托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO28-3

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO26-3的事实信息题(上)，一起来看看吧。

TPO26-3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East Paragraph 1:The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?○There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.○Melting snow caused flooding every year.○The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.○Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.解题：A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C的silt确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选。

托福阅读备考:事实信息题讲解回顾托福阅读的所有题型，其中有2种题型占据的比例----“词汇题”和“事实信息题”，今天给大家带来了托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解1. 提问方式：Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists) Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO 30 Role of Playin Development)分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2. 解题步骤：Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越。

正确答案：A解析：第1句话是说“一个XX的标志表明白尾鹿的存在”。

第3句有一个同义的句子，“the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us由此可得出conspicuous是obvious的同义词，因此选noticeable，引人注意的。

common, 常见的；strange，奇怪的；particular，特指的，特别的。

Q2正确答案：A解析：根据small red maple tree定位到第一段最后一句，根据The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs确定they have smooth bark 是buck rubs的理想条件。

Q3正确答案：D解析：在第三段中的forehead rubbing studies都是例证支持主题句的内容。

主题句是第1句和第2句，大意是forehead rubbing产生气味，这种气味对于鹿之间的交流很重要。

根据第3句中the importance olfactory communication (using ordors to commuicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study…也可以确定鹿的研究是为了证明气味对交流的重要性。

Q4正确答案：C解析：exhibit，展现，表现，显示，显出；近义词是display。

这句话的意思是成年雄鹿在发情期前和中期有forehead rubbing，选项中“有”的近义词只有exhibit。

第二段也提到了说雄性鹿是在发情期前会用角去摩擦树皮，“Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut)”，所以这里应该是“显示”的意思。

托福考试 复习TPO 28—3 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes原文：【1】A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 【2】Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.【3】Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, whichnoted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.【4】Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.【5】Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function. Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut. Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trail. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes题目：1.The word "conspicuous" in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.noticeable.mon.C.strange.D.particular.2.According to paragraph 1, why are small red maple trees ideal for buckrubs?A.They have smooth bark.B.They are found in the mid-eastern United States.C.They grow very slowly.D.They tend to grow in open spaces.3.The studies of forehead rubbing by deer described in paragraph 3 showed thatA.forehead rubbing encourages the growth of antlers.B.mule deer and white-tailed deer behave differently during the rut.C.the rut can occur at different times of the year.D.deer convey important information through scent.4.The word "exhibited" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.relied on.B.increased.C.displayed.D.preferred.5.Why does the author mention that "dogs recognize each other via smell"?A.T o point out the similarities between dogs and deer.B.To argue that animals communicate through scent rather than through vision.C.To support the claim that the scent of a buck rub serves to identify its maker to other deer.D.T o suggest that buck rubs can be detected by other species.6.The word "crude" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.rough.eful.C.necessary.D.obvious.7.What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information about their identity.C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.8.According to paragraph 4, the buck rubs occurring in a given area revealall of the following information about deer EXCEPTA.the individual identity of the deer.B.the gender of the deer.C.the likely social status of the deer.D.the number of deer in the vicinity.9.The word "induce" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.increase.B.extend.C.delay.D.stimulate.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about chemicals in buck rubs?A.They have to be at least two days old for females to be able to detect them.B.They are more effective in older buck rubs than in fresher ones.C.They may affect fertility in female deer.D.They can be more easily detected by young males than adult females.11.The word "termed" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.associated with.B.visible as.C.known as.D.provided by.12.According to the passage, in what way do buck scrapes differ from buckrubs?A.Buck scrapes are made by both male and female deer.B.Buck scrapes are purely visual signals.C.Buck scrapes are made closer to the breeding season than buck rubs.D.Buck scrapes can be smelled only by deer.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This process can take a few hours to several days.A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is abuck rub. ■【A】A make deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark(outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. ■【B】When completed, the buck rubis an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. ■【C】Arub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree.■【D】The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two types of markings made by white-tailed deer.A.The observation that deer sniff and lick buck rubs first led scientists to connect buck rubs with combat between adult males during the breeding season.B.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visual signals and smells that deer use to communicate a variety of information to other deer.C.The number of buck rubs and buck scrapes in a given area changes as the density of the population of male deer in the area changes.D.As they rub the bark from trees, male deer leave behind chemicals produced by the glands in their foreheads, creating a scent that other deer can detect.E.The height of a buck rub, the type of tree used, and the direction in which the deerapplies the rub can give different kinds of information to other deer.F.Buck rubs are created close to the breeding season of deer and may affect the timing of fertility in the female deer that visit the rubs.答案：1.这里说一个XX的标志可以说明白尾鹿的存在。

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO31-3 托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO31-3的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。

TPO31-3 Savanna Formation【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and 2000 millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order toA. argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.B. point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.C. provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.D. indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests..解析：以savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作为关键词定位到原文，看到这半句和前半句中间有but的转折，那么也就是说central America，Brazil 这些地方和前面介绍的不一样，所以是例外情况。

TPO 28-R-3Q1 The word ”conspicuous” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.noticeablemonC.strangeD.particularParagraph 1 is marked with an arrow>Q2 According to paragraph 1, why are small red maple trees ideal for buck rubs?A.They have smooth bark.B.They are found in the mid-eastern UnitedStates.C.They grow very slowlyD.They tend to grow in open spaces Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow>Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes>A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by stripping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted that deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.Q3 The studies of forehead rubbing by deer described in paragraph 3 showed thatA.forehead rubbing encourages the growthof antlersB.mule deer and white-tailed deer behavedifferently during the rutC.the rut can occur at different times of theyearD.deer convey important informationthrough scentParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow>Q4 The word "exhibited" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.relied onB.increasedC.displayedD.preferredParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow> >Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of a captive adult mule deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached.A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed buck exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage ( hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger malesQ5 Why does author mention that “dogsrecognize each other via smell”?A.To point out the similarities between dogsand deerB.To argue that animals communicatethrough scent rather than through vision C.To support the claim that the scent of abuck rub serves to identify its maker to other deerD.To suggest that rubs can be detected byother speciesParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow>Q6 The word "crude" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.roughefulC.necessaryD.obviousQ7 What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elksignals their presence to other members of their species.B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting witholfactory signals to covey information about their identity.C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to thepresence of bull elk in their vicinity.D.Trumpeting provides a better measure ofdeer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow>Q8 According to paragraph 4, the buck rubs occurring in a given area reveal all of the following information about deer EXCEPT >Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus, the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.A.The individual identity of the deerB.The gender of the deerC.The likely social status of the deerD.The number of deer in the vicinity Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow>Q9 The word "induce" in the passage isclosest in meaning to?A.increaseB.extendC.delayD.stimulateQ10 According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about chemicals in buck rubs?A.They have to be at least two days old forfemales to be able to detect them.B.They are more effective in older buck rubsthan in fresher ones.C.They may affect fertility in female deer.D.They can be more easily detected byyoung males than adult females. Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow> >Because both sexes of whitetails respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function. Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh bucks may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut.Q11 The word "termed" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.associated withB.visible asC.known asD.provided byQ12 According to the passage, in what way do buck scrapes differ from buck rubs?A.Buck scrapes are made by both male andfemale deer.B.Buck scrapes are purely visual signals.C.Buck scrapes are made closer to thebreeding season than buck rubs.D.Buck scrapes can be smelled only by deer.Q13 Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This process can take a few hours to several days.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square【■】to insert the sentence in the passage.Q14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the >Another visual signal produced by white-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along as a deer trail. Most are made older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes.THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two markings made by white-tailed deer.A.The observation that deer sniff and lickbuck first led scientists to connect buck rubs with combat between adult males during the breeding season.B.As they rub the bark from trees, male deerleave behind chemicals produced by the glands in their foreheads, creating a scent that other deer can detect.C.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visualsignals and smells that deer use to communicate a variety of information to other deer.D.The height of a buck rub, the type of treeused, and the direction in which the deer applies the rub can give different kinds of information to other deer.E.The number of buck and buck scrapes in agiven area changes as the density of the population of male deer in the area changes.F.Buck rubs are created close to the breedingseason of deer and may affect the timing of fertility in the female deer that visit the rubs.。

GroundwaterMost of the world’s potable water-freshwater suitable for drinking- is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pored and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.Aquifer, Porosity, and PermeabilityGroundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A ground water reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer, porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. Fractures and joints have very high permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is, the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks-the most common rock type near the surface-are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally mae good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as underground reservoir if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnectedThe Water TableThe water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reachesEarth’surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is the vadose zone, through wich rainwater percolates. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography, groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water. Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows. If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, either to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage. Groundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.[Glossary]sediment: materials (such as sand or small rocks) that are deposited by water, wind, or glacial icetopography: the shape of a surface such as Earth’s, including the rise and fall of such features as mountains and valleys.Early Saharan PastoralistsThe Sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10,000B.C. As recently as 6000 B.C., the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains. This was a landscape where antelope of all kinds abounded- along with Bos primigenius, a kind of oxen that has become extinct. The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals. The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.Even before the drought, the Sahara was never well watered. Both humans and animals were constantly on the move, in search of food and reliable water supplies. Under these circumstances, archaeologist Andrew Smith believes, the small herd of Bos primigenius in the desert became smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold. The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will. At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements, staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time. As a result, cattle and humans came into close association.Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one stop to another. At first, they controlled the movement of the herd while ensuring continuance of their meat diet. But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. The same effects of inbreeding may have occurred in controlled cattle populations, with some additional, and perhaps unrecognized, advantages. The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies. We know from rock paintings deep in the Sahara that the herders were soon selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors.It is still unclear whether domesticated cattle were tamed independently in northern Africa or introduced to the continent from Southwest Asia. Whatever the source of the original tamed herd might have been, it seems entirely likelythat much the same process of juxtaposition(living side by side) and control occurred in both Southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle. The experiments with domestication probably occurred in many places, as people living in ever-drier environments cast around for more predictable food supplies.The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. They also hunted with bow and arrow. The Saharan people left a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls of caves deep in the desert. Their artistic endeavors have been preserved in paintings of wild animals, cattle, goats, humans, and scenes of daily life that extend back perhaps to 5000 B.C. The widespread distribution of pastoral sites of this period suggests that the Saharans ranged their herd over widely separated summer and winter grazing grounds.About 3500 B.C., climatic conditions again deteriorated. The Sahara slowly became direr and lakes vanished. On the other hand, rainfall increased in the interior of western Africa, and the northern limit of the tsetse fly(舌蝇), an insect fatal to cattle, moved south. So the herders shifted south, following the major river systems into savanna regions(热带草原地区). By this time, the Saharan people were probably using domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum(高粱) and millet(小米) as they moved out of areas where they could grow wheat, barely, and other Mediterranean crops. [Glossary]adzes: cutting tools with blades set at right angles to the handleBuck Rubs and Buck ScrapesA conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by stripping the bark(outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a dear (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outervelvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted that dear sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult mule deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on braches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the forehead of male deer, the glandular activity causes the foreheads of male deer, the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus, the status makes beingin the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk(雄麋鹿).Because both sexes of whitetails respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function. Fresher buck rubs(les than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut.Another visual signal produced by white-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing(about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground, after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trial. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes.。

托福学术讨论官方28题标题：托福学术讨论官方28题解析引言概述：托福学术讨论官方28题是托福考试中的一道经典题目。

本文将从五个大点进行详细阐述，包括题目背景、主要问题、解决方法、讨论结果以及结论。

通过对这五个大点的分析，我们可以更好地理解和解决这道题目。

正文内容：1. 题目背景1.1 介绍题目背景1.2 引出主要问题在这个部分，我们将介绍托福学术讨论官方28题的背景，并引出主要问题，为后续的讨论做好铺垫。

2. 主要问题2.1 阐述第一个主要问题2.2 解释第一个主要问题的重要性2.3 提出解决第一个主要问题的方法在这个部分，我们将详细阐述托福学术讨论官方28题的第一个主要问题，并解释其重要性。

同时，我们也将提出一些解决这个问题的方法，为后续的讨论做好准备。

3. 解决方法3.1 阐述第一个解决方法3.2 介绍第一个解决方法的优势3.3 讨论第一个解决方法的局限性在这个部分，我们将详细阐述托福学术讨论官方28题的第一个解决方法，并介绍其优势。

同时，我们也将讨论这个方法的局限性，为后续的讨论做好铺垫。

4. 讨论结果4.1 阐述讨论结果4.2 分析讨论结果的影响4.3 探讨讨论结果的潜在问题在这个部分，我们将阐述托福学术讨论官方28题的讨论结果，并分析其对相关领域的影响。

同时，我们也将探讨这个讨论结果可能存在的潜在问题，为后续的结论做好准备。

5. 结论5.1 总结讨论的主要观点5.2 强调讨论的重要性5.3 提出未来的研究方向在这个部分，我们将总结托福学术讨论官方28题的主要观点，并强调其重要性。

同时，我们也将提出未来的研究方向，为相关领域的发展提供参考。

总结：通过对托福学术讨论官方28题的详细阐述，我们可以更好地理解和解决这道题目。

这道题目的解析涉及题目背景、主要问题、解决方法、讨论结果以及结论等五个大点。

通过对这些大点的分析，我们可以深入探讨这道题目，并为相关领域的发展提供参考。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO28×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO28×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Robert E. Peary was a well-known adventurer and arctic explorer who in 1909 set out to reach the North Pole. When he returned from the expedition, he claimed to have reached the pole on April 7, 1909. This report made him into an international celebrity. Though some historians have expressed doubts that Peary did in fact reach the North Pole, three arguments provide strong support for the truth of Peary's claim. First, the National Geographic Society put together a committee that was instructed to conduct a thorough investigation of Peary's records and equipment. At the end of the investigation, the committee concluded that Peary's accounts were consistent and persuasive and declared that he had indeed reached the North Pole. Second, a recent expedition provides support for Peary's claim that he reached the North Pole in only 37 days after setting out from Ellesmere Island off the coast of Greenland. Skeptics used to argue that Peary could not have traveled that fast, since even modern snowmobiles take longer to cover the same distance. However, a British explorer named Tom Avery recently made the same trek in less than 37 days. In fact, Avery used the same kind of dogsled and the same number and breed of dogs as Peary had. Thus, Peary's claims are not impossible, and he very well might have been telling the truth. Third, there are photographs taken by Peary that support his claim to have reached the North Pole. Measuring the shadows in Peary's photographs makes it possible to calculate the Surf s position in the sun. The Surf s position established from the photographs corresponds exactly to the Surf s position as it should have been at the North Pole on that day. This provides strong evidence that Peary reached the North Pole and took the photographs there.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO28×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Professor£ºThere's no solid evidence that Robert Peary reached the North Pole. The arguments cited in the reading selection are not convincing.First, it is true that the National Geographic Society committee declared that Peary had indeed reached the North Pole, but the committee was not completely objective. In fact, the committee was composed of Peary's close friends who had contributed large sums of money to fund Peary's trip. Moreover, the investigation lasted only two days. And according to Peary himself, the committee did not examine his records carefully. So the committee's conclusions seem biased and therefore are not trustworthy.Second, the speed issue. Tom Avery's journey was different from Peary's in important ways. For example, Avery's sled was similar to Peary's sled, but Avery carried much less weight than Peary did, because Avery did not transport his food on the sled. Avery's food was dropped along the way by airplane. Moreover, Avery encountered highly favorable weather conditions, unlike Peary who travelled in very unfavorable conditions. So Avery's speedy trip was too different from Peary's to provide support for Peary's claims.Third, thephotographs do not prove anything. The techniques scientists use to determine the Sun's position depend on measuring the shadows in the photographs very precisely. Without a precise measurement of the shadows, we cannot establish the Sun's exact position. Now, Peary's pictures were photographed a hundred years ago using a primitive camera that took fuzzy, slightly unfocused photographs. Moreover, the photos have become faded and worn over time. As a result, the shadows in Peary's photographs look blurred and faded. Those shadows cannot be used to calculate the position of the Sun with great accuracy. So we cannot be confident the photos were really taken at the North Pole.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO28×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡Both the reading passage and the listening material discuss the authenticity of the story that Peary has been to the North Pole. Although the reading supports that claim, the lecturer refuses to believe it with three strong arguments. The reading passage presents the fact that the committee constituted by the National Geographic Society eventually proved the truth of Peary¡¯s claim through an investigation of the record as well as the facilities of that trip. However, the speaker casts doubt on the objectivity of that conclusion with the arguments that several friends of Peary who financed his trip to the North Pole were included in that committee and the investigation was only two-day period with the careless examination of his records. Moreover, the reading material displays the evidence that anther explorer, Tom Avery, succeeded to reach the North Pole with less time under the similar conditions experienced by Peary, which indicates the possibility of Peary¡¯s successful exploration. In contrast, the lecturer in the listening argues that the experience of Avery could not soundly support the probability of Peary¡¯s success due to the significant differences between the two journey that include the varied weather condition as well as the methods of food supply. Furthermore, the author of the reading states that the photographs taken by Peary at the North Pole could verify his story, since the position of the Sun estimated through evaluating the shadows in the pictures was in accordance with the natural rule. On the contrary, the listening rebuts that statement by pointing out that the quality of those pictures is in a poor condition due to the fact that they were taken by the primitive camera and seem to be unclear after nearly a hundred years, which means the measurement based on those photos could not be definitely accurate and the position of the Sun in them could not be determined without doubts.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO28×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage proposes three arguments that provide strong support for the truth of Peary¡¯s claim¡ªhe had reached the pole. However, in the lecture, the professor shows strong doubt over all these arguments. The reading passage presents the fact that the committee constituted by the National Geographic Society eventually proved the truth of Peary¡¯s claim through an investigation of the record。

托福阅读事实信息题解析托福阅读事实信息题解析在整个托福阅读的过程中，每篇文章的阅读时间规定为是20分钟。

当然，除了文章外还有答题，对于很多人来说，这个时间还是非常紧张的。

以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福阅读事实信息题解析，供大家备考。

1、提问方式Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 Early Saharan Pastoralists) Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2、解题步骤Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越精确。