大程度上扩展了自己的PBT销售规格®杜邦公司注册商标PBT改性l冲击改性l阻燃改性l ASA (丙烯晴-苯乙烯–丙稀酸) l PET –合金l增强类型:m玻纤增强m玻璃珠增强m矿物增强. (130 / 180如果您需要PBT聚酯塑料,您需要®杜邦公司注册商标Rynite®-PETRynite®是杜邦公司热塑性PET聚酯塑料的商品名Rynite®都是用玻纤或矿物增强的PET工程塑料. (155 / 200Rynite®主要应用®DuPont’s registered trade namen 烤炉手柄n 灯座n 封装马达n 线圈骨架n刮雨器n 变压器壳体n 连接器n 盖子n 熨斗裙角n烤饼机®杜邦公司注册商标Zenite®是杜邦公司液晶高分子聚合物的商品名这种材料是一种属于芳香族共聚物优势:同时具备较高的硬度, 强度和韧性.低吸水性尺寸稳定性高的使用温度(240®杜邦公司注册商标。

PA66/46/6T/9T/10T的性能及应用电子、电气等设备的小型化、高性能化对材料的要求越来越高.特别是表面贴装技术（SMT）的出现和发展，促进了电子元件小型化、密集化并降低了成本。

但采用SMT技术对材料的耐回流焊性和尺寸稳定性提出了更高的要求,如承受短期约260℃的回流焊的峰值温度。

汽车的轻量化、高性能化促进和深化了金属部件的塑料化,也同时对塑料提出了更高的要求，如发动机周边部件的耐热、耐久性等.PA6、PA66等通用工程塑料，性能优异，价格适中，用途广泛，在工程塑料中占有重要的地位，但也存在不足,如容易吸湿、耐高温性能有待提高等。

为进一步提高耐热性，满足汽车、电子电气等行业越来越高的要求，耐高温PA应运而生,与PA66相比，它是一类熔点和使用温度更高的均聚或共聚树脂及其增强改性材料。

常见的耐高温PA主要有PA46、PA6T、PA9T、PA10T、聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺（PPTA）等,其中，PA6T、PA9T、PA10T等半芳香族聚酰胺因其耐热高、力学性能优异、不易吸湿、加工灵活方便等特点，在电子、电气+汽车等领域具有广阔的应用前景，成为争相研究的热点。

1耐高温聚酰胺的结构与性能聚合物的耐热性与其熔点(Tm)、玻璃化温度(Tg）密切相关。

表1列出了PA66及主要耐高温PA的化学结构、熔点及玻璃化温度。

1。

1耐热性耐高温PA的主要特点之一就是熔点比通用PA如PA66高,但熔点太高,难以加工,所以一般多在320℃以下。

PA46玻璃化转变温度低，模量开始下降的温度低,但由于其结晶度高,因此在高温下物性下降小。

PA6T、PA9T、PA10T等半芳香族聚酰胺,玻璃化温度高，模量降低起始温度高。

PPTA玻璃化温度太高，难以用通用塑料加工方法加工。

1.2加工性注射成型要求材料具有较高的流动性及较宽的加工窗口。

一般情况下，PA的熔融成型加工温度在320℃左右，分解温度在350℃附近。

PA6T均聚物熔点在370℃左右，熔融温度超过了分解温度，难以加工成型，因此需要改性，使成型温度降到320℃以下。

塑料齿轮材料选用.txt有没有人像我一样在听到某些歌的时候会忽然想到自己的往事_______如果我能回到从前，我会选择不认识你。

不是我后悔，是我不能面对没有你的结局。

我們目前選用的是POM.齿轮材料综合考虑使用性能、工艺性能和经济性，选用聚甲醛(又称POM)，该材料具有优异的综合性能，强度、刚性高，抗冲击，疲劳、蠕变性能较好，自润滑性能优良，摩擦系数小且耐摩性好，吸水小，产品尺寸稳定，适用于制造各种齿轮、传动零件或减摩零件等。

注射过程中的温度主要足指熔胶温度和模具温度，因为两者都对整个注射过程有重要影响。

要同时有最高的充填速度，又能保持塑件的特性，就需要有适当的熔胶温度。

模温越高，填模速度越快。

模温控制塑料的充填速度、成品冷却时间和成品的结晶度。

实际生产中聚甲醛塑料合理的喷嘴温度和料筒见表1。

模具温度对齿轮成型周期及成品质量(如应力、系数率、尺寸公左、机械性能等)有决定性影响的参数，对POM材料而言，成型齿轮的模温控制范围为90度C~=========================================================我公司用POM或PA，好看了N多外公司图纸，好象只有上面两种，有时加点玻纤(GF)增加强度，最好找一家较好的注塑厂=========================================================POM材料的收縮範圍較大.成型難度很大.尺寸精度不容易達到.=========================================================我们公司的塑料齿轮一般都是选用POM或PA6+30GF两种.=========================================================我们公司目前使用的塑料齿轮主要是POM,请注意是纯料没有加玻纤的,因为我们使用过POM 加玻纤或者加碳纤在注塑后缩水变形比较大,我们使用的是杜邦的材料(500P);但是请注意塑料齿轮的结构设计对产品质量影响很大;但是如果想需要强度高的话,除了结构改进外也需要选择材料,你可以选择韦尔曼的材料或者选择PEEK做塑料齿轮,当然成本就不一样了.=========================================================还有用尼龙做的，我看日本khk的很多都是尼龙的。

[塑件设计]塑胶部技术手册塑件设计：塑胶部技术手册1.概述1.1 简介1.2 目的1.3 适用范围2.塑料材料选择2.1 主要塑料材料介绍及特性对比2.2 材料选择原则和指南3.塑件设计原则3.1 塑件设计概述3.2 塑件结构设计要点3.3 塑件几何形状设计原则3.4 塑件壁厚设计3.5 塑料零件的表面处理和装饰3.6 引导槽和定位孔的设计4.模具设计与制造4.1 模具设计要点和原则4.2 模具制造工艺及注意事项4.3 模具材料的选择和使用4.4 模具加工工艺和设备要求5.注塑工艺控制5.1 注塑工艺参数的设置和调整5.2 注塑工艺中常见问题及处理方法 5.3 塑件尺寸和质量的控制5.4 注塑设备的维护和维修6.塑件检测方法和标准6.1 塑件外观缺陷的检测方法6.2 塑件尺寸和形状的检测方法6.3 塑件物理和力学性能的检测方法6.4 塑件检测标准的介绍和应用7.质量管理和质量控制7.1 塑件质量管理体系介绍7.2 塑件质量控制方法和措施7.3 塑件质量问题的分析和解决方法8.环境保护和可持续发展8.1 塑胶部环境保护的重要性和要求8.2 塑胶部可持续发展的方向和目标8.3 塑胶部在环境保护上的创新方法和实践9.附件- 注塑工艺参数记录表- 模具设计图纸- 塑件尺寸测量工具清单10.法律名词及注释- 注塑：将熔化的塑料注入模具中形成塑件的过程。

- 模具：用于制造塑胶产品的金属工具。

- 注塑工艺：控制塑胶材料熔化、注入模具和冷却固化的过程。

- 环境保护：保护和改善环境，预防和控制污染。

- 可持续发展：满足当前需求而不危及未来世代满足其需求的发展。

delrin是什么材料Delrin是一种工程塑料，也被称为聚甲醛。

它是由杜邦公司于1956年首次开发并投入市场的，是一种热塑性树脂，具有优异的物理性能和化学性能。

Delrin材料是一种非结晶性塑料，具有高强度、刚性和耐磨性，同时还具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性能。

在工程领域中，Delrin材料被广泛应用于各种机械零部件、汽车零部件、电子器件、运动器材等领域。

首先，Delrin材料具有优异的机械性能。

它的拉伸强度和弹性模量都非常高，使得它在制造高强度零部件时非常有优势。

同时，Delrin材料还具有较高的硬度和刚性，能够在高负荷和高速运动的环境下保持稳定的性能。

这使得Delrin材料在制造轴承、齿轮、导轨等机械零部件时得到广泛应用。

其次，Delrin材料具有良好的耐磨性。

由于其分子链结构的特殊性，Delrin材料具有较低的摩擦系数和良好的自润滑性能，能够有效减少零部件在运动过程中的磨损，延长使用寿命。

因此，Delrin材料在制造轴承、齿轮、滑动导轨等零部件时能够有效提高零部件的使用寿命和可靠性。

此外，Delrin材料还具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性能。

它能够抵抗大多数化学品的侵蚀，具有较高的化学稳定性。

这使得Delrin材料在制造化工设备、电子器件等领域得到广泛应用，能够有效保护设备不受化学品的侵蚀，延长设备的使用寿命。

总的来说，Delrin材料是一种优秀的工程塑料，具有优异的机械性能、耐磨性和耐化学腐蚀性能，广泛应用于机械制造、汽车制造、电子器件制造等领域。

它的出现极大地推动了工程塑料在工业领域的应用，为各种领域的技术发展提供了有力支持。

在未来，随着工程塑料领域的不断发展，相信Delrin材料将会有更广泛的应用和更多的创新。

塑料制品技术手册一、简介塑料制品技术手册是为了提供塑料制品制造及加工工艺的有关信息而编写的。

它介绍了塑料工艺的基础知识和操作技术，概括了塑料制品的成型方法和工艺流程。

本手册主要面向塑料生产企业、研究机构和技术人员等相关人士。

二、塑料基础知识1. 塑料分类根据不同的材料及物理化学性质，塑料可分为聚烯烃、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯等多种类型。

聚合物的分子量、结晶度、分子结构和加工方法等因素也会对塑料质量产生影响。

2. 塑料制品成型方法目前常见的塑料制品成型方法有注塑成型、挤出成型、吹塑成型、吸塑成型、压缩成型等。

三、塑料制品加工流程1. 塑料原料预处理进行塑料制品加工前，通常需要对塑料原料进行预处理，包括加入添加剂、混合、熔融等步骤。

2. 模具设计和制造根据产品的设计要求，制作出适合的模具，以保证塑料制品能符合要求。

3. 塑料制品成型进行注塑、吹塑、挤出等成型工艺。

4. 表面处理对塑料制品的表面进行处理，如喷漆、印刷等，以达到美观和增强功能。

5. 检测和质量控制针对不同的产品要求，进行质量检测和控制，包括检查尺寸、功能等各项指标。

四、常见问题1. 塑料制品成型时出现气泡成型时出现气泡，可能是由于原料中含有水分或添加剂不当，还可能是成型温度不均匀导致的，需要对生产环境进行调整。

2. 塑料制品表面出现裂纹塑料制品表面出现裂纹，可能是由于成型温度过高或过低，模具设计不合理等因素引起的，需要进行检查和调整。

3. 塑料制品收缩变形在塑料制品成型过程中，可能会出现收缩变形，这可能是由于原料收缩率不同或成型温度不当等因素引起的，必须进行相应的调整。

五、结语塑料制品技术手册的编写旨在提供塑料制品生产及加工技术的相关信息，为塑料产业的发展做出一份贡献。

在生产实践中，需要根据不同的产品要求和加工环境进行相应的技术调整，以保证产品质量和生产效率。

毕业设计说明书课题名称、主要内容和基本要求进度安排指导教师评语指导教师签名：评阅教师评语评阅教师签名：毕业设计（论文）成绩答辩委员会主任签名：目录摘要 (1)一、绪论 (2)1-1引言 (2)1-2解塑料几何形状及塑料材料 (3)二、注射机的选用 (5)2-1注射机按外型结构特征分类 (5)2-2按塑化方式分类 (6)2-3分析制品结构、尺寸精度及表面质量 (9)2-4初步确定注射机 (10)2-5注射模的结构设计 (10)三、确定型腔数及位置布局方案 (11)3-1型腔数的确定 (11)3-2型腔布局方案 (12)四、确定模具结构方案 (14)4-1确定分型面 (14)4-1-1确定模架组合形式 (14)4-1-2浇注系统设计 (15)五、确定侧向分型与抽芯机构 (18)5-1抽芯距的确定 (19)5-2斜导柱的计算 (20)5-3滑块定位装置的设计 (21)5-3-1锁紧楔设计 (22)5-3-2确定推出机构 (22)5-4成型零件结构设计 (22)六、模具设计的有关计算 (23)6-1成型零件工作尺寸的计算 (23)6-1-1型腔侧壁厚度和底板厚度计算 (23)6-1-2型腔的计算结果 (24)七、注射机与模具有关的参数及尺寸的校核 (29)7-1注射机注射量的校核 (29)7-2注射机闭合高度和开模行程的校核 (30)7-3模具在注射机上安装尺寸的校核 (30)7-4模具装配顺序 (30)7-5绘制模具总装配图 (32)7-6填写制品注射工艺卡片（见附表） (33)总结 (33)参考文献 (34)摘要模具工业是国民经济的基础工业，受到政府和企业界的高度重视，发达国家“模具工业是进入富裕社会的源动力”之说，可见其重视的程度。

当今，“模具就是经济效益”的观念，已被越来越多的人所接受。

而在模具制造中，广泛采用各种先进的制造技术并使之不断发展完善，是促进模具工业兴旺发达的必由之路。

我国模具制造技术发展迅速，逐渐由单一、具体、细节的设计及各道工序的加工过程向设计、制造技术的系统化、集成化过程转变，已成为现代先进制造技术的重要组成部分。

常用塑料手册（20种）1.ABS 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物典型应用范围:汽车（仪表板，工具舱门，车轮盖，反光镜盒等），电冰箱，大强度工具（头发烘干机，搅拌器，食品加工机，割草机等），电话机壳体，打字机键盘，娱乐用车辆如高尔夫球手推车以及喷气式雪撬车等。

注塑模工艺条件:干燥处理：ABS材料具有吸湿性，要求在加工之前进行干燥处理。

建议干燥条件为80～90℃下最少干燥2小时。

材料温度应保证小于0.1%。

熔化温度：210～280℃；建议温度：245℃。

模具温度：25～70℃。

（模具温度将影响塑件光洁度，温度较低则导致光洁度较低）。

注射压力：500～1000bar。

注射速度：中高速度。

化学和物理特性:ABS是由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种化学单体合成。

每种单体都具有不同特性：丙烯腈有高强度、热稳定性及化学稳定性；丁二烯具有坚韧性、抗冲击特性；苯乙烯具有易加工、高光洁度及高强度。

从形态上看，ABS是非结晶性材料。

三中单体的聚合产生了具有两相的三元共聚物，一个是苯乙烯-丙烯腈的连续相，另一个是聚丁二烯橡胶分散相。

ABS的特性主要取决于三种单体的比率以及两相中的分子结构。

这就可以在产品设计上具有很大的灵活性，并且由此产生了市场上百种不同品质的ABS材料。

这些不同品质的材料提供了不同的特性，例如从中等到高等的抗冲击性，从低到高的光洁度和高温扭曲特性等。

ABS材料具有超强的易加工性，外观特性，低蠕变性和优异的尺寸稳定性以及很高的抗冲击强度。

2.PA6 聚酰胺6或尼龙6典型应用范围:由于有很好的机械强度和刚度被广泛用于结构部件。

由于有很好的耐磨损特性，还用于制造轴承。

注塑模工艺条件:干燥处理：由于PA6很容易吸收水分，因此加工前的干燥特别要注意。

如果材料是用防水材料包装供应的，则容器应保持密闭。

如果湿度大于0.2%，建议在80℃以上的热空气中干燥16小时。

如果材料已经在空气中暴露超过8小时，建议进行105℃，8小时以上的真空烘干。