2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-(带答案精准校对加强版)

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary)Starting from 2017.the Shanghai English exam will undergo many adjustments。

one of which is the n of summary writing。

also known as "XXX 15 points and tests XXX of students in reading and writing.The given language in summary writing is generally een 200-250 words。

with diverse content including stories。

current events。

and science pXXX。

with a word count requirement of 50-60 words。

The answer should try to meet the requirements of "Key points of a summary".1.n of summary writingXXX。

in one's own words。

of the content of a passage。

article。

XXX.2.Key points of a summaryConciseness: XXX。

ns。

and unimportant n.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness: Include all the main and supporting points in a condensed manner。

using your own words.Accuracy: Give the same n and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence: A summary should be a paragraph with XXX to make it flow。

SummarR如何写（I）说明文的summarR我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例TheProblemofPackaging第一段Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofth etotal.TounderstandwhRthisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlRusedforasimpleprod uct,suchastoothpaste.ThepackagingincludesnotonlRthetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsothe boRforthetube.ThisboRisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboResaretransportedinacard boardcontainer.第二段MostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownawaR.ThoughnecessarR,la ndfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,ndfi llsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpol lution.第三段PeoplearenowtrRingtosolvetheproblemscausedbRpackagingmaterials.In1991,Ger manRtooktheleadbRrequiringcompaniestorecRclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Tod othis,thecompaniessetuprecRclingbinsineverRneighborhood.Consumersnowseparateth eirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.TheRthenputitintotheapp ropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecRclingcompanRforprocessing.第四段Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincrease again.OnereasonforthisisthatmanRconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheRthinkth eproblemissolved.ItseemsthattoproperlRdealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everRonemustr emainvigilantanddotheirpart.我们先来把每段的大意理一下：第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetot al.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。

【2018-宝山区-二模】IV. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) ofthe passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time.Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices -- playing computergames, using social media, texting and video chatting -- were less happy than those who investedmore time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, andface-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among thosewith no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. “could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on soc ial media.” It is alsopossible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said —teens with special needs or in specialeducation, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digitalmedia a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness risessteadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase theamount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising -- two activities reliablylinked to greater happiness." Twenge said."By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount oftime they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities andsleep," the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonableexplanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."Researchers found Teens who spent less time in front of screens and more time in non-screenactivities were happier. But totally avoiding/breaking away from screens can be unpleasant.Limited use of digital media along with non-screen activities works better. The arrival ofsmartphones brings about teens’ negative psychological effects.【2018-崇明区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Do Smartphones Make Us Smarter?Should teachers allow cellphones in a classroom? A recent study on the way smartphonesdisturb learning might help explain the issue. Researchers published findings showing howstudents were affected by their phones in the classroom. They explored the differences in studentperformance in four situations: open phone use allowed, phones allowed in the classroom butcould not be used, no phones in the classroom and a no-instruction control group. After watchinga 20-minute video, students took a short quiz. The result was that the students in a room withoutany cellphones performed significantly better on the test. Scientists believe the way we attachourselves to our phones could be the problem.Smartphones have become so strongly established in society that many people are lostwithout them. We are now in an age when many people can’t imagine life without a phone. There is even a name for the anxiety caused by not having one—nomophobia, which is the powerfulfeeling people get when they don’t have signal, their battery is about to die, or they are separated from their phones. Their fear of missing out on important information or connections can have acontrolling effect on their lives and can divide their attention from other important things likelearning.So does information technology help or block the way we think? In the past, people relied heavily on specific knowledge and knew who in their circle of friends would be most likely toknow things in different subjects. Now, our friend with all the information is the Internet. Indications are that people don’t remember information as well if they know they can use a computer or phone to recall it quickly. So it may be more difficult to move information from the Internet into our long-term memory.all bad. Reports show that But the impact of being exposed to so much information isn’tfrequent Internet use can strengthen fast-paced problem solving and can speed up the ability to spot patterns in a lot of data.Researchers recently found smartphones influenced learning. For one thing, smartphones have become an essential part of life, without which people feel at a loss, thus distracting their attention from learning. For another, people rely so heavily on smartphones that their long-term memory can be affected. However, having access to a large amount of information also benefits people in some aspects. (60 words)【2018-奉贤区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The sharing economy has grown in recent years to include everything from apartment sharing to car sharing to community tool sharing.Since 2009, a new form of the sharing economy has been emerging in neighbourhoods throughout the US and around the world –Little Free Libraries. The libraries are boxes put in neighbourhoods from which local people can take out and put in books. Little Free Libraries comein all shapes and sizes. Some libraries also have themes, focusing on books for children, adults or tour guides.In 2009, Tod Bol built the first Little Free Library in the Mississippi River town of Hudson,Wisconsin, to honour his mother, who loved reading. When he saw the people of his communitygathering around it, exchanging conversation as well as books, he knew he wanted to take hissimple idea further.Since then, his idea has become a movement, spreading from state to state and country tocountry. According to , there are now 18,000 of the little boxes around theworld, found in each of the 50 US states and 70 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia.The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries. But an Atlantic article said that theyare something different in a world of e-reader downloads. The little wooden boxes arerefreshingly physical and human. When you open the door of the box, chance and yourneighbours’ tastes determine what you’ll find. You might find a graphic novel, a cookbook or atour guidebook.main appeal. “A g irl For many people, this sense of discovery is Little Free Libraries’　walking home from school might pick up a graphic novel that gets her excited about reading; aman on his way to the bus stop might find a book of poetry that changes his view on life,”The Atlantic article. “Every book is a potential source of inspiration.”71.Little Free Libraries, composed of all sizes of boxeswith various themes, have sprung up inneighborhoods across the world. Tod Bol established the first one to honor his mother fond ofreading. After that, the idea spread internationally online. Different from e-reader downloads,books inside the wooden boxes can make readers excited or change their views etc. by inspiringthem.【虹口区-高三英语-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate withother people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by thesimple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are。

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summary writing），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。

概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。

概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。

一．正确认识概要写作1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义）By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skim the text to find out the general theme.2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头）Begin your summary with:*The author’s name*The article’s or chapter’s name*The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article.The Body:First of all, the author describes……He then points out that……In addition, the author talks about……Finally, the author suggests……Some other introductory phrases:*(The author) states in (this article) that…*(The author), in (this article) shows that…*In (this article), (the author) writes that…*As (the author) says in (this article),…*The main idea of (the author’s article) is…*The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause…*The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。

Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. “______67______”In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving pare nts in their children’s education is a priority at their school, but only 25％described their experience working with parents as “very satisfying.” _____68______73％of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phones and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher c onference, it’s harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. _____69_____ But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic.When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. _____70______According to research based on the NationalEducation Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision. school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement.Keys: 67-70 D E A FSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun._____67_____.Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin lo take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have hem. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings.Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners._____68_____.Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponryGun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight. Special—concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ______69______. Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is foil of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others.It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant.______70_____. After all. America is a safe place to live.Keys: 67-70 DAFCSection CDirections: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note there are tow more sentences than you need.Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy hasseen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pasts---a basic Italian food--- would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home._______67_______.Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the last five years, according to one manufacturer. _______68_____. This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties. _______69______._______70_______. Convenience foods have replaced many of the traditional home-cooked meals, and the availability of foreign fruits has greatly increased. While this extra choice is welcomed by some, others fear that the damage it may cause to Italian traditions.Keys: 67-70 C D B FSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.B.C.E.F.“My work is done.” Those words were some of the last penned by George Eastman. He included them in his suicide note. They mark an ignoble end to a noble life, the leave taking of a truly great man. The same words could now be said for the company he left behind. Actually, the Eastman Kodak Company is through. It has been mismanaged financially, technologically and competitively. ______67______. One of America’s bedrock brands is about to disappear, the Kodak moment has passed.But George Eastman is not how he died, and the Eastman Kodak Company is not how it is being killed. Though the ends be needless and premature, they must not be allowed to overshadow the greatness that came before. Few companies have done so much good for so many people, or defined and lifted so profoundly the spirit of a nation and perhaps the world. ______68______.Kodak served mankind through entertainment, science, national defense and the stockpiling of family memories. Kodak took us to the top of Mount Suribachi and to the Sea of Tranquility. It introduced us to the merry old Land of Oz and to stars from Charlie Chaplin to John Wayne, and Elizabeth Taylor to Tom Hanks. _____69_____. When that sailor kissed the nurse, and when the spy planes saw missiles in Cuba, Kodak was the eyes of a nation. From the deck of the Missouri to the grandeur of Monument Valley, Kodak took us there. Virtually every significant image of the 20th Century is a gift to generation from the Eastman Kodak Company. _____70_____. Yes, there were photographers, and for relatively large sums of money they would take unnatural pictures in studios and formal settings. But most people couldn’t afford photographs, and so all they had to remember distant loved ones, or earlier times of their lives, was memory. Children could not know what their parents had looked like as young people, grandparents far away might never learn what their grandchildren looked like. Eastman Kodak allowed memory to move from the uncertainty ofrecollection, to the permanence of a photograph. But it wasn’t just people whose features were savable; it was events, the precious times that families cherish. The Kodak moment, was humanity’s moment.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life, and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is “How do I get a good job?”_______67______.There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all．Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time．______68_______. He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them．His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream．One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick．Without stopping to think, the lad（少年）offered to take his place．_____69______._______70______. If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑）his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance．It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）．When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying．But there was one person who landed an excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults. :And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.Keys: 67-70 BDAFSection CDirections:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two sentences than you need.This is a dangerous world we live in.The number of murders goes up every year,people are dying of cancer, more people contract（感染）HIV,more teens are using drugs,etc.You know this because you've heard all the statistics on the news and in the paper. _____67______. The numbers are going up,but how do they compare to the growth in population? Are more cases of these diseases being reported because of better testing techniques,or are the diseases more common?The fact is that without knowing the background statistics mean very little.______68______. For example,several years ago a high school student reported the dangersof the chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide（一氧化二氢）.This chemical,found in most cancerous umors（肿瘤）,is often found in the blood of people drunk on alcohol,and causes complete physical and mental dependence for those who take the chemical even once.After reading his report,more than 75% of his Advanced Placement Chemistry class voted to forbid this dangerous chemical!Every one of the above statements is true,yet this chemical is necessary to all life on earth.The students made the mistake because they voted knowing only a few statements and statistics,rather than the chemical's full background._______69______. When one finds a new fact or number,one should try to consider other important information before forming an opinion with only half-truths.Always remember that the author is trying to convince you of his or her own view,and will leave out information that is different to his view.For example,look again at the statistics that suggest skiing is safe.Only people may die each year when skiing,while 897 die from lightning strikes,but which is really the most dangerous?If you think about it,you realize far fewer people go skiing each year than the number of people who are in danger of a lightening strike.When you think about it,skiing is more dangerous than you might at first think when looking at statistics. ______70_____. To be warned is to be prepared.Keys: BCFESection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Today’s workplace is unique in history. Never before have we seen people working together who represent such different backgrounds and experiences. This difference of age, race, gender, and work style makes it very difficult to organize and run a company.________67_______. Increasingly, managers are discovering that age differences among workers are a major cause of concern.This has been an important realization. The management difficulties and challenges have led some experts to study intergenerational differences for an understanding of problems in the workplace. What they have discovered is interesting and may provide ways of improving working conditions in companies that employ individuals from different generations.The first thing to realize, they say, is that differences of opinion about the importance of work and how to get work done are not a coincidence. _______68_______. In fact, if employers do not pay attention to these differences, it is possible that anger will build up between people and lead to difficulties in the company.Resentment (仇恨) between members of different generations, if not attended to, can lead to extreme anger and unhappiness and even lasting enmity(敌意) if people are not careful. ________69_______. It is natural for individuals from the same generation to form alliances (联盟), to come together for protection. Different generations represent different experiences in life, and these lead naturally to different opinions about oneself and one’s approaches to work.If you were raised in a time of plenty, when products were readily available and relatively inexpensive, you would believe that prosperity is natural and expectable. If, on the other hand, you were raised in a time of scarcity, you would always be careful not to waste things for fear you would not have enough. You would make angry people who seem to believe that problems will always solve themselves. ________70________. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to achieve a happy, agreeable atmosphere in the workplace.Keys: 67-70 C A F DSection C.Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two extra sentences than you need.As recently as 15 years ago, if you wanted to catch up on the news, you could look at a handful of publications or a few nightly programs. And if you wanted to listen to music, you could turn on MTV or fiddle with your radio. People in major cities had more opinions, because a large population can support specialty shops. _______67______ .Today, as we all know, access to information has exploded. One consequence, according to Toure, a cultural critic writing in Salon, is that the ability of pop culture to unify us- he refers to the massive interest in Michael Jackso n’s Thriller, or Nirvana’s Never mind-has been eroded, probably forever. Steven Hyden, also writing in Salon, counters that whatever the advantages and disadvantages of a centralized pop-culture authority, the monoculture never actually existed._______68______. Even when it supposedly existed, its content largely depended on other characteristics of your little corner of the world. In the 1992-1993 school year, I was a student at a multiracial and relatively urban junior high school in California’s central valley. We listened to Salt-n-Pepa, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Kris Kross, with the latter having inspired a trend in which kids wore their clothes backwards. The next year I was enrolled in a mostly white junior high school in leafy Chiago suburb. One of the houses was famous for having appeared in the 1990 film “Home Alone”; the popular bands were Nirvana, Hole and the Smashing Pumpkins; and the biggest pop- cultural event of the school year was Kurt Cobain’s suicide.But Toure’s point is about the virtues of common cultural experience. It seems he is recallingcentralized media only insofar as it’s a distribution system that fostered that outcome. _______69_______. It doesn’t matter whether a record is released by an important label or an indie (独立制片人); if it’s online, people can usually find, forward,share and promote it. But what’s interesting and perhaps surprising, given that both Toure and Mr Hyden seem to agree that the old distribution favored big media- is that we still have widely shared cultural experiences. Just think of Barack Obama doing the little hand gesture from Beyoncé’s “Single Ladies ” video._______70_______. It’s safe to say that the monoculture never really existed,and that some artists still reach a wide audience, whether we like it or not.Keys: 67-70 BDFASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur (诋毁) on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let theteenagers see that they are annoyed. ______67______. Such a loss of dignity and a kind of childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the teenager, and makes them decide that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment(醒悟) with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.______68______. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and correctness, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this teen-aged reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by offending and resisting it. The teenagers, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. ______69______.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating（伪装）behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too frightened to let them know how they really felt. ______70______. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.Keys: 67-80 FBEDSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentenceThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do._______67_______.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan.11,1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today,many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. _______68______. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19._______69______. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack -- three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor.______70_______. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.It is a truth universally acknowledged that Pride and Prejudice by English novelist Jane Austen is one of the most popular. tales ever written. ______67______. In her own time, Austen's name never appeared on her books.In Pride and Prejudice, she was simply the author of Sense and Sensibility, which had carried the title By a Lady." The anonymity (匿名）worked so well that even friends of the Austen family had no idea that dear, sweet Jane was a novelist. A friend of Jane's brother Henry actually told him that Pride and Prejudice was "much too clever to be the work of a woman."______68______. Tom Paine, a Founding Father of the United States, kept his identity hidden for a short time after the publication of his famous Common Sense. For a woman, however, there was the added burden of societal expectations. Any sort of publishing or public display of talent was considered improper behavior for a woman. As Virginia Woolf, another English writer, declared in A Room of One's Own: "I would dare to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman."It wasn't only fear about "bad manners" that discouraged women from writing under theirown names._______69_______. Charlotte Bronte author of Jane Eyre, once sent her poetry to Robert Southey, a famous poet. Southey simply responded: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life." Bronte used her pen name, Currer Bell, to publish Jane Eyre in 1847. Her sister Emily published Wuthering Heights as Ellies Bell in the same year.The 20th century saw great progress towards gender equality. In theory, it should be unnecessary for women writers to follow Austen's path any longer, unless driven by personal reasons._______70______. Joanne Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, was advised to become J.K. Rowling. That's because boys might dislike the feeling of picking up a book by a woman, Connie Ann Kirk explained in her biography (传记)of Rowling.Keys: 67-70 F C B DSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The use of mobile wallet is growing. In fact, total mobile transaction is expected to increase almost 32% from 2016-2017 globally, to USD1.35 trillion in 2017, according to a study by Juniper Research.______67______. In a study released by Discover Global Network and 451 Research, 52percent of respondents aged 25-34 say they believe mobile payments are more secure than traditional credit cards. But just 24 percent of respondents aged 55 and older say they can rest assured.So, how can retailers and wallet providers build a foundation of trust and begin to shift consumer perceptions? One word: tokenization（标记化）.Tokenization is the process of substituting a cardholder’s 16-digit account number with a payment token. Payment tokens limit the impact of a data breach（破坏）because tokens are limited to use on specific devices, for specific merchants, for specific types of goods and services. If a data breach occurs, the payment token is immediately removed and replaced with a new one. _____68_____.Here are three benefits to tokenization you should begin educating your consumers on:1. Restricted control limit usage of each payment token to a specific merchant. _____69______.Thus, its value can be reduced to hackers seeking to commit online fraud(欺诈).2. Payment tokens can reduce the need for cardholders to manually update their payment information when their card number changes. If a merchant stores tokens instead of PANs on their e-commerce site and the customer’s payment card is lost, stolen or expired, the payment token automatically updates on the customer’s merchant profile.3. _______70______. By storing payment tokens instead of the customer’s card number, the customer only needs to enter his or her CVV or CV2 number to complete the transaction.Keys: 67-70 A D F ESection CDirections:After reading the passage below, choose the best answers from the six statements according to what you have just read.In the 19th century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn’t find work in cities like New York. ______67______. The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the Native Americans (American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the “Indians” killing many white people. ______68_____. In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.It is true that the settlers’ journey was extremely difficult. Many of them walked 3,200 kilometres, the whole length of the trail. The had wagons, but the wagons were often too full, so people could not travel in them. ______69______. The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes— they walked the whole trail barefoot, in extremely could temperature.More than 50,000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn’t clean.______70______. Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.Keys: 67-70 DFEBSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of tas te, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most believe it is of great importance. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. _______67______.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you t hink of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. ______68______. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial(有争议的) case. ______69______ They stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and careful consideration.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.______70______Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.Keys: 67-70 BAECSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.。

Exercise 1With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to £ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of £ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only £197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.参考范文：This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)分析过程：一、试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。

IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Ch ristmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terriblereality of vi olence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicalswere blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? A fter all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurt ful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotionalabuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’s feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival tim e in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager trav elers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau sa ys that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual c ustomer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what wasmorally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleIt’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless（鲁莽的）behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to alarge demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission（佣金）they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleReading the world in 195 boobsIn 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN- recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkmenistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes,extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, book packing offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transformed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct。

【2018-宝山区-二模】IV. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) ofthe passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time.Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices -- playing computergames, using social media, texting and video chatting -- were less happy than those who investedmore time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, andface-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among thosewith no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. “could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on soc ial media.” It is alsopossible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said —teens with special needs or in specialeducation, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digitalmedia a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness risessteadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase theamount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising -- two activities reliablylinked to greater happiness." Twenge said."By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount oftime they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities andsleep," the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonableexplanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."Researchers found Teens who spent less time in front of screens and more time in non-screenactivities were happier. But totally avoiding/breaking away from screens can be unpleasant.Limited use of digital media along with non-screen activities works better. The arrival ofsmartphones brings about teens’ negative psychological effects.【2018-崇明区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Do Smartphones Make Us Smarter?Should teachers allow cellphones in a classroom? A recent study on the way smartphonesdisturb learning might help explain the issue. Researchers published findings showing howstudents were affected by their phones in the classroom. They explored the differences in studentperformance in four situations: open phone use allowed, phones allowed in the classroom butcould not be used, no phones in the classroom and a no-instruction control group. After watchinga 20-minute video, students took a short quiz. The result was that the students in a room withoutany cellphones performed significantly better on the test. Scientists believe the way we attachourselves to our phones could be the problem.Smartphones have become so strongly established in society that many people are lostwithout them. We are now in an age when many people can’t imagine life without a phone. There is even a name for the anxiety caused by not having one—nomophobia, which is the powerfulfeeling people get when they don’t have signal, their battery is about to die, or they are separated from their phones. Their fear of missing out on important information or connections can have acontrolling effect on their lives and can divide their attention from other important things likelearning.So does information technology help or block the way we think? In the past, people relied heavily on specific knowledge and knew who in their circle of friends would be most likely toknow things in different subjects. Now, our friend with all the information is the Internet. Indications are that people don’t remember information as well if they know they can use a computer or phone to recall it quickly. So it may be more difficult to move information from the Internet into our long-term memory.all bad. Reports show that But the impact of being exposed to so much information isn’tfrequent Internet use can strengthen fast-paced problem solving and can speed up the ability to spot patterns in a lot of data.Researchers recently found smartphones influenced learning. For one thing, smartphones have become an essential part of life, without which people feel at a loss, thus distracting their attention from learning. For another, people rely so heavily on smartphones that their long-term memory can be affected. However, having access to a large amount of information also benefits people in some aspects. (60 words)【2018-奉贤区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The sharing economy has grown in recent years to include everything from apartment sharing to car sharing to community tool sharing.Since 2009, a new form of the sharing economy has been emerging in neighbourhoods throughout the US and around the world –Little Free Libraries. The libraries are boxes put in neighbourhoods from which local people can take out and put in books. Little Free Libraries comein all shapes and sizes. Some libraries also have themes, focusing on books for children, adults or tour guides.In 2009, Tod Bol built the first Little Free Library in the Mississippi River town of Hudson,Wisconsin, to honour his mother, who loved reading. When he saw the people of his communitygathering around it, exchanging conversation as well as books, he knew he wanted to take hissimple idea further.Since then, his idea has become a movement, spreading from state to state and country tocountry. According to , there are now 18,000 of the little boxes around theworld, found in each of the 50 US states and 70 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia.The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries. But an Atlantic article said that theyare something different in a world of e-reader downloads. The little wooden boxes arerefreshingly physical and human. When you open the door of the box, chance and yourneighbours’ tastes determine what you’ll find. You might find a graphic novel, a cookbook or atour guidebook.main appeal. “A g irl For many people, this sense of discovery is Little Free Libraries’　walking home from school might pick up a graphic novel that gets her excited about reading; aman on his way to the bus stop might find a book of poetry that changes his view on life,”The Atlantic article. “Every book is a potential source of inspiration.”71.Little Free Libraries, composed of all sizes of boxeswith various themes, have sprung up inneighborhoods across the world. Tod Bol established the first one to honor his mother fond ofreading. After that, the idea spread internationally online. Different from e-reader downloads,books inside the wooden boxes can make readers excited or change their views etc. by inspiringthem.【虹口区-高三英语-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate withother people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by thesimple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are。

2018届上海市各大名校高三英语题型分类汇编加强版：阅读理解A 篇1 One 【2018届上海市上海实验学校高三英语10月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Zelda Fitzgerald, as is revealed by numerous personal books and letters, wore many labels in her her life. life. life. She She She was was was ―the ―the o riginal original original flapperǁ flapperǁ girl girl and and and ―the ―the spirit spirit of of of the the the Jazz Jazz Jazz Age.ǁ Age.ǁ Married Married to to to the the celebrated writer F. Scott Fitzgerald (author of The Great Gatsby ), she was by turns his muse and ), she was by turns his muse and the woman who ruined his life. In her later years she was ―Crazy Zelda.ǁAccurate Accurate as as as all all all these these these descriptions descriptions descriptions may may may be, be, be, they they they do do do not not not tell tell tell the the the whole whole whole story. story. Born Born in in Montgomery, Alabama, she was noted for her beauty and high spirits in dancing. In July 1918, at a country club dance, Fitzgerald was hooked immediately by the beautiful and charming 18-year-old Zelda who outshined other beauties with her distinguished ballet. A light affection evolved into a lengthy long-distance pursuit of weekly letters, with Fitzgerald aware of her uncommitted dating of other men. He courted her feverishly, reading her his stories and parts of his unfinished novel. He He proposed proposed proposed after after after his his his discharge discharge discharge from from from the the the Army Army Army in in in February February February 1919, 1919, 1919, but but but Zelda Zelda Zelda had had had doubts. doubts. doubts. Her Her fiancé wasn’t rich and there was no guarantee he’d ever be famous. His short stories didn’t sell. His His attempt attempt attempt was was was a a a dump. dump. dump. Zelda Zelda Zelda gave gave gave back back back the the the ring. ring. ring. Hoping Hoping Hoping to to to fix fix fix the the the ―no ―no moneyǁ moneyǁ part part part of of of his his problem, problem, Fitzgerald quit the job and started to rewrite Fitzgerald quit the job and started to rewrite novels for success and money so that he could win back his girl. Finally, he made it ！On March 20, 1920, his novel This Side of Paradise got published and Zelda agreed to marry him. However, their marriage was troubled by wild drinking, fighting, infidelity （不忠）and bitter recriminations(互相指责). ). Earnest Earnest Earnest Hemingway, Hemingway, Hemingway, whom whom whom Zelda Zelda Zelda disliked, disliked, disliked, blamed blamed blamed her her her for for for Scott’s Scott’s declining declining literary literary literary output, output, output, though though though she she she has has has also also also been been been portrayed portrayed portrayed as as as the the the victim victim victim of of of an an an overbearing overbearing husband. husband. Actually, Actually, Actually, Zelda Zelda Zelda was was was also also also creative, creative, creative, pursuing pursuing pursuing both both both dancing dancing dancing and and and writing. writing. writing. Some Some Some scholars scholars have portrayed Zelda as a creative talent ignored by the patriarchal （男权的）society of the day. Her inspiration was even drawn by her husband in literary creation. Scott used their relationship as material material in in in his his his novels, novels, novels, even even even borrowing borrowing borrowing episodes episodes episodes from from from Zelda’s Zelda’s Zelda’s diary diary diary and and and applying applying applying them them them into into into his his fictional writings. She detested her husband’s practice: ―Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name —seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.ǁ To seek an artistic i—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.ǁ To seek an artistic i dentity of her own, Zelda wrote independently to declare her own value, as she put it ―I wish I could write a beautiful book to break those hearts that are soon to cease to exist.ǁNevertheless Nevertheless her her her unique unique unique personality personality personality was was was starting starting starting to to to seem seem seem more more more unbalanced unbalanced unbalanced than than than charming. charming. The couple —like the rest of the nation —was living on borrowed time. In October 1929 the stock market crashed, triggering the Great Depression. Six months later, Zelda suffered her first nervous breakdown. After being diagnosed with schizophrenia （精神分裂）, she was increasingly confined to specialist clinics, and since then has departed with her husband. Zelda died later in a fire at her hospital in Asheville, North Carolina, putting an end to her flamboyant life. 56. Where will you most probably find this article? A. In a newspaper. B. In a literary magazine. C. In a prepared speech. D. In a research report. 57. Which phrase can best summarize the relationship between F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda? A. Ideal partnership. B. Unbalanced love relationship. C. Love-hate relationship. D. Mutually-jealous relationship. 58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article? A. Fitzgerald successfully won Zelda’s heart by reading her his novels and writing her weekly letters. B. B. Hemingway Hemingway Hemingway disliked disliked disliked Zelda Zelda Zelda because because because of of of her her her female female female identity identity identity and and and talent talent talent that that that outshined outshined outshined her her husband. C. Zelda was glad to be her husband’s muse and provided him with literary materials.D. The ―Crazy Zeldaǁ died without Fitzgerald’s companion after severe schizophrenia.Keys: 56-58 BCDTwo 【2018届上海市上海实验中学高三英语下学期4月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A) I was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a a nearby nearby nearby hospital. hospital. hospital. My My My university's university's university's philosophy philosophy philosophy was was was to to to get get get students students students seeing seeing seeing patients patients patients early early early in in in their their education. education. Nice Nice Nice idea, idea, idea, but but but it it it overlooked overlooked overlooked one one one detail: detail: detail: second-year second-year second-year students students students know know know next next next to to to nothing nothing about medicine. Assigned to my team that day was an attending — a senior faculty member who was there mostly mostly to to to make make make patients patients patients feel feel feel they they they weren't weren't weren't in in in the the the hands hands hands of of of amateurs. amateurs. amateurs. Many Many Many attendings attendings attendings were were researchers who didn't have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis (关节炎) specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs. I began the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five - piece of cake. But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘粗气). He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn't seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia （肺炎）. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on. "It's really hot in here, Doc," he replied. So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye. At 8:40 a.m., during our team meeting, "Code Blue Room 307!" blared from the loudspeaker. I froze. That was Mr. Adams's room. When we arrived, he was motionless. The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity capacity in in in half. half. His symptoms had been textbook : : heavy heavy heavy perspiration perspiration perspiration and and and shortness shortness shortness of of of breath breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn't read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help. This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what's particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will? 56. 56. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital? Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital? A. He himself wanted to have practice. B. Students of all majors had to do so. C. It was part of his medical training. D. He was on a research team. 57.While the author was examining Mr. Adams, all the following symptoms caught his attention EXCEPT _________. A. moving difficulty B. steady temperature C. faster heart rate D. breathing problem 58. ―His symptoms had been textbook ǁ means that his symptoms were_________. A. part of the textbook B. no longer in the textbook C. recently included in the textbook D. explained in the textbook 59. 59. At At the the end end end of of of the the the passage, passage, passage, the the the author author author expresses expresses expresses _________ _________ _________ about about about the the the medical medical medical education education system. A. optimism B. hesitation C. concern D. support Keys: 56-59 CADC Three 【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语下学期3月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Mrs. Bridge said that she judged people by their shoes and by their manners at the table. If someone wore shoes with run-over heels, or shoes that had not been shined for a long time, or shoes with broken laces, you could be pretty sure this person would be careless in other things as well. And there was no better way to judge a persons background than by watching him or her at the table. The children learned it was impolite to talk while eating, or to chew with the mouth open, and as they grew older they learned the more subtle manners not to butter an entire slice of bread, not to take more than one biscuit at a time, unless, of course, the hostess should insist. They were taught to keep their elbows close to their sides while cutting meat, and to hold the utensils in the tips of their fingers. They resisted the temptation to sup up the gravy with a piece of bread, and they made sure to leave a little of everything-not enough to be called wasteful, but just a little to indicate the meal had been suit And ally, they learned that a lady or a gentleman does not fold up a napkin after eating in a public place. The girls absorbed these matters with greater facility than Douglas, who tended to ask the son for everything, sometimes observing that he thought it was all pretty silly. He seemed particularly unable to eat with his left hand lying in his lap; he wanted to leave it on the table, to prop himself up, us it were, and claimed be got a backache with one arm in his lap. Mrs, Bridge told him this was absurd, and when he wanted to know why he could not put his elbow on the table she replied, " Do you want to be different from everyone else?ǁDouglas was doubtful, but after a long silence, and under the weight of his mother’stranquil gaze, he at last concluded he didn’t.The The American American American habit habit habit of of of switching switching switching implement, implement, implement, however, however, continued continued to to to give give give him him him trouble trouble andmake andmake him him him rebellious. rebellious. rebellious. With With With elaborate elaborate elaborate care care care he he he would would would put put put down down down the the the knife, knife, knife, reach reach reach high high high across across hisplate and descend on the left side to pick up the fork, raising it high over the plate again as hereturned to the starting position. "Now sop acting ridiculous, " she told him one day at lunch. Well, I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this way ,ǁ he muttered, giving ―Egyptiansǁ a vengeful emphasis.―I doubt if they do, she replied calmly, expertly cutting a triangle of pineapple from hersalad, "but you' re not an Egyptinn, So you eat the way Americans eat, and that’s final.ǁ56. Which of the following was considered acceptable table manners by Mrs. Bridge A. Fold up a napkin after having a meal in a public place B. Take more than one biscuits if the hostess insists C. Put the elbow on the table while eating D. Butter an entire slice of bread 57. Douglas claimed that he got a backache with one arm in his lap, because______. A.he didn’t want to be different from othersB. he was worried that his back might ache soon C. no one answered his question about the table manners D. he had to find an excuse for not obeying the rules 58. What did Douglas mean by saying "I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this way"? A. He thought it ridiculous to have the strange old table manners B. He didn’t think Americans should learn from the Egyptians.C. He thought Egyptians used to have strict rules about eating D. He hoped that his mothers could give in to him if he insisted. 59. what's the probable reason why Mrs Bridge put much emphasis on table manners? A. She believed that good table manners is a reflection of her family's social position B. She didn't want her family to be considered wasteful C. She thought it necessary to cultivate her children’s good eating habitsD. She found it embarrassing to obey her sons wishes Keys: 56-59:BDAA Four 【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Shoppers Shoppers in in in the the the UK UK UK are are are spending spending spending less less less money money money on on on toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper to to to save save save money,research money,research money,research has has shown. Penny pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidi rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK.It has shrunk from £1.19 1.19 billion billion billion in in in 2011 2011 2011 to to to ££1.12 1.12 billion billion billion in in in 2015,according 2015,according 2015,according to to to a a a new new new report report report from from from market market market research research company Mintel.Furthermore,the future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall further to £1.11 billion in 2016. In the last year alone,despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households,sales of toilet paper fell by 2%,with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from £43 in 2014 to £41 in 2015. Overall,almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper-including facial tissue tissue and and and kitchen kitchen kitchen roll roll roll——to to save save save money."Strength,softness money."Strength,softness and and thickness thickness thickness remain remain remain the the the leading leading indicators indicators ODM ODM ODM toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper quality,with quality,with quality,with just just just a a a small small small proportion proportion proportion of of of consumers consumers consumers preferring preferring preferring more more luxurious luxurious alternatives,such alternatives,such alternatives,such as as as those those those with with with flower flower flower patterns patterns patterns or or or perfume,"said perfume,"said perfume,"said Mintel Mintel Mintel analyst analyst analyst Jack Jack Duckett."These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers,which probably probably reflects reflects reflects how how how these these these types types types of of of products products products are are are typically typically typically more more more expensive expensive expensive than than than regular regular regular toilet toilet paper, even when on special offer." While consumers are spending less on toilet paper,they remain fussy-in theory at least-when it it comes comes comes to to to paper paper paper quality.Top quality.Top of of Britons' Britons' Britons' toilet toilet toilet paper paper paper wish wish wish list list list is is is softness(57%)followed softness(57%)followed softness(57%)followed by by strength(45%)and thickness(36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations,highlighting considerations,highlighting how how how overall overall overall the the the environment environment environment is is is much much much less less less of of of a a a consideration consideration consideration for for shoppers shoppers than than than product product product quality.In quality.In quality.In a a a challenge challenge challenge for for for manufactures,81% manufactures,81% manufactures,81% of of of paper paper paper product product product users users users said said they they would would would consider consider consider buying buying buying recycled recycled recycled toilet toilet toilet tissue tissue tissue if if if it it it were were were comparable comparable comparable in in in quality quality quality to to to standard standard paper. 56.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because. ABritons have cut their spending on it B.its prices have gone up over the year C.its quality has seen marked improvement D.Britons have developed the habit of saving 57.What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A.It will expand in time. B.It will remain gloomy. C.It will experience ups and downs. D.It will recover as population grows. 58.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A.They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B.They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C.They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D.They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 59.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.More and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protect the environment. B.Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales. C.Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve. D.Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper. Keys: 56-59 ABAD Five 【2018届上海市上海中学高三英语模拟考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The teacherwho did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the the wife wife wife of of of my my my mother's mother's mother's brother brother brother Bill. Bill. Bill. She She She taught taught taught me me me in in in second second second gradeat gradeat gradeat all-black all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey. During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouragedme to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what wasconsidered practical or possible for black females.I liked to sing; sing; shelistened shelistened shelistened to to to my my my voice voice voice and and and pronounced pronounced pronounced it it it good.I good.I good.I couldn't couldn't couldn't dance; dance; dance; she she she taught taught taught me me me thebasic thebasic dancing steps.She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed. My My aunt aunt aunt also also also took took took down down down books books books from from from her her her extensivelibrary extensivelibrary extensivelibrary and and and shared shared shared them them them with with with me.I me.I me.I had had books at home, but they were all serious classics.Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'llnever forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher. Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist". My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave methe freedom to write on many other subjects as well as as the the the habit habit habit of of of gatheringmaterial, gatheringmaterial, gatheringmaterial, the the the discipline discipline discipline of of of meeting meeting meeting deadlines, deadlines, deadlines, and, and, and, after after after graduation graduation fromcollege six years later, a solid collection of published material that carriedmy name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs. Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she she has has has reflected reflected reflected a a a bright, bright, bright, multifaceted multifaceted multifaceted ((多面的) ) image image image of of of possibilities possibilities possibilities to to to every every every pupilwho pupilwho pupilwho has has crossed her path. 56. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhoodand youth? A. She lent her some serious classics. B. She cultivated her taste for music. C. She discovered her talent for dancing. D. She introduced her to adult plays. 57. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to? A. A book of great fun. B. A writer of high fame. C. A serious masterpiece. D. A heartbreaking play. 58. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________. A. develop her capabilities for writing B. give her a chance to collect material C. involve her in teenage social activities D. offer her a series of writing jobs 59. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________. A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning Keys: 56-59 DAAB [来Six 【2018届上海市建平中学高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Not too many decades ago it seemed ―obviousǁ both to the general public and to sociologists that that modern modern modern society society society has has has changed changed changed people’s people’s people’s natural natural natural relations, relations, relations, loosened loosened loosened their their their responsibilities responsibilities responsibilities to to relatives and neighbors, and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances(相识之人). However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the the ―obviousǁ ―obviousǁ i s is is not not not true. true. true. It It seems seems that that that if if if you you you are are are a city a city resident, resident, you you you typically typically typically know know know a a a smaller smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most most part, part, part, this this fact fact has has has few few few significant significant significant consequences. consequences. consequences. It It It does does does not not not necessarily necessarily necessarily follow follow follow that that that if if if you you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than are big-city residents are. Yet city residents make up for it by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities more likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities are. However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These These findings findings findings do do do not not not imply imply imply that that that urbanism urbanism urbanism makes makes makes little little little or or or no no no difference. difference. difference. If If If neighbors neighbors neighbors are are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be be a a a link link link between between between a a a community’s community’s community’s population population population size size size and and and its its its social social social heterogeneity(heterogeneity(多样性). ). For For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city residents are also more likely than their 。

One【2018届上海市上海实验学校高三英语10月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Zelda Fitzgerald, as is revealed by numerous personal books and letters, wore many labels in her life.She was―the original flapper‖girl and―the spirit of the Jazz Age.‖Married to the celebrated writer F. Scott Fitzgerald (author of The Great Gatsby), she was by turns his muse and the woman who ruined his life. In her later years she was ―Crazy Zelda.‖Accurate as all these descriptions may be,they do not tell the whole story.Born in Montgomery, Alabama, she was noted for her beauty and high spirits in dancing. In July 1918, at a country club dance, Fitzgerald was hooked immediately by the beautiful and charming 18-year-old Zelda who outshined other beauties with her distinguished ballet. A light affection evolved into a lengthy long-distance pursuit of weekly letters, with Fitzgerald aware of her uncommitted dating of other men. He courted her feverishly, reading her his stories and parts of his unfinished novel. He proposed after his discharge from the Army in February1919,but Zelda had doubts.Her fiancé wasn’t rich and there was no guarantee he’d ever be famous. His short stories didn’t sell. His attempt was a dump.Zelda gave back the ring.Hoping to fix the―no money‖part of his problem,Fitzgerald quit the job and started to rewrite novels for success and money so that he could win back his girl. Finally, he made it！On March 20, 1920, his novel This Side of Paradise got published and Zelda agreed to marry him.However, their marriage was troubled by wild drinking, fighting, infidelity（不忠）and bitter recriminations(互相指责).Earnest Hemingway,whom Zelda disliked,blamed her for Scott’s declining literary output,though she has also been portrayed as the victim of an overbearing husband.Actually,Zelda was also creative,pursuing both dancing and writing.Some scholars have portrayed Zelda as a creative talent ignored by the patriarchal（男权的）society of the day. Her inspiration was even drawn by her husband in literary creation. Scott used their relationship as material in his novels,even borrowing episodes from Zelda’s diary and applying them into his fictional writings. She detested her husband’s practice: ―Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how hespells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.‖ To seek an artistic i dentity of her own, Zelda wrote independently to declare her own value, as she put it ―I wish I could write a beautiful book to break those hearts that are soon to cease to exist.‖Nevertheless her unique personality was starting to seem more unbalanced than charming. The couple—like the rest of the nation—was living on borrowed time. In October 1929 the stock market crashed, triggering the Great Depression. Six months later, Zelda suffered her first nervous breakdown. After being diagnosed with schizophrenia（精神分裂）, she was increasingly confined to specialist clinics, and since then has departed with her husband. Zelda died later in a fire at her hospital in Asheville, North Carolina, putting an end to her flamboyant life.56. Where will you most probably find this article?A. In a newspaper.B. In a literary magazine.C.In a prepared speech.D. In a research report.57. Which phrase can best summarize the relationship between F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda?A. Ideal partnership.B. Unbalanced love relationship.C. Love-hate relationship.D. Mutually-jealous relationship.58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?A.Fitzgerald successfully won Zelda’s heart by reading her his novels and writing her weekly letters.B.Hemingway disliked Zelda because of her female identity and talent that outshined her husband.C.Zelda was glad to be her husband’s muse and provided him with literary materials.D.The ―Crazy Zelda‖ died without Fitzgerald’s companion after severe schizophrenia.Keys: 56-58 BCDTwo【2018届上海市上海实验中学高三英语下学期4月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds atphilosophy was to getstudents seeingpatients e arly in theira nearbyhospital.My university'seducation.N ice idea,but itoverlookedone detail:s econd-year students know next to nothingabout medicine.—a senior faculty member who was there Assigned to my team that day was an attendingmostly to make patients feelthey weren'tin the hands of amateurs.Many attendings wereresearchers who didn't have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis (关节炎) specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine,住院实习医生). These guys wereleast to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical schooso they were technically MDs.I began the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later,were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients andintern had the other five - piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating喘粗气). He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his heavily and panting (lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs andsaw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It diseem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia（肺炎）. So I asked Mr. Adams what hethought was going on."It's really hot in here, Doc," he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would retin a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye.At 8:40 a.m., during our team meeting, "Code Blue Room 307!" blared from the loudspeaker.I froze.That was Mr. Adams's room.When we arrived, he was motionless.The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism(肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathincapacity in half.His symptoms had been textbook:heavy perspiration and shortness o f breathdespite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn't read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help.This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what's particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will?56. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?A. He himself wanted to have practice.C. It was part of his medical training.B. Students of all majors had to do so.D. He was on a research team.57.While the author was examining Mr. Adams, all the following symptoms caught his attention EXCEPT_________.A. moving difficultyB. steady temperatureC. faster heart rateD. breathing problem58.―His symptoms had been textbook‖ means that his symptoms were_________.A. part of the textbookC. recently included in the textbook B. no longer in the textbookD. explained in the textbook59. At the end of the passage,the author expresses_________about the medical education system.A. optimismKeys:56-59CADCB. hesitationC. concernD. supportThree【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语下学期3月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Mrs. Bridge said that she judged people by their shoes and by their manners at the table. If someone wore shoes with run-over heels, or shoes that had not been shined for a long time, orshoes with broken laces, you could be pretty sure this person would be careless in other things as well. And there was no better way to judge a persons background than by watching him or her at the table.The children learned it was impolite to talk while eating, or to chew with the mouth open, and as they grew older they learned the more subtle manners not to butter an entire slice of bread, not to take more than one biscuit at a time, unless, of course, the hostess should insist. They were taught to keep their elbows close to their sides while cutting meat, and to hold the utensils in the tips of their fingers. They resisted the temptation to sup up the gravy with a piece of bread, and they made sure to leave a little of everything-not enough to be called wasteful, but just a little to indicate the meal had been suit And ally, they learned that a lady or a gentleman does not fold up a napkin after eating in a public place.The girls absorbed these matters with greater facility than Douglas, who tended to ask the son for everything, sometimes observing that he thought it was all pretty silly. He seemed particularly unable to eat with his left hand lying in his lap; he wanted to leave it on the table, to prop himself up, us it were, and claimed be got a backache with one arm in his lap. Mrs, Bridge told him this was absurd, and when he wanted to know why he could not put his elbow on the table she replied, " Do you want to be different from everyone else?‖Douglas was doubtful, but after a long silence, and under the weight of his mother’stranquil gaze, he at last concluded he didn’t.The American habit of switching implement,however,continued to give him trouble andmake him rebellious.With elaborate care he would put down the knife,reach high across hisplate and descend on the left side to pick up the fork, raising it high over the plate again as hereturned to the starting position."Now sop acting ridiculous, " she told him one day at lunch.Well,I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this way,‖he muttered,giving ―Egyptians‖ a vengeful emphasis.―I doubt if they do, she replied calmly, expertly cutting a triangle of pineapple from hersalad, "but you' re not an Egyptinn, So you eat the way Americans eat, and that’s final.‖56. Which of the following was considered acceptable table manners by Mrs. BridgeA. Fold up a napkin after having a meal in a public placeB. Take more than one biscuits if the hostess insistsC. Put the elbow on the table while eatingD. Butter an entire slice of bread57. Douglas claimed that he got a backache with one arm in his lap, because______.A.he didn’t want to be different from othersB. he was worried that his back might ache soonC. no one answered his question about the table mannersD. he had to find an excuse for not obeying the rules"?58. What did Douglas mean by saying "I sure bet the Egyptians don’t have to eat this wayA. He thought it ridiculous to have the strange old table mannersB. He didn’t think Americans should learn from the Egyptians.C. He thought Egyptians used to have strict rules about eatingD. He hoped that his mothers could give in to him if he insisted.59. what's the probable reason why Mrs Bridge put much emphasis on table manners?A. She believed that good table manners is a reflection of her family's social positionB. She didn't want her family to be considered wastefulC. She thought it necessary to cultivate her children’s good eating habitsD. She found it embarrassing to obey her sons wishesKeys:56-59:BDAAFour【2018届上海市华东师大二附中高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money,research has shown.Penny pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidi rather than luxury alternatives.This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK.It has shrunk from £1.19billion in2011to£1.12billion in2015,according to a new report from market research company Mintel.Furthermore,the future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall future of the market looks far from rosy,with sales expected to fall further to £ 1.11 billion in 2016.In the last year alone,despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households,sales of toilet paper fell by 2%,with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from £43 in 2014 to £41 in 2015.Overall,almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper-including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money."Strength,softness and thickness remain the leading indicators ODM toilet paper quality,with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives,such as those with flower patterns or perfume,"said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett."These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers,which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer."While consumers are spending less on toilet paper,they remain fussy-in theory at least-when it comes to paper quality.Top of Britons'toilet paper wish list is softness(57%)followed by strength(45%)and thickness(36%).One in10buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations,highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality.In a challenge for manufactures,81%of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.56.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because.ABritons have cut their spending on it B.its prices have gone up over the yearC.its quality has seen marked improvementD.Britons have developed the habit of saving57.What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK?A.It will expand in time.B.It will remain gloomy.C.It will experience ups and downs.D.It will recover as population grows.58.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper?A.They are particular about the quality of toilet paper.B.They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most.C.They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper.D.They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features.59.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.More and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protect the environment.B.Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales.C.Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve.D.Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper.Keys: 56-59ABADFive【2018届上海市上海中学高三英语模拟考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The teacherwho did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C. Manigault,the wife of my mother's brother Bill.She taught me in second gradeat all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouragedme to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what wasconsidered practical or possible for black females.I liked to sing;shelistened to my voice and pronounced it good.I couldn't dance;she taught me thebasic dancing steps.She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensivelibrary and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics.Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'llnever forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher.Most important,perhaps,Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist". My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave methe freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gatheringmaterial,the discipline of meeting deadlines,and,after graduation fromcollege six years later, a solid collection of published material that carriedmy name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright,multifaceted(多面的)image of possibilities to every pupilwho has crossed her path.56. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhoodand youth?A. She lent her some serious classics. C. She discovered her talent for dancing.B. She cultivated her taste for music.D. She introduced her to adult plays.57. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.58. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.A. develop her capabilities for writing C. involve her in teenage social activitiesB. give her a chance to collect material D. offer her a series of writing jobs59. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupilsD. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningKeys:56-59DAABSix【2018届上海市建平中学高三英语11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Not too many decades ago it seemed ―obvious‖ both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations,loosened their responsibilities to relatives and neighbors,and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances(相识之人). However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the―obvious‖is not true.It seems that if you are a city resident,you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part,this fact has few significant consequences.It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than are big-city residents are. Yet city residents make up for it by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city.Nor are residents of large communities more likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities are. However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference.If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity(多样性).For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city residents are also more likely than theirsmall-town residents to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional family roles,to vote for leftist political candidates,and to be willing to accept nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.56. According to the paragraph 1, it was once a common belief that people in modern society__________ .A) tended to acquaint themselves with people passing byB) could not develop very close relationships with othersC) bore great responsibilities to neighbors and relativesD) usually had more friends than small-town residents57. One of the consequences of urbanism is that the city residents __________.A. suffer from the lack of friendshipB. lower the quality of relationshipsC. show little concern for other peopleD. become suspicious of each other58.We can learn from the passage that the bigger a community is,__________A) the more open-minded people are B. the more similar its interests isC) the more likely it it to display stress D)the better the quality of life is59. What is the passage mainly about?A. Advantages and disadvantages of living in big cities or small townsB. Minor differences in the interpersonal relations between cities and townsC The positive role that urbanism has been playing in our modern society.D The strong feeling of alienation that city residents are suffering.Keys:56-59BCABSeven【2018届上海市上海中学高三上学期11月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read..(A)The Paris climate agreement finalized in December last year heralded(预示着…的到来)a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below 2℃.This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate―free-riders‖:causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring(招致) few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels,while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.On the flip side, there are many ―forced riders‖, who are suffering from the c limate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem.Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African or small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.The Paris agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all,although the details on addressing―climate justice‖can be best described as sketchy.The goal of keeping global temperature rise ―well below‖ 2 degree is commendable(值得称赞的) but the emissions- reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Paris talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.More than$100billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions,effectively ignoring historical emissions.There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating theglobal disease from which they now suffer the most.There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization(组织,动员) of the policies outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emissions reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.56. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because .A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nationsB) it aims to keep temperature rise below onlyC) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countriesD) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility57. Why does the author compare the ―forced riders‖ to second-hand smokers?A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.B) They are easily affected by unhealthy environmental conditions.C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are facing.58. What does the author say about the $ 100 billion funding?A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.C) There is no explanation of how the money will be spent.D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.59. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?A) Encouraging developing nations to take the initiative.B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.C) Pushing the current world leaders to reach agreement.D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.Keys:56-59ACBDEight【2018届上海市建平中学高三上学期12月考试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection B( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）As a person who writers about food and drink for a living, I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.I hate tipping.I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.Most of you probably think that you hate tipping,too.Research suggest otherwise.You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money you server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a letter value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you .Well , if this were true we would all be slipping a few 100 dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are , are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did any impact on the tips they received.So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more up–front for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.。