北航研究生英语写作试卷_研究生学术英语写作

北京航空航天大学2023年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes. Cities have always been noisy, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago.Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the population. Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist. As a matter of fact, this is one instance where the knowledge of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment.There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding.The second approach is being used more often today as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apartments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent materials and construction designed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increasingly being required touse reduced power flights around airports.There are many examples of available noise control methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power generators can be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorbers. Truck tires can be made with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for example, are quieter than the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers.All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its source, therefore saving through prevention the large costs of hearing loss.21．The noise level for possible hearing loss begins at about ______.A．30 decibels B．75 decibels C．100 decibels D．none of the above 22．Jet pilots are being advised to land ______.A．on longer runways B．from nearby areas C．after dark D．with reduced power 23．How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.24．The reader can assume that airport of the future will ______.A．have runways in a north-south patternB．be located in unpopulated areasC．be required to warn passengers of high noise levelsD．in nearby areas25．Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of ______.A．efficient transportation with low levels of noiseB．vehicles that cause serious air pollutionC．scientific advances that do more harm than goodD．quieter and older vehiclePassage 2Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C．These include dark green leafy vegetables; deep yellow vegetables; and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed.If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individual to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.26．Food preference in America is ______.A．culturally oriented B．inherited C．individualistic D．according to ages 27．Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in ______.A．celery B．banana C．milk D．cabbage 28．According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with ______.A．improving the vitamin content of processed foodsB．restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC．informing the public about wholesome foodsD．helping people enjoying uninformed about nutrition29．Some people judge their nutrition by the ______.A．status of their health B．grocery stores where they shopC．amount of protein in their diets D．food they took30．The author advocatesA．requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB．making information on nutrition available to the publicC．forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packagesD．people has the right to choose foodPassage 3Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative usesfor knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses Ⅱused the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government project' namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.Counting costs have risen since 1790．The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person. That's a long way since 3800 B．C．.31．The first known census report took place in Babylonia in ______.A．1085 B．1200 B. C．3800 B.C. D．179032．The first census was created for the sole purpose of ______.A．counting available troops B．dividing farmlandC．providing manpower D．taxing the populace33．The American census today costs the government approximately ______.A．$0.01/person B．$0.10/person C．$1.00/person D．$10.00/person 34．Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it ______.A．might give valuable news to EnglandB．would give England's enemies cause for rebellionC．would be too expensiveD．might disclose information to England's enemies35．The author implies the American census is ______.A．relatively inexpensive to conductB．important to various government branchesC．an exact count of the citizenryD．fairly expensive before 1790Passage 4It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials canact alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows.Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.36．The author attributes today's air pollution to ______.A．the growth of civilization B．man's carelessnessC．environmental imbalance D．some mysterious cause37．The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to ______.A．protective foliage B．thick bark C．genetic makeup D．tainted air38．Air pollution causes the most damage to ______.A．hardwoods B．conifers C．fruit trees D．fluorides39．The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is ______.A．heavy industry B．chemical processing plantsC．urban expansion D．salt spray40．We can conclude that ______.A．air pollution is easier to control than water pollutionB．the problem of polluted air is a problem overnightC．the impact of air pollution has been known for centuriesD．research on the efforts of air pollution is incompletePart ⅢVocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41．Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.A．careful B．clever C．ignorant D．economical 42．Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven.A．molten B．serene C．isolated D．snobbish 43．Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.A．criminal B．pump C．psychology D．lodgings44．History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes.A．attempts B．insults C．mistakes D．arguments45．The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.A．ridiculed B．entertained C．ignored D．drew46．The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.A．encounter B．stick to C．prepare D．anticipate47．Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906～1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.A．convoluted B．belied C．encumbered D．stoked 48．Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. A．provision B．cylinder C．contradiction D．exhaustion49．The attack was meticulously planned and executed.A．negligently B．slovenly C．fussily D．discreetly50．At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.A．damaging B．magnificent C．useful D．relevant51．The batteries can be recharged when they run ______.A．over B．down C．out D．along52．The rioters headed downtown, ______ they attacked city hall.A．since B．as C．whereupon D．yet53．Monday's earthquake ______ windows and woke residents.A．slammed B．prosecuted C．rattled D．pierced 54．Environmentalists ______ that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.A．deliver B．deserve C．contrast D．concede 55．Lately, the restaurant chain, which______ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.A．caters B．fabricates C．facilitates D．flees56．The nation ______ the death of its great war leader.A．protruded B．lamented C．rebuked D．racked57．The report ______ poor safety standards for the accident.A．blames B．charges C．complains D．accuses58．The new school building is ______ completion.A．nearly to B．close to C．almost at D．just about at 59．Walking is excellent for working ______ tension.A．out B．away C．down D．off60．Any negative statements and accusations made should be ______ and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.A．promptly B．thoroughly C．punctually D．exactlyPart ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now. There are still 61 a few very old women who in their youth have worked 62, with harness round their waists, and a chain 63 passed between their legs, crawling on all 64 and dragging tugs of coal. They used to go on 65 this even when they were pregnant.And 66 now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it 67 and fro, I fancy we should let them do it 68 than deprive ourselves of coal. But most of the time, of course, we should 69 to forget that they were doing it. It is the 70 with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its existence. More than anything 71 perhaps, the miner can stand as the type of manual worker, not only because it is so vitally necessary and 72 so 73 , that we are capable 74 forgetting it as we forget the blood in our veins. In 75 way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working. It raises in you a momentary doubt 76 your own status as an “intellectual” and a superior person generally. For it is brought 77 to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only 78 miners sweat their guts out 79 superior persons can 80 superior.61．A．alive B．living C．walking D．breathing 62．A．underground B．above C．below D．late63．A．it B．this C．who D．that64．A．limbs B．fours C．legs D．bodies 65．A．making B．working C．do D．doing66．A．just B．even C．right D．well67．A．from B．for C．to D．at68．A．rather B．more C．would D．less69．A．ask B．prefer C．make D．willing70．A．same B．what C．so D．that71．A．more B．beside C．too D．else72．A．but B．yet C．however D．also 73．A．efficient B．silent C．black D．required74．A．to B．for C．of D．at75．A．the B．its C．a D．that76．A．about B．with C．for D．of77．A．point B．home C．much D．it78．A．for B．why C．because D．how79．A．so B．that C．why D．therefore 80．A．retain B．do C．remain D．makePart ⅤTranslation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe.Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the so-called “dark matter” that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe.All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the “missing mass” is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects.According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modern cosmology today.The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.Part ⅥWriting (15 points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the Answer Sheet(2): Opportunity and Success.。

研究生英语作文真题1Oh my goodness! Analyzing the characteristics and patterns of postgraduate English composition real questions is truly an intriguing and essential task! Year after year, we can observe several common topics emerging. Take, for instance, the ever-present theme of technological development. How has it revolutionized our lives and what challenges does it pose? Another frequent topic is education reform. Isn't it crucial to ensure that our education system keeps pace with the changing times? And let's not forget about environmental protection! How can we balance economic growth with safeguarding our precious planet?When it comes to the requirements in terms of vocabulary, a rich and precise vocabulary is highly demanded. We need to master not only common words but also specialized terms related to the specific topic. Regarding grammar, accuracy and complexity are of paramount importance. A well-structured sentence with proper tenses and complex sentence patterns can greatly enhance the quality of the composition. As for the logical structure, a clear introduction, well-organized body paragraphs, and a conclusive ending are essential. How can we achieve this coherence and logic? We need to have a clear train of thought and present our ideas in a systematic way.So, dear friends, understanding these characteristics and patterns of postgraduate English composition real questions is the key to achieving excellent results. Isn't it time for us to delve deeper and master this art?2Oh my goodness! When it comes to the postgraduate English composition real questions, they are truly fascinating and challenging! Let me tell you all about them.The question types are quite diverse. For instance, there are those that require describing charts and graphs. You have to carefully observe the data presented and describe the trends, comparisons, and significant points accurately. Isn't that demanding?Then there are the opinion-discussing questions. Here, you need to present your own viewpoints clearly and logically, supported by solid evidence and reasoning. How important it is to have a well-structured thought process!Problem-solving questions are also common. You have to analyze the given problem, come up with feasible solutions, and explain your reasoning. This really tests your ability to think critically and apply knowledge.The key focuses of these questions lie in various aspects. Language expression ability is crucial! You must use appropriate words, correct grammar, and diverse sentence structures. A good command of vocabularyand idiomatic expressions can make your writing shine.The logical thinking ability is no less important! Your ideas should be coherent, and the transitions between paragraphs should be smooth. Can you imagine how confusing it would be if your thoughts were jumbled?Also, a rich knowledge reserve is necessary. You need to draw on various fields of knowledge to support your arguments and show your broad perspective.So, dear friends, the postgraduate English composition real questions are not just tests but opportunities to showcase your comprehensive abilities. Are you ready to take on the challenge?3Oh my goodness! Preparing for the postgraduate English composition real questions has been such an extraordinary journey for me. At the beginning, it was like a huge mountain standing in front of me. The complex grammar, the vast vocabulary, and the demanding writing requirements made me feel so frustrated and confused. How could I possibly handle all of this?But I didn't give up! I spent countless hours reading model essays, analyzing their structures and language usage. Every time I made a mistake in my practice, I told myself, "Come on! You can do better than this!" And gradually, I started to see some improvement.When I finally wrote a composition that was praised by my tutor, thejoy and sense of achievement filled my heart. I couldn't believe that I had come such a long way! However, I knew that there was still much more to learn and improve.The process was full of ups and downs, but I kept going. Was it easy? No! But was it worth it? Absolutely yes! I believe that with my perseverance and hard work, I will do well in the final exam.4Oh my goodness! The graduate English composition real questions play an absolutely crucial role in the selection of talents. How could we ignore their significance? For instance, these real questions can effectively sift out candidates with outstanding English expression and thinking abilities. Take a look at those complex topics and demanding requirements, which force candidates to showcase their language proficiency and logical thinking skills. A well-written composition can reveal a candidate's ability to organize thoughts, present arguments clearly, and use precise vocabulary and proper grammar. Isn't it amazing how a simple composition can do all this?Moreover, the impact of these real questions on the quality of graduate cultivation is profound. They set a high standard right from the beginning, making sure that admitted students have the necessary language foundation for in-depth academic research. How can we underestimate the importance of this? A good performance in the composition indicates a potential forbetter communication and academic achievements in the future. But what if the real questions fail to truly reflect a candidate's comprehensive abilities? This is a question worth pondering! In conclusion, the graduate English composition real questions are of great significance, but we also need to constantly reflect and improve to ensure fairness and effectiveness. Don't you think so?5Oh my goodness! When it comes to improving writing skills in postgraduate English, making the most of the real exam questions is of great significance! How can we do it effectively? Well, first and foremost, we should come up with a reasonable practice plan. For instance, set aside a specific amount of time each day or week to work on these questions. Isn't that a smart move?Then, analyzing the excellent model essays is crucial! We need to dig deep into their writing techniques. How do they organize the structure? How do they use various sentence patterns and words? These are all important questions we should ponder.Furthermore, targeted grammar and vocabulary training is indispensable. We should focus on the grammar points and vocabulary that frequently appear in the real questions. This way, we can enhance our language proficiency and express ourselves more accurately and fluently. Isn't that amazing?In conclusion, by following these methods and devoting ourselves to the practice with these real exam questions, our writing skills in postgraduate English are bound to improve significantly. So, let's get started right now!。

Ⅰ. Goneup→increasedsetup→establishedPutupwith→toleratelookinginto→investigatingFigureout→determineputintopractice→implementComeupwith→developedmakeup→constituteGetridof→eliminatekeepup→maintainGonedown→decreasethinking→consideringⅡ.StructureofDataCommentaryDatacommentariesusuallyhastheseelementsinthefollowingorder.1.locationelementsand/orsummarystatements2.highlightingstatements3.discussionsofimplications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,orotherinterestingaspectsofthedata可能涉及到排序题，有例如下：①Acomputervirusisaprogramthatisspecificallyandmaliciouslydesignedtoattackaco mputersystem,destroyingdata.②Asbusinesshavebecomeinceasinglydependentoncomputers,e-mail,andtheInt ernet,concernoverthepotentialdestructivenessofsuchviruseshasalsogrow n.③TableXshowsthemostcommonsourcesofinfectionforU.S.businesses.④Ascanbeseen,inagreatmajorityofcases,theentrypointofthevirusinfection canbedetected,withe-mailattachmentsbeingresponsiblefornearly9outof10 viruses.⑤Thisveryhighpercentageisincreasinglyalarming,especiallysincewithacer tainamountofcautionsuchinfectionsarelargelypreventable.⑥Inconsequence,e-mailusersshouldbewaryofallattachments,eventhoesfroma trustedcolleagueoraknownsender.⑦Inaddition,allcomputersusedfore-mailneedtohaveacurrentversionofagood antivirusprogarmwhosevirusdefinitionsareupdatedregularly.⑧Whileitmaybepossibletolessenthelikelihoodofdownloadinganinfectedfile ,businessesarestillvulnerabletocomputervirusproblemsbecauseofhumaner rorandthethreatofnew,quicklyspreadingvirusesthatcannotbeidentifiedby antivvirussoftware.①②→Theoryandcommonbeliefs.③→Thestart④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要Aninformativeabstract,asitsnameimplies,summarizesthekeypointsinth eRP.Itisanoverviewthatbrieflystatethe purpose,methods,results and conclu tions withquantitativeinformation.信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士MTI真题及答案（三）北京航空航天大学翻译硕士MTI真题及答案（三）北京航空航天大学翻译硕士MTI真题及答案第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释(本题共15分，每一题1分)。

1. Abstract translation2. Adequacy3. Agent4. Appeal-focused texts5. Multi-media texts6. Naturalness7. Loan translation8. Coherence9. Commission10. Consecutive interpreting11. Domesticating translation12. Pre-editing13. Explieitation14. Poly-system theory15. Under-translation第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文，并用英文简单解释(本题共15分，每一题1分)。

1.借用2.可比语料库3. 文化置换4.自然语言5. 语法分析6.中间语言7. 隐形8. 显型翻译9. 术语库10. 视译11. 配字幕12. 文本类型学13.可接受性14. 冗余15. 赞助第三部分：英译汉(本题共60分，第一段30分，第二段30分)。

1. The stages of a writer 5s professional life are marked not by a name on an office door, but by a name in ink. There was the morning when my father came home carrying a stack of Sunday papers because my byline was on page one, and the evening that I persuaded a security guard tohand over an early edition, still warm from the presses, with my first column. But there5s nothing to compare to the day when someone hands over a hardcover book with your name on the cover! I，m just’not sure the moment would have had the same grandeur had my work been downloaded instead into an e-reader.Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one. Thafs why it survives. There are stili millions of people who like the paper version, at least for now. And if that changes-well, what is a book，really? Is it its body, or its soul?Laughlin acknowledges that “a lot of responsible people”are worried about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This has, he says，“the potential”to modify the weather by raising average temperatures several degrees centigrade and that governmentsh ave taken “significant，although ineffective，”steps to slow the warming. “Qn the scales of time relevant to itself, the earth doesn’t care about any of these governments or their legislation.”Someday, all the fossil fuels that used to be in the ground will be burned. After that, in about a millennium, the earth will dissolve most of the resulting carbon dioxide into the oceans. The dissolving will leave the concentration in the atmosphere only slightly higher than today’s. Then “over tens of millennia, or p erhaps hundreds”the earth will transfer the excess carbon dioxide into its rocks, “eventually returning levels in the sea and air to what they were before humans arrived on the scene.”This will take an eternity as human reckon, but a blink in geologic time.第四部分：汉译英(本题共60分，第一段30分，第二段30分)在这个社交网站盛行的时代，按理说我们每人都应该有数百位朋友。

研究生学术英语写作练习题Academic Writing Exercise for Graduate StudentsIntroduction引言Effective academic writing is an essential skill for graduate students as it allows them to communicate their research findings and ideas to a larger audience. In this exercise, we will explore various aspects of academic writing, including structure, language usage, and referencing. Through these practice exercises, graduate students can further enhance their academic English writing skills and produce high-quality research papers.1. Structure and Organization结构与组织The structure and organization of an academic paper play a crucial role in presenting research effectively. To achieve coherence and clarity, a typical research paper consists of the following sections:1.1 Introduction1.1 引言The introduction establishes the context and purpose of the study, providing background information, stating the research question or hypothesis, and outlining the significance of the research. It should be concise yet engaging, capturing the reader's interest and motivating them to continue reading.1.2 Literature Review1.2 文献综述The literature review evaluates existing research and scholarship related to the topic. It demonstrates the writer's understanding of the research field, identifies research gaps, and frames the research problem. The literature review should be well-organized, critically analyzing and synthesizing relevant sources to support the research.1.3 Methodology1.3 方法The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques employed in the study. It should provide sufficient details to allow readers to replicate the study if desired. Clear and concise explanations of the chosen methodology enable readers to evaluate the validity and reliability of the research.1.4 Results1.4 结果The results section presents the findings of the research. It should be presented objectively, using appropriate statistical analyses, tables, and figures to convey the results effectively. The results should be stated clearly and be relevant to the research question or hypothesis.1.5 Discussion1.5 讨论The discussion interprets and explains the results, relating them to existing knowledge and theoretical frameworks. It should address the research question or hypothesis and, if applicable, compare the findings with previous studies. The discussion should be analytical, providing insights into the implications and limitations of the research.1.6 Conclusion1.6 结论The conclusion summarizes the key findings and their implications. It should restate the research question or hypothesis and highlight the contributions of the study to the research field. Concise and informative, the conclusion provides closure to the research paper.2. Language Usage语言运用2.1 Clarity and Precision2.1 清晰和准确Academic writing necessitates clear and precise language. To enhance clarity, use concise and specific language rather than vague or ambiguous expressions. Avoid using unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse readers. Furthermore, make sure to define and explain any specialized terminology used in the paper.2.2 Formal Tone and Style2.2 正式语调和风格Maintain a formal tone and style throughout the paper. Avoid colloquial language, contractions, and personal pronouns. Instead, use objective language and present ideas in a scholarly manner. Maintain a consistent voice and ensure the use of appropriate verb tenses to accurately convey information.2.3 Cohesion and Coherence2.3 连贯性和一致性To achieve cohesion and coherence, use appropriate linking words and phrases to connect ideas and paragraphs. Clear topic sentences should introduce each paragraph, and logical transitions should guide the reader smoothly through the text. Additionally, use appropriate referencing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism.3. Referencing引用3.1 Citation Styles3.1 引用风格Different academic disciplines adopt specific citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style. Students should familiarize themselves with the appropriate citation style for their research field and consistently apply it throughout the paper. Accurate and consistent referencing allows readers to locate the cited sources and verify the information.3.2 In-text Citations3.2 文中引用In-text citations are crucial for academic integrity and acknowledging the ideas of other researchers. When referring to an author's work or ideas, include the author's name, year of publication, and page number (if applicable) within the text. Use quotation marks for direct quotes and paraphrase or summarize information from other sources.3.3 Reference List3.3 参考文献列表At the end of the research paper, include a reference list that provides complete bibliographical details for all the sources cited in the text. Arrange the references alphabetically by the author's last name. Ensure the accuracy and consistency of the reference list by adhering to the specific citation style guidelines.Conclusion结论Mastering academic writing is a fundamental skill for graduate students. By understanding the structure, language usage, and referencing conventions of academic writing, students can produce well-organized, coherent, and impactful research papers. Through continuous practice and attention to detail, graduate students can enhance their academic English writing skills and effectively communicate their research findings to the academic community.。

【导语】高尚的理想是人生的指路明灯。

有了它，生活就有了方向；有了它，内心就感到充实。

迈开坚定的步伐，走向既定的目标吧！以下是为大家整理的《2018北京航空航天大学考博英语作文范文【两篇】》供您查阅。

【篇一】北京航空航天大学(2013)Directions：”The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write an essay of no less than 200 words to explain your opinions on this issue. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET.【参考范文】On The Purpose of Education Over the decades, people are always debating on the purpose of education and the role of universities. Some people think the university should shoulder the responsibility to create a 100 percent pure academic environment for its students and keep them away from the influence of the society, whatever there are positive ones or negative ones. However, I am holding an opposite opinion against theirs. In our long life, education is a necessary process towards the path of an occupation. We cannot hide ourselves in school forever, except teachers and professors who are devoted to academic research. Since most of us need to survive in the fierce competition in the real world, I believe one of the most important responsibilities for universities is to teach us how to survive through enhancing our skills and increasing our professional knowledge. If we are kept in an ivory tower and never think of our future, how can we fit for work and the society? It is impossible for us to completely adapt to the society themoment we get out go the ivory tower. Of course, universities should create a good academic atmosphere for all the students, so that we can learn more knowledge and keep improving themselves. However, I do not think we should be isolated from the outside world and grow up in the ivory tower. As long as we can learn more practical skills and well prepare ourselves, we can live a better life beyond the university and become useful people for the society and even the whole world.译文：几十年来，人们总是在辩论教育的目的和大学的作用。

研究生考试英语范文研究生考试英语范文如下：Title: The Role of Technology in EducationIn today's rapidly evolving world, technology has become a ubiquitous presence in all aspects of life, including education. The integration of technology in the classroom has not only transformed the way knowledge is imparted, but has also opened up a plethora of opportunities for students to engage and learn more effectively.One of the most significant ways technology has impacted education is through the availability of online resources. With the internet, students now have access to a wealth of information and educational resources that were previously inaccessible. This not only broadens their knowledge base but also empowers them to explore topics in greater depth and detail. Moreover, online resources provide a platform for students to learn independently, at their own pace, and in environments that are conducive to their learning styles.Technology has also facilitated interactive learning experiences that promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Tools such as digital games, simulations, and online forums encourage students to engage actively with material, collaborate with peers, and apply knowledge to real-world scenarios. This type of learning not only makes learning more engaging but also helps students develop essential life skills that will be valuable in their personal and professional lives.Furthermore, technology has enabled educators to personalize learning experiences for students. With tools like student analytics, educators can gain insights into individual student needs, strengths, and areas for improvement. This information can then be used to create tailored lesson plans and learning experiences that cater to each student's unique needs.However, as with any innovation, there are challenges that come with the integration of technology in education. One such challenge is the issue of digital divide, where students from disadvantaged backgrounds may lack access to technology and the resources it provides. To address this issue, it is essential for schools andcommunities to provide equal access to technology and digital resources, ensuring that all students can benefit from the educational opportunities technology provides.In conclusion, technology has revolutionized education, opening up new avenues for learning and personal growth. It provides students with more opportunities to engage with material, develop critical thinking skills, and access a wealth of information. Educators can personalize learning experiences and gain insights into student needs. However, it is important to recognize and address the challenges that come with this integration, ensuring that all students have equal access to these resources. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the ways in which it shapes education, providing even more opportunities for students to learn and grow.。

北航英语学硕真题答案解析随着全球化的进程，英语作为一门国际通用语言变得越来越重要。

越来越多的人希望通过考取英语学硕的方式提高自己的英语水平。

本文将对北航英语学硕的真题答案进行解析，帮助考生更好地应对考试。

首先，我们先来看一道阅读理解题的解析。

以下是一道真题："In English grammar, there are eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Each part plays a key role in constructing grammatically correct sentences. Nouns are words used to identify people, places, things, or concepts.Pronouns are used to replace nouns in order to avoid repetition. Verbs express actions, conditions, or states of being. Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns. Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses. Interjections express strong emotions or surprise."问题：What does the preposition do in English grammar?A. It connects words, phrases, or clauses.B. It describes or modifies nouns or pronouns.C. It expresses strong emotions or surprise.D. It shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence.答案解析：根据题目问preposition在英语语法中的作用，我们可以从原文中找到对应的解释"Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence."，因此答案选D，即它显示名词或代词与句子中另一个词的关系。