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研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材

研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材
研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材

研究生学术英语翻译

4

Writing a literature review

撰写文献综述

A literature review is a very important part of the research project.It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay.In either case,its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1419105058.html,ly,your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.A good literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present study is based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field.

Before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you read:

文献综述是研究项目的一个重要组成部分。它可以是一个独立的综述或是一个学术论文引言的一部分。在每一种情况下,它的目的都是表明对所研究的课题有一个清晰的认识。即你的文献综述必须告诉大家对这一主题已经做了什么,不同的学者是怎么说自己的研究的,什么结果是已经发表的,和什么地方是有争议存在的。一个好的文献综述可以提高你的研究的可信性通过表明你目前的研究是基于在该领域已被报道的知识的全面的,批判的了解。在写作之前,关键的是,关于你读的每一本书或文章,你必须问这样的问题:

.Is the problem clearly defined?Is its significance clearly established?

.Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an another theory?

.Is the author’s research orientation(e.g.descriptive,critical,empirical)appropriate?

.Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the

research(e.g.psychological,developmental,cognitive,feminist)?

.Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?

.How reliable are the basic components of the study

design(e.g.population,variables,outcome)?How accurate and valid are the methods used?Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?

Does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?

In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of the problem under study,and in what ways is it useful for practice?What are the

strengths and limitations?

While writing your literature review,it is important for you to take the following tips: .indicate the objective of the literature review;

.search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;

.read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literature contributes most to your topic;

.discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;

.describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;

.organize your review in a logical order(e.g.those in support of the topic,those against it,those offering alternatives);

.explain if possible their similarities and differences;

.Identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;

.indicate the way forward for further research.

问题被明确地定义了吗?它的重要性被清楚地认识到了吗?

从另一个角度或另一个理论,可以更有效地接近这个问题吗?

作者的研究方向(e.g.分类,批判,实证)合适吗?

有一个理论框架,并适当研究吗(如,心理的、发育、认知、女权主义)?

作者评估了文献相关的问题/争论吗?作者包括文献是否有一个立场,她或他不同意某些?本研究设计的基本成分是如何可靠(例如人口、变量、结果)?方法是如何准确和有效的使用的?分析数据是否是准确的并与研究问题是相关的?根据数据分析得出的结论是有效的吗?

作者是否避免使用片面的例子,或在修辞学上可能引起激烈反应的语言和语调?是否有客观的依据?这本书或文章是以什么方式帮助你理解所研究的问题,又是以什么方式对实用有益?它的优势和局限性是什么?

在写你的文献综述时,采取以下建议是重要的:

指出文献综述的目的;

搜索已研究的与主题相关的材料;

仔细批判性地阅读材料,然后再确定哪些文献对你的主题最有益;

以批判性地讨论每一篇文章的调查结果和结论;

考虑后描述每项工作与其他工作之间的关系;

按逻辑顺序组织你的评论(哪些支持主题,哪些反对它,哪些提供替代品);如果可能的话,解释他们的相似性和差异性;

找出文献中可进一步研究的空白,或指出进一步的探索是什么;

指明了进一步研究的方向。

Writing a self-contained literature review

写一个独立的文献综述

There are two types of literature review.One is an independent,self-contained report,and the other is a part of an academic essay.A self-contained literature review reports the past research activities on the topic being investigated,especially their studies and findings.To some extent the literature review itself is an essay.Hence it should be written in detail,including the methods apart from findings and conclusions.The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings:

有两种类型的文献综述,一是独立的,自足的报告,二是作为其他学术文章的

一部分。一个独立的文献综述报告之前话题被研究的研究活动,特别是他们的

工作和发现。在某种程度上,文学综述本身就是一篇文章。因此应该详细地介

绍,除了调查结果和结论还要包括方法。写一个独立的文献综述的步骤如下:1)write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;

2)Combine the summaries logically,by using connective phrases or sentences;

3)Write an introductory paragraph,including the definition of the topic and its background information;

4)Make your comments,if necessary,on the past studies.

1)为你已经为你的文献综述收集的每一篇文章写一个总结;

2)通过使用连接短语或句子将总结符合逻辑地结合起来;

3)写一篇介绍性的段落,包括主题的定义和它的背景信息;

4)如果有必要的话,基于过去的研究中提出你的意见。

Writing a literature review as a part of an essay

写作为论文的一部分的文献综述

Unlike a self-contained literature review,a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere combination of summaries of material sources.The choice of previous research and even ideas and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to answer in your essay.In other words,you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas and findings in the previous articles.Most

important is that such a literature review should contain your critical comments on the previous studies,especially their weakness or limitations so that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a repeat.The literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literature review,introducing the main findings of each work only.

不像一个独立的文献综述,是一篇文章的一部分的文献综述,不仅仅是一个材料来源的组合的总结。对之前的文章的研究甚至想法和结果的选择完全是基于你想在你的文章回答的研究问题。换句话说,你应该避免以前的文章中包括你的文献综述的所有想法和发现。最重要的是,这样的一个文献综述应包含您对前人研究的批判性评论,尤其是他们的弱点和局限性,因此你的研究会更有理性和意义而不是重复。作为一篇文章的一部分的文献综述短于一个独立的文献综述,只是介绍了每个工作的主要结果。

Citation

引用

Citation,the way to use sources,is a major part of a literature review and is also frequently used in supporting your arguments.There are two methods.One is

quoting(copying the exact words of the author)and the other is paraphrasing(rewriting what the writer said in your own words).Though both are possible and acceptable,paraphrasing is much more common than quoting in academic

writing.Direct copying is not strongly recommended unless the writer’s words are special.This is often the case with strongly stated definition or opinions.

Citation consists of two parts:i)citation of the content and ii)documentation of its source.In the following paragraph,for example,names of the authors and dates in parentheses are the in-text documentation and the rest is the content of citation.

引用,使用资源的方式,是文献综述的重要组成部分,也经常被用来支持你的论点。有两种方法:一是复制(复制作者的原话)和其他释义(用你自己的话重复的作家所说的)。虽然两者都是可能的可接受的,在学术写作中释义远比复制的更常见。直接复制是不强烈推荐除非作家的话是特殊的。这种情况往往是强烈表示定义或意见。

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与其他不少考研热门专业一样,英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细,不同学校的方向设置类别不一,名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校,北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同,广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下,不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水,也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言,外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多,包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中,涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业,所以,英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单,一般就是两大专业。不过,这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后,就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向,这7个方向进一步细分,小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多,却也并非杂乱无章,其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析,这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向,顾名思义,指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向,这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校:全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计,仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容:主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题,目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向:此方向开设学校多,招生人数较多,就业范围非常广泛,一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程:西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17~19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校:全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计,仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容:语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用,不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告,使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解,并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读,包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向:该专业理论性较强,主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程:语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校:南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

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