老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文真题及答案99年10月[第五版]

智课网TOEFL备考资料文勇的老托福阅读真题（1995年—2014年）摘要：文勇的老托福阅读真题（1995年—2014年）【下载】，为啥要推荐此文章呢？因为此类阅读文章虽然内容已经过时，但是他的行文套路、出题思路以及考察要点和目前的ETS都是一样的，也是纵多老师用来讲习阅读技巧的来源。

文勇的老托福阅读真题：部分内容British Columbia is the third largest Canadian province both in area and population. It is nearly ~ -~ times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles (1, 280 km) north from the United States border. It includes Canada's entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long, rugged ranges running north and south. Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existedthousands of years ago. During the last Ice Age this range was scoured by glaciers until most of It was beneath the sea. its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate. Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean. As a result winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild. These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.inland from the coast the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains As they rise to cross the mountains. the winds are cooled. and their moisture begins to fall as rain. On some of the western slopes almost 201) inches (500 cm) of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia 15 heavily forested. On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall. huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns. These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet (90 m) tail, with diameters up to 10 feet (3 m). More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America. Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia.以上就是有关文勇的老托福阅读真题的部分内容，完整版内容需要考生点击页面中的相关按钮，或者扫描页面中的二维码免费下载完整版，最后祝愿大家在即将来的托福考试中能够取得优异的成绩。

9505托福阅读真题95年5月TOFEL阅读EXERCISE TWENTY-NINE (Page252-256) CPassage 1Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church - connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher - scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing. in which the professor's own research was presented 'in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest eve: of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learnedto question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.1.The word "this" in line 13 refers to which of the following?(A)Creating and passing on knowledge(B)Drilling and learning by rote(C)Disciplining students(D)Developing moral principles2 According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to(A)discuss moral issues(B)study the classics, rhetoric, and music(C)study overseas(D)work more independently3. The word "constricted" in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following"(A) Mandatory(B) Limited(A) Challenging(D) Competitive4.It can be inferred from the passage that before 1850, all of the following were characteristic of higher education EXCEPT(A)the elective system(B)drilling(C)strict discipline(D) rote learning5.Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?(A) Learning is best achieved through discipline and drill.(B) Shaping the moral character of students should be the primary goal(C) Higher education should prepare students to contribute to society.(D) Teachers should select their students' courses.6. Where does the author mention why many students decided to study abroad?(A) Lines 1-2(B) Lines 7-8(C)Lines 21-22(D) Lines 25-26Passage 2Most of our planet is covered by water. There is so much of it that if all the mountains of the world were leveled and their debris dumped into the oceans, the surface of the globe would be entirely submerged beneath water to a depth of several thousand meters. The great basins between the continents, in which all this water lies, are themselves more varied topographically than the surface of the land. The highest terrestrial mountain, Mount Everest, would fit into the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, with its peak a kilometerbeneath the surface. On the other hand, the biggest mountains of the sea are so huge that they rise above the surface of the water to form chains of islands. Mauna Kea, the highest of the Hawaiian volcanoes, measured from its base on the ocean floor, is more than 10,000 meters high and so can claim to be highest mountain on the planet.The seas first formed when the Earth began to cool soon after its birth and hot water vapor condensed on its surface. They wore further fed by water gushing through volcanic vents from the interior of the Earth. The water of these young seas was not pure, like rainwater, but contained significant quantities of chlorine, bromine, iodine, boron, and nitrogen, as well as traces of many rarer substances. Since then other ingredients have been added. As continental rocks weather and erode, they produce salts that are carried in solution down to the sea by rivers. So, over millennia, the sea has been getting saltier and saltier.Life first appeared in this chemically rich water some 3.5 billion years ago. We know from fossils that the first organisms were simple single - celled bacteria and algae. Organisms very like them still exist in the sea today. They are the basis of all marine life, indeed. Were it not for these algae, the seas would still be completely sterile and the land uninhabited.1. The word "debris" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)fragments(B)decay(C)composition(D)foundation2.The writer mentions Mount Everest in line 5 in order to(A) show how comparatively small underwater mountains are(B)reveal the proportions of the underwater terrain(C)explain how volcanoes are formed(D) identify the largest mountain on the planet3. The word "they" in line 16 refers to(A)ingredients(B)rocks(C)substances(D)salts4. According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the sea becoming increasingly salty?(A)Water vapor condensing on the surface of the sea(B)Single- celled organisms decaying in the sea(C)Products of erosion being transported to the sea(D)Sterile rainwater falling into the sea5.Which of the following is mentioned as part of the foundation of all life in the sea?(A)Algae(B)Fossils(C)Seaweed(D)Rainwater6.Where in the passage does the author mention the processes that led to the creation of theseas on Earth?(A)Lines 1-3(B) L ines 5 - 7(C) L ines 11 - 13(D) L ines 15-17Passage 3The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents about as far a departure from thebaboon type of organization as one can find among the higher primates, and serves to emphasize the great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons, or rather they jibe better with the way we like to picture ourselves, as free - wheeling individuals who tend to be unpredictable, do not take readily to any form of regimentation, and are frequently charming. (Charm is relatively rare among baboons.) Two researchers have described what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their natural habitat, the forest: "We were quite surprised to observe that there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no 'family' or 'harem' organization; neither is there a 'troop' organization-that is to say, no particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will alone or in small groups best described as bands, which sometimes form into large aggregations. They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones without conflict.The general practice is best described as "easy come, easy go," although there are certain group - forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band: adult males only; mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other females; adults and adolescents of both sexes, but no mothers with young; and representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition of bands may change a number of times during the course of a day as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups. On the other hand, certain individuals prefer one another's company. One of the researchers observed that four males often roamed together over a four-month period, and mothers often associated with their olderoffspring.1. The author's main purpose is to explain(A) how chimpanzees mate(B) t he differences between baboons and chimpanzees(C) w hy chimpanzees live in the forest(D) the relationships among chimpanzees(E)2. The author implies that the social behavior of baboons is(A) predictable(B) p ractical(C) p olitical(D) primitive3. According to the passage, the researchers were surprised that chimpanzees had such(A) temporary associations(B) h umanlike families(C) v iolent conflicts(D)large harems4. In line 16, the phrase "easy come, easy go" could best be replaced by(A)immobile(B)nonchalant(C)functional(D)aggressive5. According to the passage, the membership of a chimpanzee band may change several times ina(A) day(B) week(C) month(D) year6. Where in the passage does the author concede that individual chimpanzees may have apreference for certain companions?(A) Lines 2-4(B) Lines 10-12(C) Lines 16-17(D) Lines 21-22Passage 4Perhaps no poet S career was more closely associated with the imagist movement than was that of H. D. (Hilda Doolittle). Her verse, with its precise, clear images, typified the imagists rebellion against what they perceived as the sentimentalism and careless techniques of nineteenth century poetryH. D. attended private schools in Philadelphia and then Bryn Maws College. The love of classical antiquity she acquired during these years later surfaced in the many references in her poetry to figures from Greek and Egyptian mythology and in her classical notions of beauty and form. While in Philadelphia she also began rewarding friendships with Ezra Pound. William Carlos Williams, and Harriet Monroe.In 1910.. H. D. sailed for Europe, where her career began. Soon after arriving in London, she renewed her friendship with Pound and met and married Richard Aldington, an imagist poet and novelist who also directly influenced the shape of her writing. She began writing short poems that so impressed Pound with their precise description and diction that he insisted she submit them to Harriet Monroe's Poetry magazine signed "H. D., Imagist." She persisted in using her initials for the remainder of her career, a career, a closely linked to the Imagist rebellionagainst more traditional poetry.The clear, spare, and energetic lyrics of H. D's early poems, with their classical images, later became fuller, freer, and more "pen" philosophic explorations of the world. By then, the destruction of the Second World War that she witnessed elicited deeper visions of the relationship of ancient truths to modern realities. That vision is expressed in such works as Trilogy (1946), Helen in Egypt (1961), and her last work9 Hermetic Definition (1961).H. D.'s industry and literary achievement are lust beginning to be recognized and appreciated. In addition to her poetry, she wrote several novels, including Palimpsest (1926), Hedyus (1928), and Bid Me to Live (1960). Many of her other poems, essays, and short stories have been published posthumously.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)H.D.'s early works(B)H. D. 's contributions to a literary movement(C)The influence of nineteenth century Poetry on H.D. 's work(D)The role of mythology in H. D. 's poetry2. According to the passage, the Imagists revolted against earlier poets' emphasis on(A)strict technique(B)the classics(C)beauty and form(D)emotion3. According to the passage, H. D. 's interest in the classics was inspired by(A) Imagist poetry(B) the Second World War(C) her travel experiences(D) her formal education4. H. D. was encouraged to submit her work to poetry magazine by which of the following?(A)Richard Adlington(B)Ezra Pound(C)Harriet Monroe(D)William Carlos Williams5. It can be inferred from the passage that H. D.'s work(A) d iscussed personal relationships(B) w as typical of nineteenth century work(C) w as difficult to understand(D) b ecame more widely known after her deathPassage 5Fully outfitted for work on the range, a cowboy, in the days of the western frontier, was covered from head to foot in a protective costume that identified him as distinctly as a knight's armor identified its owner. But every item of dress had a useful purpose, from the broad - brimmed hat that kept sun and rain off his head to the spurs fastened to the backs of his boots. Even the cowboy's ornamental - looking bandanna had various functions-as a mask to keep out trail dust, as insulation against the desert sun when wadded up and stuck in a hat crown, even as a tourniquet in case of a rattlesnake bite.Beneath this glamorous but utilitarian garb, the cowhand was dressed like any other laborer. He normally wore long johns-unless ii was too hot. His shirt was typically collarless and made of cotton or flannel. His woolen pants were sometimes fortified with buckskin sewn over the seat and down the inner thighs to keep them from fraying where they rubbed against the saddle. He rarely used suspenders, since they chafed him, and just asrarely wore a belt unless, as in later days, he was a rodeo rider hankering to show off a fancy belt buckle won in the arena. As a practical measure his pants had to stay up by themselves and thus were bought to fit tightly around the waist. Because it was inconvenient to carry anything in pants pockets while riding, the cowboy usually had on a vest with deep pockets where he kept his tobacco and perhaps a tally book for keeping count of the cattle.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Cowboys and knights(B) Cowboy clothes(C) Rodeo customs(D) Dangers on the range2. The author compares the cowboy to the knight because they both had(A) high ideals(B) d istinctive clothes(C) d ifficult vocations(D) historical importance3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a use for the cowboy's bandanna?(A)Disguising his face(B) Keeping his head cool(C) Making a tourniquet(D) Shielding his nose from dust4.A cowboy's pants were fortified with buckskin to(A) hold the pants up(B) make him stylish(C) keep his legs clean(D) make the pants last longer5.The word "chafed" in line 12 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Wounded(B) E mbarrassed(C) C ooled(D) Irritated6.According to the passage, why did cowboys often wear vests?(A) To look fashionable(B) T o keep warm(C) T o carry useful items(D) To cover their suspenders7.Where in the passage does the author mention why a cowboy might wear a belt?(A) lines 1-3(B) line 8(C)lines 11 - 12(D)lines 15-17。

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托福阅读真题第105篇Saving_Soil_and_Cropland（答案文章最后）The world’s farmers are literally losing ground on two fronts—the loss of soil from erosion and the conversion of cropland to nonfarm uses. Both are well-established trends that reduce agricultural output, but since both are gradual processes, they are often not given the attention they deserve.The 1930s Dust Bowl that threatened to turn the United States Great Plains into a vast desert was a traumatic experience that led to revolutionary changes in American agricultural practices, such as the planting of tree shelterbelts—rows of trees planted beside fields to slow wind and thus reduce wind erosion. Perhaps the most lasting change is strip cropping, the planting of crops on alternate strips with fallowed (not planted) land each year. This permits soil moisture to accumulate on the fallowed strips, while the planted strips reduce wind speed and hence the wind erosion on the idled strips. The key to controlling wind erosion is to keep the land covered with vegetation as much as possible and to slow wind speed at ground level.One of the time-tested methods of dealing with water erosion is terracing—creating hill-side ridges—to reduce runoff. Another newer, highly effective tool in the soil conservation tool kit is conservation tillage, which includes both no tillage and minimum tillage. In conventional farming, land is plowed, disked, or harrowed to prepare the seedbed, seed is drilled into the soil with a planter, and row crops are cultivated with a mechanical cultivator two or three times to control weeds. With minimum tillage, farmers simply drill seeds directly into the soil. The only tillage is a one-time disturbance in a narrow band of soil wherethe seeds are inserted, leaving the remainder of the soil undisturbed, covered by crop residues and thus resistant to both water and wind erosion.In the United States, where farmers during the 1990s were required to implement a soil-conservation plan on erodible cropland to be eligible for crop price supports, the no-till area went from 7 million hectares in 1990 to nearly 21 million hectares (51 million acres) in 2000, tripling within a decade. An additional 23 million hectares were minimum-tilled, for a total of 44 million hectares of conservation tillage. This total included 37 percent of the corn crop, 57 percent of soybeans, and 30 percent of the wheat. Outside the United States, data for crop year 1998-1999 show Brazil using conservation tillage on 11 million hectares and Argentina on 7 million hectares. Canada, using conservation tillage on 4 million hectares, rounds out the “big four”. And now no-till farming is catching on in Europe, Africa, and Asia. In addition to reducing soil losses, minimum-till and no-till practices also help retain water and reduce energy use.Another example of an effort to control soil erosion is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Created in the United States in 1985, the CRP aimed to convert 45 million acres of highly erodible land into permanent vegetative cover under ten-year contracts. Under this program, farmers were paid to plant grass or trees on fragile cropland. The retirement of 35 million acres under the CRP, together with the adoption of conservation practices on 37 percent of all cropland, reduced soil erosion in the United States from 3.1 billion tons in 1982 to 1.9 billion tons in 1997.Saving cropland is sometimes more difficult than saving the topsoil on the cropland. This is particularly the case when dealingwith urban sprawl, where strong commercial forces have influence. With cropland becoming scarce, efforts to protect prime farmland from urban spread are needed everywhere. Japan provides a good example of such efforts. It has successfully protected rice paddies even within the boundaries of Tokyo, thus enabling it to remain self-sufficient in rice, its staple food.In the United States, Portland, Oregon, provides another example. The state adopted boundaries to urban growth twenty years ago, requiring each community to project its growth needs for the next two decades and then, based on the results, draw an outer boundary that would accommodate that growth. This has worked in Oregon because it has forced development back to the city.【Paragraph 1】The world’s farmers are literally losing ground on two fronts—the loss of soil from erosion and the conversion of cropland to nonfarm uses. Both are well-established trends that reduce agricultural output, but since both are gradual processes, they are often not given the attention they deserve.【Paragraph 2】The 1930s Dust Bowl that threatened to turn the United States Great Plains into a vast desert was a traumatic experience that led to revolutionary changes in American agricultural practices, such as the planting of tree shelterbelts—rows of trees planted beside fields to slow wind and thus reduce wind erosion. Perhaps the most lasting change is strip cropping, the planting of crops on alternate strips with fallowed (not planted) land each year. This permits soil moisture to accumulate on the fallowed strips, while the planted strips reduce wind speed and hence the wind erosion on the idled strips. The key to controlling wind erosion is to keep the land covered withvegetation as much as possible and to slow wind speed at ground level.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 1930s Dust Bowl was a revolutionary event that threatened to destroy United States agriculture by turning the Great Plains into a vast desert.B. The 1930s Dust Bowl in the United States resulted in radical changes in agricultural practices aimed at reducing wind erosion, such as the planting of tree shelterbelts.C. Tree shelterbelts, which are often used in the Great Plains area, are made up of the trees that are planted in long rows beside agricultural fields.D. Of all the innovative techniques used to control wind erosion after the 1930s Dust Bowl, only tree shelterbelts proved effective.2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about strip cropping?A. It increases crop yields annually.B. It forces farmers to plant crops that absorb less water and fewer nutrients from the soil.C. It requires the use of shelterbelts.D. It prevents wind erosion and allows moisture to collect on sections of land left unplanted.【Paragraph 3】One of the time-tested methods of dealing with water erosion is terracing—creating hill-side ridges—to reduce runoff. Another newer, highly effective tool in the soil conservation tool kit is conservation tillage, which includes bothno tillage and minimum tillage. In conventional farming, land is plowed, disked, or harrowed to prepare the seedbed, seed is drilled into the soil with a planter, and row crops are cultivated with a mechanical cultivator two or three times to control weeds. With minimum tillage, farmers simply drill seeds directly into the soil. The only tillage is a one-time disturbance in a narrow band of soil where the seeds are inserted, leaving the remainder of the soil undisturbed, covered by crop residues and thus resistant to both water and wind erosion.3. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are practices involved in minimum tillage EXCEPTA. using mechanical devices to control weedsB. leaving unseeded soil undisturbedC. disturbing the soil only once where the seeds are insertedD. protecting against water and wind erosion by leaving parts of the soil covered with crop residues【Paragraph 4】In the United States, where farmers during the 1990s were required to implement a soil-conservation plan on erodible cropland to be eligible for crop price supports, the no-till area went from 7 million hectares in 1990 to nearly 21 million hectares (51 million acres) in 2000, tripling within a decade. An additional 23 million hectares were minimum-tilled, for a total of 44 million hectares of conservation tillage. This total included 37 percent of the corn crop, 57 percent of soybeans, and 30 percent of the wheat. Outside the United States, data for crop year 1998-1999 show Brazil using conservation tillage on 11 million hectares and Argentina on 7 million hectares. Canada, using conservation tillage on 4 million hectares, rounds out the “big four”. And now no-till farming is catching on in Europe, Africa, and Asia. In addition to reducing soil losses, minimum-tilland no-till practices also help retain water and reduce energy use.4. According to paragraph 4, why did the amount of no-till area increase between 1990 and 2000 in the United States?A. More land area had become available for farming during this period.B. Fewer crops were needed since no till farming had increased the soybean, wheat, and corn crop yields.C. Because conventional farming practices were too expensive, farmers decided to use the cheaper no-till conservation plan.D. The government provided financial support to farmers who practiced soil conservation.5. Paragraph 4 suggests that all of the following were among the largest users of conservation tillage during the late 1990s EXCEPTA. ArgentinaB. EuropeC. CanadaD. Brazil【Paragraph 5】Another example of an effort to control soil erosion is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Created in the United States in 1985, the CRP aimed to convert 45 million acres of highly erodible land into permanent vegetative cover under ten-year contracts. Under this program, farmers were paid to plant grass or trees on fragile cropland. The retirement of 35 million acres under the CRP, together with the adoption of conservation practices on 37 percent of all cropland, reduced soil erosion in the United States from 3.1 billion tons in 1982 to 1.9 billion tons in 1997.6. What can be inferred from paragraphs 4 and 5 about soilconservation efforts in the United States?A. Encouraging minimum tillage practices resulted in much more efficient soil conservation than converting erodible land into vegetative cover.B. Complete retirement of land combined with soil-conservation practices significantly reduced soil erosion.C. Measuring the success of government-supported conservation programs over extended periods of time was sometimes as difficult as getting the programs started.D. The reduction of energy use due to practices such as conservation tillage and land retirement was much larger in the United States than in any other country.【Paragraph 6】Saving cropland is sometimes more difficult than saving the topsoil on the cropland. This is particularly the case when dealing with urban sprawl, where strong commercial forces have influence. With cropland becoming scarce, efforts to protect prime farmland from urban spread are needed everywhere. Japan provides a good example of such efforts. It has successfully protected rice paddies even within the boundaries of Tokyo, thus enabling it to remain self-sufficient in rice, its staple food.7. In paragraph 6, the author refers to Tokyo, Japan, in order toA. explain why Japan is not likely to experience problems with soil erosion in the futureB. provide evidence of the importance of maintaining cropland close to big citiesC. point to an approach for reducing urban spread into croplands that has had positive resultsD. argue for the use of Japanese techniques to preventerosion in the United States.【Paragraph 7】In the United States, Portland, Oregon, provides another example. The state adopted boundaries to urban growth twenty years ago, requiring each community to project its growth needs for the next two decades and then, based on the results, draw an outer boundary that would accommodate that growth. This has worked in Oregon because it has forced development back to the city.8. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 7, indicate true statements about Oregon. T o obtain credit, you must select TWO answer choices.A. It planned and set long-term limits to urban growth.B. Its urban development within the city limits increased.C. Its surrounding farmland provided what the city needed to make it self-sufficient.D. It allowed each of its communities to deal with the commercial forces behind urban spread independently.【Paragraph 3】■One of the time-tested methods of dealing with water erosion is terracing—creating hill-side ridges—to reduce runoff. ■Another newer, highly effective tool in the soil conservation tool kit is conservation tillage, which includes both no tillage and minimum tillage. ■In conventional farming, land is plowed, disked, or harrowed to prepare the seedbed, seed is drilled into the soil with a planter, and row crops are cultivated with a mechanical cultivator two or three times to control weeds. ■With minimum tillage, farmers simply drill seeds directly into the soil. The only tillage is a one-time disturbance in a narrow band of soil where the seeds are inserted, leaving the remainder of the soil undisturbed, covered by crop residues and thus resistant to both water and wind erosion.9. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These methods differ from traditional farming practices.Where would the sentence best fit?10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Agricultural output all ever the world is being reduced due to soil erosion and an increased use of cropland for nonfarming purposed.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Terracing, probably one of the oldest methods for controlling soil erosion, led to the creation of the more sophisticated and more efficient conservation practices used in contemporary farming.B. The United States has successfully instituted programs that encourage conservation tillage and the retirement of highly erodible land.C. City governments in the United States and Japan developed conservation programs that encourage farmers near big cities to cultivate crops that minimize soil erosion.D. After the 1930s Dust Bowl, the United States made significant changes to its agricultural practices, including theplanting of tree shelterbelts and strip cropping.E. The conservation Reserve Program created in the United States in 1985 is gradually being adopted in other areas at the world such as Europe, Africa, and Asia.F. Saving cropland is sometimes difficult because it involves dealing with commercial forces, but some efforts like those in Tokyo and Oregon have been successful.。

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Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题1995年10月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, thesequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plantswas a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the livingcells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killedcan still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanationsfor the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom ofthe plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if itis not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, Howdoes it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation ofwater at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes ofvery small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a columnof water compares with the strength of a steel wire ofthe same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns ofwater to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory.8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to(A) treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of water(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A) Lines3-4(B) Lines5-7(C) Lines10-11(D) Lines12-13Question 14-22Mass transport[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题ation revised the social and economic fabricof the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses,and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, andelectric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre- modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those whocould afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery ofalmost every major city sparked an explosion of real estatedevelopment and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 newresidential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but withinthe metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of thepossibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirtyyears – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was alwaysa huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicagoand other cities. These excesses underscore a feature ofresidential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased andprepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much asto respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster thanpopulation growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation.(B) Instability of urban life.(C) How supply and demand determine land use.(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.(C) Changes in life in the inner city.(D) Increasing standards of living.16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to(A) people(B) lots(C) years(D) developers21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage ofresidential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.Question 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrencein the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering beforethey can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance ofbeing preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given t上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题hese factors,some areas have become a treasury of well-preservedichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present aninteresting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 millionyears ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered fromthese rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, butwhat is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaurfossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in asmall area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific sitewas used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly overtime. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop- ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that arebetween 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations havebeen carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth.24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) skeletons(B) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of burial(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal.26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussedin the passage?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens(C) They are older than fossils found in other places(D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in theirdevelopment(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals.30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the fossils(D) these factors31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph.(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph.33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 19-21Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by PresidentJefferson, was the most important official examination of thehigh plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. ThePresident's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had beeninstructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with thewaters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the y上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题oungerbrother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to sharethe command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammothswandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent,the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Theirpoint of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, justacross the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group winterednear the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, themen worked their way along the Missouri to its source andthen crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where theystayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information,including the knowledge that the continent was wider thanoriginally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published –were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A) The river systems of portions of North America.(B) Certain geological features to the North American continent.(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.(D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States.35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West.(C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West.(D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of thefollowing characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) underestimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines1-3(B) Lines7-8(C) Lines16-18(D) Lines21-24Questions 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of themost popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlikestring and wind instrument, the piano is completely self- sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of thenineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord becamethe chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic andnever powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympa-thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichordwith its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrumentfor supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not bevaried save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth centuryby a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists pointout several previous instances of上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题the instrument). This instrumentwas called a piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate itsdynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavierin the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, includingthe introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonaleffects from the most delicate harmonies to an almostorchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone toa sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the(A) variety(B) music(C) harpsichord(D) clavichord47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 18-19(D) Lines 20-2549. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads(D) The metal frame construction50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual <br上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案1996.12Questions 1-9Education in the United StatesKeywords: education, schooling, A chance conversation, the formalized process of schooling, high school studentsIt is commonly believed that in the United States that school is where people to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal leaning that takes place in school sand the whole universe of informal leaning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of governments, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high schools students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.1. What is the main idea of the passage? B(A) The best schools teach a wide variety of subjects.(B) Education and schooling are quite different experiences.(C) Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.(D) The more years students go to school the better their education is.2. What does the author probably mean by using the expression "Children interrupt their education to go to school" (line 2)? D(A) Going to several different schools is educationally beneficial.(B) School vacations interrupt the continuity of the school year.(C) Summer school makes the school year too long.(D) All of life is an education.3. The word "bounds" in line 4 is closest in meaning to C(A) rules(B) experiences(C) limits(D) exceptions4. The word "chance" in line 9 is closest in meaning to A(A) unplanned(B) unusual(C) lengthy(D) lively5. The word "integral" in line 11 is closest in meaning to D(A) an equitable(B) a profitable(C) a pleasant(D) an essential6. The word "they" in line 16 refers to A(A) slices of reality(B) similar textbooks(C) boundaries(D) seats7. The phrase "For example", line 18, introduces a sentence that gives example of D(A) similar textbooks(B) the results of schooling(C) the working of a government(D) the boundaries of classroom subject8. The passage supports which of the following conclusions? C(A) Without formal education, people would remain ignorant.(B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.(C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.(D) Education involves many years of professional training.9. The passage is organized by B(A) listing and discussing several educational problems(B) contrasting the meanings of two related words(C) narrating a story about excellent teachers(D) giving examples of different kinds of schoolsQuestions 10-18The Earth's Crust and the Upper MantleKeywords: plates, Earth's crust, upper mantle, The rocks of the crust, rigid layer, tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, geologistsThe hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft flats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understating of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "supercontinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one-which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctic- is called Gondwanaland. The northern one-with North America, Europe, and Asia-is called Laurasi. North America tore away from Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean. Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understating of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologist could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.10. With which of the following topic is the passage mainly concerned? A(A) The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge(B) The mineral composition of the Earth's crust(C) The location of the Earth's major plates(D) The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement11. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given support by the D(A) upper mantle(B) ocean floor(C) crust(D) asthenosphere12. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following? B(A) Lava flowing from a volcano(B) A boat floating on the water(C) A fish swimming in a pond(D) The erosion of rocks by running water13. The word "one" in line 13 refers to B(A) movements(B) masses(C) sea(D) depression14. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when D(A) Pangaea was created(B) Plate movement ceased(C) Gondwanaland collided with Pangaea(D) Parts of Laurasia separated from the each other15. The word "carry" in line 16 could best be replaced by D(A) damage(B) squeeze(C) connect(D) support16. In line 21, the word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to which of the following? B(A) allowed(B) clustered(C) exploded(D) strengthened17. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics? B(A) It is no longer of great interest to geologists.(B) It was first proposed in the 1960's.(C) It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.(D) It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.18. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses A(A) why certain geological events happen where they do(B) how geological occurrences have changed over the years(C) the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's history(D) the latest innovations in geological measurementQuestions 19-28In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, baking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways:first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilized banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.19. What does the passage mainly discuss? C(A) States' rights versus federal rights(B) The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction(C) The roles of state and federal governments in the economy of the nineteenth century(D) Regulatory activity by state governments20. The word "effect" in line 1 is closest in meaning to C(A) value(B) argument(C) influence(D) restraint21. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as areas that involved state governments in the nineteenth century EXCEPT D(A) mining(B) banking(C) manufacturing(D) higher education22. The word "distinct" in line 4 is closest in meaning to A(A) separate(B) innovative(C) alarming(D) provocative23. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were D(A) built with money that came from the federal government(B) much more expensive to build than they had been previously(C) built predominantly in the western part of the country(D) sometimes built in part by state companies24. The regulatory activities of state governments included all of the following EXCEPT B(A) licensing of retail merchants(B) inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance(C) imposing limits on price fixing(D) control of lumber25. The word "setting" in line 14 is closest in meaning to C(A) discussing(B) analyzing(C) establishing(D) avoiding26. The word "ends" in line 18 is closest in meaning to D(A) Benefits(B) decisions(C) services(D) goals27. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Homestead Act of 1862? A(A) It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.(B) It was a law first passed by state governments in the West.(C) It increased the money supply in the West.(D) It established tariffs in a number of regions28. Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in the nineteenth century? C(A) Control of the manufacture of gunpowder(B) Determining the conditions under which individuals worked(C) Regulation of the supply of money(D) Inspection of new homes built on western landsQuestions 29-38The Genesis of Lifekeywords: Life's transition, lifestyle, terrestrial organisms, Vascular plants, the mega fossils,multicellular, paleontologistsLife originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed. Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents. Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animal. V ascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, left the first comprehensive megafossil record. Because of this, it has been commonly assumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems. In this view, primitive vascular plants first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eater. Moreover, the megafossils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million years ago. Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary. It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously known organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms. Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal communities are now being revised. And with those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms.29. The word "drastic" in line 4 is closest in meaning to B(A) widespread(B) radial(C) progressive(D) risky30. According to the theory that the author calls "the traditional view", what was the first form of life to appear on land? D(A) Bacteria(B) Meat-eating animals(C) Plant-eating animals(D) Vascular plants31. According to the passage, what happened about 400 million years ago? B(A) Many terrestrial life-forms died out.(B) New life-forms on land developed at a rapid rate.(C) The megafossils were destroyed by floods.(D) Life began to develop in the ancient seas.32. The word "extracted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to C(A) located(B) preserved(C) removed(D) studied33. What can be inferred from the passage about the fossils mentioned in lines 13-15? C(A) They have not been helpful in understanding the evolution of terrestrial life.(B) They were found in approximately the same numbers as vascular plant fossils.(C) They are older than the magafossils.(D) They consist of modern life forms.34. The word "instances" in line 16 is closest in meaning to C(A) methods(B) processes(C) cases(D) reasons35. The word "they" in line 16 refers to D(A) rocks(B) shores(C) oceans(D) specimens36. The word "entombed" in line 17 is closest in meaning to B(A) crushed(B) trapped(C) produced(D) excavated37. Which of the following resulted from the discovery of microscopic fossils? A(A) The time estimate for the first appearance of terrestrial life-forms was revised(B) Old techniques for analyzing fossils were found to have new uses.(C) The origins of primitive sea life were explained.(D) Assumptions about the locations of ancient seas were changed.38. With which of the following conclusions would the author probably agree? A(A) The evolution of terrestrial life was as complicated as the origin of life itself.(B) The discovery of microfossils supports the traditional view of how terrestrial life evolved.(C) New species have appeared at the same rate over the course of the last 400 million years.(D) The technology used by paleontologists is too primitive to make accurate determinations about ages of fossils.Questions 39-50The earliest American folk art portraitsKeywords: portraits, portraiture, artists, craft tradition, an original portraitWhat we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics-whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans-have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists how could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, form New England-especially Connecticut and Massachusetts-for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five time, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. One again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850's-anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist was called. Local craftspeople-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.39. In lines 3-4 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an example of a group that B(A) consisted mainly of self taught artists(B) appreciated portraits(C) influenced American folk art(D) had little time for the arts40. The word "market" in line 4 is closest in meaning to A(A) pronounced(B) fortunate(C) understandable(D) mysterious41. According to the passage, where were many of the first American folk art portraits painted? C(A) In western New York(B) In Illinois and Missouri(C) In Connecticut and Massachusetts(D) In Ohio42. The word "this" in line 8 refers to C(A) a strong craft tradition(B) American folk art(C) New England(D) western New York43. How much did the population of United States increase in the first fifty years following independence? B(A) It became three times larger.(B) It became five times larger.(C) It became eleven times larger.(D) It became thirteen times larger.44. The phrase "ushering in" in line 14 is closest in meaning to A(A) beginning (B) demanding (C) publishing (D) increasing45. The relationship between the daguerreotype (line 13) and the painted portrait is similar to the relationship between the automobile and the C(A) highway (B) driver (C) horse-drawn carriage (D) engine46. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the demand for pained portraits? D(A) The lack of a strong craft tradition(B) The westward migration of many painters(C) The growing preference for landscape paintings(D) The invention of the camera47. The word "executed" in line 16 is closest in meaning to D(A) sold (B) requested (C) admired (D) created48. The author implies that most limners (line 18) D(A) received instruction from traveling teachers(B) were women(C) were from wealthy families(D) had no formal art training49.The word "sketching" in line 20 is closest in meaning to A(A) drawing (B) hiring (C) helping (D) discussing50. Where in the passage does the author provide definition? D(A) Lines 2-5 (B) Lines 7-8 (C) Lines 11-12 (D) Lines 17-18。

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Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

3、From the last paragraph we know that （95、text5）4、In this article，the author tries to interpret the function of （95、text5 4、The best title for this might be （96、text4）1、from the second paragraph we learn tha （97、text1）4、The best title for this text could be （97、text4）1、From the text we learn that （97、text5）4、What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as （98、text1）1、According to the author ，the American economic situation is （98、text2）2、Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to （98、text3）4、The text is mainly about （98、text5）4、Which of the following would be the best title for the text ？（2000、text2）1、This text is mainly （2000、text3）1、What is the passage mainly about？（01、text3）5、The best title for the text may be（02、text1）5、The text intends to express the ideal that（03、text4）1、According to McWhorter,the decline of formal English（05、text4）二、举例题1、By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire，the author intends to show that （06、text4）3、When mentioning “the ＄4 million to＄10 million range” （line 3，paragraph 3），the author is taking about （04、text3）1、What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars？（04、text2）2、The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that （03、text4）3、The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic's （03、text2）5、The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are （02、text2）3、The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of（01、text2）2、What does the example of India illustrate ？（2000、text2）3、The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that （99、text1）2、A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this tex as （96、text1）2、The word “bummer”（line 5，paragraph 5）most probably means something （06、text4）1、The word “homogenizing”(line 1，paragraph 1)most probably means （06、text1）2、The word“taking”（line 5，paragraph 3）denotes （05、text4）3、What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis”（last line，paragraph 4）？（05、text2）3、The expression “tip service”（line 3，paragraph 3）most probably means（04、text1）3、The word “arbiters”（line 6，paragraph 4）most probably refers to those（02、text3）3、The phrase “making the biggest splash”（line 1，paragraph 3）most probably means （03、text1）4、Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”（line 3，paragraph 7）？（02、text4）2、The word “gizmos”（line 1,paragraph 2）most probably means （02、text2）3、“juggling one' life”probably means living a life characterized by （01、text5）4、The word “demographers”（line 1，paragraph 7）most probably mean（98、text4）1、The word “schism”（line 4 ，paragraph 1）in the context probably means（98、text3）2、In paragraph 5，“the powerless ”probably refers to （98、text1）2、the word “pervasive”might mean （97、text3）1、“creationism”in the text refers to （96、text5）2、The BBC'“royal charter”（line 4，paragraph 4）stands for （96、text2）4、When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires ，you have something （96、text1）1、According to the text ，a-type individuals are usually （95、text4）3、When the author says “a new way of being”（line 3，paragraph 3），he is referring to （95、text2）四、句子理解3、By saying “these figures are conservative”（line 1，paragraph 3），Dr.Worm means that （06、text3）3、By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”（line 2，paragraph 4），the author implies that （06、text2）2、The sta tements “it is all too monkey”（last line，paragraph 1）implies that（05、text1）1、By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”（line 1，paragraph 1），the author means （04、text3）4、What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” （line 2，paragraph 5）? （04、text2）2、The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is （2000、text5）3、The author raises the question “what about pain without gain ”because （98、text2）3、The sentence “this is no flash in the pan”（line5，paragraph 3）means that（97、text5）2、when the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling ，he means （97、text1）1、What do the elders mean when they say，“it’s not what you in this world ，but what you get”？（96、text1）1、By the first sentence of the text the author means that （95、text1）五、推断题2、We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm' paper that （06、text3）1、From the first two paragraphs ，we learn that （06、text2）2、It can be inferred from paragraph 3that （06、text2）3、The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. （06、text1）4、Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in paragraph 5？（06、text1）1.According to the last paragraph ，“paper plates”is to “china”as （05、text4）2.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（06、text4）3、By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to show （05、text3）4、According to the author ，what should the Administration do about globalwarming ？（05、text2）2、According to Bruce Alberts，science can serve as （05、text2）4、Dr. Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys （05、text1）5、What can infer from the last paragraph ？（05、text1）1、In the opening paragraph ，the author introduces his topic by （05、text1）3、The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling （04、text4）4、Emerson ，according to the text ，is probably （04、text4）2、What can we infer from the first three paragraph ？4、The 4th paragraph suggests that （04、text2）4、In contrast to the U.S.，Japan and Sweden are funding their medical are（03、text4）1、What is implied in the first sentence？（03、text4）5、According to the text，the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by 5、text3）2、It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that （03、text3）5、From the text we can learn that Stephen Cooper is （03、text2）2、It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if （02、text3）3、The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich counties （02、text3）3、From paragraph 4 we can infer that （01、text4）1、Digital divide is something （01、text2）4、It seems that now a county's economic depends much on （01、text2）1、The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in the science such as （01、text1）4、From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained （2000、text5）1、In the westerner' eyes，the postwar Japan was （2000、text4）3、What can be inferred from the text ？（2000、text1）4、The author implies that the results of scientific research （99、text5）4、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that （99、text4）1、We can infer from the first paragraph that （99、text4）3、It could be inferred from the text that in the author's county the Europe model of professional training is （99、text3）2、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing，the author implies that （99、text2）1、According to the author ，the American economic situation is（98、text2）1、The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that （98、text1）5、From the last paragraph we can infer that2、It could be inferred from the last paragraph that （97、text2）3、when Lloyd Nickson dies，he will （97、text1）2、Kitcher'book is intended to （96、text5）3、From the text we can infer that （96、text5）2、It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of early American mechanics （96、text4）1、It’s true of the old family firms that （96、text3）2、The growth of limited liability companies resulted in （96、text3）1、The world famous BBC now faces （96、text2）1、From the evolutionary point of view，（95、text5）2、According to the text，if a person never forgot （95、text5）3、The selection of medical professionals is currently based on （95、text4）4、From the text we can draw the conclusion that （95、text4）2、The main problem people may encounter today arises from the factthat （95、text3）2、From the text we can infer that （95、text3）3、We can learn from the last paragraph that （95、text3）1、A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when （95、text2）2、In the author' eyes ，one who views personal growth as a processwould （95、text2）六、主旨题1、According to McWhorter,the decline of formal English （05、text4）4、The text intends to express the ideal that （03、text4）5、The best title for the text may be 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can see that the writer seems （02、text3）4、Toward the new business wave，the writer' attitude can be said to be （01、text4）4、The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be （99、text1）4、The author' attitude toward the issue “science vs antiscience” is （98、text3）4、The text shows that the author is the present situations。

TOFEL听力真题（89—05年）89年TOEFL听力A1. (A) He looked at me.(B) He borrowed my book.(C) I used his book.(D) I told him to look at me.2. (A) Bob became a doctor.(B) Bob came in with the teacher.(C) Bob went to see two doctors.(D) Bob is a teacher.3. (A) I never worry about what to say.(B) I haven't spoken to anyone yet.(C) People don't listen when I speak.(D) His last words were hard to hear.4. (A) Gary's starting to share my opinion.(B) Gary wants me to come to the point.(C) Gary comes around more often now.(D) Gary's beginning to like the scenery.5. (A) Wait until you see how long the line is!(B) This is the seventh movie I've seen at this theater.(C) If you go early, you can buy your ticket right away.(D) Don't be surprised if you have to stand to see the movie.6. (A) The last biography I read was much better than this one.(B) I've only written half of the bibliography.(C) I haven't ridden a bike in a long time.(D) The graph he drew ifs twice as good as the one I did.7. (A) The story is very enjoyable.(B) I wonder which story it is.(C) Is that one of the stores?(D) Is it a wonderful story?8. (A) George helped prepare the peas.(B) George served him another slice.(C) George took another serving of pie.(D) George served everyone the pizza.9. (A) Anybody can use the dictionary in the office.(B) Is every one of those books a dictionary?(C) Does the office have any use for these books?(D) To practice diction by oneself is useful.10. (A) This one isn't any larger than mine. (B) This is larger than a piece of luggage.(C) I want a larger suit in that case.(D) This suitcase isn't large enough.11. (A) Bill and Mary are engaged to be married.(B) Bill and Mary canceled the meeting.(C) Mary was outraged when she saw the bill.(D) Bill and Mary were angry about the cancellation.12. (A) You must try to be quieter.(B) The volume is much too low.(C) I don't hear anything down there.(D) The noise is coming from outside.13. (A) They go alone to school.(B) They arrive at school on time.(C) They are doing well in school.(D) They find their own way to school.14. (A) I'm typing the essay for Lisa.(B) That type of essay is easy to write.(C) At least the essay is typed.(D) Typing the essay is only a minor problem.15. (A) I wanted Pamela to continue her project.(B) Pamela was discouraged from working on her art project.(C) It was an honor to be able to do the art project with Pamela.(D) Pamela has a lot of courage to take on such a large project.16. (A) I can never keep a secret from Beth.(B) I told Beth we were going to surprise her.(C) I'll be surprised if Beth comes to the party.(D) I don't think we should tell Beth about the party.17. (A) Sarah put on her makeup.(B) Sarah hoped to take the test another time.(C) Sarah helped prepare the examination.(D) Sarah took a free sample of makeup.18. (A) Does everyone have a copy of the assignment?(B) Can you turn the sheet around?(C) Is there enough time for the assignment?(D) Do the sheets have enough information?19. (A) I think that was the city bus, don't you?(B) Was that supposed to be the city bus?(C) That wasn't the city bus.(D) I don't know why the city bus is so late.20. (A) No one has a nose as sore as poll's.(B) No one here knows much about the subject of politics.(C) She's well acquainted with the subject.(D) She doesn't know anybody here.21. (A) She doesn't know when they will go.(B) She believes there is a road detour.(C) She won't be ready at 8 o'clock.(D) She wants the man to go away.22. (A) Sit sown.(B) Remain standing.(C) Go ahead of the woman.(D) Pick up the chair.23. (A) The electrician came to repair the lamp.(B) The lamp was taken to the repair shop.(C) She had Mike fix the lamp.(D) The lamp was replaced.24. (A) Not hanging the poster.(B) Peeling off the wallpaper.(C) Using tape for the poster.(D) Not hiding the damage.25. (A) Both chemistry courses are difficult.(B) Few chemistry courses are hard.(C) Chemistry 402 was worse than Chemistry 502.(D) He has only had one chemistry course.26. (A) Studying.(B) Watching television.(C) Nothing right now.(D) Going to the movies.27. (A) She was unable to have her picture taken.(B) She has not chosen a picture for it.(C) She had broken her camera.(D) She had gone to a photography class instead.28. (A) He would prefer calling her next week.(B) He will let her decide about the next meeting.(C) He would like to buy some refreshments for the meeting.(D) He definitely wants to know about the meeting.29. (A) Eating in a cafeteria.(B) Buying something in a store.(C) Talking on the telephone.(D) Getting money at a bank. 30. (A) She'd rather take a break later.(B) She likes the suggestion.(C) She never drinks soda.(D) She doesn't think he's serious.31. (A) There are six sections of each class.(B) He has to leave since it's almost one o'clock.(C) There are dozens of classes to choose from.(D) It doesn't matter which class the woman takes.32. (A) She's lent the texts for just a few days.(B) She kept the texts that are still up to date.(C) She's no longer interested in science.(D) She moved her science texts away from the other books.33. (A) He would like to know what happened.(B) He can help the woman.(C) Because of what happened, he has no time.(D) He would have helped if he had the time.34. (A) To order some medicine for their aunt Margaret.(B) To get some exercise.(C) To buy some items.(D) To see their aunt.35. (A) Dick is practically the only one who thinks so.(B) Most people play football differently.(C) Few people are optimistic about the team's chances of winning.(D) Dick is disappointed in football games.36. (A) In a professor's office.(B) In a medical doctor's office.(C) In an auditorium.(D) In a gym.37. (A) Just before the semester begins.(B) After the first week of classes.(C) In the middle of the semester.(D) On the last day of class.38. (A) She had promised that she would.(B) She has been sick.(C) She needs his approval for her schedule.(D) She must verify his plans.39. (A) It wasn't a requirement.(B) She already knew the material.(C) She entered the hospital.(D) Her course load was too heavy.40. (A) The woman's musical background.(B) The woman's economic situation.(C) The woman's dislike of chemistry.(D) The woman's decision to take on so much work.41. (A) The replacement of the harpsichord by the piano.(B) The development of electronic musical instruments.(C) The relative costs of different types of musical instruments.(D) The performance of classical music on synthesizers.42. (A) At the beginning.(B) In the middle.(C) Near the end.(D) Just after the end.43. (A) He is surprised by it.(B) He disagrees with it.(C) He thinks it is too soon to tell.(D) He is alarmed by it.44. (A) In the early nineteenth century.(B) In the late nineteenth century.(C) In the early twentieth century.(D) In the mid-twentieth century.45. (A) The electronic instrument is much more expensive.(B) The electronic instrument is slightly more expensive.(C) The piano is slightly more expensive.(D) The piano is much more expensive.46. (A) The conversion of volcanic waste to fertilizer.(B) The menace of currently dormant volcanoes around Mount Saint Helen's.(C) The eruption of Mount Saint Helen's and its effects on the environment.(D) The elimination of volcanic ash by natural means.47. (A) The crops were obliterated for the entire year.(B) The crops nutritional value was considerably lessened.(C) The soil was permanently damaged.(D) The loss was not as bad been anticipated as had.48. (A) It served as a fertilizer for crops. (B) It formed a new mountain.(C) It stabilized air temperatures.(D) It destroyed various insect pests.49. (A) It's lethal upon contact.(B) It has relatively little harmful effect.(C) It affects the sense of hearing.(D) It dries up the skin.50. (A) Interest.(B) Disappointment.(C) Shock.(D) Anger.89-589年5月TOEFL听力A1. (A) The shipping company is getting a new radio.(B) The radio I ordered should be sent this week.(C) The company accidentally chipped the radio I ordered.(D) That company's radio is supposed to be cheaper this week.2. (A) Laura put on makeup before the exam.(B) Laura has to take the cake upstairs.(C) Laura must take the test.(D) Laura knows the flag of every nation.3. (A) No one is going to the convention.(B) To whom did you mention this?(C) It will be brought to your attention.(D) Have you any idea who will attend the convention?4. (A) Susan and Ben were accepted at the state university.(B) Ben applied to the state university because Susan was accepted there.(C) Ben didn't want to go to the state university because Susan is there.(D) Neither Susan nor Ben is interested in attending the state university.5. (A) Tommy was lucky to hit the target the first time.(B) The ball was hidden behind the window.(C) Tommy can't throw the ball very far.(D) Fortunately, the ball didn't break the window.6. (A) Did you make a copy of this?(B) You made the right copy, didn't you?(C) I think you asked for more than one copy.(D) I understand you'd like a single copy of this.7. (A) The posters make the room look cheerful.(B) The poster shows a room full of colorful chairs.(C) How many color posters are there in the room?(D) How does the room look now with so many chairs?8. (A) Mike's drink was cold.(B) Mike was coughing.(C) Mike wasn't warm enough.(D) My coffee wasn't as hot as Mike's.9. (A) Running this projector is very easy for me.(B) It isn't worth fixing this projector.(C) I can't recommend that projector.(D) It's very inexpensive to run this projector.10. (A) There's only a half hour before Fred arrives.(B) There aren't any flowers next to the bed.(C) We should make a bouquet.(D) We need more flour.11. (A) I purchased a car recently.(B) I knew the car was in the lot.(C) I really need a new car.(D) I always forget to clean my car.12. (A) Sandra arranged an exhibit for history week.(B) Sandra accidentally upset this week's history exhibit.(C) Sandra sat beside the historic display.(D) Sandra directed a play.13. (A) No one has an opinion on everything.(B) No one opinion is all-encompassing.(C) Everyone has an opinion on something.(D) Only one person is lacking an opinion on it.14. (A) I'm pleased to be able to lend you the money.(B) I've lent you all the money I had.(C) I wish you could lend me some money.(D) I'm sorry I can't lend you the money.15. (A) Someone was baking in the kitchen.(B) There was paste on the kitchen table.(C) We just came from the kitchen.(D) There's a lot of room in the kitchen.16. (A) We find Bob agreeable most of the time.(B) We usually like Bob's guests.(C) Bob isn't willing to join the others.(D) Most of us wanted to walk along with Bob.17. (A) I haven't studied physics with the professor.(B) This was the professor's best lecture yet. (C) I've never heard the professor give a good lecture.(D) The professor isn't interested in physics.18. (A) Barbara is interesting to listen to because she reads a lot.(B) Barbara talks a lot while she sews.(C) Barbara seldom talks because she's always reading.(D) Barbara has little to say about this topic.19. (A) I don't think he'll come if he gets the job.(B) I hope that he won't get the job.(C) Someone else will probably get the job.(D) I won't be surprised if he gets the job.20. (A) How many are there?(B) What's the explanation?(C) Who's the accountant?(D) Did you count four of them.21. (A) She wants to know where the restaurant is.(B) She's recommending a good place to go for dinner.(C) She thinks the man should go to France.(D) She's inviting the man to eat with her.22. (A) Run in town.(B) Look more carefully.(C) Buy shoes from a catalog.(D) Find an easier places to exercise.23. (A) Saying goodbye to a friend.(B) Buying a ticket for a sports event.(C) Paying a bill at the bank.(D) Arranging a plane trip.24. (A) He didn't know how to begin to write a play.(B) He hasn't liked plays very much in the past.(C) He didn't want to talk about it right away.(D) He wasn't sure what the first part was about.25. (A) Dan received them.(B) Gloria forgot about them.(C) Dan mailed them.(D) Gloria has sent for them.26. (A) His room is quite small.(B) he had to walk around the dormitory.(C) It's hard to find a room in the dormitory.(D) It's his turn to inspect the dormitory room.27. (A) He should look in a different place.(B) She can help him if necessary.(C) He should stand on something.(D) Perhaps he shouldn't have tea.28. (A) They are going toward the lake.(B) They have made a new trail.(C) They have decided to sit outdoors.(D) They are camping around the lake.29. (A) Anyone can do it.(B) No one can do it.(C) Alex can probably do it.(D) Alex probably shouldn't do it.30. (A) He'll go if the woman goes too.(B) He doubts he'll be able to go.(C) He's too tired to go.(D) He's eager to go.31. (A) It is typical December weather for this region.(B) It won't really snow until December.(C) Such a large amount of snow is unusual for this month.(D) There has never been much snow down South.32. (A) He believes Mark was the wrong person.(B) he wants to know who is telling the truth.(C) He finds the decision unbelievable.(D) He thought there wouldn't be any awards.33. (A) The store doesn't have it now, but will soon.(B) It is no longer available.(C) It has been reprinted four times.(D) The information in the book is not up-to-date.34. (A) It's uncomfortable because of the wind.(B) It isn't as warm as the man had thought it would be.(C) The man expected it to be windy.(D) The wind hasn't made it any cooler.35. (A) He already knows what Ted will say.(B) He doesn't have time to look at the gift.(C) He can't imagine what his friends got for him.(D) He is anxious to see Ted's reaction to the gift.36. (A) A sales representative.(B) A store manager.(C) A committee chairperson.(D) A class president.37. (A) To determine who will graduate this year.(B) To discuss the seating arrangement.(C) To choose the chairperson of the ceremonies.(D) To begin planning the graduation ceremonies.38. (A) Their manes, phone numbers, and job preference.(B) The names and addresses of their guests.(C) The names of the committees they worked on last year.(D) Their dormitory mane, address, and phone number.39. (A) Only students who have time for the work.(B) All the students who are at the meeting.(C) Only students who have a telephone.(D) All the students who worked on the project last year.40. (A) In an hour.(B) Next week.(C) In one month.(D) Next year.41. (A) Food packaging.(B) Varieties of fish.(C) A new snack food.(D) An artificial food flavoring.42. (A) Its variety of colors.(B) Its unusual texture.(C) The way it is sold.(D) Its main ingredient.43. (A) To preserve it longer.(B) To give it a particular taste.(C) To make it smoother.(D) To increase the fermentation.44. (A) Its low purchase price.(B) Its wide availability.(C) Its good nutritional value.(D) Its higher water content.45. (A) Its bland flavoring is healthful.(B) It can be stored a long time without spoiling.(C) It goes well with fish dishes.(D) A high grade of fish is used in its preparation.46. (A) In a few weeks.(B) In two or three months.(C) In about two years.(D) In ten years.47. (A) Count money.(B) Read and write.(C) Draw moving objects.(D) Hunt and farm.48. (A) Teachers came to children's homes.(B) Children acquired the information they needed by direct experience.(C) Children taught one another in small supervised groups.(D) Parents instructed their children in the "three R's"49. (A) A new dependence on people far away and the use of money.(B) The introduction of a new alphabet and numerical system.(C) Outmoded methods of farming and ineffective means of transportation.(D) Larger family units and greater financial hardships.50. (A) The various means of survival taught by parents in contemporary society.(B) The importance of history instruction in the first schools.(C) The increasingly complex skills subsequently taught in schools.(D) The problems involved in the construction of new schools.89-889年8月TOEFL听力A1£® (A) She never hears her alarm clock ringing.(B) Her alarm clock doesn't ring when it should.(C) She doesn't know where her alarm clock is .(D) She always sleeps until the alarm clock wakes her. 2£® (A) They said they're going by taxi.(B) Their clothes are in terrible condition.(C) In certain states clothes are subject to tax.(D) There are some clothes hanging on the racks.3£® (A) She didn't often go out in the rain.(B) She learned a great deal from the program.(C) She understood only a little about the program.(D) She stopped running to the train.4£® (A) He never comes here in the fall.(B) He'll probably arrive soon.(C) He couldn't hear it this time.(D) He doesn't have time to call.5£® (A) Karen can afford to go to college.(B) Karen got only one scholarship.(C) Without a scholarship, Karen couldn't go to college.(D) If Karen can afford to go, she won't get a scholarship.6£® (A) He will apply soon for his first passport.(B) He has to apply again for a passport.(C) He knew he had to pick up his passport.(D) He didn't need his passport until now.7£® (A) I was actually on time.(B) I was ten minutes late.(C) I wasn't late because I ran all the way.(D) I walked for ten minutes.8£® (A) Jerry knew all the answers.(B) It was easy to answer Jerry's questions.(C) Jerry had difficulty with the test.(D) Everyone came for the test except Jerry.9£® (A) It would be better not to take the course.(B) This term would be a good time to take the course.(C) I don't think you can get out of taking that course.(D) I didn't say a word about your taking that course.10. (A) I didn't think the keys were in the shop.(B) That shop has fair prices.(C) The shopkeeper expects customers to be honest.(D) I don't think that shopkeeper is trustworthy.11. (A) A fee is charged for reserved books returned even an hour late.(B) This is a fine day to spend an hour in the library.(C) The reserve section of the library is due to close in one hour.(D) Our library has a reserve section of fine books.12. (A) Leslie will get credit for graduating early.(B) Leslie has a heavier course load than usual this term.(C) Leslie is taking a minimal number of credits this term.(D) Leslie must pay the rent on her apartment before she graduates.13. (A) You shouldn't be that busy now.(B) You've had a lot to0 do recently.(C) How long do you expect to be so busy?(D) How have you been doing recently?14. (A) I wasn't asking for the catalog.(B) The catalogs have been poorly copied.(C) I wouldn't give away my copy of the catalog.(D) No one gave me a catalog.15. (A) Susan told Mike about the new policy.(B) Mike talked to Susan regarding the new policy.(C) Mike and Susan questioned the school about the policy.(D) Mike and Susan gathered information about theschool's policy.16. (A) What do you think provoked the President?(B) The President was thinking aloud.(C) Don't you think the speech was stimulating?(D) The speech angered the press.17. (A) We became friends quickly.(B) We have been friends for a long while.(C) We have to leave pretty soon.(D) We knew none of the others.18. (A) She hasn't started the work yet.(B) She didn't want the work to be finished.(C) She hasn't worked since the project started.(D) She didn't want to start all over again.19. (A) The professor introduced the students to each other.(B) The two students were presented to the class.(C) The students met the professor.(D) The professor was introduced by a colleague.20. (A) I needed exactly that thing.(B) I got the thing at last.(C) I certainly didn't need that.(D) That thing won't last.21. (A) Who called.(B) What Margaret said.(C) Who Margaret is.(D) When the message was taken.22. (A) He'll only give her part of his notes.(B) He doesn't know anything about economics.(C) He's not taking an economics class.(D) He's happy to lend her his notes.23. (A) She received two job offers.(B) She also was offered a job.(C) She was the first to receive an offer.(D) She received too many offers.24. (A) They'll have to get some more paint.(B) They should get someone to help them.(C) They shouldn't delay any longer.(D) They don't have to paint the room again.25. (A) Leave for home.(B) Check the language lab.(C) Buy new locks.(D) Show the man where the lab is.26. (A) In a doctor's office. (B) In an operating room.(C) In a professor's office.(D) In a gymnasium.27. (A) She wanted to exhibit her crafts.(B) She'd rather go somewhere else.(C) She saw the exhibition months ago.(D) she's sorry to have missed the exhibit.28. (A) There's no more work for anyone to do.(B) No one is willing to work with them.(C) The woman knows several people on the committee.(D) The woman should be on the committee herself.29. (A) Watch television.(B) Go for a swim.(C) Make better use of time.(D) Follow the official procedure.30. (A) He'd rather not go to the lecture.(B) He doesn't mind if the woman goes to the lecture.(C) He wants to hear the lecture.(D) He's heard the lecture before.31. (A) Pay several bills.(B) Phone the electric company.(C) Pay less rent.(D) Make fewer telephone calls.32. (A) Wait and take the class next year.(B) Become a musician.(C) Give his presentation without a plan.(D) Discuss the presentation with the professor.33. (A) He's sure the new chef is better.(B) he wonders whether the new chef is an improvement.(C) He hopes the new chef will stay longer than the old one did.(D) He's going to see the new chef tonight.34. (A) Katie doesn't often dance.(B) Katie isn't the person dancing.(C) Katie does indeed dance well.(D) Katie dances better than her friend.35. (A) They would see better from a different row.(B) It isn't hard to see from his seat.(C) He would rather not move from his place.(D) He'll switch places with the woman.36. (A) Energy conservation.(B) Transportation of the future.(C) Strip cities.(D) Advantages of air transportation over railroads.37. (A) A lack of available flights.(B) Long delays at the airport.(C) Boredom on long flights/(D) Long trips to and from airports.38. (A) On short trips.(B) On long trips.(C) When flying over cities.(D) When flying at high altitudes.39. (A) It uses nuclear energy.(B) It rests on a cushion of pressurized air.(C) It flies over magnetically activated tracks.(D) it uses a device similar with engine.40. (A) It is more comfortable than a conventional train.(B) It doesn't require very much track maintenance.(C) It doesn't remain in any station very long.(D) it carries more passengers than a conventional train.41. (A) They are subject to fires.(B) They become less fuel-efficient.(C) They produce too much noise.(D) They have trouble staying on the tracks.42. (A) They don't get rid of flabby arms.(B) They can damage arm muscles.(C) They aren't acceptable to most people.(D) They can raise one's blood pressure.43. (A) By talking to an expert.(B) By reading an article.(C) By attending an exercise class.(D) By listening to the radio.44. (A) Exercising the entire body.(B) Having your blood pressure taken daily.(C) Losing weight prior to exercising.(D) Weighing in before each exercise session.45. (A) Wearing arm weights while you are swimming.(B) Jogging vigorously in one place for a long time.(C) Using bicycles that require you to use both your arms and legs.(D) Walking slowly while swinging your arms back and forth.46. (A) A restaurant host. (B) A tour guide.(C) A history teacher.(D) A park attendant.47. (A) A small restaurant.(B) A revolutionary army.(C) A famous commander.(D) A historic tree.48. (A) It was the oldest one in the park.(B) It was less than a hundred years old.(C) It was much younger than people had thought.(D) It was impossible to determine.49. (A) George Washington was an extremely tall man.(B) Most trees in parks are destroyed by insects.(C) Historical stories are sometimes inaccurate.(D) The Continental Army celebrated a victory in Cambridge.50. (A) Drive around the park.(B) Eat lunch.(C) Plant a small tree.(D) Go to the next city.89-1089年10月TOEFL听力A1. (A) That's today's seat.(B) Let's eat at four today.(C) That's all we'll do today.(D) There were four today.2. (A) Robert crashed into the stop sign near the bank.(B) Robert is going to the bank to get some money.(C) The robbers took a lot of cash from the bank.(D) The bank is closing Robert's account.3. (A) She refuses to shop.(B) The key was left in her shopping bag.(C) Turn left at the store.(D) she's gone to buy some things.4. (A) Don't you need a refill for your pen?(B) Your order for a dozen pencils has been filled.(C) Ben needs another bill from you.(D) Don't you want to get your friend a new pen?5. (A) Professor Stanton's course is very popular.(B) Everyone has taken a class from Professor Stanton.(C) Professor Stanton wants to teach another course.(D) Students are required to enroll in Professor Stanton's class.6. (A) We don't have time to eat dinner.(B) How often does he go out for dinner?(C) Let's meet for dinner one of these days.(D) What time were we supposed to meet for dinner?7. (A) The roof of the dentist's office needed to be fixed.(B) The dentists were both out of the office.(C) Gary talked about the dentist's broken tooth.(D) Why are the lectures held at four o'clock?8. (A) Why are the lectures held at four o'clock?(B) Have you been to one of these lectures before?(C) This lecture is really crowded.(D) I was glad to see you at the lecture.9. (A) Do what is most appropriate for you?(B) You want me to have the best.(C) You are the best person to do it.(D) Think of somebody besides yourself.10. (A) I missed the flight because I hadn't finished packing.(B) They loaded my suitcases on the last plane.(C) The plane was delayed because of my luggage.(D) My baggage will arrive on another flight.11. (A) He didn't meet me at the door.(B) There are still vacant rooms.(C) The story was foolish.(D) He is unhappy with the dormitory.12. (A) Susan suggested that we buy a slide projector.(B) We are the only ones she has shown the slides to.(C) Susan wanted to know whether we owned a slide projector.(D) We were supposed to bring the slide projector with us.13. (A) His study habits are poor.(B) He doesn't have a good place to study.(C) His habit is to study late.(D) He was disappointed with his studies.14. (A) The report has just been typed.(B) The report can be typed now.(C) The report isn't ready to be typed yet.(D) Part of the report is typed.15. (A) No matter what, we'll come for you tomorrow.(B) We may be coming a little late tomorrow.(C) We may come tomorrow or pick another date.(D) If you can't come today, please come tomorrow.16. (A) We should be gone within a month.(B) I want the semester to end now.(C) It takes us a ling time to get to school.(D) The semester ended a month ago.17. (A) You shouldn't have bought so many books.(B) You paid a lot of money for those books.(C) You got a lot of books for your money.(D) You didn't understand the price of the books.18. (A) That isn't a totally new kind of problem.(B) The solution to that problem isn't complete.(C) No one has ever solved that problem.(D) I know nothing about that kind of problem.19. (A) We had to write our compositions over again.(B) We met Professor Keene right after our class.(C) We were supposed to grade our papers in class.(D) We were told to read our essays out loud to our classmates.20. (A) Physics is not a difficult subject.(B) You certainly know a lot about physics.(C) I don't believe you're a physics major.(D) I think your physics homework is wrong.21. (A) She agrees with the man.(B) She doesn't know the book.(C) She likes the book very much.(D) She doesn't know what to do.22. (A) She can go with him this afternoon.(B) She has a lot to do today.(C) She's almost as busy as he is.(D) She might be finished by noon.23. (A) The man should buy a different meal ticket each month.(B) Individuals eat different amounts.(C) Buying the meal ticket won't save the man money.(D) The price of a meal varies from month to month.24. (A) The application isn't available at the office.(B) The woman should mail a copy of her application.(C) The photocopy machine isn't there anymore.(D) The woman can make copies at the post office.25. (A) He's taller than anyone on campus.(B) He's the best actor in the school.(C) He's almost through with the campus tour.(D) He's studying at college to be an actor.。

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案答案见隐藏文字1997.10Question 1-7Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The first national convention of a majorthe National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there.In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups - not only for political conventions, but also forones - in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public", they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by this high social position.1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) led(B) protected(C) tied(D) strengthened2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 5 as an example of a group(A) from Baltimore(B) of learned people(C) owning a hotel(D) holding a convention(A) announcing(B) motivating(C) gathering(D) contracting(A) hotels(B) conventions(C) kinds(D) representatives(A) European inn(B) host(C) community(D) public6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotelkeepers in the United States were(A) active politicians(B) European immigrants(C) professional builders(D) Influential citizens7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in thepassage?(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.(B) Conventions were held in them(C) People used them for both business and pleasure.(D) They were important to the community.Question 8-17Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, andfrom birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible, they are durable, portable, availablein infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes toto many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded as the "small change of civilizations", beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.8. What is the main subject of the passage?(A) Materials used in making beads.(B) How beads are made(C) The reasons for studying beads(D) Different types of beads(A) protected(B) decorated(C) purchased(D) enjoyed(A) ritual(B) importance(C) clothing(D) history11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT(A) durability(B) portability(C) value(D) scarcity.12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touchbeads EXCEPT the(A) shape(B) color(C) material(D) odor(A) communicate(B) transport(C) improve(D) discover(A) carved(B) beautiful(C) ordinary(D) heavy15. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they(A) are small in size(B) have been buried underground(C) have been moved from their original locations(D) are frequently lost16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of thefollowing?(A) Anthropologists(B) Agricultural experts(C) Medical researchers(D) Economists17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance of beads may change?(A) Lines 2-3(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 7-8(D) Lines 12-13.Question 18-31such as use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey,smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to their source of sustenance than are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral motion of its lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposes the seed. The crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips,is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart.Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into and draws out the seed. Using thecombined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks open the woody seedcovering action and swallows the nutritious inner kernel. This whole process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day.more slander and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds fromlarge cones, while small-billed crossbills are at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones. Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best.One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland crossbill. Thiskind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.18. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The importance of conifers in evergreen forests(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill(C) The variety of food available in a forest(D) The different techniques birds use to obtain foodmentioned in line1?(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply(B) White - wing crossbills have evolved from red crossbills(C) Newfoundland's conifers have evolved small cones(D) Several subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species(A) They are examples of birds that live in the forest(B) Their beaks are similar to the beak of the crossbill(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply(D) They are closely related to the crossbill21. Crossbills are a type of(A) shorebird(B) hummingbird(C) kiwi(D) finch22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?(A) （图）(B) （图）(C) （图）(D) （图）(A) seed(B) bird(C) force(D) bill(A) opening(B) flower(C) mouth(D) tree(A) eats(B) breaks(C) finds out(D) gets rid of(A) bills(B) species(C) seeds(D) cones(A) hungry(B) skilled(C) tired(D) pleasant(A) strong(B) colorful(C) unusual(D) sharp29. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?(A) It is larger than the other crossbill species(B) It uses a different technique to obtain food(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source(D) It does not live in evergreen forests.30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of(A) other species of forest birds(B) the fragile ecosystem of Newfoundland(C) what mammals live in the forests of North America(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill31. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removes a seed from itscone?(A) The first paragraph(B) The second paragraph(C) The third paragraph(D) The forth paragraphQuestion 32-38If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names ofMary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison. Mary Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies". She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 - appointed by Benjamin Franklin - and is32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher(B) The weakness of the newspaper industry(C) The rights of a female publisher(D) The publishing system in colonial America33. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because(A) she helped write the original document(B) she published the document(C) she paid to have the document printed(D) her brother was in prison(A) influenced(B) announced(C) rejected(D) ignored35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she(A) was appointed by Benjamin Franklin(B) signed the Declaration of Independence.(C) took over her brother's printing shop(D) moved to Baltimore(A) the colonies(B) the print shop(C) Baltimore(D) Providence37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was(A) an accomplished businesswoman(B) extremely wealthy(C) a member of the Continental Congress(D) a famous writer(A) job(B) election(C) document(D) locationQuestion 39-50Galaxies are building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars together with gas and dust.There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with theinterstellar gas new stars form: as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation of bright young stars and in itsstructure. Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them. The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that of the Sun, these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many subclasses.Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time, the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiaryardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large, too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the distance that light travels in oneyear. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here before the Earth evenformed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still the animal world.(A) intense(B) principal(C) huge(D) unique40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?(A) The Milky Way(B) Major categories of galaxies(C) How elliptical galaxies are formed(D) Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies(A) dust(B) gas(C) pattern(D) galaxy42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to(A) an explosion of gas(B) the compression of gas and dust(C) the combining of old stars(D) strong radio emissions(A) proportionally balanced(B) commonly seen(C) typically large(D) steadily growing(A) discovered(B) apparent(C) understood(D) simplistic45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?(A) They are the largest galaxies.(B) They mostly contain old stars.(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.(D) They have a spherical shape.46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.(B) They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.(C) They are closely related to irregular galaxies.(D) They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.47. What percentage of galaxies are irregular?(A) 10%(B) 25%(C) 50%(D) 75%(A) intervals(B) yardsticks(C) distances(D) galaxies49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the thirdparagraph?(A) To describe the effect that distance has no visibility.(B) To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies.(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth.(D) To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope.(A) threatened(B) replaced(C) were developing in(D) were prevalent in。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 95试题及答案PASSAGE 95Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominantmedium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups. Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range.Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones. Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate(B) How pheromones are produced by insects(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species2. The word "serve" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) improve(B) function(C) begin(D) rely3. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out(A) chemical signals that are common among insects(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals(C) similarities between two chemical substances(D) how insects produce different chemical substances4. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they(A) lose their effectiveness(B) evaporate in the air(C) travel through the air(D) are produced by the body6. According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone may vary when the(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms7. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding8. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.9. The word "They" in line 24 refers to(A) pheromones(B) roles(C) activities(D) insects10. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that(A) also communicate using sight and sound(B) live underground(C) prey on other insects(D) live in organized groupsANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD。

95年10月托福考题95年10月托福考题Section A1. (A) He is unable to start typing.(B) He can’t give the woman his typewriter.(C) He’s run out paper.(D) He doesn’t have any money.2. (A) Susan ate the last piece of pie.(B) He thought the pie was delicious.(C) He went on to buy a pie.(D) He gave Susan a piece of pie.3. (A) He hopes to leave before the woman does.(B) His office is one hour away from his home.(C) He’s certain the lock works.(D) He will leave the office in about an hour.4. (A) She’s not a good skier.(B) She went skiing on Thursday.(C) She won’t be ale to go skiing.(D) She really gets thirsty skiing.5. (A) She will pay him 75 cents to carry the packages.(B) He should stop blocking the doorway.(C) It’s not too far for her to carry the packages.(D) She appreciates his carrying the packages.6. (A) He probably calls his brothers frequently.(B) He should call his brothers more often.(C) He does a lot of travelling.(D) He’s saving money to visit his brothers.7. (A) The battery is not correctly positioned.(B) She doesn’t know how the calculator works.(C) The calculator needs a new battery.(D) The man should enter the numbers in a different order.8. (A) They can get a guidebook in Montreal.(B) It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.(C) He doesn’t mind the cost of a guidebook.(D) It’s no use trying to study on a trip.9. (A) Being hungry.(B) Having a big lunch.(C) The weather.(D) Cooking.10. (A) Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.(B) The man’s place is becoming more expensive.(C) Her apartment is better than the man’s.(D) She wants to see Tom’s mew apartment.11. (A) She doesn’t like to write letters.(B) She is happy to be here with her friends.(C) She likes to mail her letters herself.(D) She has written a lot of letters lately.12. (A) She teaches high school.(B) She wants more ice in her glass.(C) She never misses class.(D) She thinks cold weather is nice.13. (A) The woman should ask someone else for help.(B) He wonders if the woman hears a noise.(C) The can work together the next day.(D) He didn’t hear her questions.14. (A) John is too far away to hear.(B) John is out of money.(C) John hasn’t left yet.(D) John do esn’t hear wel l.15. (A) The guests aren’t thirsty.(B) Water isn’t appropriate for guests.(C) The guests don’t want to serve water.(D) There isn’t enough water.16. (A) The new bookstore is too far away.(B) The store carries all the latest books.(C) There was a bookstore there before.(D) The books in the store are old.17. (A) Reading the paper.(B) Taking a final exam.(C) Helping the librarian.(D) Studying.18. (A) Get another car.(B) Ask someone else to help her.(C) Buy something less expensive.(D) Go to another repair shop.19. (A) Winter is one of her favorite seasons.(B) She packed her winter clothes months ago.(C) She’s happy the season has changed.(D) The warn weather might not last very long.20. (A) His team won the other night.(B) He didn’t go to the game.(C) His team always loses.(D) His team played for the first time.21. (A) He wants to be invited to a card game.(B) He told them what his favorite games are.(C) He doesn’t really enjoy playing cards.(D) He doesn’t know they’re playing with out him.22. (A) The class may not like coffee.(B) The woman’s home is too small.(C) The class won’t be able to find the woman’s home.(D) They don’t have much coffee.23. (A) Flight 213 is preparing to depart.(B) The man will have to stay in New York.(C) The plane cannot land in New York because of bed weather.(D) Three flights were canceled because of snow.24. (A) She forgot to send a gift to Janet.(B) They aren’t obligated to buy a gift.(C) She prefers to go shopping in a store.(D) They should select an inexpensive gift.25. (A) Bob is not usually late.(B) The store’s hours have changed.(C) It’s too late to get to the store.(D) She isn’t sure what time she should meet Bob.26. (A) She doesn’t like coffee anymore.(B) She’s had to eliminate coffee from her diet.(C) She’s already prepared the coffee.(D) She has to take her medicine first.27. (A) Mary shouldn’t have been surprised.(B) The grant shouldn’t have been awarded to Mary.(C) He didn’t realize how intelligent Mary really was.(D) T he grants haven’t been officially announced yet.28. (A) He should leave the umbrella outside the house.(B) She needs to use his umbrella.(C) She left his umbrella in the hallway.(D) He should remove some of the water form his umbrella.29. (A) He shoul dn’t turn his back on boxing.(B) He won’t win.(C) He likes to box.(D) He’s likely to come back in a winner.30. (A) The test was harder than he had anticipated.(B) He never does well in biology.(C) He was lucky to pass the test.(D) Professor Morrison is known for giving hard test. Section B31. (A) His academic advisor.(B) Another student.(C) A ski instructor.(D) The college dean.32. (A) The weather.(B) A vacation.(C) Going skiing.(D) Her studies.33. (A) At the beach.(B) At her job.(C) At a ski resort.(D) At the school library.34. (A) Take a trip to the beach.(B) Go to a ski resort.(C) Study for his exams.(D) Think further about his vacation.35. (A) T o find out if he has the flu.(B) To find out how to maintain a nutritious diet.(C) To find out how to prevent illness.(D) To find out the results of a blood test.36. (A) He gets ill at the same time every year.(B) He doesn’t get enough exercise.(C) He often has difficulty sleeping.(D) He’s sick with influenza throughout the winter.37. (A) He’s unwilling to be immunized.(B) He d oesn’t get enough rest.(C) He forgets to take his medicine.(D) He doesn’t dress warmly enough.38. (A) Physical examinations are given free there.(B) He can get an influenza vaccination there.(C) He’ll be able to get a prescription for medication there.(D) He’ll find literature on nutrition there.Section C39. (A) The central gallery.(B) The store room.(C) The gift shop.(D) The furnace room.40. (A) Seven works of art.(B) The museum grounds.(C) The nineteen frescoes.(D) The foundation.41. (A) The store next door.(B) The central heating.(C) The main part of the museum.(D) A fresco.42. (A) They were more than the museum could afford.(B) They are covered by insurance.(C) They will cause a rise in admission prices.(D) They are not known yet.43. (A) Because of its smell.(B) Because of its eyes.(C) Because of its size.(D) Because of its behavior.44. (A) How sea animals manage to exist.(B) How large sea animals can be.(C) How frightening the squid is.(D) How little is known about the sea.45. (A) Why it is difficult to use aerial photographs in research.(B) Why oceanic research is so limited.(C) How oceanic research has helped land research.(D) How light is used to attract sea life.46. (A) In fossils on land.(B) Resting on the ocean floor.(C) In the nets of fishermen.(D) In written records by early fishermen.47. (A) Television’s effect on the movie industry.(B) The relationships between different media.(C) Radio news as a substitute for newspapers.(D) Many newspaper reporters also work in the radio industry.48. (A) People who listen to the radio also buy newspapers.(B) Radio is a substitute for newspapers in people’s homes.(C) Newspapers discourage people from listening to the radio.(D) Many newspaper reporters also work in the radio industry.49. (A) Movie attendance increased due to advertising on television.(B) Old motion pictures were often broadcast on television.(C) Television had no effect on movie attendance.(D) Movie picture popularity declined.50. (A) T o illustrate another effect of television.(B) To demonstrate the importance of televised sports.(C) To explain why television replaced radio broadcasting.(D) T o provide an example of something motion picturescan’t pr esent.。

托福真题：1996年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题1996年10月托福阅读全真试题Question 1-8When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of theEarth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each madeof a different material. Today, well over a century later, thereis still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet. Most of our knowledge of the Earth's interior comes not from minesor boreholes, but from the study of seismic waves - powerfulpulses of energy released by earthquakes.The way that seismic waves travel shows that the Earth'sinterior is far from uniform. The continents and the seabedare formed by the crust - a thin sphere of relatively light, solid rock. Beneath the crust lies the mantle, a very different layerthat extends approximately halfway to the Earth's center.There the rock is the subject of a battle between increasingheat and growing pressure.In its high levels, the mantle is relatively cool; At greater depths, high temperatures make the rock behave more like aliquid than a solid. Deeper still, the pressure is even more intense, preventing the rock from melting in spite of ahigher temperature.Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a greatchange takes place and the mantle gives way to the core. Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bentby it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude thatthe outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amountsof other elements such as nickel.The conditions in the Earth's core make it a far morealien world than space. Its solid iron heart is subjected tounimaginable pressure and has a temperature of about 9,000oF. Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neitherhumans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.1. The word "conflicting" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) controlling(B) outdated(C) opposing(D) important2. What is today's richest source of information about the Earth's interior for geologists?(A) Boreholes(B) Shells(C) Seismic waves(D) Mines3. The word "There" in line 16 refers to the(A) mantle(B) crust(C) seabed(D) Earth's center.4. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of the Earth's mantle?(A) Light, solid rock(B) Uniformity of composition(C) Dramatically increasing pressure(D) Compressed, incandescent gas5. The phrase "gives way to" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) runs along(B) rubs against(C) turns into(D) floats on6. The word "it" in line 26 refers to(A) mantle(B) core(C) change(D) depth7. Why does the author state in line 30-31 that the Earth's core is "more alien" than space?(A) Government funds are not available to study the Earth's core.(B) Scientists aren't interested in the characteristics of theEarth's core.(C) It is impossible to go to the Earth's core to do research.(D) The Earth's core is made of elements that are dangerous to humans.8. The word "speculate" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) report(B) learn(C) worry(D) hypothesizeQuestion 9-20Despite the road improvements of the turnpike era (1790-1830). Americans continued as in colonial times to depend wherever possible on water routes for travel and transportation. The larger rivers, especially the Mississippi and theOhio, became increasingly useful as steamboats grew innumber and improved in design.River boats carried to New Orleans the corn and othercrops of northwestern farmers, the cotton and tobacco of southwestern planters. From New Orleans, ships took thecargoes on to eastern seaports. Neither the farmers of the west nor the merchants of the east were completely satisfied withthis pattern of trade. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market and merchants could sell larger quantities oftheir manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.New waterways were needed. Sectional jealousies andconstitutional scruples stood in the way of action by the federal government and necessary expenditures were too great forprivate enterprise. If extensive canals were to be dug, the job would be up to the various states.New York was the first to act. It had the natural advantageof a comparatively level route between the Hudson Riverand Lake Erie, through the only break in the entireAppalachian Mounta[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1996年10月托福阅读全真试题in chain. Yet the engineering tasks wereimposing. The distance was more than 350 miles and therewere ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate. The Erie Canal begun in 1817 and completed in1825, was by far the greatest construction job that Americanshad ever undertaken. It quickly proved a financial success aswell. The prosperity of the Erie encouraged the state toenlarge its canal system by building several branches.The range of the New York canal system was still furtherextended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections betweenLake Erie and the Ohio River.9. What does the passage suggest was the principal route for transporting crops to the east prior in 1825?(A) River to road(B) Canal to river(C) River to ocean(D) Road to canal.10.It can be inferred from the passage that shipping cargo east by way of New Orleans was(A) Advantageous for manufactures(B) Inexpensive for merchants(C) Not economical for farmers(D) Considered economical by the government11.The word "alternative" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) option(B) transition(C) intention(D) authorization12.The word "them" in line 9 refers to(A) crops(B) farmers(C) prices(D) merchants13.Which of the following products would a northwestern farmer in the early nineteenth century be most likely to purchase from the east?(A) Grain(B) Vegetables(C) Textiles(D) Fruit.14.According to the passage, where was the Erie Canal located?(A) Between Ohio and Indiana.(B) Along the Appalachian Mountains(C) Between Lake Erie and the Ohio River(D) Across New York State.15.The word "imposing" in line 26 could best be replaced by(A) impractical(B) successful(C) demanding(D) misleading16.The word "penetrate" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) cut down(B) go through(C) fill up(D) take over17.The word "its" in line 32 refers to(A) prosperity(B) Erie(C) System(D) State18.The word "extended" in line 34 is closest in meaning to(A) increased(B) constructed(C) deepened(D) measured19.According to the passage, Indiana and Ohio supported the development of the New York canal system by(A) helping to build the Erie Canal.(B) Building branches to connect it with the Ohio River(C) Providing much of the water for the Erie Canal.(D) Contributing financially to the construction costs20.What does the paragraph following the passage probably discuss?(A) Industry on Lake Erie(B) Canals in Ohio and Indiana(C) Sectional jealousies in Indiana and Ohio(D) Travel on the Erie Canal.Question 21-31Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the CivilWar (1861-1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught ina snowstorm and had to be abandoned. The driver returnedthe next spring to see what had become of his cargo. Insteadof the skeletons he had expected to find, he saw his oxen,living, fat, and healthy. How had they survived?The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americanslands trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes provedbarren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure andbecome nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the West that familiar bluejoint grass was often killed by drought. To raise cattle out there seemed risky or even hopeless.Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rainand somehow made it possible for cattle to feed themselves all winter? But the surprising western wild grasses did just that. They had wonderfully convenient features that made themsuperior to the cultivated eastern grasses. Variously known as buffalo grass, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only werethey immune to drought; but they were actually preserved bythe lack of summer and autumn rains. They were not juicylike the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems. And they did not need to be cured in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground. When they dried in this way,they remained naturally sweet and nourishing through thewinter. Cattle left outdoors to fend for themselves thrived on this hay. And the cattle themselves helped plant the freshgrass year after year for they trampled the natural seedsfirmly into the soil to be watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring. The dry summer air cured them much as sto上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1996年10月托福阅读全真试题ring in a barn cured the cultivated grasses.21.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Western migration after the Civil War(B) The climate of the western United States(C) The raising of cattle.(D) A type of wild vegetation22.What can be inferred by the phrase "Legend has it" in line 1?(A) The story of the train may not be completely factual.(B) Most history books include the story of the train.(C) The driver of the train invented the story.(D) The story of the train is similar to other ones from that time period.23.The word "they" in line 7 refers to(A) plains(B) skeletons(C) oxen(D) Americans24.What can be inferred about the "Great American Desert" mentioned in line 9-10?(A) It was not originally assumed to be a fertile area.(B) Many had settled there by the 1860's.(C) It was a popular place to raise cattle before the Civil War.(D) It was not discovered until the late 1800's.25.The word "barren" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) lonely(B) dangerous(C) uncomfortable(D) infertile.26.The word "preferred" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) ordinary(B) available(C) required(D) favored27.Which of the following can be inferred about the cultivated grass mentioned in the second paragraph?(A) Cattle raised in the western United States refused to eat it.(B) It would probably not grow in the western United States.(C) It had to be imported into the United States.(D) It was difficult for cattle to digest.28.Which of the following was NOT one of the names given to the Western grasses?(A) Grama grass(B) Bluejoint grass(C) Buffalo grass(D) Mesquite grass29.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a characteristic of western grasses?(A) They have tough stems.(B) They are not affected by dry weather.(C) They can be grown indoors.(D) They contain little moisture.30.The word "hard" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) firm(B) severe(C) difficult(D) bitter31.According to the passage, the cattle helped promote the growth of the wild grasses by(A) stepping on and pressing the seeds into the ground(B) naturally fertilizing the soil(C) continually moving from one grazing area to another(D) eating only small quantities of grass.Question 32-44Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North Americawere simple structures that were primarily functional carryingover traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages.During the first half of the eighteenth century, however,houses began to show a new elegance. As wealth increased,more and more colonists built fine houses.Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession inthe colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England. Inventories of coloniallibraries show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most domestic architectureof the first three-quarters of the eighteenth centurydisplays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughoutthe colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whetherthe material was wood, stone, or brick. New England stillfavored wood, though brick houses became common in Bostonand other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus tothe use of more durable material. A few houses in NewEngland were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use ofbrick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained that most popular material evenin houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, evenin closely packed Charleston, wooden houses were much morecommon than brick houses.Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvementsover their predecessors. Windows were made largerand shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the smallleaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were largerand more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled. White paint began to take the place of blues,yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been popular forwalls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisementsfor wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear incolonial newspapers.32.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.(B) A comparison of eig上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1996年10月托福阅读全真试题hteenth-century houses and modern houses.(C) The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.(D) The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.33. What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century North America?(A) More architects arrived in the colonies.(B) The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.(C) Bricks were more readily available.(D) The colonists had more money to spend on housing.34.According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century NorthAmerica?(A) Professional architects(B) Customers(C) Interior decorators(D) Carpenters.35.The passage implies that the rules outlined in architectural manuals were(A) generally ignored(B) legally binding(C) not strictly adhered to(D) only followed by older builders36.The word "divergence" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) description(B) development(C) difference(D) display37.The word "durable" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) expensive(C) refined(D) long-lasting38.Where was stone commonly used to build houses?(A) Virginia(B) Pennsylvania(C) Boston(D) Charleston39.The word "dwellings" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) houses(B) towns(C) outbuildings(D) rural areas40.The word "predecessors" in line 31 refers to(A) colonist who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century.(B) houses constructed before the eighteenth century(C) interior improvements(D) wooden houses in Charleston41.The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in line 35-36 as an example of(A) how the interior design of colonial houses was improved.(B) why walls were made of wood or plaster.(C) How walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century.(D) What kind of wood was used for walls after 1730.42.The word "elaborately" in line 35-36 is closest in meaning to(A) done in great detail(B) put together carefully(C) using many colors(D) reinforced structurally43.What does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?(A) Wallpaper samples appeared in the architectural manuals.(B) Wallpaper was the same color as the wall paints used(C) Patterned wallpaper was not widely used.(D) Wallpaper was not used in stone house.44.Where in the passage does the author give a reason why brick was the preferred material for houses in some urban areas?(A) Lines 9-11(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 17-19(D) Lines 23-24Question 45-50Bloodhounds are biologically adapted to trailing theirprey. The process by which the nose recognizes an odor is notfully understood, but there are apparently specific receptorsites for specific odors. In one explanation, recognition occurs when a scent molecule fits into its corresponding receptor site,like a key into a lock, causing a mechanical or chemical changein the cell. Bloodhounds apparently have denser concentrationsof receptor sites tuned to human scents.When a bloodhound trails a human being, what does itactually smell? The human body, which consists of about 60trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50 million cells a day. So even a trail that has been dispersed by breezesmay still seem rich to a bloodhound. The body also producesabout 31 to 50 ounces of sweat a day. Neither this fluid northe shed skin cells have much odor by themselves, but thebacteria working on both substances is another matter. One microbiologist estimates the resident bacteria population of aclean square centimeter of skin on the human shoulder at"multiples of a million." As they go about their daily business breaking down lipids, or fatty substances, on the skin, these bacteria release volatile substances that usually strike the bloodhound's nose as an entire constellation of distinctivescents.45.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why people choose bloodhounds for household pets(B) How a bloodhound's sense of smell works(C) How humans compensate for an underdeveloped sense of smell(D) The way in which bacteria work on skin cells and body sweat.46.The author compares a scent molecule with a(A) key(B) lock(C) cell(D) bloodhound47.In line 9, the word "it" refers to(A) bloodhound(B) human being(C) smell(D) body48.According to the passage, how many cells of skin does the human body rid itself of every day?(A) 60 trillion(B) 50 million(C) 1 million(D) Between 31 and 5049.In line 13, the word "rich" is used to mean that a trail is(A) paved with precious materials(B) a profitable business to get into(C) a very costly undertaking(D) filled with an abundance o上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1996年10月托福阅读全真试题f clues.50.Which of the following acts as a stimulus in the production of the human scent?(A) Sweat(B) Dead skin cells(C) Bacteria(D) Fatty substances上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。