研究生英语泛读翻译第十一单元

5．“我更愿意关注他们的思维方式，而不是他们的性格。

通过改变他们的思维方式，就能改变他们的行为。

”课文翻译有时候做女人或男人，或者做人都很难我们对自己期望的太多，一旦我们失败我们就情绪低落，简单的生活让人更加开心。

1 许多取得极大成功的女性不久前才坦言自己精神崩溃了，紧接着《每日邮报》的首席专栏作家阿利森·皮尔森在一次急性抑郁症发作之后又艰难地做出了离职的决定。

2 斯蒂芬妮·梅里特，玛丽安·基斯和萨莉·汉普顿这些知名作家都公开向社会承认了她们工作能力严重丧失的问题。

其他一些知名人士—比如演员艾玛·汤普森和《加冕街》剧中明星贝弗利·卡拉尔—最近也承认她们一阵阵地遭受急性精神抑郁症的折磨。

3 上周《卫报》中的一篇文章问道—女性们都怎么了？在她们取得所有这些成就的同时，为什么她们患抑郁症的概率是男性的三倍之多？为什么女性中患抑郁症的概率不断攀升？答案多种多样，有的认为是因为男性不常做家务活，有的认为是由于现在女性很晚才生养孩子。

4 然而，考虑到女性患抑郁症的高发率，比起男性，女性真的处境更糟糕的吗？也许—--尽管不一定是因为她们自己认为女性和男性由于不同的原因，不快乐方式不同。

对于女性来说，这些原因不那么直接。

这也就是女性抑郁症更加严重也更难治疗的原因之一。

5 作为一个一生遭受抑郁症折磨的患者，同时也是个男人— 顺便说一下，男性自杀的概率是女性的三倍— 我知道抑郁的根源除了那些明显的压力因素和遗传因素外，还有不确定性和迷惘两个原因。

6 如果人们清楚地知道她们忧愁的根源，知道能做什么和不能做什么，他们就能摆脱掉很大部分的不快乐。

当内心的冲突— 或者说矛盾 — 不停的在脑海里翻腾，不快乐就演变为抑郁症。

7 矛盾和不确定是当代女性的命运。

当代女性一直以来被灌输她们能够“拥有一切”的神话（卫报的作家基拉·科克伦把它称为“完美生活的疯狂追求”），而她们发现自己面对的却是一对接一对不可调和的矛盾，有些是未察觉到的、有些是拒绝接受的。

Uint 11 Sometimes It’s Hard to Be a Woman, or A Man or Human Text-related information1. Tim Lott (born 23 January 1956, Southall, West London) is a British author. After running his own magazine publishing business, he graduated from the London School of Economics in 1986.His first book, the semi-autobiographical The Scent of Dried Roses, was published in 1996 and won the J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography. His next work, White City Blue, was published in 1999 and won that year's Whitbread Award for Best First Novel.He was also shortlisted in the 'Best Novel' category of the 2002 Whitbread Awards for his work, Rumours of a Hurricane. He has since published The Love Secrets of Don Juan, The Seymour T apes and Fearless.The Scent of Dried Roses, a memoir of his family and his own life, remains his most acclaimed work. Beginning with the tragedy of his own mother's suicide, his memoir is a rich account. On the broader scale, he paints nuanced pictures of what it means to be working class, and how the English suburbs developed from the 1950s to the 1980s. More personally, also describes his own life journey, as he began to move beyond his family's roots, then go through depression and emerge at the other side only to face renewed tragedy, when the mother who had been so caring for him with his own mental illness, takes her own life.His latest novel is Fearless, published on June 4 2007. It is a mythic, political, dystopian fable a group of 1,000 girls confined to an institute in a time of terror. Fearless is published in both adult and young adult editions. He has also had a weekly column in the London Evening Standard.2. Allison Pearson (born 1960, Carmarthen) is a British writer. She is best-known for her period as a Daily Mail columnist and for a novel published in 2002, I Don't Know How She Does It.3. The Daily Mail is a British, daily middle market tabloid newspaper. First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe, it is the United Kingdom's second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun. The Daily Mail was Britain's first daily newspaper aimed at the newly-literate "lower-middle class market resulting from mass education, combining a low retail price with plenty of competitions, prizes and promotional gimmicks", and the first British paper to sell a million copies a day.4. Stephanie Merritt (born 1974 in Surrey) is a critic and feature writer for various publications including The Times, the Daily Telegraph, the New Statesman, Zembla and Die Welt. She has also been Deputy Literary Editor and a staff writer at The Observer.5. Marian Keyes (born 10 September 1963) is an Irish novelist and non-fiction writer, best known for her work in women's literature.6. Sally Hampton (born July 29, 1958 in St. Louis, Missouri) is anAmerican writer and film producer living in Los Angeles, USA.7. Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is an English actress, comedienne and screenwriter. Her first major film role was in the 1989 romantic comedy The T all Guy. In 1992, Thompson won multiple acting awards, including an Academy and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress, for her strong performance in the British drama Howards End.8. Coronation Street (affectionately nicknamed Corrie) is a British prime-time soap opera set in the fictional town of Weatherfield, four miles in either direction from and a suburb of the city of Manchester, England. Created by Tony Warren, Coronation Street is the longest running and most watched British soap opera.9.Beverley Callard (born March 28, 1957 in Morley, Leeds) is an English actress, best known for her role as Liz McDonald in ITV's Coronation Street, and Floella Henshaw in BBC Three's Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps.10. The Guardian(until 1959, The Manchester Guardian) is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Founded in 1821, it is unique among major British newspapers in being owned by a foundation (the Scott Trust, via the Guardian Media Group). It is known for its left of centre political stance.11. Kira Cochrane is a the Guardian writer.12. Dr. Dorothy Rowe (born December 1930) is an Australianpsychologist and author, whose area of interest is depression. Dr. Rowe currently resides in the United Kingdom.Language Points1. The decision …comes hard on the heels. On the heel of something------very soon after something. This expression means one event followed straight after or very soon after the first one. Example:The decision to by Peter came hard on the heels of the club’s promotion to Sam’s.2. patches of acute mental distress------a bad/difficult/sticky/rough patch means a period of time when you are having a lot of difficulties. Example:Gemma’s going through a bad patch right now.3. Unhappiness bleeds into depression. If something bleeds into another thing, it unfortunately can develop into a bad situation.4. That unsquareable circle alone. The expression “square the circle”is used to mean that achieving two aims which are complete opposites is not possible. If something is unsquareable, it is impossible to have it done. Here the woman has to choose between career and motherhood – the two together is impossible – a circle cannot become a square.5. They want to love their bodies as they are, and yet feel attractive to others. The woman wants to be loved as she is – not having to follow fashion, diets etc. She maybe a little fat, not be especially sexy / beautiful figure etc. Y et she wants to believe she is attractive as she is now.6. And with gender roles more fluid. Gender roles mean things each gender used to. Fluid here is used as a verb and metaphor meaning change/movement is happening. More men do tasks traditionally the women do. e.g. cooking, washing up etc. and women now drive the car etc.7. Then there are historic forms of female disadvantage. If something has historic forms, it means it long exsists and very typical.Word Study1. incidentally adv. 1）introducing a different topic , by the way;e.g. I have to go now. Incidentally, if you want that book, I'llbring it next time.2）in an incidental manner;e.g. In our discussion this question was incidentally broughtup.2．contradiction n. 1）opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas.e.g.There seems to be a contradiction between her words andactions.2）(logic) a statement that is necessarily false.e.g. The boss will not tolerate any contradiction.3. irreconcilable adj. impossible to reconcile.e.g. The partner's differences seem irreconcilable.4. formidable adj. extremely impressive in strength or excellence.e.g. A formidable prospect lies ahead of him.5. imperative 1) adj. requiring attention or action.e.g. It is imperative to act now.2) n. some duty that is essential and urgent.e.g. Job creation has become an imperative for thegovernment.Keys to exercisesText Comprehension:Answer the following questions1.Uncertainty and confusion. (para 6 and 7)2.W omen’s are not as straightforward as men’s. For example, mencan go to work without thinking and feeling guilty for not being with the children. But women want to make their achievement in their jobs, meanwhile, they want to be with the children. There are many other examples from the article. (para 8 to 13)3.Their idea of being a family provider. (para14 and 17)4.They are not appreciative. They think it is the way it should be,and they ignor men’s effort. (para 15 and16)5.No standard answers (para 19 and 22).6. No standard answers.Structural Analysis of the Text:Part one: (para.1 to para.4) poses the questions by introducing the true stories first. Pointing out the causes of women’s unhappiness “not necessarily for the reasons they think they are.”(para4)Part two: (para.5 to para.12) women’s source of unhappinessPart three: (para.13 to para.18) differences between men and women. Part four: (par a.19 to para.22) the writer’s suggestions to solve the problems.Summary WritingWhy are depression rates rising among women? For women, the reasons are much less straightforward, which is one reason why their unhappiness is so much more distressing and difficult to treat. People can cope with a great deal of unhappiness if they are clear about where the unhappiness stems from and what can and can't be done about it. Modern women want to have successful, satisfying careers and be good mothers and good friends and valuable members of the local community. They also want to remain desirable and fashionable. But to put these things into practice is extremely difficult. Men do have it better in some ways, partly because their desires and needs are more straightforward. Most men don’t feel guilty about not seeing their children except in the evening and at the weekend. And most men don't follow fashion. Most significantly of all,men don't worry too much about being "good". So, what is the solution? First, women need to lower their expectations of themselves. Second，rather than putting work, friends and children first, both men and women should put one another first. We should simply strive to be humble and grateful.V ocabulary and Structure:Keys to section A: 1. reconciled 2. imperative 3. contradiction 4. existence 5. inherit 6. formidable 7. sensitive8. confess 9. Incidentally 10. converselyKeys to section B:1. B2.A3. A4.B5. A6. A7. A8.D9.B 10.C Keys to close2. partially3. linked 5. positive 10. increase 9. impact1. management 8. tolerance 7. relieve 4. builds 6. reaction Keys to Further Reading1. C2. C3. A4.D5. BTranslations1．一位加拿大心理学教授已经鉴定出三种完美主义者：自我要求型（要求自己达到完美），要求他人型（要求别人达到完美）和被要求完美主义者（认为别人要求他们达到完美）。

汉译英：1、汤姆和玛丽Tom and Mary have a cunning strategy for successful child-rearing .Like most other parents, they wouldn’t mind if their two daughters turned out to be among the next Mozarts. But essentially, they just want to help the girls get the most out of their lives. The key, they’ve decided, is the weekends, when they see to it that their daughters do pretty much nothing at all.2、有200年历史的京剧Peking opera, with 200years of history, is valued as part of the immense heritage of Chinese culture. Unfortunately , this heritage has seen its appeal to younger generations in China decline in recent years. But when I was in Hawaii, I was surprised and pleased to see that some young Americans were actively involved in this ancient oriental art and seriously studying the songs, speeches, movements and acrobatic conventions of the opera.3、反引力Antigravity is a property of empty space that exerts an out ward force life a compressed spring at every point in space. A given volume of space always has the same amount of dark energy, so when the distance between two galaxies doubles, the force pushing them away from each other is twice as strong. As the universe expands, the volume of space increases, which means more dark energy. By now, 14 billion years after the Big Bang, antigravity has overwhelmed, gravity, so the expansion will get faster and faster.4、电视新闻Television news reports and programs bring about both positive and negative influence. From the news reports, people get to know the great events that have happened, are happening or will happen in the world, such as wars in the Middle East and famine in Africa. As a result they broaden their mind. By watching television programs people also get to know other peoples and their cultures. However, television news reports and programs may mislead peoples. Violence and drug problems are harmful to young people. Political scandals, illegal campaign contributions and illegal financial manipulation greatly damage the nation’s image. Things go worse especially when international audiences lack context and a frame of reference.5、Ff。

泛读2第三版课文翻译unit11The rocking-ho木摇马上的赢家———D.H.劳伦斯她是一个美丽的女人，身来有着一切有利于她的优势，但她很不幸。

她为了爱情而结婚，可爱情毫不领情。

她有几个漂亮健康的孩子，可她至今觉得那是上帝硬塞给她的，她并不爱他们。

孩子们看她时的冷淡的眼神就像在她身上寻找错误一样。

她也会马上意识到那些眼光，好像她真的犯了什么错误必须及时掩盖掉。

可究竟要掩盖什么，她却不知道。

然而当她儿女在场时，她却总觉得自己心变得硬起来。

这使她很烦恼，在举止上她全身心的表现出温和和关切，就像她很爱他们一样。

只有她自己知道她内心深处是一块狭窄冰冷的地方,无法感觉到爱，不，甚至是任何人的爱。

每个人都说她是个好母亲，她很喜爱她的孩子们。

但她和孩子们知道事实并不是这样。

他们早已从彼此的目光中读出来啦!她有一个男孩两个女孩，有一幢舒适带有花园的房子，还有几个谨慎的仆人。

这些使得他们一家比任何邻里都显得富裕。

虽然他们生活奢华，但总在这房子里感到焦虑。

因为钱从来没有够用过。

母亲有一小笔收入，父亲也有一小笔收入，可对他们不得不保持的社会地位来说这些钱根本不够。

父亲在市政府工作，似乎前程似锦，但他的前程似乎又永远不会到来。

虽然他们的生活保持着—贯的风格，可缺钱的感觉从来没有停止折磨他们过。

后来母亲说:“我来想想办法吧! "可她无从着手。

她绞尽脑汁，左思右想，却几乎没有想到一个可行的办法。

挫折在她脸上刻下了深深的皱痕。

她的孩子渐渐长大了，他们要跨入学校。

一定要有更多的钱!一定要有更多的钱!然而，父亲，一个外表时髦开支庞大的人，似乎始终没有能力做一些值得可做的事;至于母亲，她很自信，可也好不到哪儿去，她也有着很大的开销。

因此，一句从未有人说起过的话如鬼魂在屋里回荡:一定要有更多的钱!一定要有更多的钱!即使没有人发出声，孩子们也可以听到这句话。

在圣诞夜，当昂贵精致的玩具挂满他们房间的时候，他们听到了。

研究生英语读写译教程杨瑾瑜版第11单元summarySummaryIn "Sometimes It's Hard to Be Women ,or a Man , or Human "Tim Lott explains the cause of people's unhappiness and give some advices to being happiness.Women and men are unhappy in different ways for different reasons .Generally speaking ,the reasons are much less straightforward for women . The main sources of depression are stress,genetic inheritance,uncertainty and confusion . For women ,paradox and uncertainty are the lot of sources of depression. Because it is difficult to along with wanting to be cares as well as have a career . for man , more subject to loneliness than women . Also ,their sense of identity is very tied up with success or failure as workers . They are also trapped in role as family providers.How to solve the problems ? First and foremost ,women need to lower their expectations of themselves . Besides, both men and women should put one another first rather than putting work ,friends and children first. Last but not least , we should simply strive to be humble and grateful ,for what we have got.。

英语泛读教程第二版u11课文翻译
一天，爸爸说春天来了，大森林中的雪已经开始融化。

雪块儿从树枝上掉下来，落在下面松软的雪堆上，形成一个个小同。

午间的时候，屋槍下所有的大冰柱在阳光下颜动闪烁。

在冰柱尖儿上，一颗颗小水珠摇摇欲坠。

爸爸说，他得去城里一道，卖掉他一冬辅获的兽皮。

，一天晚上，他扎了很大一捆毛皮。

毛皮太多，爸爸把它们紧紧烟在一起时，这堆毛皮几乎和他一样高。

清晨，爸爸把这一大毛皮骨在肩上，向城镇出发了。

因为毛皮太多，他没有带枪。

妈妈很担心。

但爸爸说，如果日出前就出发，并且快些走，他可以在天黑前赶回来。

最近的城镇也很远，劳拉和玛莉从没见过城镇，也没见过商店。

她们甚至从未见过两幢连在一起的房子。

但是她们知道城里有好多的房屋。

还有一家满是糖果、印花布和其他神奇东西的商店。

在那里可以买到火药、子弹、盐和糖。

她们知道，爸爸会用毛皮从镇上的店主那儿换回漂亮东西的。

整整一天，她们等着爸爸给她们带回礼物。

太阳下沉到树情上，冰柱上的水也不再往下滴，她们开始急切地盼望着爸爸的归来，太阳已经不见了，森林也渐渐暗了下米，爸爸没有回米，妈妈准备好晚餐，摆好了桌子，爸爸还是没有回来。

到了平时干杂活的时间，他依然没有回来。

妈妈说。

劳拉可以和她一起去挤牛奶。

因为劳拉可以帮忙提灯笼。

劳拉穿上了外套，妈妈帮她系好扣子，妈妈点燃了灯笼里的蜡烛，劳拉则戴上了她的红色手套。

两只手套由一根红纱绳连着，挂在脖子上。

英语专业泛读教程第三册单词汇unit11cumulative ['kju:mju,leitiv] adj. 累积的cumulative dose[核]累积剂量cumulative deficit累积亏损; 累积赤字cumulative evidence累积证据; 累计证据cumulative effect累积效应；蓄积作用cumulative frequency累积频率，累积频数cumulative distribution累积分布cumulative probability累积概率cumulative voting选民所领票数与候选人数相同的制度adj. cumulate 累积的；堆积的adv. cumulatively 累积地；渐增地n. cumulation 累积，蓄积；堆积vi. cumulate 累积vt. cumulate 累积；堆积estate [i'steit] n. 房地产；财产；身份Estate Tax[税收]遗产税; [税收]地产税; 遗产税叫做财产税; 叫做财产税estate income[法]遗产收益; [法]房地产收益legal estate[法]法定产业权; 合法财产; 买法定地产权real estate n. 不动产，房地产real estate market房地产市场；不动产市场real estate development房地产开发estate tax（英）房地产遗产税real estate management房地产管理；物业管理；不动产管理transaction [træn'zækʃən, -'sæk-, trɑ:n-] n. 交易；事务；办理；会报，学报transaction cost交易成本; [贸易]交易费用; 完成一项交易的费用cash transaction[贸易][会计]现金交易transaction processing [计]事务处理business transaction商业交易；[经]经济业务transaction volume交易量market transaction市场交易n. transactor 办理人；做交易的人；处理者vi. transact 交易；谈判vt. transact 办理；处理volume ['vɔlju:m] n. 量；体积；卷；音量；大量；册∙adj. 大量的∙vi. 成团卷起∙vt. 把…收集成卷specific volume[物]比容; [物]比体积; 松比客; [物]比积volume density[物]体积密度; [物][计]体密度; [物]堆积密度; 容量molar volume[化学]摩尔体积; [化学]摩尔分子体积; [化学]克分子体积; 莫耳体积sales volume销售量volume fraction体积分率，体积分数；容积率traffic volume交通量high volume高容量air volume风量；空气体积trading volume交易额total volume总体积；总容积；总成交量trade volume交易量volume production批量生产，成批生成；容积产量constant volume定容；恒定体积by volume [化]按体积计volume control [电]音量控制；容量调节；卷控制control volume控制卷unit volume单位体积；单位容积production volume生产量；产品产量transaction volume交易量volume change n. 体积变化，容积变化data volume数据量；数据卷；资料量adj. volumetric [物] 体积的；[物] 容积的；[物] 测定体积的voluminous 大量的；多卷的，长篇的；著书多的volumed 成卷的；有…册的；（烟雾）成团的n. volumeter [仪] 体积计，[仪] 容积计flourish ['flauriʃ] n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰∙vt. 夸耀；挥舞∙vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期Ports Flourished港口繁荣Flourished In兴盛于于Business Flourished商业繁盛a flourish of trumpets大肆宣扬in full flourish在全盛时，盛极一时laborious [lə'bɔ:riəs] adj. 勤劳的；艰苦的；费劲的Although Laborious虽然辛苦Good Laborious好辛苦Not Laborious不费劲laborious trying费劲的Laborious To The Utmost费九牛二虎之力adj. labored 吃力的；费劲的；不自然的labouring 劳动的；费劲的adv. laboriously 辛苦地；费力地；不流畅地n. labouring 劳动v. labored 工作；劳动；分娩（labor的过去分词）labouring 劳动；努力；为…所苦恼；艰难地行进wearisome ['wiərisəm] adj. 使疲倦的；使厌倦的；乏味的wearisome defilements尘劳Plain But Not Wearisome平淡却不厌烦adj. weary 疲倦的；厌烦的；令人厌烦的wearing 磨损的；穿用的；令人疲倦的adv. wearily 疲倦地；无聊地；厌倦地n. weariness 疲倦，疲劳；厌倦v. wearing 穿着；磨损（wear的ing形式）vi. weary 疲倦；厌烦vt. weary 使疲倦；使厌烦defilement [di'failmənt] n. 污秽；弄脏；污辱n. defile 狭谷；隘路defiler 亵渎者；玷污者；蝎子vi. defile 以纵队前进vt. defile 污损，弄脏；染污advent ['ædvənt] n. 到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节the advent of (重要人物或事件)…的出现(或到来)with the advent of随着…的出现due [dju:, du:] adj. 到期的；预期的；应付的；应得的∙n. 应付款；应得之物∙adv. 正（置于方位词前）due process正当程序; 正当法律程序; 应循程序; 充分程序tax due[税收]应交税款; [税收]到期应缴税款; [税收]应付税款; [税收]到期应付税款annuity due[劳经]期初年金; [劳经]即付年金; [劳经]期首年金; [劳经]即期年金due care安全关注; 应有关注; 注意义务; 适当注意Date Due截止日期interest due[金融]到期利息become due到期; 期满be due应抵达的; 应交出的; 到期due for应该得到due out待发；待退；应离店但还未离店annuity [ə'nju:iti] n. 年金，养老金；年金保险；年金享受权annuity contract年金合约; 年金合同vested annuity既得年金annuity factor年金因子; 年金现值系数terminable annuity[会计][金融]有限期年金; [金融]定期年金joint annuity[金融]联合年金; 共同年金group annuity团体年金redemption annuity[金融]补偿年金n. annuitant 领年金者；领受养老金者terminable ['tə:minəbl] adj. 可终止的；有期限的terminable charge有限期的押记Terminable Contract有期限的合同terminable income有期所得redemption [ri'dempʃən] n. 赎回；拯救；偿还；实践capital redemption资本赎回; 利润归还投资; 已归还投资Redemption Value[金融]赎回价值advanced redemption提前偿还shawshank redemption肖申克的救赎（电影名称）beyond redemption不可救药；不可挽回adj. redemptive 赎回的；赎身的；挽回的makeshift ['meikʃift]∙n. 权宜之计；凑合；临时措施；将就∙adj. 临时的；权宜之计的；凑合的语makeshift language代用语Makeshift Mannequin变妆假模; 便装假模makeshift lavatory临时厕所makeshift facilities临时设施makeshift tents临时帐篷makeshift valve变向阀; 变向活门makeshift house简易房; 简易房屋; 临时住房Makeshift Bridge便桥lavatory ['lævətəri, -,tɔ:ri] n. 厕所，盥洗室mannequin ['mænikin] n. 人体模型；服装模特儿substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]∙n. 代用品；代替者∙vi. 替代∙vt. 代替语substitute function[力]代用函数substitute bench替补队员席; 替补席substitute formation替代形成diamond substitute钻石代用品; 金刚石代用品Substitute Products替代产品; 替代商品in substitute很容易换用的代用品; 几乎随手可得的代用品; 随手可得的代用品substitute for代替，取代substitute fuel代用燃料substitute material代用材料，代用品substitute teacher代课老师blood substitute [医]血液代用品adj. substitutable 可替换的n. substitution 代替；[数] 置换；代替物substituting 取代；代入substitutability [计] 可代换性；[计] 可置换性v. substituting 代替，取代（substitute的现在分词形式）rubber ['rʌbə] n. 橡胶；橡皮；合成橡胶；按摩师∙adj. 橡胶制成的∙vt. 涂橡胶于；用橡胶制造∙vi. 扭转脖子看；好奇地引颈而望rubber cement[橡胶]生胶浆; 橡胶糊; 橡胶胶水; 橡胶rubber tree[林]橡胶树rubber belt腰带; [橡胶]橡胶带; 橡皮带; [橡胶]胶带rubber footwear橡胶鞋类; [服装]胶鞋; 橡筋袜; 橡筋鞋adj. rubbery 橡胶似的；有弹力的；坚韧的rubberlike 橡皮状的；如橡胶的n. rub 摩擦；障碍；磨损处rubbing 摩擦；研磨；摹拓rubberneck 伸长脖子看的人；爱问长问短的人；跟着向导游览的人rubdown 按摩，摩擦身体；磨平v. rubbing 摩擦；按摩；触痛（rub的ing形式）vi. rub 擦；摩擦；擦破rubberneck 好奇地听；伸长脖子看vt. rub 擦；摩擦；惹怒rubberize 用橡胶处理；涂橡胶tube [tju:b, tu:b] n. 管；电子管；隧道；电视机∙vt. 使成管状；把…装管；用管输送∙vi. 乘地铁；不及格adj. tubal 管的；输卵管的tubeless 无内胎的；无电子管的n. tubing 管子；装管；管道系统tubal 输卵管v. tubing 把…装管；使成管状（tube的现在分词）decay [di'kei] vi. 衰退，[核] 衰减；腐烂，腐朽∙n. 衰退，[核] 衰减；腐烂，腐朽∙vt. 使腐烂，使腐败；使衰退，使衰落tooth decay蛀牙；龋齿；齵齿decay rate衰减率；衰变率；衰变速度radioactive decay [物]放射性衰变adj. decayed 腐烂的；腐败的；衰退的transform [træns'fɔ:m, trænz-, trɑ:n-] vt. 改变，使…变形；转换∙vi. 变换，改变；转化transform intoadj. transformable 可变化的；可变形的；可转化的n. transformation [遗] 转化；转换；改革；变形transformer [电] 变压器；促使变化的人transfer [træns'fə:] n. 转让；转移；传递；过户∙vi. 转让；转学；换车∙vt. 使转移；调任data transfer[通信][计]数据传送; 数据转换; 数据传递; 数据传输transfer transport中转运输; 电子转移heat transfer热传递，传热mass transfer质量传递，传质；质量转移transfer function转移函数，传递函数technology transfer技术移转，技术转让[生化] transferase [生化] 转移酶；转换酶adj. transferable 可转让的；[数] 可转移的transferrable 可转移的；可传递的；可转换的n. transference 转移；转让；调任transferee 受让人；承让人；被调任者transferability 可转移性；可转让性transferor [专利] 转让人，让与人transferrin [生化] 转铁蛋白；铁传递蛋白transferer 转让者（等于transferrer）；换纬捶transferrer 迁移者，转运者；调任者The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》（著作名）Canterbury ['kæntəbəri] n. 《坎特伯雷》（英国一城市）Hamlet['hæmlit]《哈姆雷特》Paradise Lost《失乐园》Gulliver's ['ɡʌlivə]Travel《格列佛游记》David Copperfield['kɔpəfi:ld]《大卫·科波菲尔》（狄更斯小说中的人物）（著名魔术师）Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《黛丝姑娘》（书名）；《德伯家的苔丝》（书名）Pygmalion [piɡ'meiljən] n. 《卖花女》（英国萧伯纳之作品人物）；塞浦路斯王皮格马利翁Ulysses [ju(:)'lisi:z] n. 《尤里西斯》（希腊神话中男子名，也是爱尔兰意识流文学作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯小说名）the scarlet letter 《红字》（美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的一部小说作品，后被拍摄为电影）；红色禁恋A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》《战地春梦》（书名，海明威著）Beloved《宠儿》Light in August《八月之光》native son《土生子》Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》（中国长篇历史小说）A Dream of Red Mansions 《红楼梦》collaborator [kə'læbəreitə(r)] n. [劳经] 合作者；勾结者；通敌者adj. collaborative 合作的，协作的n. collaboration 合作；勾结；通敌collaborationism 卖国，通敌collaborationist 通敌卖国者；协助者vi. collaborate 合作；勾结，通敌bibliography [,bibli'ɔɡrəfi] n. 参考书目；文献目录annotated bibliography附说明的资料目录adj. bibliographic 书目的；书籍解题的；著书目录的bibliographical 书目的；书籍解题的；著书目录的n. bibliographer 书志学家；书目编制人bibliotheca 书目；藏书；图书馆encyclopedia [en,saikləu'pi:djə] n. 百科全书encyclopedia britannica大英百科全书adj. encyclopaedic 百科全书的；广博的；如百科辞典的n. encyclopedism 百科全书的知识；广博知识Britannica n. 大英百科全书timeliness ['taimlinis] n. 及时；时间性；好时机adj. time 定时的；定期的；分期的timely 及时的；适时的timeless 永恒的；不受时间影响的；不合时宜的timed 定时的，同步的；时控的timesaving 节省时间的adv. timely 及时地；早n. time 时间；时代；次数；节拍；倍数timing 定时；调速；时间选择timeline 时间轴，时间线；大事年表timer [电子] 定时器；计时器；计时员，记时员；跑表；延时调节器timetable 时间表；时刻表；课程表timekeeper 计时员；钟表；工作时间记录员timekeeping 计时；时间记录timecard 考勤卡；工作时间记录卡timelessness 永恒，不朽；不受时间影响v. timing 为…安排时间；测定…的时间（time的ing形式）timed 合拍；为…安排时间；记录…的时间（time的过去分词）vt. time 计时；测定…的时间；安排…的速度。

The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.IK人以前是聚居在北乌干达山谷中以游牧为生的小部落，如今举世闻名，成为文学象征，代表着令人沮丧的，冷酷的人类整体的终极命运。

在他们身上发生了两件灾难性的决定性事件：政府决定建造一个国家公园，法律迫使他们离开山谷放弃打猎，而在山坡贫瘠的土地上开始种植，之后有个人类学家造访了他们两年，这个人类学家厌恶他们并写了一本关于他们的书。

The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of the us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.这本书所传递的信息是作为对他们传统文化的拆除的反馈，Iks已经不可逆转地把自己变成一个令人不快的群体，他们是六亲不认、残酷的生物，完全的自私和无爱。

1.The origins of etiquette-----the convention rules of behavior and ceremonies observed in polite society-------are complex .one of them is respect for authority. From the most primitive times, subjects showed respect for their ruler by bowing ,prostrating themselves on the ground ,not speaking until spoken to, and never turning their backs to the throne . some monarchs developed rules to stress even further the respect due to them. The emperors of Byzantium expected their subjects to kiss their feet . when an ambassador from abroad was introduced , he had to touch the ground before the throne with his forehead . Meanwhile the throne itself was raised in the air so that ,on looking up , the ambassador saw the ruler far above him , haughty and remote在上流社会，行为举止、各种庆典仪式都有传统的惯例，其起因相当复杂，他们的起因之一，是要对当权者表示尊重。