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2024年高一英语物理学概念单选题40题1.The unit of force is _____.A.kgB.m/sC.ND.J答案：C。
A 选项“kg”是千克，是质量的单位；B 选项“m/s”是米每秒，是速度的单位；C 选项“N”是牛顿，是力的单位；D 选项“J”是焦耳，是能量的单位。
2.The symbol for acceleration is _____.A.vB.aC.tD.s答案：B。
A 选项“v”通常表示速度；B 选项“a”是加速度的符号；C 选项“t”通常表示时间；D 选项“s”通常表示位移。
3.The physical quantity that represents the amount of matter in an object is _____.A.forceB.massC.velocityD.acceleration答案：B。
A 选项“force”是力；B 选项“mass”是质量，代表物体所含物质的多少；C 选项“velocity”是速度；D 选项“acceleration”是加速度。
4.The unit of work is _____.A.WB.NC.JD.m/s²答案：C。
A 选项“W”通常是功率的单位瓦特；B 选项“N”是牛顿，力的单位；C 选项“J”是焦耳，是功的单位；D 选项“m/s²”是加速度的单位。
5.The physical quantity that measures how fast an object is moving is _____.A.accelerationB.velocityC.forceD.mass答案：B。
A 选项“acceleration”是加速度，衡量物体速度变化的快慢；B 选项“velocity”是速度，测量物体运动的快慢；C 选项“force”是力；D 选项“mass”是质量。
6.The symbol for displacement is _____.A.sB.vC.aD.t答案：A。
小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The chemical symbol for nickel is _____.2.I make _____ (晚餐) for my family.3.We are going to the ___. (beach) this summer.4.The rabbit hops over the ______.5.What do you call a collection of poetry published together?A. AnthologyB. CollectionC. VolumeD. Book答案: A6. A _______ (小鲸鱼) can sing songs underwater.7. A _____ (植物研究计划) can address global challenges.8.I enjoy making ________ (生日蛋糕) for friends.9.My mom is a great __________ (家长) who supports us.10.The __________ (悬崖) is dangerous but beautiful.11. A __________ is a type of chemical bond formed by sharing electrons.12. A saturated fat is ______ at room temperature.13.My grandpa enjoys gardening ____.14.My teacher is _______ (友好的).15.Solids have tightly packed ______.16.The classroom is _____ (clean/dirty).17.What do you call the process of plants making their own food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Transpiration答案:A18.We have a ______ (丰富的) calendar of events.19. A jellyfish has a gelatinous ______ (身体).20._____ (温带) plants can survive in seasonal changes.21.My dad is a strong __________ (支持者) of my education.22. A cat's purring can soothe ______ (焦虑) feelings.23.The antelope gracefully moves through the grasslands, a testament to speed and ____.24.My aunt is very _______ (形容词). 她总是 _______ (动词).25.Many flowers are ______ (一年生) and die after one season.26.The capital of the Cayman Islands is __________.27.I enjoy playing in the ______ (秋天) leaves when they turn bright ______ (颜色).28.They are ___ a movie. (watching)29.I enjoy ______ (探索) the world around me.30.The element with the chemical symbol Fe is _______.31.I find _____ (乐趣) in reading.32.The chemical formula for silver acetate is _______.33. (Renaissance) artists were supported by wealthy patrons. The ____34.I have _____ (three/four) pets.35.What is the coldest season of the year?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. Winter答案:D.Winter36.What is the name of the sweet food made from chocolate and cream?A. GanacheB. FrostingC. MousseD. Pudding答案: C37. A ____(community development) focuses on improving living conditions.38.The process of combining elements to form compounds is called ______.39. A hamster can run for hours on its ______ (轮子).40. A __________ is a common example of a base.41.The museum is very _______ (有教育意义的).42.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. NoodlesB. RiceC. BreadD. Potatoes答案: B43.I can ______ (dance) with my friends.44.What is the name of the famous landmark in the USA?A. Statue of LibertyB. Washington MonumentC. Golden Gate BridgeD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above45.She is a friendly ________.46.I want a pet _______ (fish).47.I like to _______ (paint) with watercolors.48. A __________ is a narrow valley.49.The __________ helps some animals to glide through the air.50.The chemical formula for boric acid is ______.51.The playground is ________ (适合孩子们).52.She is a _____ (历史学家) who studies ancient civilizations.53.I go to school by ______.54.What is the name of the famous painting by Van Gogh?A. The Starry NightB. The ScreamC. Girl with a Pearl EarringD. The Mona Lisa答案:A.The Starry Night55.The chemical name for HO is _______.56.What do we call the famous American holiday celebrated on July 4th?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. Memorial DayD. Labor Day 答案:B58.The ancient Egyptians kept _______ as pets. (猫)59.The ancient Romans had a system of laws known as ________.60.The ancient Romans built _____ to celebrate their victories.61.I love to explore ________ (村庄) during vacations.62.I think animals are very _______ (形容词). They bring joy and _______ (快乐) to our lives.63. A __________ is a small body of water, usually smaller than a lake.64. (Magna Carta) was signed in 1215 to limit the power of the king. The ____65.The ancient Greeks believed in the importance of ________ (艺术).66.What is 60 ÷ 3?A. 15B. 20C. 25D. 30答案:b67.What do you call the person who helps you in a gym?A. TrainerB. ChefC. DoctorD. Teacher答案: A68.The apples are _______ (ripe) and ready to eat.69. A ______ has a unique pattern on its fur.70. (18) is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into northern and southern halves. The ____71.The chemical formula for magnesium oxide is _____.72.Which animal lives in a den?A. WolfB. EagleC. FishD. Frog答案:A73.The penguin waddles across the ______ (冰).74.My mom enjoys __________ (与朋友聚会).75.In _____ (日本), sushi is a popular dish.76.My brother is my best _______ who plays games with me.78.In the garden, I planted _____ (多种) vegetables like carrots and tomatoes.79.The ______ teaches us about climate change.80.Carbon dioxide is produced when we __________ (呼吸).81.The crow is known for its ________________ (智慧).82. A squirrel's diet consists mainly of ______ (坚果) and grains.83.The chemical formula for glucose is ______.84.The chemical symbol for promethium is _____.85.How many colors are in a standard rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C86.n Wall fell in _____. The Berl87.The reaction between an acid and a base produces ______.88.The forecast says it might ______ (下雨) this evening.89.My teacher teaches us . (我的老师教我们。
小学下册英语第1单元测验卷(有答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My brother loves to play __________. (足球)2. 听力题：We go _____ (fishing/camping) every summer.3. 填空题：The ________ (生态影响因素) shape ecosystems.4. 填空题：My toy _____ can fly high.5. 听力题：The chemical formula for cyclohexane is ______.6. 选择题：What is the name of the famous character who lives in a shoe?A. Old Mother HubbardB. The Old Woman Who Lived in a ShoeC. CinderellaD. Goldilocks7. 听力题：You can find _______ in a garden or park.8. 填空题：I enjoy making ______ (美食) for my friends during gatherings.9. 听力题：A _______ can measure the amount of energy consumed by an appliance over time.10. 填空题：The __________ (历史的传承角色) connect generations.What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Leaning Tower of PisaC. Burj KhalifaD. Space Needle答案: A12. 填空题：The ________ was a major turning point in the history of Europe.13. 填空题：The __________ (历史的纪录片) offer visual insights into the past.14. 听力题：Plants absorb carbon dioxide through their ______.15. 选择题：What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. DuskD. Dawn答案: A16. 听力题：Carbon dioxide is produced when we _______.17. 听力题：I have ___ (four/five) friends at school.18. ts are adapted to ______ (高海拔) environments. 填空题：Some pla19. 选择题：What is 20 divided by 5?A. 2B. 4C. 5D. 6答案:B20. 填空题：A sunflower turns towards the _____.My grandma makes the best __________ (甜点).22. 填空题：I like to visit ______ during summer break.23. 选择题：What is the opposite of hot?A. WarmB. CoolC. ColdD. Mild答案:C24. 听力题：The ______ helps make important decisions.25. 选择题：What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?A. ManchesterB. LondonC. EdinburghD. Cardiff答案: B26. 选择题：What do you call a large, slow-moving animal with a shell?A. TortoiseB. TurtleC. SnailD. Armadillo答案:A27. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a magic mirror?A. CinderellaB. Snow WhiteC. RapunzelD. Belle28. 听力题：My sister is ______ to a party this weekend. (going)29. 填空题：I have a pet ______ (兔子) named Fluffy. It is very soft and loves to be ______ (抚摸).What do we call the process of a liquid turning into a gas?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. FreezingD. Melting答案: A31. 选择题：What do we call the water cycle's process of water vapor turning into liquid?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Collection答案: B32. 选择题：What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. RapidD. Speedy答案:B33. 填空题：The _______ (虎) is a powerful hunter.34. 选择题：What do we call the process of cooking food using steam?A. BoilingB. SteamingC. FryingD. Baking答案:B35. 选择题：Which planet is known as the "Blue Planet"?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Neptune36. 填空题：The parrot has bright _________. (羽毛)The _______ of a plant can be very long.38. 填空题：_____ (花卉销售) supports local economies.39. 选择题：What term describes the shape of the orbit of planets?A. CircularB. EllipticalC. LinearD. Irregular40. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) comes with a set of stickers.41. 选择题：What is the name of the famous Scottish lake said to be home to a monster?A. Loch NessB. Lake SuperiorC. Lake TahoeD. Lake Victoria答案：A42. 选择题：What do we call the area of land near the sea?A. CoastB. DesertC. ForestD. Mountain43. 听力题：The Earth's surface is constantly ______ due to natural forces.44. 听力题：We have a _____ (庆典) for the festival.45. 听力题：The sky is _____ (blue/green) today.46. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her glass slipper?a. Snow Whiteb. Cinderellac. Sleeping Beautyd. Rapunzel答案:B47. 听力题：A __________ is a geological feature that can impact agricultural practices.48. 听力题：The color of phenolphthalein changes in acidic and basic solutions, indicating ______.49. 听力题：My sister loves to ________.50. 听力题：I like _____ (to run/to walk).51. 选择题：What is the name of the tree that produces acorns?A. PineB. OakC. MapleD. Birch答案:B52. 选择题：What do you call the process of creating a new plant from a cutting?A. GraftingB. CloningC. PropagationD. All of the above53. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies animals?A. BiologistB. ZoologistC. BotanistD. Ecologist54. 填空题：The first successful heart transplant was performed in ______ (20世纪).55. 填空题：I love to go ________ (露营) in the summer.56. 填空题：I like to listen to ______ (故事) before I go to sleep.The process of oxidation involves the ______ of electrons.58. 选择题：What is the name of the famous artist known for his works in the Renaissance?A. Leonardo da VinciB. Vincent van GoghC. Pablo PicassoD. Claude Monet答案: A59. 选择题：What do you call a baby kangaroo?A. JoeyB. CubC. CalfD. Kit答案:A60. 听力题：Chemical changes often involve the formation of _____ or new substances.61. 听力题：A __________ is a natural resource that can be recycled.62. 选择题：How many days are in February during a leap year?a. 28b. 29c. 30d. 31答案:B63. 听力题：The ________ (dog) is barking loudly.64. 填空题：He is a _____ (评论家) who reviews films.65. 填空题：I created a _________ (玩具动物园) with all my stuffed animals.66. 填空题：There are many _______ (昆虫) in the garden.A ______ (植物的保育措施) can protect vulnerable species.68. 选择题：Which animal is known as the "king of the jungle"?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案:B69. 填空题：I can enjoy playful activities with my ________ (玩具类型).70. 填空题：At recess, we play ________ (游戏) on the playground. I love to play ________ (足球) with my classmates.71. 填空题：The __________ is a major geographical feature in Europe. (阿尔卑斯山)72. 填空题：A _____ (城市绿化) initiative can improve living conditions.73. 听力题：They are ___ (singing/playing) together.74. 选择题：What is the name of the famous river in Egypt?A. AmazonB. MississippiC. NileD. Yangtze75. 填空题：Certain plants are known for their ______ (药用性质).76. 听力题：The _____ (hedgehog) is spiky.77. 听力题：The process of oxidation involves __________ losing electrons.78. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. ClimatologistB. MeteorologistC. EnvironmentalistD. Geologist79. 选择题：What is the capital of Mongolia?A. UlaanbaatarB. HohhotC. ErdenetD. Darkhan答案:A. Ulaanbaatar80. 填空题：The chef, ______ (厨师), teaches cooking classes.81. 听力题：A ______ is a cold-blooded animal that lays eggs.82. 听力题：A __________ is an area of land that is covered with trees.83. 填空题：The anteater's long snout is perfect for eating ______ (蚂蚁).84. 填空题：The ________ was a famous naval battle during World War II.85. 选择题：Which of these animals can swim?A. LionB. WhaleC. HorseD. Monkey86. 填空题：My sister loves to read ____.87. 听力题：The chemical properties of an element depend on its ______.88. 听力题：A __________ is a low area that collects water.89. 填空题：My favorite superhero _________ (玩偶) has a cool _________ (披风).90. 填空题：My __________ (玩具名) is made of __________ (材料).91. 听力题：My favorite sport is _____ (篮球).92. 选择题：What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. Scarf93. 听力题：The snow is _______ (white).94. 听力题：The chemical symbol for cesium is _______.95. 选择题：What do we call a person who repairs cars?A. AccountantB. MechanicC. ArchitectD. Chef答案:B96. 听力题：A chemical that can cause a reaction to occur is called a ______.97. 听力题：It is ___ (raining/sunny) outside.98. 选择题：What do we call the study of the earth's physical structure?A. GeographyB. GeologyC. EcologyD. Astronomy答案: B99. 选择题：What do we call a story that teaches a moral lesson?A. FableB. MythC. LegendD. Folklore答案: A100. 填空题：I like to ride my ______ (自行车) through the neighborhood with my friends.。
摄影是自己的一面镜子专访马耳他摄影师协会主席约瑟夫帕
特里克史密斯
约瑟夫·帕特里克·史密斯;北寒;王桂玲
【期刊名称】《旅游世界》
【年(卷),期】2016(0)2
【摘要】摄影对于我来说,是记忆,是生与死,也是自己的一面镜子。
比如,有些事情在你按快门前是一种状态,在你按下快门后又是一种状态。
这是瞬间发生的事情,不可逆,摄影可以很好地保存这种瞬时即逝的状态。
同时,摄影师可以利用摄影,记录自己的想法,它是你思想的展现。
【总页数】8页(P184-191)
【关键词】帕特里克;瑟夫;无人岛;旅游资源;黄河三角洲;话剧表演;孔子故里;腓尼基人;镶嵌艺术;海深
【作者】约瑟夫·帕特里克·史密斯;北寒;王桂玲
【作者单位】马耳他摄影师协会
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F0
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[J], 马昌盛
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4.＂那个摄影师玷污了村庄的声誉!＂——回访尤金·史密斯拍摄过的西班牙乡村[J], 简·班宁;段琳琳;
5.用摄影唤醒身体里的祖先记忆摄影的仪式与精神专访秘鲁摄影师克里斯蒂安·福赫斯 [J], 陆祎玮;克里斯蒂安·福赫斯(图)
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小学下册英语第1单元真题(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Chick答案:B.Kitten2.I want to learn how to ______ (dance).3.The trees in the _______ sway in the breeze.4.What is the main function of the heart?A. To digest foodB. To pump bloodC. To breathe airD. To filter waste答案: B5.The capital of Egypt is ________ (埃及的首都是________).6.The chemical formula for ethyl alcohol is _______.7.What do we call a baby goat?A. KidB. CalfC. FoalD. Lamb答案:A8.The capital of Finland is _____.9.The Earth's crust is primarily composed of ______ and sedimentary materials.10. A ______ is a description of a scientific concept.11.The capital city of Jamaica is __________.12.I can ________ (summarize) the main points.13.ts have medicinal __________ (特性) that can help. Some pla14.They are going to the ___. (zoo)15.The __________ (历史的媒体) shape public opinion.16.She is ______ her homework quickly. (finishing)17.I play ________ on my tablet.18.I have a ___ (big) family reunion.19.What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. WarmB. CoolC. ColdD. Freezing答案:C20.I need to ______ my lunch for school. (pack)21.I enjoy _______ (听音乐) while walking.22.The ______ helps us learn about current events.23.The train arrives at ________.24. A _______ can be a great hobby.25.My mom _____ breakfast every morning. (prepares)26.The _____ (quinoa) is a superfood plant.27.My friend is a ______. He enjoys playing video games.28.We use ______ to measure distance.29.I have a ________ (毛绒玩具) that I take everywhere with me.30.I think it’s fun to go ________ (参加展览).31.The _______ (猴子) plays with its friends.32.I like to play _______ (视频游戏) after finishing my homework.33.I think it’s important to be curious. Asking questions helps us learn and grow. I love discovering new facts about __________ and sharing them with my friends.34.The _____ (花瓣) can be different shapes.35.The __________ of a solution increases as the concentration of solute increases.36.I want to learn how to ________.37.My uncle is a __________. (医生)38.The chemical symbol for lithium is ______.39.My friend is a _____ (艺术家) showcasing her portfolio.40. A robin has a red ________________ (胸部).41.The capital city of Kenya is ________ (内罗毕).42.The artist expresses emotions through _____ (艺术).43.The color of litmus paper turns red in ______ solutions.44.The process of electrolysis uses electricity to drive a ______.45. A _______ can help to visualize the forces acting on an object.46. A supernova is a powerful explosion of a dying ______.47.What do we call the study of weather?A. BiologyB. MeteorologyC. GeographyD. Astronomy答案: B48.Martin Luther King Jr. is known for his role in the ________ rights movement.49.My dad loves to play ____ (cricket) with friends.50.I can ______ (自我提升) through feedback.51.I help my mom clean the ____.52.The formula for table salt is _______.53.The process of condensation is the opposite of _______.54.I saw a rabbit hopping in the ______.55.The capital of Thailand is _____.56.The _____ (蘑菇) is a type of fungus, not a plant.57.The dog is ________ in the park.58.The __________ River runs through Egypt.59.What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome答案:C60. A guppy is a small ______ (鱼) often kept in aquariums.61.The _____ (狐猴) has a long tail and big eyes.62. A __________ is formed by the action of glaciers over time.63.We have ___ (pizza/pasta) for dinner.64.I want to learn how to _______ (制作) movies.65. A _____ (狐狸) has a bushy tail.66.The __________ (历史的主题) resonate across cultures.67.They go to _____ (school/market) every day.68.The symbol for lithium is _____.69. A tarpon can be caught while ______ (钓鱼).70. A strong base has a pH greater than ______.71.The dog is ___ (barking) at the mailman.72.The __________ in summer can be really high. (气温)73.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to explore different stories.74.My brother has a pet ______ (仓鼠).75.The capital of Azerbaijan is __________.76.The _______ can help purify the air in your home.77.The __________ (历史的深刻理解) informs perspectives.78.What is the currency used in the United States?A. EuroB. DollarC. YenD. Pound答案:B.Dollar79.The butterfly has beautiful ______.80.The __________ is a major river in Asia. (湄公河)81.My _____ (毛绒玩具) is my favorite.82.They are _______ (building) a sandcastle.83. A _____ (章鱼) is very adaptable in its environment.84.The __________ (古代文明的成就) include advancements in writing and math.85.The garden is full of ________ (植物).86.The main component of natural gas is __________.87.My ________ (奶奶) knits lovely scarves for everyone.88. (88) is a famous mountain in Japan. The ____89.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Fish答案:B.Dog90.An octopus has __________ arms.91.My cousin is a ______. She loves to create videos.92.ts can ______ (对抗) diseases effectively. Some pla93.My brother loves to play __________. (排球)94.The mouse runs very ______.95.In spring, the ______ (树) bloom with beautiful ______ (花朵) that attract many bees.96.The cat purrs when it is _____ happy.97.The sea lion barks loudly to communicate with _______ (同伴).98.I can ______ (利用) online tools effectively.99. A vacuum has no ______.100.I want to ________ (contribute) to the project.。
小学下册英语第1单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My pet _____ loves to snuggle.2.The rabbit is under the ______ (tree).3.My puppy loves to dig in the ______ (沙土).4.The cupcakes are _______ (frosted) with icing.5.My grandpa tells great ______. (我爷爷讲的故事很精彩。
)6.The manatee is a gentle _______ (巨兽).7.What is the capital of Italy?A. VeniceB. RomeC. MilanD. Florence答案:B.Rome8.The ______ (小鸟) flies south for the ______ (冬天) to find warmer weather.9.She made a _____ drawing. (pretty)10.Chlorine is used to disinfect ______.11.They are _____ (friends/enemies).12.I enjoy _______ (和朋友聊天) after school.13.The __________ (历史的洞察) fosters enlightenment.14.My ______ loves to share her knowledge with others.15. A flamingo's feeding technique involves filtering ________________ (食物) through its beak.16.I like to explore new ______ (地方) whenever I travel.17. A __________ is a type of bond formed by sharing electrons.18.What do we call the time when the daylight is the shortest?A. EquinoxB. SolsticeC. Lunar phaseD. Eclipse答案:B.Solstice19.Chinchillas have very ______ (柔软的) fur.20.The _______ of an object can be affected by temperature changes.21.He is a mechanic, ______ (他是一名机械师), fixing cars.22.__________ are used in the treatment of wastewater.23.The ____ has a sharp beak and is very intelligent.24.The garden is ______ (full) of colors.25.听一听，圈出与你听到的句子相符的图片。
五年级英语植物光合作用单选题50题1. The process by which plants make food using sunlight is called _.A. respirationB. photosynthesisC. transpirationD. germination答案：B。
解析：本题考查光合作用的英语表达。
选项A“respiration”的意思是呼吸作用，不是植物利用阳光制造食物的过程；选项C“transpiration”是蒸腾作用，与制造食物无关；选项D“ germination”是发芽，也不符合题意。
而“photosynthesis”就是光合作用的意思，是植物利用阳光、二氧化碳和水制造食物（ 葡萄糖）并释放氧气的过程。
2. Photosynthesis mainly takes place in _.A. rootsB. stemsC. leavesD. flowers答案：C。
解析：这题考查光合作用的场所。
选项A“roots”是根，根的主要功能是吸收水分和矿物质等，不是光合作用的场所；选项B“stems”是茎，茎主要起到支撑和运输的作用，并非光合作用的主要场所；选项D“flowers”是花，花的主要功能是繁殖后代，而光合作用主要在叶子里进行，因为叶子含有叶绿素，能吸收光能进行光合作用。
3. Which of the following is a necessary condition for photosynthesis?A. DarknessB. WindC. SunlightD. Rain答案：C。
解析：本题是关于光合作用的必要条件。
选项A“Darkness”黑暗，光合作用需要光能，黑暗无法进行光合作用；选项B“Wind”风，风不是光合作用的必要条件；选项D“Rain”雨，虽然植物生长需要水，但这里问的是光合作用的必要条件，水是光合作用的原料之一，但直接的必要条件是阳光，阳光是能量来源，所以答案是C。
广东省华附省实广雅深中四校2023-2024学年高二下学期期末联考英语试题一、单项选择1．After months of hard work and preparation, the company finally saw its business ________, attracting numerous investments.A．take up B．take over C．take off D．take in2．________ in the planning process for the group project will leave team members feeling disconnected and unproductive.A．Not involving B．Not involvedC．Not having involved D．Not being involved3．It is reported that a new wildlife conservation area has been established in ________ was once known for deforestation to protect endangered species.A．what B．which C．how D．where4．________ a healthy eating habit, and you can feel more energetic and improve your well-being.A．Have B．To have C．Having D．Had5．________ unique project, ________ of a series of experiments, is designed to investigate the potential of AI in identifying medical conditions.A．An; consists B．A; consists C．An; consisting D．A; consisting 6．The thrilling moment ________ Susan cherishes most is ________ she reached the peak of the mountain and appreciated the untouched wilderness below.A．that; when B．which; why C．where; when D．what; why 7．The new Guangzhou Cultural Museum, ________ a collection of historical relics from various dynasties, ________ visitors with its rich cultural heritage.A．housing; collects B．featuring; attracts C．displayed; gathersD．contained; fascinates8．By the time she ________ next year, Sarah ________ three internships, giving her a strong foundation for her career in finance.A．graduate; will complete B．graduates; will have completedC．graduated; will be completed D．graduating; will be completing9．________ mutual understanding, cultural exchange programs ________ among the countries participating in the meeting currently.A．Strengthening; is introduced B．Strengthened; is being introducedC．Having strengthened; are introduced D．To strengthen; are being introduced10．________ the weather is like, the marathon will continue as planned, with participants________ to prepare for rain or shine.A．Whatever; advised B．However; advisedC．No matter what; being advised D．No matter how; being advised11．A recent survey ________ 60% of US respondents believed social media platforms were evolving too fast, ________ 80% urged caution in introducing new features.A．shows, since B．has shown, so C．showed, while D．had shown, as 12．________ data leaks have become more common, worries about privacy are growing, and the chance ________ a person’s private details are at risk is getting higher.A．Given that; whether B．Now that; thatC．But that; whether D．Except that; that13．The information board ________ that all drones (无人机) under 250 grams must be registered with the local flight agency before ________ in public areas.A．reads; flew B．read; being flown C．reads; flying D．read; flying14．________ governments have addressed the problem of affordable housing ________ their commitment to providing accessible living options for all citizensA．What; reflects B．That; reflects C．There; reflected D．Whether; reflected 15．Novels by authors such as Dickens and Austen are widely read, some of ________ works, however, are sometimes difficult ________.A．which, to comprehend B．whose, to comprehendC．which, to be comprehended D．whose, to be comprehended二、阅读理解There are many scientific breakthroughs made by women in the Antarctic. Here are four landmarks in Antarctica and the female pioneers they’re named after.Jones TerraceThe ice-free terrace in eastern Antarctica’s Victoria Land bears Jones’ name. In 1969, geochemist Lois M. Jones led the first all-female research team from the U. S. to work in Antarctica. Jones and her team studied chemical weathering in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, an ice-free area of Antarctica. Through chemical analyses of rocks they had collected, Jones and her team discovered many geochemical characteristics of the valley’s ice-covered lakes.Mount Fiennes8,202-foot-high Mount Fiennes, located on Antarctica’s largest island — Alexander Island — is named after Ginny Fiennes. She established and maintained 80-foot-tall radio towers in the Antarctic with her colleagues. In 1985, Fiennes became the first female invited to join the Antarctic Club, a British supper club open to individuals who have spent extended time in the Antarctic region.Francis PeakThe 3,727-foot-tall peak on Antarctica’s Adelaide Island is named after Dame Jane Francis, who is the first female director of the British Antarctic Survey, the national polar research institute of the UK. Her collection of fossils on Seymour Island helped conclude in a 2021 paper that Antarctica’s abundant plant fossils indicate the continent once had a much warmer climate than it currently does.Peden CliffsPeden Cliffs near Antarctica’s Marie Byrd Land are proof of the labor of Irene Peden. She was the first American female scientist to both live and work in the Antarctic, where she used radio waves to study ice sheets. Peden and her team determined how very low frequency radio wave spread over long polar distances by measuring pathways in the ice. They also used varying radio wave frequencies to measure the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.16．What do the first two pioneers have in common?A．They analyzed different chemicals of rocks in Antarctica.B．They both worked with their own team in Antarctica.C．They conducted the research in the ice-free areas in Antarctica.D．They joined the Antarctic Club for their stay in Antarctica.17．Who proved the previous higher temperatures of the Antarctic?A．Lois M. Jones.B．Ginny Fiennes.C．Dame Jane Francis.D．Irene Peden.18．What is the scientific breakthrough of Irene Peden?A．She was the first American scientist to explore the Antarctic.B．She measured the spreading frequencies of radio waves.C．She found out the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.D．She discovered a lot of ice-covered lakes in the Antarctic.Canadian author Alice Munro, a master of the contemporary short story, passed away on May 13, 2024, at 92.Munro’s texts featured depictions of everyday but decisive events, pulling vast themes out of ordinary settings. Her characters often mirrored her own rural Ontario lifestyle. In an interview after winning the Nobel Prize, she said that living in a small town gave her the freedom to write. “I don’t think I could have been so brave if I had been living in a city, competing with people on what can be called a generally higher cultural level,” she said. “As far as I knew, at least for a while, I was the only person I knew who wrote stories.”Munro’s first short story was published when she was 37, a college dropout squeezing in writing time around her children’s naps. By the time she was in her 60s, she had become one of the most celebrated short-story writers in the world. Throughout her long career, she hardly ever failed to wow readers and critics with her quietly powerful language. In reviewing her last collection, Dear Life, NPR critic Alan Cheuse wrote “A Munro story gives us so much life within the bounds of a single tale that it nourishes (滋养) us almost as much as a novel does.”In a literary culture that tends to celebrate novels over shorter fiction, Munro has been a constant advocate for the power of the short story. In the interview, Munro emphasized the significance of her win not for herself, but for her art form: “I really hope this would make people see the short story as an important art, not just something you play around with until you get a novel written.”When asked “Do you want young women to be inspired by your books and feel inspired to write?” Munro replied, “I don’t care about that. I want people to find not so much inspiration as great joy. I want them to think of my books as related to their own lives in ways.”19．Why did Munro feel free to write while living in rural areas?A．She was inspired by rural landscape and lifestyles.B．She was free from stress of a more cultured setting.C．She had more courage to compete with urban writers.D．She had access to ordinary people and decisive events.20．What did Alan Cheuse say about Munro’s stories in Dear Life?A．They promote readers’ mental well-being.B．They have broken the length limit of short stories.C．They impress readers with quietly powerful language.D．They offer richness and depth in shorter format.21．How did Munro view the short story in literary culture?A．It is more powerful than novels.B．It is a way of entertainment for young writers.C．It is as important an art form as novels.D．It is an inspiration for young writers. 22．What did Munro want readers to get by reading her books?A．Inspiration to become writers themselves.B．Enjoyment and connection to their own lives.C．Pleasure and motivation to change their lives.D．Information about art forms and literary culture.Handwriting notes in class might seem old-fashioned as digital technology affects nearly every aspect of learning. But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children.The new research builds on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing-but writing by hand is slower and makes them actively pay attention to and process the incoming information. This conscious action of building on existing knowledge can make it easier for students to stay engaged and grasp new concepts.To understand specific brain-activity differences during the two note-taking approaches, the authors of the new study sewed 256 electrodes (电极) into a hairnet. These sensors let the scientists record 36 students’ brain activity as they wrote or typed words displayed on a screen. When students wrote by hand, the sensors picked up widespread brain connectivity throughout visual regions that receive and process sensory information, and the motor cortex (运动皮层) that helps the brain use environmental inputs to inform a person’s next action. Typing, however, resulted in minimal activity in these brain regions.Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent studyhighlights the clear tie between physical actions and concept understanding, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and using motor system to create it.” That creation then affects the visual system, where it’s processed again-strengthening the connection between an action and the words associated with it.Vinci-Booher notes that the new findings don’t mean technology is always a disadvantage in the classroom. Digital devices can be more efficient for writing essays and offer more equal access to educational resources. However, there’s a growing trend of relying on digital devices to perform cognitive (认知的) tasks, such as taking photos instead of memorizing information. Yadurshana Sivashankar, an researcher at the University of Waterloo says, “If we’re not actively using these areas, then they are going to become worse over time, whether it’s memory or motor skills.”23．Why does the author mention the 2014 study?A．To present different research findings.B．To make the new research more convincing C．To compare two note taking approaches.D．To show the advantage of writing slowly 24．What can be learned from the experiment in Paragraph 3?A．Sensors were used to process visual information.B．Electrodes were connected to students’ hair directly.C．Writing by hand activated more brain activity than typing.D．Typing stimulated the motor cortex to inform following action.25．What would Sophia Vinci-Booher probably advise students to do?A．Make better use of motor system.B．Take advantage of digital devices.C．Adopt a new approach to taking notes.D．Memorize words by writing essays. 26．What is the main idea of the text?A．Technology is not a disadvantage in classroom.B．Writing by hand comes with learning benefits.C．Taking notes enhances students’ brain activity.D．Two note-taking approaches have clear differences.The more scientists investigate the microbes (微生物) living inside us, the more they learn about the surprising impact of the tiny organisms on how we look, act, think, and feel. Are ourhealth and well-being really driven by the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in our intestines (肠), in our lungs, on our skin, on our eyeballs? What a weird concept — that the bugs we carry around appear to be essential to establishing the basic nature of who we are.The effects of the microbiome, the microorganisms that exist in human body, can be profound and can start incredibly early. In a study, scientists showed that something supposedly as natural as a child’s character might be related to the bacteria in an infant’s digestive system; the more Bifidobacterium (双歧杆菌) there are, the sunnier the baby is. This observation, from the University of Turku in Finland, is based on an analysis of samples from 301 babies. Those with the highest proportion of Bifidobacterium organisms at two months old were more likely to exhibit a trait the researchers called “positive emotionality” at six months old.Microbiome science is still relatively young. Most studies so far have been initial and small-scale, involving only a dozen or so mice or humans. Scientists have found associations between the microbiome and disease but can’t yet draw clear cause-and-effect conclusions about our extensive collection of microorganisms and their effects on us as hosts. Still, the collection itself is mind-boggling — it’s now thought to be around 38 trillion microbes for a typical young adult male, slightly more than the number of actual human cells. And the prospects for putting that collection to use are more than promising.In the not-too-distant future, according to the most enthusiastic researchers, it might be a routine for us to take a dose of healthy microbes in various forms. Hopefully, with the help of new medical advances, we will be able to achieve our full potential by functioning at peak levels internally and externally.27．What can we learn about microbiome?A．The development of microbiome is quite mature nowadays.B．The more Bifidobacterium an adult has, the healthier one is.C．More microbes than human cells are present in young men.D．Microbes have little influence on shaping our identity28．What does the underlined word “mind-boggling” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Weakening.B．Astonishing.C．Disturbing.D．Misleading. 29．What can be inferred from the text?A．It’s necessary to remove certain fungi from our body.B．2-month-old babies are often more positive than 6-month-old ones.C．New supplements related to microbiome are likely being developedD．The relationship between microorganisms and disease remains unclear.30．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．How microbes benefit our health.B．How microbes shape our lives.C．What affects early childhood.D．What Turku University reveals about microbes.On a large scale, making the world a better place can seem challenging. 31 As a leader, your perspectives and ideas can directly impact your community for the better. Here are some ways to make an impact and grow your leadership through emotional intelligence.32 Being able to provide a safe space through deep listening creates trust, which lays the foundation for meaningful relationships and fruitful partnerships. As a result, people are more likely to share openly and honestly. Empathy and listening will increase the quality of your relationships and skyrocket your results.Making a positive impact can also be as simple as taking the time to acknowledge and inspire someone into action. Taking time to acknowledge someone by letting them know you see their efforts and talents. 33 An example of what this could sound like is, “Wow! I am blown away by your project. What I see possible for you is to share with the rest of the team how to do it too.”Get involved with your already existing communities and networking circles. Start by connecting with your peers and ask them about causes they’re already involved in. 34 There is almost no limit to the impact you can create contributing to a cause that matters to you and your peers. With a little time, you can make a big difference.Sharing your knowledge and strengths is another essential skill. When you share with others, you’re teaching them something special about you and your journey. Imagine what would be possible if your community was in the mode of cooperation and contribution. This approach creates new ideas and opportunities. 35A．Show your kindness and respect to others.B．This informs them that they are appreciated.C．As your conversation continues, ask what is needed.D．Support your friends and colleagues by listening actively.E．When you are in contribution to others, you make a positive impact.F．As a leader, you have your own unique set of strengths and knowledge.G．One person may not change the world, but you can make a positive impact daily.三、完形填空At one night in July 2020 in Reykjavik, Halli was wandering around the city’s main street with his wife and two kids. During their walk, his three-year-old son was 36 and wanted a drink from the corner store. But Halli soon discovered he couldn’t help with the 37 request: A 20-centimetre step 38 his access to the store.The barrier was all too 39 . Born with muscular dystrophy (肌肉萎缩), which causes progressive 40 and loss of muscle, Halli, now 46, has been using a wheelchair since he was 25.As he 41 his wife and children outside the shop, he recalls, “I thought about how very strange it is that we always 42 families in this way.”Living all over the world as a creative director and digital designer, Halli had 43 first hand how different cities consider and plan for accessibility, from ramps (坡道) and sidewalks to public transportation. He decided to start with a project to make Iceland wheelchair 44 .Ramp Up Reykjavik launched as a non-profit in 2021 with a 45 to build 100 ramps within 1 year. Unlike temporary solutions in other cities, these ramps are 46 structures that match the beauty of buildings.With the help of government funding and other sponsors, the Ramp Up team finished ahead of schedule and has 47 its scope to all of Iceland. In three short years, Hali has become a 48 in his hometown. Halli is proud that Ramp Up has 49 others to act. “Equal access to society is 50 not something that is a reality yet,” says Hali. But as he’s learned, change starts with just one person.36．A．anxious B．thirsty C．exhausted D．hungry37．A．special B．funny C．simple D．childish 38．A．replaced B．ruined C．supported D．blocked 39．A．surprising B．familiar C．unique D．complex 40．A．weakness B．depression C．strength D．trouble 41．A．waited for B．listened to C．worried about D．searched for 42．A．reject B．protect C．separate D．connect 43．A．ignored B．recorded C．questioned D．witnessed 44．A．accessible B．attractive C．effective D．practical 45．A．treatment B．limitation C．goal D．rule 46．A．convenient B．permanent C．formal D．useful 47．A．broadened B．hidden C．narrowed D．deepened 48．A．master B．legend C．success D．expert 49．A．prevented B．persuaded C．forced D．motivated 50．A．fortunately B．definitely C．eventually D．regularly四、语法填空语法填空When discussing global education systems, Finland stands out for 51 (it) high-ranking performance in international assessments and holistic (全面的) approach to education. The Finnish curriculum prioritizes essential life skills such as 52 (creative), cooperation, critical thinking, and communication. Additionally, Finnish schools 53 (emphasis) social and emotional skills like empathy and self-confidence, ensuring students are well-rounded and prepared for real-world challenges.Finland’s education system values cooperation 54 competition, fostering a cooperative learning environment 55 students learn from and support each other. Meanwhile, Finnish teachers enjoy freedom to design their course, which allows them 56 (tailor) their teaching methods to meet their students’ unique needs. This trust in teachers, combined with the cooperative learning environment, 57 (promote) innovation, continuous improvement, and collective responsibility for student success.58 , to imitate Finland’s success requires careful consideration of contextual factors and systemic differences. Finland’s model shows that comprehensive education, 59 (profession) trust, and cooperation are key to 60 (secure) long-term student success.五、书信写作61．上周六，你校组织了“走进社区”实践活动。
2021 2 世界科学
64
光束。
在单个光束中使原子冷却至绝对零度以上并一直保持这种状态，类似于在室温条件下捕获水中微米大小的聚苯乙烯球。
阿斯金意识到这一点之后，很快就证实水中直径为
～10 µm 的聚苯乙烯颗粒可个光束俘获。
几个月后，团队捕获了原子。
事实上，光镊陷阱的所有要素都是由阿斯金于1970年设定的。
1987年，阿斯金发现，他可以对实验仪器上滋长的细菌进行光学操控。
当光线被收起时，细菌会走开；而通过操控激光的焦点，它们又会被重新Copyright©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.。
Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management ArrayV ol. 6, No. 1 (March 2004) pp. 91–123© Imperial College Press9192J. Sarkis & S. TalluriIntroductionA quantitative tool that has gained much attention in the operations research and application literature is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This tool has proven quite useful for a number of managerial decision problems and research questions, but it has been rarely applied within the realm of corporate environmental management. A number of new developments, methodological and application oriented have made DEA a robust tool for investigation into various managerial questions and issues. This limited application of DEA for environmental issues plus its latest developments provides fertile ground for its use as both a research and practical tool. In this paper, we shall identify the various applications from both a practical and research perspective. We illustrate DEA’s suitability as a tool to help evaluate the ecoefficiency of organisations, address research questions pertaining to environment eco-performance of organisations and help managers make decisions. The paper will review various DEA-based approaches as well as identifying the gaps in the research and application. The DEA models and extensions that are evaluated in this paper are from a family of deterministic (rather than stochastic) models. Some of the more recent developments that will be investigated include the use of “cross-efficiency” measures, game theoretic(pairwise comparison) approaches, and ordinal DEA techniques, just to name afew. This paper contributes to the literature by serving as a review article of DEA, a methodological development source, and as a research agenda for environmental eco-efficiency evaluation using DEA. It provides a comprehensive evaluation of DEA models as an ecoefficiency measurement tool.DEA and the EnvironmentRelative efficiency and multifactor productivity measures are characteristic of DEA. DEA has been applied to a number of organisational (public and private) performance evaluations. The evaluation of corporate environmental issues, whether external (industry level) or internal (corporate level) with DEA has been quite limited. DEA can prove to be an effective tool to the management of ecoefficiency of organisations or institutions.DEA is a multifactor productivity measure that uses linear programming optimisation to determine the relative efficiencies of various units in a set. These units may be companies, plants, industries, or other comparable sets. Since the introduction of DEA, from the seminal article by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978), its application and developments have grown.DEA based modeling and research that have incorporated environmental factors do exist. Example macroeconomic DEA-based works that include some form ofEcoefficiency Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis93 environmental factors evaluation include: efficiencies of energy alternatives (Criswell and Thompson, 1996); use for forest management (Kao et al., 1993), industrial regional development (Karkazis and Boffey, 1997); country productivity evaluations (Lovell et al., 1995); site location (Thompson et al., 1986); industrial productivity and emissions (Yaisawarng and Klein, 1994); and opportunities for environmental improvements in the agricultural industry (Ball et al., 1994; Poit-Lepetit et al.,1997). Some researchers have also applied DEA to evaluation of pollution efficiency for individual plants and/or firms using emission data (see Haynes et al., 1993, 1994; Sarkis and Cordeiro, 1998; Tyteca, 1996).Most of the macroeconomic examples from the literature focus on the industry or national level of analysis, with a focus on a set of factors of which environmental issues were not necessarily central issues (e.g. Golany and Thore, 1997). This research evaluated or ranked various organisations within industries and where shifts can be made to improve overall environmental performance. The focus on these papers was from a policy perspective, rather than corporate managerial and competitive dimensions. The only work that explicity evaluates environmental performance using DEA from a competitive perspective was by Sarkis and Cordeiro (1998). It seems that within this relatively comprehensive review, there is ample room for external organisational application of DEA on environmentalissues from a competitive perspective. Internal use of DEA as a managerial tool or for research study from an environmental perspective is virtually non-existent. In a later section we provide some insights on how DEA may be used to evaluate internal environmental programs and projects.DEA ModelsA number of DEA models have been proposed in the literature that address a variety of problem environments. We address some of the basic and advanced models and demonstrate their applicability in the context of Ecoefficiency measurement. We now briefly discuss these models and more comprehensive details are provided in the appendix. The basic multifactor models introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR) and Banker et al. (1984) (BCC) effectively consider multiple input and multiple output factors in evaluating relative efficiencies of decision making units. Where efficiency is defined as the ratio of weighted outputs to weighetd inputs. A unit with an efficiency score of 1 is considered to be efficient and a score of less then one indicates that the unit is inefficient. The CCR and BCC models provide opportunities to investigate technical and scale efficiencies of various units under investigation. But their limitations for research and practical purposes include truncation difficulties that do not allow for effective non-parametric statistical evaluation or ranking of94J. Sarkis & S. Tallurialternatives, and unresricted weight flexibility, i.e., each unit can select its own input and output weights in an unrestricted manner to maximise its efficiency score. To overcome some of these difficulties, three additional variations on these approaches are considered. These techniques include models by Andersen and Petersen (1993), Doyle and Green (1994), and Rousseau and Semple (1995a). The Andersen and Petersen (1993) model allows for effectively ranking units by discriminating among the efficient units. Doyle and Green (1994) utilise the concept of cross-efficienies in ranking units. The main idea behind their approach is to evaluate how well a unit is performing with respect to the optimal input and output weights of other units, which is essentially termed as cross-efficiecy. Rousseau and Semple (1995a) also provide a ranking model for effectively discrimating units. The above models, while effective in ranking, do not allow for the consideration of qualitative inputs and outputs into the decision making process. Cook et al. (1996) provides opportunity to integrate both quantitaive and qualitative factors into DEA analysis. A model by Sarkis and Talluri (1999) builds on the Cook et al. model to improve the discriminatory power for qualitative models. These series of models provide the core elements of deterministic DEA models that allow for a more effective set of tools for evaluating eco-efficiency within organisations. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these models aredetailed in the appendix. We now provide a simple graphical exposition of the basic DEA CCR model to help readers understand the concept behind it. DEA: A simple graphical example1To help understand some of the basic foundations of data envelopment analysis, we will provide a simple graphical example. This graphical example is easy to show when looking at the “envelopment” side of DEA analysis (as mathematically described in expression (A4) in the appendix).Let us assume that we are comparing three manufacturing plants, A, B, and C, within an organisation. We will assume there is only one input (e.g. environmental budget per plant) and this environmental budget is the same for each plant. Looking at Fig. 1, we see that there are two environmentally focused outputs for these plants, represented by number of “green” products produced, along the Y axis, and number of employees that have been environmentally trained, along the X axis. Thus, we can see that given an equal budget, the higher the number on the Y and X axis, the better the performance of the plant. We see1This simple graphical example is based on Tim Anderson’s baseball example located at http:// /dea/homedea.html.Ecoefficiency Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis 95that Plant A does very well in Training (40 employees), but produces no green products, while Plant C does well in producing green products (20) and environmentally trains 10 employees. Whereas, Plant B produces 5 green products and trained 20 employees.If it can be assumed that linear combinations of plants are allowed, then the line segment connecting Plants A and C show the possibilities of outputs for virtual plants of varying compositions of the efficient real plants. Similar line segments can be drawn between A and B or between B and C. However, since the segment AC lies beyond segments AB and AC (towards the upper right side of the quadrant), this means that a combination of only A and C will produce an efficient virtual plant that will generate the most outputs for a given set of inputs.This line (segment AC) is called the efficient frontier. We see that Plant B lies below the efficient frontier and can be considered “inefficient”. Since Plant B is within the efficient frontier, it is deemed inefficient. Plant B’s efficiency is determined by comparing it to a virtual plant V , formed by combining Plants A and C. The virtual plant V , is a linear combination of approximately 64 percent of Plant C and 36 percent of Plant A.The efficiency of Plant B is then calculated by finding the fraction of inputs that Plant V would need to produce as many outputs at Plant B. This is easily calculated by looking at the line from the origin, 0, to V . The efficiency of PlantB is 0B/0V, or about 68 percent. Mathematically, we can expand this evaluation to numerous dimensions for inputs and outputs.We shall now discuss some issues facing the application of DEA models with respect to environmental dimensions. We start this discussion with a presentation of a general set of data for environmentally based inputs and outputs. An illustrative 201510510 20 3040Efficient FrontierA “Green”Products EnvironmentallyTrained PeopleC V B Fig.1.Simple graphical example of DEA for manufacturing plants within an organisation.96J. Sarkis & S. Talluriexample shows how we can apply the DEA models. Technical mathematical formulations and details of the models appear in the Appendix A.Environmentally Based Input and Output FactorsThe few papers that have considered the application of DEA for environmental efficiency analysis have used a variety of environmental factors. Many of the possible measures for environmental efficiency can be derived from environmental performance indicators (EPI) or sustainability indicators. There are many levels of indicators available, they may cover individual, plant, company, industry, community or nation. A difficulty arises in trying to decipher which indicators are the most important ones to include in any model. The DEA model is very sensitive to the data that is selected.Tyteca (1998) provides a discussion on a number of sustainability characteristics that could be considered. The major types of indicators are ecological, economic and social. Much of the work on sustainability indicators has focused on community, regional and national measures (see for example Corson, 1994; UNCSD, 1995; and van Pelt, 1993). These measures are obviously more aggregated. The indicators in organisational studies will have to be at the corporate,plant, shop or even individual level for adequate analysis. A number of recent activities have allowed information that can be used for corporate level sustainability analysis, such as ISO 14000 performance guidelines (ISO 14031), environmental reporting and corporate sustainability indicator research. For research and recommendations on environmental performance indicators and environmental databases see Azzone and Manzini (1994), Gerde and Logdon (1999), James (1994), and Tyteca (1996).A more complete listing of environmental performance metrics do arise from a number of sources mentioned above. Table 1 presents a comprehensive set of measures (and sources) that can be used to determine factors for environmental performance. This table is from an aggregation of sources including the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI ()) environmental reporting guidelines and the United States Toxics Releases Inventory (TRI) reporting fields as required by U.S. Regulatory Law. With growing public awareness and concerns related to corporate environmental issues, information related to environmental management organisations have either been voluntarily or required (by legislation) to be made available to the public. Thus, organisations have started to develop systems to gather data, provide information and disseminate this information.For example, numerous organisations, beginning with Polaroid in the late 1980s, have sought to develop joint organisational and environmental performanceEcoefficiency Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis97 systems to help them measure the internal operations of their organisation called the environmental accounting and reporting system (EARS) (Nash and Nutt, 1992; Stark, 1993). During this time, a traditional environmental performance system was developed by Niagara Mohawk called the “environmental performance index” which is meant to establish solid benchmarks for improved environmental performance. Yet, the major motivation of these two early examples was more for compliance purposes rather than for development of building competitive advantages. More recently, the use of the Balanced Scorecard (Kaplan and Norton, 1992), has also received increased attention as a tool to help in managing performance of environmental programs, moving into the realm of competitive based performance measurement systems (Epstein and Wisner, 2001). They categorise the performance measures and factors into four major dimensions including financial, customer, learning and growth and internal process dimensions. What these examples show is that the data from these internal programs offer another source that continues to grow, from which input and output environmental factors can be determined.A quick overview and summary of some potential inputs and outputs for the DEA models are summarised in Table 2. We provide this grouping to show where measures may be used within the DEA base model. Included among thefactors are emissions data, environmental expenditures, number of environmental programs and penalties, as examples of quantitative factors. Qualitative factors may include such items as environmental programs introduced and reputation data from various published and organisational sources.The type of inputs and outputs selected for any model are dependent on a number of factors including data availability and the goal of the problem. For example, if we are looking at the operational level of analysis, inputs might be the amount of time required to run the equipment, while energy, scrap, good product and recycled material used, may be regarded as outputs (whether they are desireable or undesirable). A plant level categorisation is shown in more detail with the illustrative example. Organisational level categorisations may have overall budget allocated towards environmental operations, environmental investments and employees working on environmental issues as inputs, while outputs may include the various general corporate-wide emissions and data from environmental reports. Yet, environmental sensitivity (for example at the organisational level) may include the environmental investments and environmentally focused employees/programs as outputs with general revenues and operating costs as inputs.Reactive eco-efficiency evaluation may focus on inputs and outputs that relate to litigious or regulatory issues (e.g. emissions, penalties), while more pro-active eco-efficiency evaluation may relate to more voluntary and competitive related98J. Sarkis & S. TalluriFugitive non-point air emissionsStack or point air emissions Discharges to receiving streams and water bodiesUnderground injection on-site Releases to land on-siteDischarges to publicly owned treatment worksOther off-site transfersOn-site and off-site energy recoveryOn-site and off-site recyclingOn-site or off-site treatmentNon-Production releasesSource Reduction Activities Operating PracticesSpill and Leak Prevention Inventory ControlRaw Material Modification Process ModificationsCleaning and DecreasingSurface Preparation and Finishing Product ModificationsPollution Prevention Opportunity Audits Materials Balances AuditsEmployee and Participative Management Publicly available missions and values statement(s)Management systems pertaining to social and environmental performance.Magnitude and nature of penalties for non-compliance.Number, volume, and nature of accidental or non-routine releases to land, air, and water.Costs associated with environmental compliance.Environmental liabilities under applicable laws and regulations.Site remediation costs under applicable laws and regulations.Major awards received.Total energy use.Total electricity use.Total fuel use.Other energy use.Total materials use other than fuel.Total water use.Habitat improvements and damages due to enterprise operations.Quantity of non-product output returned to process ormarket by recycling or reuse.Major environmental, social, and economic impacts associated with the life cycle of products and services.Programs or procedures to prevent or minimise potentially adverse impacts of products and services.Procedures to assist product and service designers to create products or services with reduced adverse life cycle impact.Table1.Selected metrics and sources of metrics of environmental performance used by TRI and GRI.Ecoefficiency Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis99environmentally focused inputs and outputs like products marketed as green products, employees involved in green design, etc.These are simple examples to show the variations in the types of input and outputs may be dependent on the level of analysis and the goals of the organisation.In the next section a detailed illustrative example is presented that shows how the various DEA models can be applied.Illustrative ExampleIn this section we begin with an illustrative example using data from Tyteca (1998). The results of each of the various models are then presented with some analysis. How this data can be used from a research perspective is also presented,we then detail how these results can be used for managerial decision making.Data and modelThe data set source in this summarised form is adapted from Tyteca (1998) and Fare et al . (1996) (see Table 3). The original source of this environmental data for 48 electric utility plants in the U.S. was from the Energy Information Table 2.Example environmental indicator input and output factors categorised aseither quantitative or qualitative.InputsOutputs Quantitative Raw Material IntakeWater Emissions EnergyAir Emissions Materials UsedSolid Wastes EmployeesToxic Wastes General BudgetEmployee Health and Safety Environmental BudgetProducts Recycled Material Recycled ProductsPenaltiesPermits DeniedQualitative Managerial Plans Biodiversity ImpactsPrograms Landscape ImpactsDFE Greenhouse ImpactTQEM Ozone ImpactGreen Purchasing Acid Rain ImpactLCA Community ResponseISO14000Programs100J. Sarkis & S. TalluriAdministration of the United States Department of Energy (EIA). The inputs and outputs for the example are summarised in Fig. 2. Notice that there are two major inputs, energy (or raw materials) and labor, and four outputs, sulphur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2), and usable energy. Of the outputs only usable energy is considered a desirable output. The other outputs are defined as undesirable outputs. To model the undesirable output in the various DEA models, they will effectively serve as inputs (where smaller values are preferable to larger values). Thus, the multifactor productivity ratio to be evaluated is:k k k k k k k k k k kk k CO u NO u SO u L u EN u UE v E 543211++++=(1)whereE k is the efficiency score for plant k ;UE k is the usable energy for plant k ;EN k is the input energy (raw material) for plant k ;L k is the input labor for plant k ;SO k is the sulfur dioxide emissions for plant k ;NO k is the nitrogen oxides emissions for plant k ; andCO k is the carbon dioxide emissions for plant k .The total energy input is an aggregated value of total coal, oil and gas used.To aggregate these values, the original amounts were converted into BTUs. The transformations were 21,287 BTUs for every short ton of Coal, 5,800,000 BTUs for every barrel of oil, and 1026 BTUs for every cubic foot of gas (source: EIA,1999). Each of the models is executed on a P.C. version of the LINDO software (Schrage, 1991).Results and discussionIn the evaluation of the 48 electric utility plants we have utilised a variety of DEA models in a sequential manner each providing increasing insights into the efficiency of the electric utility plants (these models are detailed in Appendix A).Initially, the CCR model computations are performed and the results are shown in Table 4 under the heading “CCR”. The CCR model identified plants 2, 6, 15,17, 20, 25, 26, 36, 37, 39, 44, 46, and 48 to be efficient with a relative efficiency score of 1.000. The remaining plants are considered to be inefficient with scores of less than 1.000. According to the CCR model the inefficient plants must either decrease their inputs for the same level of outputs or increase their outputs forTable3.Raw data for illustrative example (adapted from Tyteca, 1998; Fare et al., 1996).Plant NumberSO2(Tons/yr)NO x(Tons/yr)CO2(Tons/yr)Output(MkWh)Coal*Oil*Gas*EnergyInput*Labor CommunityPerception1110,20227,9348,708,0718,695.93,551.20075.64771 260,42455,72413,602,85013,572.85,166.100110.04463 377,65758,90218,154,35016,323.27,578.366.50547.06914 489,07352,31914,401,95014,792.25,56888.10629.52393 5164,62661,56110,568,25310,451.54,351.20092.64224 6270,36364,33221,112,99021,882.88,570.300182.45625 765,25237,2108,943,5858,826.83,5309.60130.84304 8219,37633,0239,800,02910,156.74,457.37.70139.56041 9233,96463,2139,260,6088,858.64,21312.80163.92663 1056,010100,64517,118,72016,343.19,581.1103.30803.14642 11249,72868,7589,493,1699,575.34,046.20086.13842 12103,47034,38410,407,9609,903.54,583.464503,838.63343 13277,17380,47616,876,26016,868.67,713.9300338.25553 1415,94254,92413,093,53010,860.57,322.217.60257.92652 15106,30937,84610,471,79410,037.64,2480090.42361 16170,671110,76914,376,76312,073.55,247.400111.78312 1784,91328,5678,771,5499,394.72,685.13207018,657.83713 1830,97783,4879,644,5878,981.04,91039.90335.9302319140,56188,63619,166,68019,805.58,439.355.90503.96735 2016,96667,35415,594,65114,183.68,501110244.85281 21214,04738,87611,266,41010,900.75,178.687.60618.34672 2248,09037,41912,865,37010,438.74,923.902,004.92161.810502 2328,52280,93014,188,15013,471.27,677.40964.41152.98142 2486,54648,26812,888,57012,589.85,003.3600454.52363 2591,62250,84912,527,01013,119.64,814.221.90229.51814 2664,54324,9008,612,2399,149.93,318.426.70225.51822 2717,91435,7508,245,4667,428.23,207.4900590.32655 28161,81965,10314,802,38214,382.36,20015.50221.95581 29180,20856,61213,647,29313,391.15,392.232.40302.77114 30411,69265,47714,293,14014,365.06,235320318.33693 31105,07947,22411,829,64411,947.74,511.819.70210.35134 3232,90652,55213,138,01112,558.35,265.378.20565.66844 33133,04026,9689,158,6389,101.53,531.447.10348.42172 34115,80624,6568,478,9138,647.13,283.571.20482.91941 35180,08842,05010,823,36110,506.44,003.90085.22242 36317,07562,17114,068,23015,004.46,659.300141.84672 3781,00426,5519,164,9449,637.83,736.20079.54682 3817,14732,12410,978,4719,803.57,917.17.71,956.62220.74002 3952,89583,95718,627,45018,669.19,260.4037,39638565.46365 4030,26954,8699,260,0508,166.85,22527.80272.51323Table 3.(Continued )Plant Number SO 2(Tons/yr)NO x (Tons/yr)CO 2(Tons/yr)Output (MkWh)Coal*Oil*Gas*Energy Input*LaborCommunity Perception4167,34678,16518,861,32315,885.813,026370491.957514255,10054,06813,380,43011,184.910,655750661.84263435,9517,4392,086,7291,725.61,430.10620666.61223446,49235,1479,692,3859,090.94,193.415.70180.313944564,02444,48710,888,35110,985.94,234.20090.1514246266,53848,15412,547,93012,526.14,588.30097.7194247143,42432,71011,056,24310,909.84,358.7460359.641634816,44733,77715,544,89214,359.47,72345.1426.04625*Coal in 1,000 short tons/year; oil in 1,000 Bbls/year; gas in MMcf/year. Energy Input in Billions of BTU.Fig.2.Inputs, DMU and outputs for illustrative example.the same level of inputs in order to become efficient. A benchmarking analysis can also be performed here in order to identify the optimal targets for each of the inefficient plants to use as sources of improvement. Some of the limitations with the CCR model are that it assumes constant returns to scale and also fails to differentiate among efficient units.The BCC model overcomes the constant returns to scale limitation of the CCR model. In manufacturing situations it is sometimes practical to assume that as input increases the output increases at a decreasing rate, which is the variable returns to scale assumption. The BCC model basically works under this assumption.The model results for the analysis of power plants is shown under the heading “BCC” in Table 4. Based on these results one can conclude that plants 1, 2, 4,6, 10, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 48to be efficient with a relative efficiency score of 1.000. Although the BCC model incorporates the variable returns to scale assumption into the evaluation process,it does not provide a means for differentiating and even greater set of efficient units.The cross-efficiency models (SXEF and AXEF) and the ranking model (RCCR)allow for discriminating the efficient units and thereby provide a means for ranking the decision making units or more effectively making statistical inferences for research purposes. Although the simple cross-efficiency model (SXEF)evaluations allow for ranking decision making units, they do not address the problem of multiple optimum solutions in DEA (Doyle and Green, 1994). A more comprehensive method for performing ranking is by using the aggressive cross-efficiency model (AXEF). Based on these model results, shown under the heading “AXEF”, it is evident that plant 2 is the best overall performer with a score of 0.921 followed by plant 37, which achieved a score of 0.903. This analysis can be utilised to rank all the plants including the efficient ones in determining the best performers. It is interesting to note that CCR efficient plants 17 and 39 are ranked very low with respect to the “AXEF” evaluations with mean scores of 0.573 and 0.586, respectively. In fact some of the CCR inefficient units are better overall performers than plants 17 and 39, which is only evident from the cross-efficiency model evaluations. These observations are supported for false positivity with a 3181.MI =, σ = 0.153, and an assumed ρ = 2, both plants 17 and 39 fall outside the range calculated from expression (9), in which MI 17 = 1.744, and MI 39 = 1.706.An alternative method that can be utilised for ranking and discriminatory evaluation purposes is the RCCR model. The RCCR model is different from the AXEF model in that it does not base its calculations on how a unit performs with respect to the strengths of other units in the comparison set. It solely bases its calculations on how large a score a unit can achieve without violating the efficiency constraints of the other units in the set. The results of these evaluations are shown under the heading “RCCR”.Finally, CKS (ordinal and cardinal model) and QUALP (pairwise ordinal and cardinal model) are the extensions of CCR and AXEF models that allow for the incorporation of qualitative as well as quantitative inputs/outputs into the decision making process. In illustrating these models we have considered a qualitative output referred to as the “community perception” with larger values as preferable indicators. Community perception output data was not in the original data set and were developed (using simple random number generation) for this example. These are not real data and are only exemplary.The results of the ordinal and cardinal model are shown under the heading “CKS”. It is evident that plants 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 15, 25, 26, 27, 35, 37, 43, 44, 45,46, and 48 are efficient with a relative efficiency score of 1.000. Although this model discriminates well between efficient and inefficient units, it does not have a mechanism to differentiate between efficient units. The pairwise ordinal and cardinal model allows for ranking the plants and thereby discriminates between。
