老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。

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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO3阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO3阅读Passage3原文文本： The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. ▉托福TPO3阅读Passage3题目： Question 1 of 14 The word “particular ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. natural. B. final. C. specific. D. complex. Question 2 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? A. They occur at the end of a succession..。

老托阅读100篇答案【篇一：老托阅读100篇学科分类指南】（按所属学科进行分类）---通过分类一进行索引，分类二进行具体应用5. 经济学二、科普知识1. 天文类（天文类，气象类）2. 地理类（地质类，地理类）3. 物理类4. 生物类（动物类，植物类）5. 化学类6. 医学类分类方式二：（阿拉伯数字达标所属篇目）1. 社会学1. 冰箱的发展3. 印第安人变篮子的故事14 电视对美国政治的影响18 女性对美国建立初期的贡献19 北美城市的发展20 壁炉的构造22 北美城市的发展改革23 美国早期城市功能的发展25 营养学研究的历史31 房租租金的控制34 城市的发展以及移民，工业化39 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式40 一周工人工作时间的演变46 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造55 建立公园的计划69 美国报纸上气象报道图的变化73 科学，技术工业三者在不同时间段的关系 80 美国调查方式的实施84 美国早期印刷业的内容96 homestead act 的弊端2. 物理类2. 水循环3.艺术类4 哈德逊河派的绘画5 创造文化的材料和技术的阐述21 美国早期雕塑的发展28 19世纪末20世纪初艺术的发展32 西方艺术发展史36 美国水彩画协会的发展49 古代陶瓷的制作方式50 1957 希腊陶瓷技术的发展68 北美陶瓷的制作72 哈莱姆文艺复兴89 19世纪静物艺术品91 不同时期艺术装饰风格的简介100 小提琴的发展和使用4. 经济类42 美国铁路发展给美国带来的影响45 19世纪的家庭工作52 美国劳动力从农业到工业的转变58 从狩猎到农业的改变对人类生活的影响60 美国棉花在19时期作为重要的出口商品71 地理位置对城市发展的影响93 洛杉矶城市的发展94 美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变5. 动物学16 鸟的祖先17 鹦鹉产卵的方式30 蝴蝶的种类59 历史上第一只鸟的介绍62 关于鸟换毛的事63 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略64 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍70鸟搭窝的方式75 早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响79 动物行为的研究86 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号95 昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信息98 松鼠吃橡果的迷6. 考古学9.孟买象化石的发现地41 地球物种灭绝的分析59 历史上第一只鸟的介绍75早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响78 远古的文字 88 化石的形成90 某时期变化对海洋生物的影响7. 人类学10 人类饮食活动的变化39 海边印第安人的捕鱼生活方式8. 植物学11 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害859. 地质类13. 27 土壤分解法38 有关冰河时代的41 地球物种灭绝的分析74 冰川的形成及融化76 泥土的形成及其用途87 热能在大气中传输92 岩石层对气候的影响10. 生物类15 菌类对农业的影响51 美国建立自然生态保护园的介绍77 生物灭绝的原因 11. 农业类15. 菌类对农业的影响29 一种农业机器在美国的普遍使用12. 天文类24 地球极地激光的形成和外形26 关于某彗星的介绍 35 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响65 彗星的coma的形成81 木星的简介97 对月亮两个区域的研究13. 心理类33 关于做决定的研究37 人的声音对个性的影响66 小孩学说话79 动物行为的研究82 婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响14. 医学类43 抗感染药的发明44 大脑中神经系统的结构15 教育类47 美国在20世纪初对移民者的介绍16. 人物类48 不同领导的领导风格17. 化学类6 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作用 53 玻璃纤维的使用方法18.音乐类54 被作曲家采用越来越多的音乐元素56 民歌定义的不同理解72 哈莱姆文艺复兴19. 地理类67 某个奇特地方的植被20. 文学类8321．气象类99 碳水化合物和气温的关系【篇二：老托福阅读100篇-练习阅读最好的材料】xt>老托福阅读100篇-练习阅读最好的材料摘要：不少考生来电咨询想要下载老托福阅读100篇的内容，今天小编花费了一定量的时间和精力，不服众望，下面就随着小编来了解下老托福阅读100篇的部分内容吧!无论你基础差，或者基础好，练习阅读最好的材料-老托福阅读100篇,你的必备托福精华资料，这些资料对于学习好的学生和学习差的学生都是必不可少的。

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionDinosaurs and Parental CareP1: “Parental care” refers to the level of investment provided by a mother and father to insure the development and survival of their offspring. The question of whether or not dinosaurs cared for their young has puzzled scientists for decades. A remarkable Oviraptor fossil shows the dinosaur sitting on its nest of eggs just as chickens do today. Not only is the dinosaur squatting on the nest, but its forelimbs are outstretched, perhaps to shade the eggs. Because behaviors are not preserved in the fossil record, we can only make inferences from indirect evidence. Most of our evidence comes from alleged dinosaur rookeries (places where nests are built). Several have been excavated in eastern Montana, where a dense concentration of dinosaur nests was found at a place now called Egg Mountain, most of which probably belonged to the hadrosaur Maiasaura. Preserved in these nests are the bones of baby dinosaurs. The finds at Egg Mountain and other sites around the world document that dinosaurs laid their eggs in nests.P2: The nests at Egg Mountain are reported to be equally spaced, separated by a space corresponding to the length of an adult Maiasaura. From this arrangement scientists have inferred that the nests were separated in this way to allow incubation in a tightly packed nesting colony. Although this interpretation is disputable, the discovery of Oviraptor adults on top of egg clutches (as determined by embryos in some eggs) is relatively powerful evidence that at least these dinosaurs incubated their eggs.P3: Evidence for parental care following hatching is much more controversial. The truth is probably biased by behavioral speculation based on indirect fossil evidence because the data is not always as unambiguous as might appear. At Egg Mountain, many nests contain baby dinosaur bones. Not all the dinosaurs in the nest are the same size, and the preserved partial skeleton was so small that its bones were originally mistaken for those of a fossilized crocodile. Besides, many of those small bones belong to jaws and teeth—teeth that show signs of wear. It seems reasonable to assume that the wear was caused by chewing the coarse plants that formed the hatchlings’diet. During childhood, the young would never step outside the nest, so it seems reasonable to assume that all the food they consumed must have been brought to the rookery by foraging adults. This line of reasoning suggests that these animals had an advanced system of parental care, but a closer look at the evidence clouds this interpretation. Analysis of dinosaur embryos indicates that worn surfaces are present on the teeth of juveniles even before hatching. Just as a human baby moves inside the mother before birth, archosaurs also ground their teeth before birth, wearing the surface in some spots. Thus, the fossil evidence for an advanced parental care system in extinct dinosaurs is suggestive but inconclusive.P4: In order to settle this debate for good, much research has been conducted regarding whether extinct dinosaurs had independently evolved parentingbehaviors similar to those of modern-day organisms. Examination of the phylogenetic position of dinosaurs indicates that they share a common ancestor with and are most closely related to two living groups of animals—crocodiles and birds—both of which exhibit parental care. Although unappreciated, crocodiles do nevertheless exhibit parental care. Female crocodilians build nests and then remain nearby, guarding them, while the eggs incubate. When they are ready to hatch, the baby crocodiles vocalize; females respond by digging up the eggs and carrying the babies to the water. The young even communicate with each other while still in the egg by high-frequency squeaks (as birds do). Some evidence suggests that this squeaking is a cue to synchronize hatching. Since birds and crocodiles share a common ancestor, the simplest explanation for the characteristics they share (such as nest building and some form of parental care) is that they evolved only once—that these attributes were present in their common ancestor and passed on to its descendants. It appears likely, therefore, that the parental care exhibited by both crocodiles and birds did not evolve separately from different ancestors that did not exhibit parental care; rather, the behaviors are homologous (even though this cannot be directly observed, and we cannot be sure how elaborate early parental care was), inherited by each of these groups from their common ancestor that cared for its young.P1: “Parental care” refers to the level of investment provided by a mother and father to insure the development and survival of their offspring. The question of whether or not dinosaurs cared for their young has puzzled scientists for decades. ■A remarkable Oviraptor fossil shows the dinosaur sitting on its nest of eggs just as chickens do today. Not only is the dinosaur squatting on the nest, but its foreiimbs are outstretched, perhaps to shade the eggs. ■Because behaviors are not preserved in the fossil record, we can only make inferences from indirect evidence. ■Most of our evidence comes from alleged dinosaur rookeries (places where nests are built). Several have been excavated in eastern Montana, where a dense concentration of dinosaur nests was found at a place now called Egg Mountain, most of which probably belonged to the hadrosaur Maiasaura. Preserved in these nests are the bones of baby dinosaurs. ■The finds at Egg Mountain and other sites around the world document that dinosaurs laid their eggs in nests.1．The word “alleged” in the passage is closest in meaning toA．scatteredB．supposedC．isolatedD．exposed正确答案：B解析：【词汇题】alleged意为“声称的，所谓的”。

2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。

今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。

Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。

由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。

热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。

树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。

所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。

50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。

因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。

紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。

Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。

然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。

最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。

Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（三）智课⽹TOEFL备考资料托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(三)摘要：托福阅读考试着重考察考⽣的速读理解能⼒信息定位能⼒等，想要更好的备考托福阅读⼀定要多做练习，以下是⼩编为⼤家整理的托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(三)，希望对⼤家有帮助!Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin(B) small intestine(C) bloodstream(D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered(B) surprised(C) invented(D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior。

老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE30推荐文章托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems 热度：托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPop 热度：托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture 热度：托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:EarlySaharanPastoralists 热度：老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案热度：为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 30，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 30PASSAGE 30Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects —it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison oftropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Their physical characteristics(B) Their names(C) Their adaptation to different habitats(D) Their variety2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) result(B) explanation(C) analysis(D) requirement3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issuesbecause they(A) are simple in structure(B) are viewed positively by people(C) have been given scientific names(D) are found mainly in temperate climates4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) physical(B) confusing(C) noticeable(D) successful5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) locate(B) allow(C) go beyond(D) come close to6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversityEXCEPT(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established(C) butterflies are affected by human populations(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?(A) European butterfly habitats(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) requested(B) caused(C) assisted(D) estimatedPASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB托福阅读考试中的陷阱总结“陷阱”一：细节题考查精确定位。