雅思阅读1

剑桥雅思16test1readng1老烤鸭解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍剑桥雅思16test1reading1 的背景和考试形式II.阅读部分解析- 文章主题：globalization 对于language 的影响- 文章结构：三个主体段落1.全球化对于语言的影响2.语言对于全球化的影响3.全球化与语言相互影响的关系III.答案解析- 问题1：globalization 对于language 的影响- 问题2：语言对于globalization 的影响- 问题3：全球化与语言相互影响的关系IV.总结- 简要总结文章内容和答案解析正文：I.引言剑桥雅思16test1reading1 的考试形式为阅读理解，文章主题为globalization 对于language 的影响。

通过这篇文章，考生可以了解到雅思阅读考试的难度和题型。

II.阅读部分解析文章结构清晰，分为三个主体段落。

1.全球化对于语言的影响这个段落主要讲述了全球化对于语言的影响。

随着全球化的推进，许多国家的语言都受到了影响。

一些小语种逐渐消失，而一些大语种则逐渐成为国际通用语言。

2.语言对于全球化的影响这个段落主要讲述了语言对于全球化的影响。

语言不仅是沟通的工具，也是文化的载体。

不同的语言影响着人们的思想和行为，也影响着全球化的进程。

3.全球化与语言相互影响的关系这个段落主要讲述了全球化与语言相互影响的关系。

全球化与语言之间既有相互促进的作用，也有相互制约的作用。

只有通过语言的交流，全球化才能更好地推进。

III.答案解析问题1：globalization 对于language 的影响答案：随着全球化的推进，许多国家的语言都受到了影响。

一些小语种逐渐消失，而一些大语种则逐渐成为国际通用语言。

问题2：语言对于globalization 的影响答案：语言不仅是沟通的工具，也是文化的载体。

不同的语言影响着人们的思想和行为，也影响着全球化的进程。

问题3：全球化与语言相互影响的关系答案：全球化与语言之间既有相互促进的作用，也有相互制约的作用。

IELTS Reading Practice 1AEaster(复活节) is still a great day for worship, randy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures arc having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.Take the Lower Keys March rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species of cottontail is a great swimmer — it lives on the islands! —but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0. 6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat (栖息地) completely.The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators（捕食者）. As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies arc being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the firs' of these species to go extinct due to climate change. About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (迁徙) to higher ground — but they already occupy the mountaintops. They can't go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat beats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations, such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.BMake Up Your Mind to SucceedKind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyone’s winner.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Here’s how they work:A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic –you’re a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set believes it’s sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, it’s quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible. Because the ego (自尊) isn’t on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. When faced with a difficulty, it’s quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, it enjoys this experience.We are all born with growth mind-sets. (Otherwise, we wouldn’t be able to live in the world.) But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. Dweck’s book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. But she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.。

剑桥雅思真题9-阅读Test 1（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry PerkinThe man who invented synthetic dyesWilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin's curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather's home that solidified the young man's enthusiasm for chemistry.As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's attention and within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family's house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin's scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words 'chance favours only theprepared mind’. Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin's discovery was made.Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world's first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. but perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry. With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London's gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's green. It is important to note that Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to slain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria. Question 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin's ability as a student of chemistry.2. Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.3. Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4. Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.5. The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.6. Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.7. Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.Question 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin's discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?12 In what country did Perkin's newly invented colour first become fashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Is there anybody out there?The search for extra-terrestrial intelligencesThe question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent; civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.A The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity -the same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven't yet discovered.B In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun. And perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.C Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certain^ do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.D An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world's largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network.E There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with 8 superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It's not important, then, if there's a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply. Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph EQuestion 18-20Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.18What is the life expectancy of Earth?19What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?20How many stars are the world's most powerful radio telescopes searching?Question 21-26Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21. Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.22. SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.23. The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.24. So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.25. The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.26. If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The history of the tortoiseIf you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood andcellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don't even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Paiaeockersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it's obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the 'wet cluster’ of sea turtle and the 'dry cluster* of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today's land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptilesand birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.Question 27-30Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?28Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto land?29Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?30Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?Question 31-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this31. Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.32. It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.33. The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains. Question 34-39Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come fromQuestion 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is thatA. they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.B. their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.C. they have so much in common with sea turtles.D. they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.参考答案1 FALSE2 NOT GIVEN3 FALSE4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 NOT GIVEN8 (the / only) rich9 commercial (possibilities)10 mauve (was/is)11 (Robert) Pullar12 (in) France13 malaria (is)14 iv15 vii16 i17 ii18 several billion years19 radio (waves/signals)20 1000(stars)21 YES22 YES23 NOT GIVEN24 NO25 NOT GIVEN26 NO27 plants28 (IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK) breathing; reproduction29 gills30 dolphins31 NOT GIVEN32 FALSE33 TRUE34 3 measurements35 (triangular) graph36 cluster37 amphibious38 half way39 dry-land tortoises40 D。

剑桥雅思16test1readng1老烤鸭解析
摘要：
1.剑桥雅思16test1 阅读1 的文章概述
2.老烤鸭的解析方法
3.文章的结构和主旨
4.文章中的细节理解和分析
5.老烤鸭解析的优点和适用范围
正文：
剑桥雅思16test1 阅读1 的文章概述：
这篇文章主要讲述了在动物世界中，不同种类的鸟类如何通过各种各样的方式来保护自己免受天敌的侵害。

文章通过列举不同鸟类的保护机制，来探讨动物界的生存法则。

老烤鸭的解析方法：
老烤鸭是一种肉质鲜美、营养丰富的禽类，因此备受人们的喜爱。

然而，烤鸭的烹饪方法却十分讲究，需要经过一系列的加工和烹饪才能达到美味的效果。

在这篇文章中，作者详细介绍了老烤鸭的解析方法，包括鸭子的选择、调料的配制、烤制的技巧等。

文章的结构和主旨：
文章采用了总分总的结构，首先介绍了鸟类保护自己的方式，然后分别列举了不同鸟类的保护机制，最后总结了动物界的生存法则。

文章的主旨是探讨动物界的生存法则，以及不同鸟类如何通过各种各样的方式来保护自己。

文章中的细节理解和分析：
文章中列举了多种鸟类的保护机制，比如，有些鸟类会在树上筑巢，以避免地面的天敌；有些鸟类会改变自己的羽毛颜色，以融入周围的环境；还有些鸟类会发出警告声，以通知同伴有危险。

这些细节描述展示了鸟类生存的智慧和适应能力。

老烤鸭解析的优点和适用范围：
老烤鸭的解析方法具有操作简单、效果显著等优点，适用于各种场合。

无论是家庭聚餐，还是朋友聚会，或是商务宴请，老烤鸭都能成为一道受欢迎的菜肴。

The Triumph of UnreasonA.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.D.In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activityin other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.G.Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.H.People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con”side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.Questions 1-6Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer inReading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximum utility from any situation.3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.4. The more active the nucleus accumens was, the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain, people tended to purchase coffee. Questions 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.8. The word “miserliness”in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.A. people's behavior of buying luxurious goodsB. people's behavior of buying very special itemsC. people's behavior of being very mean in shoppingD. people's behavior of being very generous in shopping9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which testA. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in waysthat seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.Questions 10-13Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is decidingthings to buy, George Loewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. They found that differentparts of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in 10 was greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. Thegreat activity was found in the insular cortex when 11 and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the medial prefrontal cortex seemed to associate with both 12 informaiton. What interested Dr Loewenstein was the 13 of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the brain.Don't wash those fossils!Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.1. Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils-all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike-vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.2. Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt andall, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences today.3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this isthe best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geiglof the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagueshave now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the peoplewho are actually out in the field digging up bones.4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, calledan aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection,or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.5. The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones allfailed. The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA.6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. "As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says.7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains.8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones. "Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl.9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says.11. P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems. "When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says.12. This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case.13. Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth, or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.15. Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl.And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.GlossaryPalaeontologists古生物学家Aurochs欧洲野牛Neanderthal(人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类Permafrost(地理)永冻层Questions 1-6Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. How did people traditionally treat fossils?2. What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found?3. What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.4. What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?5. What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?6. The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many of them are mentioned?Questions 7-11Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writer FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage7. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA.8. The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.9. Geneticists don't have to work on site.10. Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.11. Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way.Questions 12-13Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.12. “This information” in paragraph 3 indicates:[A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preservingancient DNA.[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.13. The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered DNA.[C] the pace at which DNA degrades. the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.Why did a promising heart drug fail?Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of ‘good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. "There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. "This cancellation came as a complete shock."4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones.Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the ‘bad' low-density lipoproteins.5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. "You're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway," says Kashyap.7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. "The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL," says Michael Miller, director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.Questions 1-7This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. How does torcetrapib work?ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trialiii. One failure may possibly bring about future successiv. The failure doesn't lead to total loss of confidencev. It is the right route to followvi. Why it's stoppedvii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result viii. What's wrong with the drugix. It might be wrong at the first placeExample answerParagraph 1 iv1. Paragraph 22. Paragraph 33. Paragraph 44. Paragraph 55. Paragraph 66. Paragraph 7Questions 8-14Match torcetrapib，HDLs，statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-14)..Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.8.It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.9.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.10.Researchers are yet to find more about it.11. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.12. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it's blocked.13. It produced contradictory results in different trials.14. It could inhibit LDLs.List of choicesA. TorcetrapicB. HDLSC. StatinD. CETP。

剑桥雅思16test1readng1老烤鸭解析（最新版）目录1.雅思阅读考试的基本信息2.剑桥雅思 16test1reading1 的文章概述3.文章的主题和结构4.文章中的重要细节5.老烤鸭的解析和建议正文一、雅思阅读考试的基本信息雅思阅读考试是雅思考试的四个部分之一，考试时间为 60 分钟，共有 3 篇文章，每篇文章包含 2-3 个问题。

考试目的是评估考生在阅读英语文章时的理解能力，包括阅读速度、理解准确性和词汇量等方面。

二、剑桥雅思 16test1reading1 的文章概述剑桥雅思 16test1reading1 的文章是一篇关于澳大利亚北部水域海洋生物的研究报告，主要研究了一种名为“珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼”的鱼类。

文章介绍了这种鱼类的生活习性、生存环境以及对其生存环境的影响等方面的信息。

三、文章的主题和结构文章的主题是关于珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼的研究，结构上分为三个部分：第一部分介绍了珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼的基本信息和生存环境；第二部分详细描述了珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼的生活习性和对其生存环境的影响；第三部分讨论了研究结果的意义和对保护海洋生物多样性的启示。

四、文章中的重要细节文章中提到了珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼的一些重要特征，如它们生活在澳大利亚北部水域的珊瑚礁区，是一种濒危物种，其生存环境受到气候变化和人类活动的影响。

文章还提到了研究者对珊瑚裸尾蝠鲼生活习性的观察结果，如它们白天通常躲在珊瑚礁中，晚上出来活动，主要以浮游生物为食。

五、老烤鸭的解析和建议老烤鸭认为，要想在雅思阅读考试中取得好成绩，首先要提高阅读速度和理解能力。

在阅读文章时，要抓住文章的主题和结构，重点关注文章中的重要细节。

此外，还要注意练习做题技巧，如快速定位答案和排除干扰选项等。

剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 1（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S PLAYBrick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.'Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.'Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,' he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 'earlier is better' which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies concerned with children's right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.'The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable - but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.' Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child's later life.Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.'A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes -it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.'In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliarset-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.' If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.'Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.' Children wrote longer and better structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.'Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.'* Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that can be joined together Questions 1-8Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the information,NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.10 The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.11 Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls' writing more than boys' writing.12 Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.13 People nowadays regard children's play as less significant than they did in the past.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the worldHow Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to devise urban bike-sharing schemesA The original idea for an urban bike-sharing scheme dates back to a summer's day in Amsterdam in 1965. Provo, the organisation that came up with the idea, was a group of Dutch activists who wanted to change society. They believed the scheme, which was known as the Witte Fietsenplan, was an answer to the perceived threats of air pollution and consumerism. In the centre of Amsterdam, they painted a small number of used bikes white. They also distributed leaflets describing the dangers of cars and inviting people to use the white bikes. The bikes were then left unlocked at various locations around the city, to be used by anyone in need of transport.B Luud Schimmelpennink, a Dutch industrial engineer who still lives and cycles in Amsterdam, was heavily involved in the original scheme. He recalls how the scheme succeeded in attracting a great deal of attention - particularly when it came to publicising Provo's aims - but struggled to get off the ground. The police were opposed to Provo's initiatives and almost as soon as the white bikes were distributed around the city, they removed them. However, for Schimmelpennink and for bike-sharing schemes in general, this was just the beginning. 'The first Witte Fietsenplan was just a symbolic thing,' he says. 'We painted a few bikes white, that was all. Things got more serious when I became a member of the Amsterdam city council two years later.'C Schimmelpennink seized this opportunity to present a more elaborate Witte Fietsenplan to the city council. 'My idea was that the municipality of Amsterdam would distribute 10,000 white bikes over the city, for everyone to use,' he explains.' I made serious calculations. It turned out that a white bicycle -per person, per kilometre -would cost the municipality only 10% of what it contributed to public transport per person per kilometre.' Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected the plan. 'They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They saw a glorious future for the car,' says Schimmelpennink. But he was not in the least discouraged.D Schimmelpennink never stopped believing in bike-sharing, and in the mid-90s, two Danes asked for his help to set up a system in Copenhagen. The result was the world's first large-scale bike-share programme. It worked on a deposit: 'You dropped a coin in the bike and when you returned it, you got your money back.' After setting up the Danish system, Schimmelpennink decided to try his luck again in the Netherlands -and this time he succeeded in arousing the interest of the Dutch Ministry of Transport. 'Times had changed,' he recalls. 'People had become more environmentally conscious, and the Danish experiment had proved that bike-sharing was areal possibility.' A new Witte Fietsenplan was launched in 1999 in Amsterdam. However, riding a white bike was no longer free; it cost one guilder per trip and payment was made with a chip card developed by the Dutch bank Postbank. Schimmelpennink designed conspicuous, sturdy white bikes locked in special racks which could be opened with the chip card - the plan started with 250 bikes, distributed over five stations.E Theo Molenaar, who was a system designer for the project, worked alongside Schimmelpennink. 'I remember when we were testing the bike racks, he announced that he had already designed better ones. But of course, we had to go through with the ones we had.' The system, however, was prone to vandalism and theft. 'After every weekend there would always be a couple of bikes missing,' Molenaar says. 'I really have no idea what people did with them, because they could instantly be recognised as white bikes.' But the biggest blow came when Postbank decided to abolish the chip card, because it wasn't profitable. 'That chip card was pivotal to the system,' Molenaar says. 'To continue the project we would have needed to set up another system, but the business partner had lost interest.'F Schimmelpennink was disappointed, but - characteristically - not for long. In 2002 he got a call from the French advertising corporation JC Decaux, who wanted to set up his bike-sharing scheme in Vienna. 'That went really well. After Vienna, they set up a system in Lyon. Then in 2007, Paris followed. That was a decisive moment in the history of bike-sharing.' The huge and unexpected success of the Parisian bike-sharing programme, which now boasts more than 20,000 bicycles, inspired cities all over the world to set up their own schemes, all modelled on Schimmelpennink's. 'It's wonderful that this happened,' he says. 'But financially I didn't really benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent.'G In Amsterdam today 38% of all trips are made by bike and, along with Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two most cycle-friendly capitals in the world -but the city never got another Witte Fietsenplan. Molenaar believes this may be because everybody in Amsterdam already has a bike. Schimmelpennink, however, cannot see that this changes Amsterdam's need for a bike-sharing scheme. 'People who travel on the underground don't carry their bikes around. But often they need additional transport to reach their final destination.' Although he thinks it is strange that a city like Amsterdam does not have a successful bike-sharing scheme, he is optimistic about the future. 'In the '60s we didn't stand a chance because people were prepared to give their lives to keep cars in the city. But that mentality has totally changed. Today everybody longs for cities that are not dominated by cars.'Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a description of how people misused a bike-sharing scheme15 an explanation of why a proposed bike-sharing scheme was turned down16 a reference to a person being unable to profit from their work17 an explanation of the potential savings a bike-sharing scheme would bring18 a reference to the problems a bike-sharing scheme was intended to solveQuestions 19 and 20Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 19 and 20 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about the Amsterdam bike-sharing scheme of 1999?A It was initially opposed by a government department.B It failed when a partner in the scheme withdrew support.C It aimed to be more successful than the Copenhagen scheme.D It was made possible by a change in people's attitudes.E It attracted interest from a range of bike designers.Questions 21 and 22Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about Amsterdam today?A The majority of residents would like to prevent all cars from entering the city.B There is little likelihood of the city having another bike-sharing scheme.C More trips in the city are made by bike than by any other form of transport.D A bike-sharing scheme would benefit residents who use public transport.E The city has a reputation as a place that welcomes cyclists.Questions 23-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.The first urban bike-sharing schemeThe first bike-sharing scheme was the idea of the Dutch group Provo. The people who belonged to this group were 23 ________ . They were concerned about damage to the environment and about 24 ________, and believed that the bike-sharing scheme would draw attention to these issues. As well as painting some bikes white, they handed out 25 ________ that condemned the use of cars.However, the scheme was not a great success: almost as quickly as Provo left the bikes around the city, the 26 ________ took them away. According to Schimmelpennink, the scheme was intended to be symbolic. The idea was to get people thinking about the issues.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Motivational factors and the hospitality industryA critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing and maintaining superior performance from their employees. How is that accomplished? What Human Resource Management (HRM) practices should organizations invest in to acquire and retain great employees?Some hotels aim to provide superior working conditions for their employees. The idea originated from workplaces -usually in the non-service sector -that emphasized fun and enjoyment as part of work-life balance. By contrast, the service sector, and more specifically hotels, has traditionally not extended these practices to address basic employee needs, such as good working conditions.Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business environment,organizations must make investment in Human Resource Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills and capabilities than their competitors. This investment will be to their competitive advantage. Despite this recognition of the importance of employee development, the hospitality industry has historically been dominated by underdeveloped HR practices (Lucas, 2002).Lucas also points out that 'the substance of HRM practices does not appear to be designed to foster constructive relations with employees or to represent a managerial approach that enables developing and drawing out the full potential of people, even though employees may be broadly satisfied with many aspects of their work' (Lucas, 2002). In addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry. Among the many cited reasons are low compensation, inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et al., 2008).Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers provide recognition to employees, motivate employees to work together, and remove obstacles preventing effective performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al. (2013): '[P]roviding support to employees gives them the confidence to perform their jobs better and the motivation to stay with the organization.' Hospitality organizations can therefore enhance employee motivation and retention through the development and improvement of their working conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to the working environment.While it seems likely that employees' reactions to their job characteristics could be affected by a predisposition to view their work environment negatively, no evidence exists to support this hypothesis (Spector et al., 2000). However, given the opportunity, many people will find something to complain about in relation to their workplace (Poulston, 2009). There is a strong link between the perceptions of employees and particular factors of their work environment that are separate from the work itself, including company policies, salary and vacations.Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel market, where high-quality service, requiring a sophisticated approach to HRM, is recognized as a critical source of competitive advantage (Maroudas et al., 2008). In a real sense, the services of hotel employees represent their industry (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This representation has commonly been limited to guest experiences. This suggests that there has been a dichotomy between the guest environment provided in luxury hotels and the working conditions of their employees.It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM practices that enable them to inspire and retain competent employees. This requires an understanding of what motivates employees at different levels of management and different stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies that it is beneficial for hotel managers to understand what practices are most favorable to increase employee satisfaction and retention.Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of needs, the first being extrinsic motivation factors relating to the context in which work is performed, rather than the work itself. These include working conditions and job security. When these factors are unfavorable, job dissatisfaction may result. Significantly, though, just fulfilling these needs does not result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008).Employees also have intrinsic motivation needs or motivators, which include such factors as achievement and recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may ideally result in job satisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008). Herzberg's (1966) theory discusses the need for a 'balance' ofthese two types of needs.The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been explored. For example, Tews, Michel and Stafford (2013) conducted a study focusing on staff from a chain of themed restaurants in the United States. It was found that fun activities had a favorable impact on performance and manager support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover. Their findings support the view that fun may indeed have a beneficial effect, but the framing of that fun must be carefully aligned with both organizational goals and employee characteristics. 'Managers must learn how to achieve the delicate balance of allowing employees the freedom to enjoy themselves at work while simultaneously maintaining high levels of performance' (Tews et al., 2013).Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be adopted at the organizational level to retain good staff as well as assist in balancing work and family life. Those particularly appropriate to the hospitality industry include allowing adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that involve families, and providing health and well-being opportunities. Questions 27-31Look at the following statements (Questions 27-31) and the fist of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.28 The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn't move to a different employer.29 Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.30 Staff are less likely to change jobs if co-operation is encouraged.Questions 32-35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 One reason for high staff turnover in the hospitality industry is poor morale.33 Research has shown that staff have a tendency to dislike their workplace.34 An improvement in working conditions and job security makes staff satisfied with theirjobs.35 Staff should be allowed to choose when they take breaks during the working day. Questions 36-40Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.Fun at workTews, Michel and Stafford carried out research on staff in an American chain of 36 ________.They discovered that activities designed for staff to have fun improved their 37 ________, and that management involvement led to lower staff 38 ________. They also found that the activities needed to fit with both the company's 39 ________ and the 40 ________ of the staff. A balance was required between a degree of freedom and maintaining work standards.参考答案1 creativity2 rules3 cities4&5 IN EITHER ORDERtrafficcrime6 competition7 evidence8 life9 TRUE10 TRUE11 NOT GIVEN12 FALSE13 TRUE14 E15 C16 F17 C18 A19&20 IN EITHER ORDERBD21&22 IN EITHER ORDERDE23 activists24 consumerism25 leaflets26 police27 E28 D29 B30 D31 C32 YES33 NO34 NO35 NOT GIVEN36 restaurants37 performance38 turnover39 goals40 characteristics。

剑桥雅思12test1passage1阅读原文翻译摘要：1.了解睡眠的重要性2.分析现代社会睡眠质量下降的原因3.介绍睡眠研究领域的最新发现4.探讨改善睡眠质量的方法5.总结睡眠对个人和社会的重要性正文：睡眠是我们生活中不可或缺的一部分，它对身心健康具有重要意义。

然而，在快节奏的现代社会，越来越多的人面临着睡眠质量下降的问题。

本文将分析睡眠质量下降的原因，介绍睡眠研究领域的最新发现，并探讨改善睡眠质量的方法。

首先，了解睡眠的重要性是至关重要的。

睡眠不仅有助于身体恢复，还能巩固记忆、提高学习能力。

缺乏睡眠会导致注意力不集中、情绪波动、免疫力下降等问题，长期下去甚至可能导致心血管疾病、糖尿病等慢性疾病。

其次，现代社会睡眠质量下降的原因有以下几点：1.工作压力和生活节奏加快，导致人们晚睡早起；2.电子产品的普及，使人们在睡前过度刺激大脑，影响入睡；3.环境污染、噪音等因素，使睡眠环境恶化；4.饮食不规律，摄入过多咖啡因等刺激性物质。

在睡眠研究领域，科学家们不断取得突破性成果。

例如，他们发现睡前适当运动可以提高睡眠质量，因为运动可以消耗多余的能量，使大脑放松，更容易入睡。

此外，保持规律的作息时间、营造舒适的睡眠环境、避免临睡前过度用脑等措施也有助于改善睡眠质量。

最后，睡眠对个人和社会的重要性不容忽视。

良好的睡眠可以提高工作效率、增进人际关系、降低医疗成本等。

因此，我们每个人都应该关注自己的睡眠质量，养成良好的作息习惯，为自己创造一个良好的睡眠环境。

总之，睡眠质量下降已成为现代社会的一个突出问题。

通过了解睡眠的重要性、分析原因以及采取相应的改善措施，我们可以提高睡眠质量，从而提高生活质量。

UNIT 1 EducationEducati on over the past 100 yearsA The education of our young people is one of the most important aspects （方面）of anycom mun ity, and ideas about what and how to teach reflect the accepted attitudes and un spoke n beliefs of society. These ideas cha nge as local customs and attitudes cha nge, and these cha nges are reflected in the curriculum [k?'rikj ?l ?m]（课程）,teachi ng and assessme nt [?'sesm? nt]（评价）methods and the expectati ons of how both stude nts and teachers should behave.B Teach ing in the late 1800s and early 1900s was very differe nt from today. Rules for teachersat the time in the USA covered both the teacher ' s duties andthektcon行为）out ofclass as well. Teacher at that time were expected to set a good example to their pupils and to behave in a very virtuous [ v?t?u?s]'（有道德的）and proper manner. Women teachers should not marry, nor should they‘ keep company with men. ' They had to wear long dresses and no bright colours and they were not permitted to dye （染色）their hair. They were not allowed to loiter [ l?it?]（闲荡）dow ntow n in an ice cream store, and wome n were n ot allowed to go out in the eve nings uni ess to a school function, although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfrie nds out if they went to church regularly. No teachers were allowed to drink alcohol. They were allowed to read only good books such as the Bible, and they were give n a pay in crease of 25c （25 cen ts） a week after five years of work for the local school.C As well as this long list of ‘ dos'该做与不该做bn）：tesdhers had certain duties to perform each day .In country schools, teachers were required to keep the coal bucket full for the classroom fire, and to bring a bucket of water each day for the childre n to drink. They had to make the pens for their students to write with and to sweep （打扫）the floor and keep the classroom tidy. However, despite this list of duties, little was stipulated [ stipjuletid]（规定）about the content of the teach ing, nor about assessme nt methods.D Teachers would have been expected to teach the three ‘ r-feading, writing and arithmetic [? r ri ®k]ri?算术），and to teach the children about Christianity [,kristi ?n ?ti]（基督教精神）’and read from the Bible every day. Education in those days was much simpler than it is today and covered basic literacy [ lit ?r?si]'（读写能力）skills and religious education. They would almost certainly have used corporal[ k?rp?r?l] punishment （体罚）such as a stick or the strap [str?p]（皮条）on naughty or unruly children, and the children would have sat together in pairs in long rows in the classroom. They would have bee n expected to sit quietly and to do their work, copy ing long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums （算术题）.Farm ing childre n in country areas wouldhave had only a few years of schooli ng and would probably have left school at 12 or 14 years of age to join their pare nts in farm work.E Compare this with a country school in the USA today! If you visited today, you would see the children sitting in groups round large tables, or even on the floor. They would be working together on a range of different activities, and there would almost certainly be one or more computers in the classroom. Childre n no wadays are allowed and even expected to talk quietly to each other while they work, and they are also expected to ask their teachers questions and to actively en gage in （参力口finding out in formatio n for themselves, in stead of just liste ning to the teacher.F There are no rules of con duct for teachers out of the classroom, and they are not expected toperform caretaking (照顾学生)duties such as cleaning the classroom or making pens, but nevertheless(虽然如口此)their jobs are much harder than they were in the 1900s. Teachers today are expected to work hard on planningtheir lessons, to teach creatively and to stimulate [stimj?'let](激励)childre n ' s min ds, and there are strict proto((o条款)about assessme nt acrossthe whole of the USA. Corporal puni shme nt is illegal, and any teacher who hit a child would be dismissed (开除)in sta ntly. Ano ther big differe nee is that most state schools in wester n coun tries are secular [ sekj?l?](现世的),so religious teaching is not part of the curriculum.G These cha nges in educatio nal methods and ideas reflect cha nges in our society in gen eral. Childre n in wester n coun tries no wadays come from all part of the globe and they bring differe nt cultures, religi ons and beliefs to the classroom. It is no Ion ger con sidered acceptable or appropriate [ ?'pr?upri?t](合适的)for state schools to teach about religious beliefs. Ideas about the value and purpose of education have also changed and with the increasing sophistication [s?,fisti kei?n](复杂)of workplaces and life skills needed for a successful career, the curriculum has also expanded to try to prepare children for the challenges of a diverse [dai v?s](多种多样的) work ing com mun ity. It will be in terest ing to see how these cha nges con ti nue into the future as our society and culture grows and develops.4. _ Teach ing content in the past___ Teaching in the prese nt___ Rules for teachers in the past___ The importa nee of educati onal beliefs___ Chan ges in teach ing and in society___ Teachings duties in the past___ Rules for teachers in the prese ntD E B A G C F5. (1) ___ Stude nts as Classroom Researchers(2) ____ In creas ing Teacher Expectatio ns(3) ____ Teachers as School Clea ners(4) ____ Educatio n as Preparati on for Worki ng Life(5) ____ Teach ing as a Mirror of Societal Beliefs(6) ____ Expectati ons of Early Teachers(7) ____ A Basic CurriculumE F C G A B D(8) In the early 1900s wome n teachers were:A allowed to get married after five yearsB not allowed to read the Bible at schoolC allowed to go to school eventsD allowed to wear colorful dresses(9) In the early 1900s teachers did not have to :A sweep the floor and fill the coal bucketB ask the stude nts to do group workC teach read ing ,writ ing and arithmeticD teach about the Bible and Christia nity(10) In the early 1900s ,the childre n:A sat in order and were not allowed to speak in classB were not smacked if they were n aughtyC stayed at school un til they were at least 15D lear ned how to speak a foreig n Ian guage(11) Nowadays ,childre n:A must sit quietly and work by themselvesB have access to computersC may not ask the teacher questio nsD must do research after school ,not in school timeC B A B(12) Nowadays ,teachers :A must pla n their classes carefullyB have strict assessme nt pla ns to followC may smack n aughty childre nD teach childre n to thi nk for themselvesE in sist on sile nee in the classroomF may not smoke after work hoursG may not teach about religi on in state schoolsa b d gEducati onal ideas and methods gen erally ____ the way people think in any society .People 'attitudes to what is importa nt can in flue nee the expectatio ns of teachers' behavior in a community .For example , in the 1900' ,teachers had to _______________________________ according to a set of strictrules ,and there were many things they were not ________________ to do , such as drinkalcohol .Nowadays ,the __________ of teachers outside the classroom is not consideredimportant ,because ideas have changed. In the 1900s there was a list of caretaking _________ forteachers ,but nowadays this does not happen 」deas about discipline have also cha nged . puni shme nt was a com mon form of discipli ne in the past ,but this is _________________________________now.Reflect behave permitted con duct duties Corporal illegal(20) The writer ' main idea is that: dA educati on is very importa nt for young peopleB ideas about educati on cha nge all the timeC society cha nges as educati onal ideas cha ngeD educati onal ideas cha nge as our society cha nges6. ________ A . i s a key part of effective educ ati on ‘because stude nts and teachers n eed to know whatSeati ng arran geme ntshas bee n lear ned and un derstood .B. ______ The best schools have high _________ of the students' achievement」n theseschools ,stude nts ,teachers and pare nts share a similar ___ to the importa nee of hard work andstudy ,and all _____ of educati on are valued .C Changes in lifestyle ,such ans bigger houses and more car ownership , ________________ the developme nt of our economy .D In modern schools , _________ a ctivities such as free writing are encouraged ,and there is a____________ which offers a ______ of subject choices to meet the n eeds and in terests of each pupil .There is an in creas ing level of ____________ in the curriculum to meet the n eeds of the workplace .E Stude nts who _______ i n school activities gen erally do better tha n those who are notin terested .F In most schools ,smok ing is not ______ on the gro unds .G ________ skills such as readi ng and writi ng are an importa nt ____ f or success in life .H This IELTS readi ng book n eeds to in clude _______ readi ng passage which are similar tothose found in the read ing test . Writers n eed to ____ len gth ,topic and writi ng style .Assessme ntexpectati ons ,attitude ,aspectsreflectCreative ,diverse curriculum ,range ,sophisticati on .ParticipateLiteracy,basisAppropriate ,con sidercatio n importa nt aspect of societyIdeas cha nges as _______ cha ngesChan ges affect -curriculum ,teach ing and assessme nt-expectati ons of ____ and _______Rules for teachers in 1900s -duties and______Con duct -set a good _____ t o stude ntsExample : Wome n could not ___________Clothes rules: _____________Social life: ___________Reading: ____________Duties-had to ________________________Subject-readi ng , _______ , _________ , ________Pun ishme nt ______________________________Seati ng arran geme nts : pairs , seats in ______Teachi ng style: sit ____________________________Teachi ng style ____________________________Rules for teachers ____________________________May not teach religi onMay not _______ childre nEducati on in the 2000s is to help childre n with the ____ for worki ng life答案：societyTeachers stude ntsRules for teachers in 1900s con ductExampleSmoke ,dri nk alcohol ,get marriedLong dresses ,no bright colors ,no hair dyeon ly school related events ,no visit ing menThe Bible and good books onlyKeep the coal bucket full ,bring water for children ,sharpen pens ,sweep floor ,keep classroom tidy 1900s -teach ing -strict and in flexibleWriti ng ,arithmetic ,BibleCorporal -hit with stick or strapRowsQuietly ,copy from the board2000s - teach ing -looser and more flexibleGroupsCreative ,do research ,ask questi ons ,work togetherNo rules about con duct outside classroomSmack or hitSkills9.Word option 1 opti on 2 opti on 3 part ofspeech Virtuous strict well behaved tidy adj.Keep compa ny go out with talk tostart a bus in esswithv.Loiter talk to people eat food in public stay for a while v.Fun cti on use meet ing lesso n n.Stipulated required needed discussed v.(p.p.) Corporal army physical severe adj. Un ruly pretty badly behaved young adj. Protocols ideas nu mbers rules n(pl)Illegal sick aga inst the law n aughty adj Secular in cities not religious gover nment fundedadj。

【雅思真题】剑6Test1阅读Passage1真题及解析READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based onReading Passage 1 below.AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sportsteams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seemingease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensivenetwork of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At theAustralian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live andtrain under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousandsof sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilitiesand nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs morethan 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - toothers, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians whodesign instruments to collect data from athletes. They allfocus on one aim: winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at etherealscientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exactangle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is onindividuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second’s here , an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. Itthe tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. Todemonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype ofa 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a championswimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses howher spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason's contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimmingANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collectsimages from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down eachpart of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually-stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity,start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits outdata on each swimmerD ‘Take a look,' says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the dataon the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one whofinished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of asecond down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the otherguy,' says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better ’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists' research is bringing to arange of sports.With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne,they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete'sclothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or anyother factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives theexample of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times ayear. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in NewSouth Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-systemprotein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fallbelow a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgAlevels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests wereintroduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful atstaying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sportsscientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times.‘You design the model to make that time,' says Mason.‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequencyand stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is thengeared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and foreach segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australiainto arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.F Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes.At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happenedto the ‘altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training atsea level. But Australia's success story is about morethan easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicatedits all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an eventQuestions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their rivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8cameras9sensors10protein tests11altitude tentsQuestions 12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?13 By how much did some cyclists' performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games? READING PASSAGE 真1解析：篇章构体裁明文主澳大利的体育成就构 A 段：澳大利体育成斐然 B 段：科技是第一生力C段：精确量和数据分析 D 段：精确量和数据分析的例E 段：数据的用F 段：不可复制的成功必背A 段fair adj.合理的 pro n. 运demolish v.；破坏，坏under the eye of在⋯⋯的注意下rival n.争者，手 body n.体，机构seeming adj.表面上的 ( 通常事并非如此 ) finance v.⋯⋯提供ease n. 不力，松 excellence n.秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的intensive adj.化的underpin v.以⋯⋯固基nutritional adj.养的B 段centre stage中心地位 squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作 instrument n.器，器械golfer n.打高夫球的人 ethereal adj.渺的，引申不切的C段come down to(sth.)可 wire-frame adj.框的second-by-second每秒的 slice v.划开；切开output n.出 slow motion慢作wring ⋯out of 原扭，榨取，此引申从⋯⋯中( 努力 ) 得 side-on从面stroke n.划，划水tweak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.世瞩目的 swivel v.旋prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力 ( 学 ) 的profile n.原廓、外形，此意模型velocity n.速度，速率lap n. 一圈budding adj.展中的 spit out原是吐出，此引申示出、分析出frame n.，画面D段turn time身 immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不眼的，不醒目的present adj.存在的sensor n.感器 saliva n.唾液embed v. 使插入；使嵌入 ease v.减，减弱sweat v.出汗，汗remarkably adv.著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.，immune-system免疫系的E段complex adj.复的transform v.，，改championship n.冠arguably adv.可地(可地)，有理由地gear v.整，(使)适合segment n. 部分F 段unveil v.展示(新品)；揭开altitude tent高原篷coolant-lined流型散replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低句解析1. A lot of their work comes down to measurement—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.参考文：多工作都涉及具体量，量内容包括从游泳运潜水的精确角度到自行运每秒功率出的所有数据。