精品文档托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO31-3

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO26-3的事实信息题(上)，一起来看看吧。

TPO26-3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East Paragraph 1:The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?○There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.○Melting snow caused flooding every year.○The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.○Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.解题：A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C的silt确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选。

托福TPO31综合写作题目 Reading Part:A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic as h, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists int erpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing se veral reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functiona l structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after th e animal’s death. After the animal died and was burie d in volcanic ash, its ski n may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropter yx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures gr owing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lin es surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of f rills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are t o help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structure s represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located alo ng the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structu res quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This s uggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作题目 Listening Part:The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is v ery strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dino saur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of ot her animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have bee n beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the oth er fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserve d functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important che mical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contai n beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills. Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful fe athers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a di stinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the str uctures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were co lorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.托福TPO32综合写作题目Reading Part:Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they cal led the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female ocra whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are gaint marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from so me military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectableby sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.托福TPO32综合写作题目Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Female professor: Quackers are certainly a very strange phenomenon. Experts still debate what the source of the sound was. No one can be sure exactly what caused them. But these experts cite certain problems with all of the theories that you just read about. Here are a few of the arguments that they made.First, the idea that the sounds were caused by Orca whales seems plausible at first but is ultimately highly unlikely. It’s that there are Orca populations in the general areas that the Russian submarines were patrolling. But Orca whales mostly live near the surface of the water. The submarines typically remain deep in the ocean and should not have been able to hear the whale sounds from near the surface. Also the Orca whales would have been detected by the Russian sonar if they were nearby.Giant squid may be a better candidate but one critical fact speaks against this squid theory as well. Russian submarines first detected quacker sound in the 1960s and reports of them continued for about two decades. But the sounds disappeared entirely by the 1980s. However, as far as we know, squid have always lived in the ocean where the submarines were patrolling and continue to live there today. If these were squid sound, there would be no reason to suddenly start hearing them in one decade and then suddenly stop hearing them twenty years later.Third, the idea that the quackers were caused by a secret submarine from another country does not hold up. The sources of the sound appear to move around and change direction very quickly. Submarines cannot move or change direction that quickly. Also all submarines make some engine noise. But no such noise accompanied the quackers. Even today, we don’t have the technology to build submarines that are that fast and have engines that are that silent.托福TPO32综合写作题目Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.TPO 33 Writing - Integrated WritingReading PartCarved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size - at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.Listening PartNone of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker. A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.Sample answerThe author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.大家好，下面对今天的写作课做出反馈。

TPO36 Passage 3阅读文章和题目为了方便大家学习，这是小编为大家从模考软件里整理出来的TPO36 Passage 3的托福阅读文章和题目，这是最新的TPO了，大家还在等什么？快来一起看看吧！A model of urban expansion♦In the early twentieth century, the science of sociology found supporters in the United States and Canada partly because the cities there were growing so rapidly. It often appeared that North American cities would be unable to absorb all the new comers arriving in such large numbers. Presociological thinkers like Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of the movement to build parks and recreation areas in cities, and Jacob Riis, an advocate of slum reform, urged the nation's leaders to invest in improving the urban environment, building parks and beaches, and making better housing available to all. These reform efforts were greatly aided by sociologists who conducted empirical research on the social conditions in cities. In the early twentieth century, many sociologists lived in cities like Chicago that were characterized by rapid population growth and serious social problems. It seemed logical to use empirical research to construct theories about how cities grow and change in response to major social forces as well as more controlled urban planning.The founders of the Chicago school of sociology, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, attempted to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form of cities. As Park stated, among them are "transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel construction and elevators —all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations."♦ Park and Burgess based their model of urban growth on the concept of "natural areas"—that is, areas such as occupational suburbs or residential enclaves in which thepopulation is relatively homogeneous and land is used in similar ways without deliberate planning. Park and Burgess saw urban expansion as occurring through a series of "invasions" of successive zones or areas surrounding the center of the city. For example, people from rural areas and other societies "invaded" areas where housing was inexpensive. Those areas tended to be close to the places where they worked. In turn, people who could afford better housing and the cost of commuting "invaded" areas farther from the business district.♦ Park and Burgess's model has come to be known as the "concentric-zone model' (represented by the figure). Because the model was originally based on studies of Chicago, its center is labeled "Loop," the term commonly applied to that city's central commercial zone. Surrounding the central zone is a "zone in transition," an area that is being invaded by business and light manufacturing. The third zone is inhabited by workers who do not want to live in the factory or business district but at the same time need to live reasonably close to where they work. The fourth or residential zone consists of upscale apartment buildings and single-family homes. And the outermost ring, outside the city limits, is the suburban or commuters' zone; its residents live within a 30- to 60-minute ride of the central business district.♦Studies by Park, Burgess, and other Chicago-schooi sociologists showed how new groups of immigrants tended to be concentrated in separate areas within inner-city zones, where they sometimes experienced tension with other ethnic groups that had arrived earlier. Over time, however, each group was able to adjust to life in the city and to find a place for itself in the urban economy. ■Eventually many of the immigrants moved to unsegregated areas in outer zones; the areas they left behind were promptly occupied by new waves of immigrants.The Park and Burgess model of growth in zones and natural areas of the city can still be used to describe patterns of growth in cities that were built around a central business district and that continue to attract large numbers of immigrants. ■But this model is biased toward the commercial and industrial cities of North America, which have tended to form around business centers rather than around palaces or cathedrals, as is often the case in some other parts of the world. ■Moreover, it fails to account for other patterns of urbanization, such as the rapid urbanization that occurs along commercial transportationcorridors and the rise of nearby satellite cities. ■1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about what Olmsted and Riis had in common?O Both constructed theories based on empirical research on cities.O Both were among a large number of newcomers to North American cities.O Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.O Both hoped to reduce the rapid growth of large cities.2. Which of the following best states the relationship that Olmsted and Riis had to the study of sociology?O Their goals were supported by the research conducted later by sociologists.O Their approach led them to oppose empirical sociological studies.O They had difficulty establishing that their work was as important as sociological research.O They used evidence from sociological research to urge national leaders to invest in urban development.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.The Chicago school of sociology founded by Park and BurgessO attempted to help the population of growing cities protect the land around them.The model that Park and Burgess created was intended to explainO both why the population and area of a city like Chicago grew and in what way urban land was used or settled.The founders of the Chicago school of sociology wanted to makeO Chicago a dynamic model for how other cities should use and settle their land Park and Burgess were concerned that cities like Chicago shouldO follow a model of good land use as the population grew and settled new areas4. The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 in order toO establish the specific topics about which Park and Burgess may have disagreed.O identify the aspects of Chicago's development that required careful planning.O specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of cities.O compare the definitions given by Park and Burgess for the physical form of cities.5. Paragraph 3 indicates that all of the following are true of "natural areas" as conceived by Park and Burgess EXCEPT:O Use of the land in natural areas follows a consistent pattern but is generally unplanned.O People living in natural areas tend to have much in common.O Natural areas are usually protected from "invasion" by people in other areas.O Natural areas are an important basic component of the model Park and Burgess developed.6. According to paragraph 4, why is the term "Loop" used in the concentric-zone model?O It indicates the many connections between each of the zones in the model.O It indicates that zones are often in transition and frequently changing.O It reflects the fact that the model was created with the city of Chicago in mind.O It emphasizes the fact that populations often returned to zones in which they used to live.7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the third zone?O It is the most expensive area in which to live.O It does not have factories and businesses.O People who live there travel long distances to work.O Most of the residents there work and live in the same zone.8. The word "outermost" in the passage is closest in meaning toO most visibleO best protectedO farthest awayO wealthiest9. The word "they" in the passage refersO Chicago-school sociologistsO new groups of immigrantsO separate areasO inner-city zones10. The word "concentrated" in the passage is closest in meaning toO dividedO reducedO interestedO gathered11. The word "promptly" in the passage is closest in meaning toO quickly.O usually.O eventually.O easily12. Paragraph 6 indicates which of the following about the application of the Park and Burgess model to modern North American cities?O It is especially useful for those cities that have been used as models for international development.O It remains useful in explaining the development of some urban areas but not all cities.O It can be applied equally well to cities with commercial centers and those with palaces and cathedrals at their center.O It is less applicable to modern cities because of changes in patterns of immigration.13 Look at the four squares [«]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Typical of this kind of urban growth is the steel-producing center of Gary, Indiana, outside of Chicago, which developed because massive heavy industry could not be locatedwithin the major urban center itself.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Two sociologists, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, developed the "concentric-zone model" of how cities use land and grow.Answer ChoicesA. The model was developed to explain how the city of Chicago was developing around centrally located transportation and communication systems.B. The model arose out of concern for the quality of life in the rapidly growing cities of early twentieth-century America.C. The founders of the model did not believe in formal city planning and instead advocated growth through the expansion of so-called "natural areas."D. According to the model, a group new to the city tends to live together near the center and over time moves to outer areas that are more diverse ethnically and occupationally.E. The model is applicable to cities that grow by attracting large numbers of workers to centrally located businesses.F. The model predicts that eventually the inner city becomes so crowded that its residents move to new satellite cities outs de the city limits.了解更多出国考试资料和资讯，欢迎登陆前程百利论坛（/forum.php）。

托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPop为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文【1】Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species. This route to speciation is known as allopatry (“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).【2】Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route. This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common. In general, the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance. So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady stream. In addition, barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle. For example, inthe 1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River, a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America. The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore, completely cutting off gene flow between them.【3】Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpses into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glacier retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible—they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed—for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.【4】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface. About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.【5】In the 1980s, John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus, the other from the Pacific side. He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population. Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes. This is significant because Pacific seawater is typically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs. This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.【6】Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.托福阅读试题1.The word "promotes" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2.According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A.The division of a population into subspecies.B.The reuniting of separated populations after they have become distinct species.C.The movement of a population to a new homeland.D.The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3.Why does the author provide the information that "the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatric.B.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulation.C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4.The word "accumulate" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Become more significant.B.Occur randomly.C.Gradually increase in number.D.Cause changes.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a change in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthquake?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most species.B.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry cansometimes arise in a short time.C.To provide an example of a situation in which gene flow among the subpopulations of a species happens at a slow rate.D.To explain why insects living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each other.6.According to paragraph 3，separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals thatA.were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared.B.had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciers.C.were able to survive being separated from their parent population.D.had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent population.7.The word "colossal" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes and marine organisms into contact with one another for the first time.B.The movements transferred populations of fishes and other marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.C.The movements created conditions that allowed water to flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movements created conditions for the formation ofnew species of fishes and other marine animals.9.The word "sequence" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.According to paragraph 5, by comparing the enzymes from two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the isthmus, Graves found evidence thatA.there were slight genetic divergences between the two groups.B.the Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishes.C.the temperature of water on either side of the isthmus had changed.D.genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid and frequent than in the Pacific group of fishes.11.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 and 6 that the reason Graves concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler waters.B.the Enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.C.gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populations.D.the differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to other side of the isthmus.12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Graves's study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves's study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.C.Graves's study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginningD.Grave's study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fished register neutral or adaptive mutations.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth's surface. ■【A】 About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. ■【B】While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. ■【C】This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separated populations of a single species gradually diverge genetically to the point of becoming unable to interbreedA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barriers that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a variety of ways.B.During past ice ages, some, but not all, subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopatry because subpopulations will form distinct species whenever there are adaptive advantages or notD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on either side of the barriers usually do not form distinct species.E.Graves's study of fish populations separated by the Isthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.F.Graves's study of physically separated fish populations show that there must be large differences between the environments of the isolated populations if allopatric speciation is to take place.托福阅读答案1.promote本身是促进的意思。

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO34-3托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO34-3 托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO34-3的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。

TPO34-3 Protection of Plants by Insects【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least 68 different families - can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.1. According to paragraph 1, floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in thatA) they are likely to be produced by the same plantsB) they basically consist of the same chemical componentsC) they attract only insects that will defend the plantD) they are produced by the same parts of the plant答案B解析：与原文信息Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids.相符。

托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文托福TPO31综合写作范文及材料原文对于中华龙鸟化石骨骼周围的.细纹图案到底是羽毛还是皮肤纤维，托福TPO31综合写作的两份材料都有着不同的见解。

下面是店铺分享的材料原文和参考范文，欢迎阅读!托福TPO31综合写作参考范文The reading passage refutes the idea that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil indicated a feathered dinosaur by demonstrating several counterarguments. The lecturer, however, is strongly convinced that lines could represent feathers through addressing the questions advanced by the reading.To start with, according to the reading, those lines may derive from decomposition of a died dinosaur’ skin instead of being part of a living one. The lecturer does not believe this point for the reason that other animals’ fossils that are buried at the same site have not shown such kind of decomposition; instead, their functional skin structures have been perfectly preserved in the volcanic ash. Therefore, these lines are likely to be well-preserved feathers instead of fibers.Moving on, the reading proposes that the lines may be the frills rather than remains of feathers. The listening argues this is not true. She further explains that there is an apparent chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain protein called beta-keratin while frills do not. And the chemical analysis suggested that Sinosauropteryx’s structures contain protein beta-keratin.Last but not least importantly, the reading puts emphasis on such a fact that lines around the backbone and the tail of the Sinosauropteryx cannot play the role of helping it fly orregulating its body temperature but common feathers have these functions. The lecturer, by contrasts mentions other functions of the feathers by using peacock as an example. The peacock has colorful feathers in its tail to attract the mate. Recent analysis has found that Sinosauropteryx’s structures are also colorful, which can also be used for display.Lastly, the author argues that the burning mirror is less effective and flexible than flaming arrows. Thus ancient Greek won’t both er to devote much effort to build such a useless weapon. Nonetheless, the lecturer argues that since flaming arrows are usual weapons used so much, Roman soldiers were familiar with them and knew how to protect the ship from burning by flaming arrows. But on the other hand, it was extremely hard to predict where the burning mirror would fire the ship. Thus it is more effective to use a burning mirror than flaming arrows.托福TPO31综合写作阅读材料A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the a nimal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence offeathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作听力材料The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a distinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the structures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were colorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.【托福TPO31综合写作范文及材料原文】。

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO32-3托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO32-3托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO32-3的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。

TPO32-3 Distributions of Tropical Bee ColoniesParagraph 2Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers. They generally nest in trees and live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of workers. Hubbell and Johnson observed that some species of stingless bees are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies, while other species are not. Aggressive species usually forage in groups and feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps. Nonaggressive species feed singly or in small groups and on more widely distributed flowers.2 According to paragraph 2, some species of stingless bees are aggressive mainly towardnonaggressive bees that forage on the same flowersaggressive bees of other speciesbees from their own colonybees of their own species from different colonies答案D解释该段第三句: aggressive to members of their species from other colonies无刺蜜蜂广泛分布于热带和亚热带环境，他们在此地收集多种花蜜和花粉。

Students Need Access to Movie CollectionThe university library has a large collection of films on video and DVD that students can borrow. However, students aren't allowed to go into the area where these items are kept.Instead, students need to request a movie title, and then library staff get it for them. I think students should be allowed to go into the area where the videos and DVDs are kept. First, it will be easier for students to choose a good movie because then they can easily see what is available. Also, if students can get movies themselves, the university won't have to pay extra library staff to help students Sincerely,Rebecca SmithListening Part:Now listen to two students discussing the letter.(women) What do you think?(man)I don't think we need to change anything.(women) You don't think she is right that it would be easier?(man) Well, I just don't think it's that difficult now. I mean, the library has a really good computer system where you can easily see what they have in their collection, see what's available and what's not.(women) Yeah. You can always look through the titles on the library computers.(man) Right. And you don't even have to have an exact title in mind. I mean, you can just look for certain types of movies or movies with certain actors or whatever.(women) Good point.(man) And as far as what she said about the staff, the people who do that work are students who really need the money to pay for books and stuff. (women) True.(man) Plus, I am sure those students don't get paid that much to do the work. So I don't think it's going to put any strain on the university's budget.。