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第二讲 英语翻译 谓语的确定

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汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)

汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)

我常去北京。 I often go to Beijing. 他常去上海。 He often goes to Shanghai. 他昨天去了常州。 He went to Changzhou yesterday. 从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化， 而英语的谓语有变化。
英译时谓语的确定
1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
4、名词优势造成介词优势
He is at his books. 他在读书。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运转。
英汉语言宏观对比
5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
He is out. 他出去了。
英汉语言宏观对比
汉语的动态倾向表现在：
1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. 2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train.

句子的英译 主语和谓语的确定 翻译理论方法

句子的英译 主语和谓语的确定 翻译理论方法
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例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远 的社会和经济改革。 • At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
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• 不是所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的 情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：
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1） 把汉语原文的宾语确定为英 语译文的主语
• 宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。 • 在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语
来充当英语译文的主语。 • 但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的
被动句式来翻译。
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例7． 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观 念的理解都需要智慧。
• Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
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例6：推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维 护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民 在新世纪的三大历史任务。
• To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard the world peace and promote the common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
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例4：如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家 常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐 食品。

句子翻译(二)谓语确定、主被动转换

句子翻译(二)谓语确定、主被动转换

两个难点

1. 汉语连动式翻译 2. 汉语兼语式翻译
1 连动式翻译方法




1.1 译为并列句，或复合/复杂句 (连动动词 保留原来谓语的位置） 1.2 一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为分词结 构 1.3一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为不定式 1.4一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为介词短 语 1.5一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为其它词 类（略）





亦见于古汉语中 用“见”表被动 “……徒见欺”（……白白地被欺骗） 用“于”表被动 “受制于人”（被人控制） “不能容于远近。”（不能被邻里所容）
B．无被动指示词



中华人民共和国已宣告成立。 The founding of PRC was proclaimed. 马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。 The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees. 他也佩服小李的见解。 He was struck with admiration at Xiao Li’s suggestions.


2.3 转为名词性短语



老师表扬他学习努力让很多学生很不满。 The teacher’s praise for his hard working displeased many students. 他反对我们进行调查说明他卷入了这起丑 闻当中。 His objection to our investigation indicates that he has been involved in this scandal.


1.4 另一个转为介词短语

他已于昨晚乘飞机去了上海。 He has left for Shanghai by plane last night.

汉英翻译中谓语的确定

汉英翻译中谓语的确定

谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。

? 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系。

? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。

二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。

? 1、这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。

? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语，这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。

? 2、农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。

? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析，原文主语实际上是创造对象，创造的主体是“人”，因此译文变更了谓语动词，使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配，并增补people 一词。

当然，此句也能译成被动句：? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。

? －China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。

后种译法以“时间”为主语，以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。

二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们就需要重新选择谓语。

汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定

汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定

Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当； She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.

大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定

大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
1. 科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨 大的潜力。 The application of science and technology to agriculture points to huge potential in the development.
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需 要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文 流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。 --Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义) --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
谓语动词选择
一． 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1.
在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.

翻译 谓语的确定PPT课件

3. 众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand Байду номын сангаасears ago.
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4. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered．
谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
1. The problem has been solved. 2. It is generally considered not
advisable to act that way. 3. Measures have to be taken to
control the water pollution. 4. There will be a Teaching Symposium
主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动句式； 5. 谓语要符合英语表达习惯和语体特征。 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
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主谓一致+时态+语气
1. 他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么 时候你都不会忘记。
at 2：00 p. m. tomorrow．All the faculty is expected to attend．
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确定谓语的原则
1. 谓语要和主语保持人称、数的一致； 2. 谓语要明示汉语隐含的时态、情态和语气； 3. 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动
式作谓语； 4. 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的

第二讲：汉译英的特点与翻译


他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她 说。 He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.
看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。 译文1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon. 译文2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic. 译文3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.
6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of… For the most part, unreadable

第二讲 英语翻译 谓语的确定


Ex2. 现在，连我们也欠啊！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time. Ex3.（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,） 他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
Ex3. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是 该是 村女种的罢。 村女种的 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls. Ex4. 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府 给予了充分重视。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
Ex2. （颐和园）1900 年遭八国联军破坏，（至 1903年才得以修复）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇定下来，有 了自信。 a. They gradually calmed down, restored selfconfidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.

汉译英之谓语的选择

• 从前有一个人很穷，（只有）半间草房，一处冷炕。 • There used to be a pauper and he only had half of a cottage and
a cold kang. • 103例患者中，(包括)急性排斥反应32例，慢性排斥反应25
例，肾炎复发30例，其他9例。 • The 103 cases of renal allograft biopsy include 32 cases of acute
on energetically in our country.
精品资料
• 脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是源自明朝的故事。 • The White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking
operas, is bfrom the Ming Dynasty. • 意大利著名旅游家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：
动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的 动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我 们就需要重新选择谓语。
秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国。 QinShihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC.
精品资料
一.应该在人称(rénchēng)和数上与 主语一致
1. 乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。 The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable
outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.
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I-2. 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须关照它 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须关照它 表意需要时 与主语的语义关联以及主谓之间的搭配 以及主谓之间的搭配。 与主语的语义关联以及主谓之间的搭配。 比较以下例句 例句： 请比较以下例句：
Ex1. （听说你明天开张，）也许用得着，特意 给你送来了。 a. (I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) You may have some use for these things, so I took them along. b. (I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) Though these might come in handily, I brought them along.
Ex2. （颐和园）1900 年遭八国联军破坏，（至 1903年才得以修复）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇定下来，有 了自信。 a. They gradually calmed down, restored selfconfidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
确定谓ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ的依据 确定谓语的依据
I. 基于表意需要 基于表意 表意需要 II. 基于构句需要 基于构句需要 构句
I. 基于表意需要 基于表意 表意需要
所谓“表意需要 表意需要”，是指选择谓语 表意需要 时，除考虑该词本身能否准确传达原 准确传达原 文的意义之外，还要关照它与主语的 文的意义 与主语的 语义关联（亦即逻辑关联）以及它与 语义关联 与 宾语（或表语）之间的搭配 的搭配。 宾语（或表语）之间的搭配。
3. 中国观察问题不是看社会制度。 a. China studies these questions not in the light of social systems. b. China does not regard social systems as a criterion in its approach to problems. 4. 互相尊重的精神是我们今天文化合作的基础。 a. The framework of mutual respect sustains our cultural cooperation today. b. The spirit of mutual respect is the basis of our cultural cooperation.
Ex3. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是 该是 村女种的罢。 村女种的 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls. Ex4. 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府 给予了充分重视。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
讨论（ 讨论（一）
比较下列译文的优劣：
1. 在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全 超过了国家办的。 a. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state. b. In the retail and catering sectors, the business of household operations has surpassed that of the state.
Ex2. 中国经济将融入 融入世界经济的大潮。 融入 a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world . Ex3. 这事到了现在，还是时时记起 记起。 记起 a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about this.
II. 基于构句需要 基于构句 构句需要
所谓“构句需要”，是指谓语的确定 句法的需要，必须遵循主 必须符合英语句法 句法 谓一致的原则、符合英语语法规范。
Ex1. 九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且 健康，六斤的双丫角，已经变成一支大辫子了。 Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid. Ex2. 他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛 肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。 He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.
I-1考虑谓语表意需要时，首先看它能否 考虑谓语表意需要时， 考虑谓语表意需要时 准确、贴切地传达原意。 比较以下译文： 准确、贴切地传达原意。请比较以下译文：
Ex1. 中央政府不干预 不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 不干预 a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
I-3. 考虑谓语 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须考虑它 需要时， 必须考虑它 需要时 与宾语的搭配（包括系动词与表语之间 之间的 与宾语的搭配（包括系动词与表语之间的 搭配）及搭配后的修辞效果。 比较以下 搭配）及搭配后的修辞效果。请比较以下 例句： 例句：
Ex1. 我又闲了一个多月啦！ a. I’ve been idle for another month now. b. Another month now, and I’ve had no work.
2. 在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起作 用，就必须接受必要的教育。 a. In our times, substantial education is indispensable for anyone who wants to play his role in society. b. In our times, anyone who wants to play his role in society must receive substantial education.
第二讲
谓语的确定
“汉语口语里特多流水句 流水句，一个小句接一个 流水句 小句，很多地方可断可连。试比较一种旧小说的 几种不同的标点本，常常有这个本子用句号，那 个本子用逗号，或者这个本子用逗号，那个本子 用句号的情形。”
吕叔湘（1904-1998）出生于江苏省丹阳市。1926 吕叔湘 年毕业于国立东南大学外国语文系。1936年赴英国留 学，先后在牛津大学人类学系、伦敦大学图书馆学科 学习。1938年回国后任云南大学文史系副教授，后又 任华西协和大学中国文化研究所研究员、金陵大学中 国文化研究所研究员兼中央大学中文系教授以及开明 书店编辑等职。解放后，1952年起任中国科学院语言 研究所研究员、中国科学院哲学社会科学学部委员、 语言研究所副所长、所长、名誉所长。1978年至1985 年任《中国语文》杂志主编，1980年至1985年任中国 语言学会会长。1980年起为美国语言学会荣誉会员。 1987年获香港中文大学荣誉文学博士学位。1994年被 聘为俄罗斯科学院外籍院士。吕叔湘先生是我国语言 学界的一代宗师，70多年以来一直孜孜不倦地从事语 言教学和语言研究，涉及一般语言学、汉语研究、文 字改革、语文教学、写作和文风、词典编纂、古籍整 理等广泛的领域。
Ex2. 现在，连我们也欠啊！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time. Ex3.（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,） 他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
Ex5. 液体的形态总是随着容器的变化而变化， 因为液体没有自己的固定形态。换言之， 无 论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总 是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。 Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.