2019届上海高三英语一模汇编--完形填空

III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Migrant workersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have 41 most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the 42 in the Middle East, where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to 43 outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the 44 living and working conditions in the Middle East, surprising it is not that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a 45 attraction. An allied (联合的) benefit is the low 46 or a complete lack of it. This 47 the amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating (补偿的) advantage. 48 , the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. 49 , many migrant workers can save large sum of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater 50 to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do 51 work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are52 ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be 53 since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this 54 , along with others, because of the 55 financial benefits which they receive.41. A. presented B. devoted C. adapted D. restricted42. A. style B. evidence C. case D. hint43. A. call in B. bring up C. turn down D. help out44. A. excellent B. difficult C. fair D. stable45. A. casual B. familiar C. major D. final46. A. consumption B. pressure C. competition D. taxation47. A. occupies B. increases C. blocks D. protects48. A. For example B. In particular C. By comparison D. In other words49. A. Therefore B. Likewise C. Consequently D. However50. A. agreement B. outcome C. prediction D. challenge51. A. skillful B. vivid C. routine D. potential52. A. temporary B. ordinary C. voluntary D. revolutionary53. A. claimed B. criticized C. considered D. expected54. A. sacrifice B. reminder C. disadvantage D. appreciation55. A. limited B. considerable C. reasonable D. potential Keys:41-45 DCABC 46-50 DBABD 51-55 CADCBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Could Buying Paintings Make You Rich?Is investing in paintings a good way to get rich fast? And how should you invest in art?“With extreme41 ” is the advice of Patrick Connolly, a financial adviser. “We don’t42 our customers to invest in art because the downsides are greater than the upsides. It doesn't produce income or earnings. What you 43 is exclusively based on supply and demand, and there are big movements upwards or downwards if there are changes in the economic environment,” he said.To invest in art as a t rue investment, you need a starting fund of at least $5,000. But it’s not just about having enough 44 to buy the painting in the first place. Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels, and to protect them from sun damage or other 45 such as a spilled cup of coffee. And if you do put it on your wall, then your insurance costs are likely to be high. If word gets out that you have expensive art hanging on your wall, then you're likely to be a 46 for thieves.Art is also not a regulated investment so when things go wrong – for example, an artwork turns out to be a fraud （赝品）– then investors cannot fall back on 47 for any repayment.Of course given the current environment of low interest rates, that's still a(n) 48 return than many savings accounts will give you. As art has no association to the stock market, it means paintings can 49 in value even when the market crashes, making it a good option for investment 50 .It is reported that after a decrease in the global art market throughout 2016, auction（拍卖）sales 51 in the first six months of 2017. Yet you don't necessarily have to be super-wealthy to invest in art. There are a growing number of art fairs and online marketplaces aimed at buyers with a more 52 budget. Most art industry experts suggest that you buy a piece of art because41. A. accuracy B. carefulness C. enthusiasm D. generosity42. A. beg B. control C. forbid D. recommend43. A. get back B. look into C. take out D. turn to44. A. desire B. energy C. money D. time45. A. accidents B. appliances C. measures D. drinks46. A. partner B. spectator C. target D. therapy47. A. initiative B. regulation C. strategy D. tradition48. A. better B. earlier C. healthier D. lower49. A. fall apart B. fall down C. go ahead D. go up50. A. funds B. levels C. selections D. rates51. A. ceased B. proceeded C. recovered D. shrank52. A. fixed B. limited C. massive D. modest53. A. creative B. direct C. flexible D. sensible54. A. afford B. preserve C. transfer D. undertake55. A. added B. maximum C. obvious D. social Keys:41-45 BDACA 46-50 CBADC 51-55 CDDAAⅢ. Reading comprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When I was a child of seven years old, my friends, on a holiday, filled my pocket with coppers. I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children. Being 41 with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way, in the hands of another boy, I handed over all my money for one. I then came home, and went whistling all over the house, much pleased with my whistle, but 42 all the family. My brothers and sisters and cousins, when I told of the43 I had made, said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth. They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation( 烦恼). Thinking about the matter gave me more44 than the whistle gave me pleasure.45 , this was afterwards of use to me, for the impression continued on my mind, so that often, when I was 46 to buy something I did not need, I said to myself, “Don’t give too much for the whistle, ”and I saved my money. As I grew up, came into the world, and 47 the actions of men, I thought I met with many, very many, who “gave too much for the whistle.”If I knew a miser（守财奴）who 48 every kind of comfortable living, all the pleasure of doing good to others, all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship, 49 gathering and keeping wealth--- “Poor man,” said I, “ you pay too dear for your whistle.” When I met a man of pleasure, who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but _____50 devoted himself to having a good time, perhaps neglecting his health, “ Mistaken man, you are providing51 for yourself, instead of pleasure; you are paying too dear for your whistle.” If I saw someone fond of 52 who has fine clothes, fine houses, fine furniture, fine earrings, all above his 53 , and for which he had run into debt, and ends his career in a prison. “Alas,”said I, “he has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle.”54 , the miseries of mankind are largely due to their puffing a(n) 55 value on things --- to giving “too much for their whistle.”41. A. faced B. charmed C. sympathized D. provided42. A. disturbing B. attracting C. entertaining D. confusing43. A. trouble B. attempt C. choice D. bargain44. A. satisfaction B. relief C. annoyance D. stress45. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. However D. Indeed46. A. tempted B. determined C. forced D. persuaded47. A. took B. observed C. admired D. followed48. A. turned against B. gave up C. cared about D. relied on49. A. in case of B. instead of C. for the sake of D. in terms of50. A. merely B. similarly C. strangely D. positively51. A. inconvenience B. burden C. frustration D. pain52. A. appearance B. wealth C. comforts D. necessities53. A. demand B. fortune C. standard D. value54. A. As a result B. By contrast C. On average D. In short55. A. unexpected B. great C. false D. extraKeys:41-45 BADCC 46-50 ABBCA 51-55 DABDCIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A Study of Point of View and ArgumentEveryday life is an interaction of view. Sometimes these interactions pass by virtually___41___ , like when you find yourself forced to by the newest cell phone but suddenly stop and ask yourself, “ Do I even need this t hing?” and then realize that the latest ad campaign has ____42____you of something without you really knowing it. Sometimes these interactions with others are obvious and deeply felt, like when an emotional argument____43____over why your father won’t quit smoking even though his health is____44____ ---you only see your desire for him to be OK, he only sees his independence. then there are those times when those sorts of____45____ feel delighted---like when you voice your opinion, as you do every year at the thanksgiving table, about some political issues, and finally---after years of trying---see the ____46____of “hmm, you may be right’ on your uncle’s face.Advertising, media, novels and even the people you love often aim to____47____your opinion. We see the usual practice of close reading not just as a method of doing the academic work of looking closely at text evidence, word and structure, but as an opportunity to bring those practices together, to____48___our students to see the subtle messages in texts and in their lives o help them be strong and ____49___consumers of ideas and reflective, caring members of society.One large, multi-year study suggested that many students graduated without being able to distinguish____50____ from the influence of carefully designed opinions and public relations. We believe educators can help ____51____ this. we want our students to be able to recognize the points of view and arguments in texts and in life----to see when they are happening and to ____52____engage them. We want our students to listen to those points of view and argument with an open mind ---to truly listen to what other people believe and respectfully ____53____or question what they are saying. we also want our students to live with the confidence of ____54____themselves to make sound____55____, to make sense of the world, and to take risks. reading closely In this way can give our students a healthy skepticism（质疑态度）while alsohelping them to have a more open mind.41. A. unbelievable B. unnoticed C. mistaken D. available42. A. convinced B. informed C. reminded D. expected43. A. takes up B. takes in C. works out D. breaks out44. A. recovering B. improving C. failing D. rejecting45. A. interactions B. functions C. messages D. issues46. A. phrase B. expectation C. reflection D. look47. A. accept B. influence C. misunderstand D. reject48. A. engage B. understand C. enable D. recognize49. A. affordable B. capable C. agreeable D. noticeable50. A. facts B. conclusions C. conflicts D. arguments51. A. mistake B. question C. change D. discover52. A. flexibly B. powerfully C. respectfully D. actively53. A. look out B. take in C. carry out D. give away54. A. exposing B. engaging C. trusting D. adapting55. A. improvements B. appointments C. decisions D. judgmentsKeys:41-45 BADCA 46-50 DBCBA 51-55 CDBCDIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims. Students in the study became __(41)__ even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald’s so quickly on screen that they could not __(42)__ it.Researchers say that daily exposure to fast food brands could have a subliminal(潜意识的) effect on __(43)__, making people hurry regardless of whether they are pushed for time. They conclude: “Our experiments suggest that the __(44)__ goal of saving time embedded in fast food may have the unexpected consequence of caus ing hurriedness and impatience.”Thinking about fast food increases __(45)__ for time-saving products. “More __(46)__, we found that the mere exposure to fast food symbols reduced people’s willingness to save and led them to prefer immediate __(47)__ over greater future return, finally harming their economic interest.”Student volunteers were quickly shown six logos from fast-food chains —McDonald’s, Burger King, KFC, Subway, Wendy’s and Taco Bell. They could not consciously see what they were but the subliminal effect was __(48)__. Their reading speed was measured before and after seeing the logos and it was significantly faster afterwards. Participants also preferred time-saving products like three-in-one skincare treatments rather than __(49)__ versions after seeing the logos. When asked whether they would accept a small sum of money immediately or a larger amount in a week’s time, they again chose __(50)__ reward after being exposed to the brands.Researcher Chen-Bo Zhong, assistant professor of organiz ational behaviour at Canada’s Toronto Univer sity, said: “Fast food represents a culture of time efficiency and immediate __(51)__.” The problem is that the goal of saving time gets activated upon exposure to fast food __(52)__ whether time is a relevant factor in the context. “__(53)__, walking faster is time-efficient when one is trying to make a meeting, but it’s a sign of impatience when one is taking a walk in the park.”“We’re finding that the mere exposure to fast food is __(54)__ a general sense of hurriedness and impatience. When I sit in a fast food restaurant, I find myself gobbling(狼吞虎咽) my Big Mac down at this incredible speed even though there is no __(55)__ at all.”41. A. hungry B. stressful C. anxious D. timid42. A. recognize B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall43. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour44. A. common B. unconscious C. primary D. temporary45. A. preferences B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions46. A. naturally B. strikingly C. fortunately D. personally47. A. gain B. proof C. respond D. attention48. A. concealed B. imposed C. edited D. marked49. A. separate B. special C. expensive D. original50. A. potential B. constant C. intense D. instant51. A. cultivation B. resistance C. satisfaction D. awareness52. A. in terms of B. on account of C. regardless of D. with respect to53. A. In other words B. On the contrary C. For example D. In addition54. A. promoting B. assuming C. insulting D. assessing55. A. chance B. sense C. rush D. harmKeys:41-45 CADBA 46-50 BADAD 50-55 CCCACⅢ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Your boss tells you that you did a bad job. Your coworker criticizes you in front of your whole team. Ouch! It's not easy to take criticism, no matter who it comes from. But, it is easy to _41 _ the blow when you offer criticism to someone in English. Merely by altering your wording and your attitude, you can help someone grow instead of making them feel 42 .Phrases like "You’re wrong! ” and “Your presentation was terrible!" have no place i n effective 43 . In fact, it's best to leave the word "you" out, if at all possible. 44 attacks make people feel defective, and then they won't really listen to anything you have to say.Before starting with the criticism, warm the person up with 45 .If you are discussing their work, find several things you truly like about what they have done. For example, "I enjoyed your presentation today. You presented a lot of good and helpful information in it, and I can tell you put a lot of effort into it. I appreciate your hard work." This will lower their 46 and make them feel appreciated.However, a short 47 compliments followed by "but" such as “It was a helpful talk, but you really need to improve your presentation skills" won't do much to help the process. After you’ve shared your compliments, allow them time to be 48 . As a matter of fact, 49 following your compliment with a “,but” will destroy all you've tried to accomplish by making your 50 seem false and insincere.Remember that the goal of constructive criticism isn’t to make the person feel terrible: it's to help them grow. Instead of directly 51 the person, try to get the message through to them in the form of light-hearted advice. Phrases like. "Next time you might want to…” or “I find it helpful to " can 52 the blame while still leaving an impact: "Next time you might want to give a little more attention to the audience. I find it helpful to look people in the eyes while I am speaking"People can't change overnight, especially if they don’t get detailed 53 . As you might have known, 54 saying “you need to work on your presentation skills “won’t help a soul! Be detailed in your advice! Show moderation when you criticize anyone and keep in your mind that over-criticism can easily 55 people. Remember, you want them to keep trying and improving. Don't leave them feeling defeated'41. A. suffer B. accept C. soft D. ignore42. A defeated B encouraged C. motivated D. disturbed43. A. discussion B. argument C. explanation D. criticism44. A. Immediate B. Personal C. Accurate D. Continuous45. A. interactions B. impressions C. personalities D. compliments46. A. defense B spirit C. moral D. position47. A. decisive B. serious C. vague D. concrete48. A. corrected B. challenged C. debated D. absorbed49. A. carefully B. reluctantly C. immediately D. occasionally50. A. praise B. attitude C. assistance D. achievement51. A. helping B. accusing C. praising D. dismissing52. A. make up B. focus on C. lead to D. take away53. A. command B. comment C. instruction D. information54. A. sincerely B. simply C. politely D. unwillingly55. A. overload B promote C. inspire D simulate\Keys:41-45 . C ADBD 46-50 . ACDCA 51-55. BDCBAIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or; phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n) 41 between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in 42 executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems.” Sometimes a reduced ability to 43 one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks.” they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that 44 attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creative thinking 45 , very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according to individual 46 to the drugs. 47 , some research has found that while stimulants can 48 test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more 49 to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be 50 to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is 51 in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influenced by 52 once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors 53 that their study findings don’t give people 54 to get drunk to “inspire the muse（冥想）” Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest.”We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to 55 . There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.41. A.attraction B.reservation C.connection D.decoration42. A.strengthening B.damaging C.maintaining D.assessing43. A.block B.reduce C.disturb D.control44. A.remain B.drop C.shift D.increase45. A.However B.Moreover C.Instead D.Therefore46. A.additions B.responses C.oppositions D.contrasts47. A.For example B.On the contrary C.As a result D.On the other hand48. A.conceal B.executive C.improve D.delete49. A.vital B.likely C.ideal D.difficult50. A.attracted B.contributed C.responded D.with drawn51. A.responsible B.illegal C.natural D.impossible52. A.confusion B.ambition C.addiction D.exhaustion53. A.lower B.monitor C.function D.caution54. A.sacrifice B.privacy C.appreciation D.license55. A.priorities B.extremes C.bottom D.AffectionKeys:41-45 CBADA 46-50 BACBA 51-55 ACDDBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The sights, sounds, and smells of the modern marketplace are rarely accidental. More likely, they are tools of an evolving strategy of psychological marketing called “sensory marketing” to create an emotional association to a(n) ___41___ product or brand.By relating to people in a far more ___42___w ay through everyone’s own senses, sensory marketing is able to affect people in a way that traditional mass marketing cannot.Traditional marketing believes that consumers will systematically consider___43___ product factors like price, features, and utility. Sensory marketing, by contrast, seeks to resort to the consumer's life experiences and feelings. Sensory marketing believes that people, as consumers, will act according to their emotional urge more than to their ___44___ reasoning. In this way, an effective sensory marketing effort can result in consumers choosing to buy a lovely but expensive product, rather than a plain but cheap ___45___.In the past, communications with customers were mainly monologues —companies just ‘talked at’ consumers. T hen they evolved into dialogues, with customers providing ___46___. Now they’re becoming multidimensional conversations, with products finding their own voices and consumers responding ___47___ to them.Based on the implied messages received through five senses, consumers, without noticing it, tend to apply human-like personalities to brands, leading to intimate relationship and, hopefully for the brands, persistent ___48___. And that’s the very thing brands are dying to foster in customers rather than instant trend or profits. Most brands are considered to have either "sincere" or "exciting" personalities."Sincere" brands like IBM and Boeing tend to be regarded as conservative and reliable while "exciting" brands like Apple, and Ferrari are as imaginative and ___49___. In general, consumers tend to form ___50___ relationships with sincere brands than with exciting ones. This explains the relatively enduring history of the “Sincere Brands”Certainly, with the eyes containing two-thirds of all the ___51___cells in a person's body, sight is considered the most important of all human senses. Sensory marketing uses sight to create a memorable "sight experience" of the product for consumers which extends to packaging, store interiors, and printed advertising to form a(n) ___52___ image for the brand.In other words, no aspect of a product design is left to ___53___ anymore, especially color.Brand acceptance is linked closely with the appropriateness of the colors on the brand—does the color ___54___ the product at all? If not, customers, though not realizing it themselves, will ___55___ the brands in all possible ways--sales, reputation, etc. Therefore, brands, isn’t it time now to study the new field of marketing?41. A. specific B. qualified C. average D. adequate42. A. economic B. personal C. artificial D. mechanic43. A. obvious B. potential C. accessible D. concrete44. A. imaginable B. objective C. psychological D. gradual45. A. alternative B. reward C. sample D. exhibit46. A. compliment B. fund C. prospect D. feedback47. A. temporarily B. subconsciously C. occasionally D. attentively48. A. loyalty B. philosophy C. endurance D. regulation49. A. mild B. daring C. steady D. classic50. A. far-fetched B. hard-won C. long-lasting D. easy-going51. A. individual B. sensory C. present D. general52. A. overall B. ambitious C. dramatic D. additional53. A. chance B. maintenance C. progress D. leadership54. A. accept B. overlook C. fit D. treat55. A. shape B. punish C. signify D. exploitKeys:41-45 ABDBA 46-50 DBABC 51-55 BAACBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Stay out of the Sun to Look YoungForget drinking countless glasses of water or getting your beauty sleep. The secret of looking young is simply to stay out of the sun. A study of hundreds of women has revealed that those who avoided the sun’s rays looked up to 20 years younger than they actually are.However, other supposed rules for a youthful complexion (肤色), from drinking lots of water to sleeping well and exercising regularly, failed to 41 the hands of time. Only keeping out of the sun, and wearing sunscreen when this wasn’t possible, made a 42 , the American Academy of Dermatology’s annual conference will hear today.The interesting 43 comes from a study of 231 women of all ages who were quizzed about their lives, including whether they were sun-lovers. When researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital in the US –commissioned by skincare firm Olay – guessed how old the women were, they found those who 44 in the sun tended to have aged more slowly. A lucky four had so few wrinkles and 45 spots, and such a fresh complexion, that they appeared to be a full two decades younger than they really were.Researcher Dr Alexa Kimball, a professor of dermatology (皮肤医学), said the 46 advice that we drink lots of water to stay healthy is actually a myth (谬见), and the body is ‘pretty good’ at judging how much we need.Previous research by the British Nutrition Foundation reached a 47 conclusion. Experts there said: ‘Just drinking water for the sake of drinking water really has no effect on improving the app earance of skin.’It isn’t clear why the women who 48 well didn’t have younger-looking skin. But it may be that the question they were asked was too 49 and didn’t take into account their long-term sleep patterns.A second study, also by Olay, suggested that low-level day to day exposure to the sun is more ageing than 50 , intense exposure. Finally, DNA examination of tiny samples of the women’s skin helped understand the 51 done by the sun. A gene called CDKN2A was more active in facial skin that is exposed to the elements than in samples taken from the bottoms. This gene was also more active in women who said they loved the 52 – and in those who looked。

1.宝山区III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The search for new, clean energy sources have occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years. One common ___41___ for green energy is the wind. A new twist on this old resource could cause energy output of wind-power plants to increase greatly.Standard wind power plants rely on strong support and ___42___ can only reach the height of 200 meters or so. Higher than that, winds tend to be stronger and steadier, but the challenge is ___43___ how to obtain the energy from those winds.Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite-power research group. The group is working to develop kites with inflatable (可充气的) wings ___44___ to electrical generator (发电机) on the ground.The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for 24 hours. Research has begun, but many challenges remain, including making the generator more ___45___ and perfecting the automatic flight control and structure of the kites. Nevertheless, in June 2012, they demonstrated that their kites could operate ___46___ at an altitude of up to 700 meters.Meanwhile, in Italy, researchers are working on a(n) ___47___ power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen, senses wind blowing, kites are ___48___ from the end of poles with high-resistance cables to control their height and angle. These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses coming object ___49___ planes, helicopters or even individual birds. The kites themselves are light, tough and able to reach fairly high altitude. The loop (绕行) around in the wind, which sets the center of the generator in emotion ___50___ electric current.KiteGen has the ___51___ to be very cost-effective in the long run. After the original cost of designing and setting up the plant, little ___52___ investment will be necessary, apart from standard maintenance. The plant also requires ___53___ little space, which makes it ideal for cities and means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more ___54___.Kite power has the potential to greatly ___55___ on current wind power strategies. In the future, it may be an efficient cost efficient supplement to the other sources of energy use or even a replacement for some of them41. A resolution B. proposal C. resource D. substitute42. A. generally B. frequently C. continually D. regularly43. A. carrying out B. figuring out C. breaking out D. picking out44. A. chosen B. applied C. collected D. connected45. A. efficient B. complete C. powerful D. positive46. A. actively B. passively C. automatically D. artificially47. A. strange B. similar C. different D. original48 A fastened B. revealed C. tailored D. released49. A. except for B. instead of C. such as D. due to50. A. producing B. inventing C. promoting D. developing51. A. qualification B. potential C. trend D. intention52. A. normal B. formal C. additional D. alternate53. A. concretely B. abstractly C thoroughly D. relatively54. A. energy B. strength C. technology D. opportunity55. A. focus B. extend C. improve D. transfer41—55 CABDA CBDCA BCDAC2.崇明区III. Reading ComprehensionSection AHow Climate Change Affects Airline FlightsHot weather has forced dozens of commercial flights to be canceled at airports in the Southwest this summer. This flight-disturbing __41__ is a warning sign. Climate change is projected to have far-reaching __42__ --including sea level rise flooding cities and shifting weather patterns causing long-term declines in agricultural production. And there is evidence that it is beginning to affect the takeoff performance of commercial aircraft, with potential effects on airline __43__.National and global transportation systems and the economic activity they support have been designed for the climate in which it all developed. In the aviation(航空) industry, airports and aircraft are designed for the weather conditions experienced __44__. Because the climate is changing, even fundamental elements like airports and key economic parts like air transportation may need to be __45__.As scientists focused on the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on human society and natural ecosystems around the world, our research has quantified how extreme heat associated with our warming climate may affect __46__ around the world. We’ve found that major airports from New York to Dubai to Bangkok will see more frequent takeoff weight __47__ in the coming decades due to increasingly common hot temperatures, which can help reduce the aircraft’s weight so as to lower its required takeoff speed.There is obvious evidence that extreme events such as heat waves and coastal flooding are happening with greater frequency and intensity than just a few decades ago. And if we __48__ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in the next few decades, the frequency and intensity of these extremes is projected to increase dramatically.The __49__ on aviation may be widespread. Many airports are built near sea level, putting them at risk of more frequent __50__ as oceans rise. The frequency and intensity of violent air movement may increase in some regions due to strengthening high-altitude(高海拔的) wind. Stronger winds would force airlines and pilots to change flight lengths and routings, potentially increasing fuel __51__.Many departments of the economy, including the aviation industry, have yet to seriously __52__ the effects of climate change. The sooner, the better: Both airport construction and aircraft design take decades, and have __53__ effects. Today’s newest planes may well be flying in 40 or 50 years, and their __54__ are being designed now. The earlier climate impacts are understood and appreciated, the more effective and less costly adaptation can be. Those adaptations may even include innovative ways to dramatically reduce climate-altering emissions across the aviation industry, which would help reduce the problem while also __55__ it.41. A. scheme B. heat C. shift D. mess42. A. contributions B. confusions C. feedbacks D. consequences43. A. pilots B. reservations C. costs D. accidents44. A. historically B. enormously C. fundamentally D. domestically45. A. retested B. implemented C. prospected D. reengineered46. A. travels B. developments C. flights D. communications47. A. disorders B. gains C. bans D. restrictions48. A. happen B. fail C. aim D. promise49. A. taxes B. effects C. viewpoints D. comments50. A. flooding B. rotting C. repairing D. transferring51. A. standard B. efficiency C. distribution D. consumption52. A. consider B. avoid C. maximize D. demonstrate53. A. greater B. different C. lasting D. direct54. A. airports B. products C. contracts D. replacements55. A. sneezing at B. responding to C. resulting in D. recovering from41. B 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. B 50. A51. D 52. A 53. C 54. D 55. B3普陀区III. Reading ComprehensionSection A （15分）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Words to Turn a Conversation AroundIt’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it –isn’t it? Accor ding to a language expert, we may have this wrong. “We are pushed and pulled around by language far more than we (41)________,” says Elizabeth Stoke, professor of social interaction at Loughborough University. Stoke and her colleagues have (42)________ thousands of hours of recorded conversations, from customer services to mediation(调解) hotlines and police crisis (43)________. They discovered that certain words or phrases have the power to change the course of a conversation.Some of these words are surpri sing, and (44)________ what we’ve been taught to believe. For example, in a study of conversations between doctors and patients, evidence showed that doctors who (45)________ options rather than recommended best solutions, got a better response, despite the suggestion from hospital guidelines to talk about the best interests of the patient. But, from conversation experts such as Stoke to FBI negotiators and communication coaches, we’re learning which words are likely to (46)________ or persuade us.Stoke found that people who had already responded (47)________ when asked if they would like to attend mediation seemed to change their minds when the mediator used the phrase. “Would you be willing to come for a meeting?” “As soon as the word ‘willing’ was used,people would say: ‘Oh, yes, definitely’—they would actually (48)________ the sentence to agree.” Stoke found it had the same effect in different settings: with business-to-business cold callers; with doctors trying to (49)________ people to go to a weight-loss class. She also looked at phrases such as “Would you like to” and “Would you be interested in”. “Sometimes they (50) ________, but ‘willing’ was the one that got people to agree more rapidly and with more enthusiasm.”“’Hello’ is a really important word that can change the (51)________ of a conversation,” Stoke says. “It’s about how you respond to people who are what we call ‘first movers’ –people who say something really (52)________,” “It might be the work colleagues who are extremely angry to you r desk with a complaint or the neighbor who (53)________ rude words about parking as you’re putting out the bins.” “What do you do with that person? Rather than respond in the same manner, saying something nice, such as a very bright ‘Hello!’, socializes t hat other person a little bit.” Use it when you want to resist getting into a (54)________. “You have to be careful not to sound too passive-aggressive,” Stoke says, “but just one friendly word in a bright tone can delete the (55)________ of the conversati on.”41. A. suggest B. realize C. imply D. emphasize42. A. analyzed B. addressed C. simplified D. discovered43. A. instructions B. revolutions C. associations D. negotiations44. A. get into B. turn away C. go against D. insist on45. A. pointed B. inspired C. motivated D. listed46. A. comfort B. defend C. support D. protect47. A. actively B. positively C. negatively D. passively48. A. finish B. reject C. refuse D. interrupt49. A. persuade B. stimulate C. force D. tempt50. A. interacted B. worked C. responded D. initiated51. A. approach B. course C. evolution D. pattern52. A. impractical B. unimaginative C. critical D. illogical53. A. keeps back B. answers for C. agrees on D. launches into54. A. conflict B. disaster C. strike D. damage55. A. challenge B. debate C. worry D. silence41-45 B A D C D 46-50 A C D A B 51-55 B C D A A4.青浦区III. Reading ComprehensionSection AMichael Wang was a senior at James Logan High School, US, back in 2012. According to The New Yorker, he was confident that he could get into an Ivy League university, such as Harvard or Yale. He had a high GPA, __41__ at debating and co-founded a math club. He was also a talented pianist. __42__, his dream universities turned him down. His less talented classmates, who were Hispanic or African-American, were admitted into these schools. It made him wonder if he was __43__ because he was Asian.On Oct 15, a lawsuit against Harvard brought on behalf of Asian-American students like Wang began. Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA), a US non-profit organization, __44__ Harvard for using racial balancing in their admissions process. Harvard has denied the __45__. The university says that it considers many factors when __46__ whether a student should be admitted, including academic performance and extracurricular activities. Harvard added that the number of Asian-Americans admitted to the school had greatly increased since 2010. “Race al one is never the reason a student is __47__ admission,” William Lee, a lawyer for Harvard, told the Guardian. “And race is never the reason a student is denied.”Harvard is not the only university to have been accused of __48__ against Asian-Americans. In September, the US Justice Department began to __49__ whether Yale University discriminates against Asian-Americans. The case has __50__ a longstanding debate over affirmative action policies(平权法案政策) that allow universities to userace as a factor when considering applications. The policies __51__ benefit African-American and Latino students in an effort to make up for centuries of racial discrimination, according to Time magazine. According to The New York Times, the SFFA wants the use of race in the admissions process to be ended, __52__ that it causes inequality. “People should be judged on character and __53__,” However, in a statement, Harvard said that __54__ the race criterion would “reduce students’ opportunities to live and learn in a diverse campus environment”.Although the case has just begun, the __55__ judgment “could influence admissions to US universities for years to come,” according to Al Jazeera, a Qatar-based TV station.41. A. crazy B. amazed C. gifted D. slow42. A. Besides B. Fortunately C. Undoubtedly D. However43. A. rejected B. dismissed C. enclosed D. stopped44. A. trapped B. oppressed C. sued D. blamed45. A. charge B. mistake C. claim D. complaint46. A. confirming B. determining C. acknowledging D. surveying47. A. robbed B. granted C. entitled D. convinced48. A. preference B. favor C. opposition D. discrimination49. A. investigate B. research C. wonder D. inquire50. A. processed B. infected C. fueled D. brought51. A. necessarily B. equally C. traditionally D. unintentionally52. A. considering B. debating C. annoying D. arguing53. A. academics B. strength C. benefit D. moralities54. A. dropping B. setting C. implementing D. imposing55. A. official B. existent C. gradual D. eventualIII. Reading Comprehension41-55 CDACA BBDAC CDBAD5.松江区III. Reading ComprehensionSection A （15分）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Whether it’s from an awful breakup or a painful life event, some memories can return repeatedly to our mind for the entire lives. But, what if science can ___41___ your bad memories so that you can start all over again? As is known to all, memory is an incredibly complex ____42___. While scientists used to believe it was like a filing cabinet and particular memories were stored in different sections of the brain, we now know this is ___43___.In fact, each memory is a brain wide process. If you end up remembering something, it’s because the cells in your brain are being fired, ___44___ new connections and links and literally rebuild the circuitry of your mind. And this change i s partially ___45___ by proteins in the brain. So what if the proteins aren’t available?Simply put, memories can’t be made. Seriously, scientists have tested this by giving animals drugs that prevent these proteins from forming. ___46___, the animals have no recollection of the things that took place shortly after the drug was taken. From this research, scientists actually found a way to target long-term memories for ___47___. You see, every single time you remember a memory, your brain is once again firing and rewiring.In fact, each time you reflect on a memory, you are physically changing that memory in your mind. And each time the memory is changed a little, it reflects your ___48___ thoughts. Remembering, to a great extent, is an act of ___49___ and imagination, which means that the more you reflect on old memories, the less accurate they will become. And scientists have actually quantified this change.After 9/11, hundreds of people were asked about their memories of the dreadful day. A year later, 37% of the details had changed. By 2004, nearly 50% of the details had changed or gone ___50___. And because memories are formed and rebuilt every time, if you administer (服药) the protein-preventing drug while recalling a memory, the memory can be ___51___ removed.To test this, scientists took lab rats and played sound for them, shortly followed by an electric shock. ___52___ doing this for many times, the rats quickly learned that if they heard the sound, a shock was soon to follow. Therefore, they would stress up and freeze every time they heard it. Months later, these rats would still ___53___ the noise. However, if they administered the drug first, the rats would lose the memory of the sound, and simply continue on. They had lost their memory of that specific noise.To be sure that the drug wasn’t just causing large-scale brain damage, scientists repeated these experiments with various tones this time. Both sounds would warn for a shock and ___54___ the rats would fear both. But if they administered the drug and played only one of the sounds, the mice would only forget that one tone, while still remaining ___55___ of the other. Over time scientists have discovered specific drugs to target particular proteins across different parts of the brain.41. A. refresh B. forget C. control D. erase42. A. range B. process C. idea D. structure43. A. incorrect B. evident C. partial D. complex44. A. eliminating B. decreasing C. bringing D. building45. A. inspired B. stopped C. identified D. perfected46. A. By contrast B. On the contrary C. As a result D. For example47. A. evaluation B. estimation C. deletion D. production48. A. terrified B. critical C. current D. former49. A. repetition B. creation C. function D. reproduction50. A. uncontrolled B. complicated C. valuable D. missing51. A. repeatedly B. effectively C. hardly D. consistently52. A. Before B. Until C. After D. While53. A. turn to B. respond to C. adapt to D. return to54. A. surprisingly B. especially C. eventually D. similarly55. A. suspicious B. careful C. painful D. fearful41----45 DBADA 46----50 CCCBD 51----55 BCBCD6.徐汇区III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.For centuries, time was measured by the position of the sun with the use of sundials. Noon was recognized when the sun was the highest in the sky, and cities would set their clock by this apparent (41) _______ time, even though some cities would often be on a slightly different time. Daylight Saving Time (DST), sometimes called summer time, was (42) _______ to make better use of daylight. Thus, clocks are set forward one hour in the spring to move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening and then set back one hour in the fall to return to (43) _______ daylight.Benjamin Franklin first conceived the idea of daylight saving during his term as an American delegate in Paris in 1784 and wrote about it (44) _______ in his essay, “An Economical Project.” It is said that Franklin awoke early one morning and was surprised to see the sunlight at such an hour. Always the (45) _______, Franklin believedthe practice of moving the time could save on the use of candlelight, as candles were expensive at the time.In England, builder William Willett (1857–1915) became a strong supporter for Daylight Saving Time upon noticing blinds(百叶窗) of many houses were (46) _______ on an early sunny morning. Willet believed everyone, including himself, would appreciate longer hours of light in the evenings. In 1909, Sir Robert Pearce (47) _______ a bill in the House of Commons to make it obligatory（义务）to (48) _______ the clocks. A bill was drafted and introduced into Parliament several times but met with great opposition, mostly from farmers. (49) _______, in 1925, it was decided that summer time should begin on the day following the third Saturday in April and close after the first Saturday in October.The U.S. Congress passed the Standard Time Act of 1918 to establish standard time and (50) _______ and set Daylight Saving Time across the continent. This act also devised（制定）five time (51) _______ throughout the United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska. The first time zone was set on “the mean astronomical time of the seventy-fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich” (England). In 1919, this act was abandoned.President Roosevelt established year-round Daylight Saving Time (also called War Time) from 1942–1945. However, after this period, each state (52) _______ its own DST, which proved to be (53) _______ to television and radio broadcasting and transportation. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson created the Department of Transportation and signed the Uniform Time Act. As a result, the Department of Transportation was given the responsibility for the time laws. During the oil embargo（禁运）and energy crisis of the 1970s, President Richard Nixon (54) _______ DST through the Daylight Saving Time Energy Act of 1973 to conserve energy further. This law was (55) _______ in 1986, and Daylight Saving Time was reset to begin on the first Sunday in April (to spring ahead) and end on the last Sunday in October (to fall back).41.A. popular B. solar C. particular D. singular42.A. employed B. evaluated C. distributed D. contributed43.A. fruitful B. full C. beautiful D. normal44.A. negatively B. alternatively C. extensively D. aggressively45.A. journalist B. physicist C. chemist D. economist46.A. closed B. opened C. fixed D. installed47.A. introduced B. restricted C. donated D. deleted48.A. stop B. adjust C. wind D. mend49.A. Permanently B. Eventually C. Unfortunately D. Theoretically50.A. reserve B. persevere C. preserve D. observe51.A. places B. districts C. zones D. territories52.A. interrupted B. tempted C. imported D. adopted53.A. pleasing B. confusing C. convincing D. comforting54.A. extended B. afforded C. abandoned D. defended55.A. assembled B. combined C. abused D. modified41-45 BADCD 46-50 AABBC 51-55 CDBAD7 杨浦区III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill ineach blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.According to German novelist Heinrich Mann (1871-1950), a house without books is like a room without windows. Mann __41__ pointed out the value of books, but some researchers have found evidence that people with books in their homes really do gain a window on the world.A new study in the journal Social Science Research, published in October, suggests that people who grow up with more books are more likely to have educational __42__, and to achieve more in life, than people who grow up without them.In the study, over 160,000 adults from 31 countries and regions were asked about the number of books there were in their homes when they were 16 years old. Then they were __43__ in literacy, numeracy (计算能力) and information communication technology.The research shows that the number of books for each household __44__ greatly from country to country. __45__, the number of books is 27 in Turkey, 143 in the UK and 218 in Estonia. But "the total __46__ of home library size on literacy are large everywhere", according to researcher Joanna Sikora of Australian National University in a paper based on the study.The researchers found that people who had lower levels of secondary education but had a large number of books at home got a(n) __47__ score as university graduates who grew up with only a few books.The Guardian newspaper commented that "bookish adolescence makes for a good deal of educational advantage.""Reading books in a young age can __48__ shortcomings not only in adult literacy but also numeracy: its impacts are __49__ to additional years of education," Sikora told Science Alert.Apart from the educational benefits, growing up with more books also plays an important role in adult success."Early __50__ to books in the parental home matters because books are an essential part of routines and practices that __51__ lifelong cognitive（认知的）abilities", Sikora told Science Alert. These abilities are __52__ to future development.Without doubt, the fact that we are moving toward a digital era could __53__ the importance of printed books. For now, __54__, "they still seem to __55__ quite a large positive benefit, which shows no sign of decreasing", researchers wrote in the paper.41. A. simply B. definitely C. generally D. randomly42. A. backgrounds B. advantages C. requirements D. development43. A. estimated B. examined C. tested D. investigated44. A. changes B. alters C. shifts D. varies45. A. By comparison B. As a result C. For instance D. In total46. A. effects B. expenses C. inputs D. contributions47. A. higher B. lower C. average D. similar48. A. make up for B. break up with C. live up to D. catch up with49. A. senior B. essential C. equal D. familiar50. A. addiction B. engagement C. devotion D. exposure51. A. prove B. demonstrate C. enhance D. acquire52. A. relevant B. crucial C. opposite D. compulsory53. A. weaken B. highlight C. overestimate D. reflect54. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. likewise55. A. enjoy B. obtain C. maintain D. reduce41-55 A B C D C A D A C D C B A B C8.长宁区Ill. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researchers with __ 41___ behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and __ 42___ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.A new study further __ 43___ the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones __ 44___ than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for _ 45__ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket（蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more _ 46__ explanationOne possibility is that an individual practices _ 47__ as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By _ 48__ that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may _ 49__ prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior _ 50_ that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of _ 51__ partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) _ 52__. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the _ 53__ appeared to be trueAnthropologists (人类学家) from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or _ 54__ avoidance, “ the study authors reported Rather, it is d riven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more _ 55__ expressed when individuals are alone with young.”41.A. animal B. careful C. social D. individual42.A. evolving B communicating C organizing D. parenting43.A shines B damages C. affects D protests44.A. at play B in private C. on schedule D by accident45.A. adequate B effective C. continual D. mutual46.A. creative B complex C specific D. official47.A. generosity B wisdom C independence D governance48.A. promising B demonstrating C. pretending D. explaining49.A. count on B. go after C. appeal to D. benefit from。

2019上海高三一模英语（崇明区）（满分 140 分，完卷时间120 分钟）2018.12I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations andthe questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the questionabout it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the bestanswer to the question you have heard.1.A. In a charity shop. B. In a laundry C. In a dormitory. D. In a clothing store.2.A. $114. B. $86. C. $14. D.$43.3.A. A librarian. В . A secretary. C. A reporter. D. An accountant.4.A. Purchase some ingredientsD. Write down the directions to the supermarket.5. A. Chocolate is his favourite flavor.6.A. She hasn't called the travel agency yet.B. She doesn't know when her semester ends.C. The man may have to reschedule his trip.D. The man should take his vacation somewhere else.7.A. Get a ticket from his sister.8.A. Meet his advisor.B. Track his adviserC. Adjust his course scheduleD. Follow his course schedule as advised.9.A. He has already paid his landlord for next year's rent.B. He's decided how he's going to spend the prize money.C. He doesn't know how much his rent is going to increase.D. He's already planning to enter for next year's essay contest10.A. The man can use her electronic dictionary.B. The man should buy a new paper dictionary.C. She can show the man how to use the dictionaryD. She will work more efficiently with his dictionary.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of them. The passages and the conversation will beread twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear aquestion, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the bestanswer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. Napping may help prevent seniors' memory lossB. Sleep is good for us both mentally and physically.C. Many Americans do not want to admit they take a nap.D. Taking naps is very common in other parts of the world.12.A. They are afraid of becoming lazy.13.A. Napping is not as effective for people with sleep disorders.B. Napping cafes have been quite common in American cities.C.Resting in the middle of the work day may cost a lot of money D.Many Americans are changing their offices into napping roomsQuestions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14.A. A recent survey on unfriendly neighbours.B. A growth in complaints about neighbours.C. The increasing noises made by neighbours.D. Different views on relations between neighbours.15.A. Selfish attitudes.B. High immigration.C. More crowded space.D. Unwillingness to socialize.16.A. We ought to understand the instances better.B. Explanations for the instances have increased.C. It's easier to make complaints on TV channels.D. The problem can be viewed from another angle.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation17. A. The place to buy soap.B. The plans to survive on the campus.C. The way to use drying machines.D. The steps to wash clothes with machines18.A. It can promote bacteria growth.B. It can produce dirt in the clothes.C. It can be a waste of water and soap.D. It can leave bubbles in the machine19.A. Excited. B. Shocked. C. Disappointed D. Embarrassed20.A. The woman's mother seldom does things for her.B. American kids become independent even before ten.C. The man and the woman are from different countries.D. In the eye of the man's mother, independence is important.II.Grammar andVocabulary Section AElectric Bike Ban in New York Hurts Food Delivery WorkersA ban on electric bicycles in New York City is hurting delivery workers who depend on them to earn a living. Many of the workers are immigrants.Electric bicycles, or “e-bikes,”look like regular bicycles, but they have electric-powered motors to assist riders in moving the bike forward. Most e-bikes reach speeds of about 32 kilometers an hour, but some can go much (21)________ (fast).(22)________ it is legal to own e-bikes in New York City, it is not legal to operate them. Officials there consider the dangerous use of e-bikes on streets and sidewalks as reason (23)________ the ban. Last year, the city announced severe measures (24)________ (mean) to hold e-bike riders and restaurants that employ the riders responsible.E-bike operators can now be fined $500 for breaking the ban. The police (25)________ also seize the bikes.2019上海高三一模英语(崇明区)Many of New York’s delivery workers are Chinese immigrants in their 50s and 60s. Their job requires them to work quickly and for long hours (26)________ (earn) enough money to live on.Delivery worker Deqing Lian said it is important to perform quality work (27)________ their job also depends on tips. He added that when delivery workers are too slow, some people refuse to pay for the food. This makes the workers’ supervisors angry.Liqiang Liu is an e-bike delivery worker and spokesperson for the New York Delivery Workers Union. He says (28)________ (catch) breaking the ban and having the bike seized would cause costly delays for workers.Do Lee is with the Biking Public Project, (29)________ provides assistance to bicycle-related workers in New York City. He says the city’-bikesbanisonunfairlye targeting low-paid workers who largely come from the city Latino’ands Asian communities. He does not accept the argument (30)________ e-bikes present a danger to citizens. However, many New Yorkers are quick to blamee-bike riders for not being safe.Section BA. overate G. presentedB. preciousH. interpretC. rateI. goersD. researchersJ. revealedE. impressionK. consumerF. previousPeople Think Meals Taste Better If They Are ExpensiveIt is said that there’ s no suchafreethinglunch,as but even if you manage to bag a bargain meal,it will not taste as good as a more expensive meal, according to scientists.A new study has found that restaurant __31__ who pay more for their meals think the food istastier than if it is offered for a smaller price. The experts think that people tend to associate cost withquality and this changes their __32__ of how food tastes.Scientists at Cornell University in New York studied the eating habits of 139 people enjoying anItalian buffet(自助餐 ) in a restaurant. The price of the food was set by the __33__ at either $4 or $8for the all-you-can-eat meal. Customers were asked to __34__ how good the food tasted, the qualityof the restaurant and to leave their names.more than those who ate the“ cheaper” buffet. Interestingly those that paid for the $4 buffet said theyfelt guiltier about loading up their plates and felt that they __36__. However, the scientists said thatboth groups ate around the same quantity of food in total, according to the study __37__ at theExperimental Biology meeting this week.Brian Wansink, a professor of __38__ behavior at the university, said:“ We were fascinated t find that pricing has little impact on how much one eats, but a huge impact on how you __39__ theexperience. ” He thinks that people enjoyed their food more as they associated cost with quality and that small changes to a restaurant can change how tasty people find their meals.In a(n) __40__ study, scientists from the university showed that people who eat in dimlighting consume 175 less calories (卡路里 ) than people who eat in brightly lit areas.III.Reading ComprehensionSection AHow Climate Change Affects Airline FlightsHot weather has forced dozens of commercial flights to be canceled at airports in the Southwest this summer. This flight-disturbing __41__ is a warning sign. Climate change is projected to have far-reaching __42__ --including sea level rise flooding cities and shifting weather patterns causing long-term declines in agricultural production. And there is evidence that it is beginning to affect the takeoff performance of commercial aircraft, with potential effects on airline __43__.National and global transportation systems and the economic activity they support have been designed for the climate in which it all developed. In the aviation (航空 ) industry, airports and aircraft are designed for the weather conditions experienced __44__. Because the climate is changing, even fundamental elements like airports and key economic parts like air transportation may need to be__45__.As scientists focused on the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on human society and natural ecosystems around the world, our research has quantified how extreme heat associated with our warming climate may affect __46__ around the world. We at major’veairportsfound thfrom New York to Dubai to Bangkok will see more frequent takeoff weight __47__ in the coming decadesdue to increasingly common hot temperatures, which can help reduce the aircraft weight’s so as to lower its required takeoff speed.There is obvious evidence that extreme events such as heat waves and coastal flooding are happening with greater frequency and intensity than just a few decades ago. And if we __48__ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in the next few decades, the frequency and intensityof these extremes is projected to increase dramatically.The __49__ on aviation may be widespread. Many airports are built near sea level, putting them at risk of more frequent __50__ as oceans rise. The frequency and intensity of violent air movement may increase in some regions due to strengthening high-altitude ( 高海拔的 ) wind. Stronger winds would force airlines and pilots to change flight lengths and routings, potentially increasing fuel __51__.Many departments of the economy, including the aviation industry, have yet to seriously __52__ the effects of climate change. The sooner, the better: Both airport construction and aircraft design takedecades, and have __53__ effects. Today’ s newest planes may well be flying in 40 orrs,50andyea their __54__ are being designed now. The earlier climate impacts are understood and appreciated, the more effective and less costly adaptation can be. Those adaptations may even include innovative waysto dramatically reduce climate-altering emissions across the aviation industry, which would help reduce the problem while also __55__ it.41. A. scheme B. heat C. shift D. mess42. A. contributions B. confusions C. feedbacks D. consequences43. A. pilots B. reservations C. costs D. accidents44. A. historically B. enormously C. fundamentally D. domestically45. A. retested B. implemented C. prospected D. reengineered46. A. travels B. developments C. flights D. communications47. A. disorders B. gains C. bans D. restrictions48. A. happen B. fail C. aim D. promise49. A. taxes B. effects C. viewpoints D. comments50. A. flooding B. rotting C. repairing D. transferring51. A. standard B. efficiency C. distribution D. consumption52. A. consider B. avoid C. maximize D. demonstrate53. A. greater B. different C. lasting D. direct54. A. airports B. products C. contracts D. replacements55. A. sneezing at B. responding to C. resulting in D. recovering fromSection BDirections : Read the following three passage . Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( A )Flu is killing us. The usual response to the annual flu is not enough to fight against the risks we currently face, let alone prepare us for an even deadlier widespread flu that most experts agree willcome in the future. Yes, we have an annual vaccine( 疫苗 ), and everyone qualified should get it without question. The reality , however, is that less than half Americans get the flu vaccines. And theflu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years.We urgently need a much more effective flu vaccine.In the U.S alone, seasonal flu can cause up to 36 million infections, three-quarters of a million hospitalizations and 56,000 deaths. We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities.Why not? We haven’t been hit by a truly destructive widespread disease in a long time. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and distaff the services we need to protect us.The risk of continued foot dragging is huge. In a severe widespread disease, the U.S health care system could be defeated in just weeks. Millions of people would be infected by the virus, and woulddie in the weeks and months following the initial outbreak.The cost of preventing epidemics( 流行病 ) is roughly a tenth of what it costs to cope with them when they hit. In 2012, a call was issued for an annual billion-dollar U.S. commitment to the development of a universal flu vaccine. Six years later, the search for a universal vaccine remained seriously underfunded.The simple reason lies in our collective satisfaction. As soon as headlines about the flu are going hospitals are emptied of flu patients, and school and workplace absence rates declines, we go back to business as usual.Leading scientists and public health officials have the capability to keep us much safer from flu. They need your quick and decisive support to succeed. Your action today may be a matter of life and death for you and your loved ones.56. The problem of the current flu vaccines is that __________.A. they are not available every yearB. most Americans are not allowed to get themC.not everyone is qualified for them D. many people still catch flu after getting them57.What does the author mean by “continued foot dragging ”in Paragraph 4?A. Hospitals cannot meet the needs of patients during flu outbreaks.B. The leaders continue to drag the feet of the patients infected with fluC. Individuals aren ’talert enough to the underinvestment in flu prevention.D. Flu will certainly become a severe widespread disease in near future.58.What can be inferred from the passage?A. Science is currently not so developed as to keep us safer from flu.B. The death from flu is much higher than that from other diseases.C. The general public is partially to blame for the neglect of flu prevention.D. Developing a universal flu vaccine will cost more than dealing with flu.59.The author wrote the passage mainly to _______-.A. teach people more effective ways to fight against fluB. call on people to take flu outbreaks far more seriouslyC. encourage medical scientists to develop more flu vaccinesD. urge the government to publicize the risks of widespread flu.( B )How to get your tax refundAt the storeGet a Global Blue Tax Free Form. If you do not have a SHOP TAX FREE Card, see ”How to fill in your Tax Free Forms. ”Make sure your Tax Free Form is filled in before arriving at the point of departure.Remember no refund without:Completed Receipts CustomsForm attached validation( 考证 )At the point of departureFor non-EU residents onlyGoods carried in checked-in luggage.1.Check your luggage in at the check-in counter; tell the check-in clerk you need it back for Customs purposes.2.Take the labelled luggage to Customs, show the goods, and have your Tax Free Forms stamped.3.Cash in your stamped Form at the appropriate refund service provider._____________________________________________________________________________ Goods carried in hand luggage:1.Go to Customs after passport control, show the goods, and have your Tax Free Forms stamped. Please note: Customs clearance of goods in hand luggage can only take place at the last EU airport before you finally leave the EU.2.Cash in your stamped Form at the appropriate bank counter or post it to the appropriate refund service provider.______________________________________________________________________________Allow time for the refund process. Go to Customs before or after check-in, see RefundOffice list. Present your completed Tax Free Forms, receipts , passport , and purchaseditems to get a stamp.Go to a Refund Office displaying the Global Blue logo(表记). Receive your refund paidto your credit card within five days or in cash.In a rush? Mail your stamped and completed Tax Free Forms and receipts back to usin the envelope provided and get your refund paid to your credit card within threeweeks. EU: European Union.60.Whom is the above information intended for? A.EU residents who want to get their tax refunded. B.Non-EU residents who are going to travel in EU.C. EU residents who have Global Blue Tax Free FormsD.Non-EU residents who are leaving EU after purchase.61. To get your tax refund , you need to ________ after having your luggage checked in if you’ve put your purchased goods in your check-in luggage.A. show your purchased goods to the check-in clerkB. cash in your stamped Form at the check-in counterC. take back your luggage to the Customs to get a stampD. go to the Customs to fill in a form without the luggage.62. What can be learned from the passage?A. It ’s a must to attach the receipts to the form to get your tax refundB. It ’s unnecessary to show your passport to the Customs for a stampC. You can get your refund in cash after posting your form if in a hurryD. You can get your refund by credit card at once at the appropriate counter.( C )A portrait created by artificial intelligence, or AI, made a historicappearance on the auction( 拍卖 ) block at Christie ’s in New York City. It is the first artwork createdby an algorithm( 算法 ) to be offered for auction in the world of fine art.The odd-looking painting of a fictitious man in a dark frockcoat left the auction block at Christie ’ s for a whopping US$432,500 on Oct. 25 in New York City.The portrait — designed in the “Old Master”style reminiscent of European fine artists from centuries ago — only partially fills the canvas, leaving empty space around the central figure. Itappears to represent a man with a blurred face, dressed in clothing similar to that worn by subjectspainted by the Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn in the 17th century.Of course, a computer didn ’tautomatically pick up a brush and become an artist. The AI that created the image had human programmers---a Parisian art collective called Obvious, Christie ’s reported. Their cooperation, titled“Portrait of Edmond De Belamy,”is part of a series of paintings ofthe fictional Belamy family and was expected to fetch $7,000 to $10,000, according to Christie’s.To create the portrait, the Obvious team first fed the network a diet of 15,000 images painted th thHugo Caselles-Dupre ’ told Christie’ s. The algorithm that eventually created an original image had two parts that worked against each other, called the Generator (that makes the art) and a Discriminator(thattries to spot the difference between human-created and AI-created images), Caselles- Dupre ’ explained: they called this AI“ generate adversarial network-Dupre”(GAN),’explainedCasells.GAN ’s final image was then printed and framed, according to Obvious. At the bottome of theportrait is a mathematical formula( 公式 ) representing the algorithm that created it, a nod to the relationship between the Generator and the Discriminator, Obvious artists wrote on the collective’ s website.The goal of the painting and of Obvious, also co-founded by Hugo Caselles-Dupre and Gauthier Vernier, was to prove “artificial intelligence can do more than operate driverless cars or transform manufacturing---it can be creative, ”Consumer News and Business Channel reported.Portraiture is a tough task for AI to take on, according to Christie ’s, “since humans are highly accustomed to the curves and complexities of a face in a way that a machine cannot be.”This difficulty was part of Obvious ’thinking when they created the portrait.“Edmond de Belamy”is one of eleven AI paintings made by Obvious.63. It can be learned from the passage that the portrait “Edmond de Belamy ”.A. was sold at an unexpected high priceB. was the first artwork sold at an auctionC. is a painting created by means of brushD. is a man who once appeared at the auction64. To create a portrait, AI needs to ________.A. learn from plenty of imagesB. use an algorithm with many partsC. work against human paintersD. recognize its human programmers65. What can be conclude from the passage?66.The passage mainly tells us that ________.A. AI will soon replace man in some fieldsB. an AI-created portrait sells high at an auctionC.a proper algorithm is the key for AI to create artD. AI-created paintings are better received at auctionsSection CA. It’ s that long-term exposure that experts find most worrisome.B. Car manufacturers are unaware of standards regulating air quality inside new cars.C. This is when components are still unstable and tend towards what is called off-gassing.D. Just reading a list of the substances is scary enough, and the danger of exposure is scarierstill.E. The source of the smell so many buyers find appealing is in the various substances used incar construction.F. Fortunately, high concentrations of these compounds gradually disappear just a fewmonths after manufacture.Is New-car Smell Bad for Your Health?The smell of a new car can be appealing in showrooms, for which there ’s a good reason. That new car smell comes from a mixture of chemicals, some of which can be highly poisonous._____________. Many of these contain volatile(挥发性的) organic compounds(VOCs), some of which can be deadly in sufficient quantities. Others are just bad for you.“It’s a chemical cocktail made up of lots of poisonous substances, ”said Jeff Gearhart, Research Director of the Ecology Center in the US state of Michigan. The Ecology Center has been monitoring and testing chemical levels in the inside of the car for years, and has noted some improvement. But Gearhart says there is still work to be done.“There are over 200 chemical compounds found in vehicles, ”he said. “Since these chemicals are not regulated, consumers have no way of knowing the dangers they face. ”___________ Immediate symptoms can range from a sore throat to headaches, dizziness, etc., depending on the sensitivity of an individual.According to the US environmental Protection Agency, continued exposure to some of these can lead to reproductive impacts and damage to some organs and central nervous system----or even cancer.___________.The danger is the greatest when the car is new, and the new car smell is mostnoticeable._________ It is the release of chemical vapours, which leads to the smell. Heat from a vehicle left in the sun can make matters worse, and speed up the chemical reaction. The danger is reduced over time, and experts say the worst is usually within about six months.Experts advise the best thing that buyers can do to limit exposure is to keep the inside of thecar well ventilated( 通风的 ), especially during the first months of ownership. Park in the shade withthe windo ws open when it’ s safe to do so, or at least try to air it out before getting inside----especially on hot days.IV. Summary WritingTake Care of Your Spine (脊柱)The spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerves that sends electric signals from the restof your body to your brain. Therefore, it’ s important to take care of it.Maintaining your good posture is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when you ’re asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Having a comfortable bed is also very important as sleeping in a position that isn ’tcomfortable can leave your back feeling sore the next day.Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Staying still for too long---even if your posture is good---can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, it’s important to get up and stretch periodically. Stretches can help the muscles around your spine relaxand allow bones to shift into better positions. Strength exercise with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also by strengthening the muscles around your spine. However, don’t overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles around your spine.Your diet also affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement(增补物 ). Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones, but it ’s also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 科学家们惊讶于这些植物对城市环境的迅速适应。

2019届上海高三英语一模语法填空考点分类汇编名词性从句1.First and foremost,it is in the group discussion and exchange that we students can have athorough idea (26) ______ our peers are reading for the moment, serving as a driving force for our own reading journey. what2.One day, microbial signatures might show (29) ______ people have gone and what they havetouched. They could prove (30) ______ an unmarked device is yours. where; that3.Even worse is the possibility (30) ______ we still have no seafood to enjoy at all. that4.When word gets out (27) ______ Preston will be at a cemetery---he has a Facebook page,Preston Sharp/Vet flags and Flowers---people, like Vietnam veteran Fred Loveland, feel obliged to join in, “It’s amazing,” Loveland said. that5.He had already been aware, for example, (26) _______ Lee had only 61,000 men to Hooker’sown 134,000. that6.(25) ______ is true of skating is also true of life. What7.One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers’ awareness of stress was moreimportant than (27) _______ was objectively occurring in their lives. what8.He does not accept the argument (30) _______ e-bikes present a danger to citizens. that9.My one fear is (30) ______ after this great achievement, Stein will lose his ability to be a cruelcritic of our shallow times. that10.Most of the time we drift back to (24) _______ we started. where11.(22) ______ would be agreeable is that a tea plant that provides all the taste and goodness butwith little or none of the caffeine has been found. What12.Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea (23) ______ they’re payingfor Facebook, because people don’t really know what their personal details are worth. what13.It means doing the right thing despite the fact (28) ______ you are afraid. that14.Then the Nazis decide to "relocate" the country's Jewish population. The Danes don't know(22) ______their friends and neighbors are being taken away. They don't know where theyare going, either. why定语从句1.It’s needless to say that the last sharing section which is the most meaningful is donation, during(24) ______ time everyone present, teachers or students, is expected to donate one or morebooks to the library. which2.…in salmons(鲑鱼) (27) ______ eggs find it hard to survive in higher water temperatures.whose3.It is a movement of young and old, of those who served and those who are so grateful for whatthey did, all led by a proud grandson (30) ______ saw an injustice and decided to do something about it. who4.Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man (22) _______ pride over his appearance wasbut one aspect of his self-centeredness. whose5.James Dyson worked through 5,126 failed prototypes(原型) for his dual cyclone vacuum beforecoming up with the design (26)______ made his fortune. that/which6.Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel becoming narrower,(26) _______ decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. which7.When we choose to leave a new job early, it sends the message that something is terribly wrong,especially in the current economic climate (23)_______ unemployment is higher and people are dying for jobs. where8.Do Lee is with the Biking Public Project, (29)_______ provides assistance to bicycle-relatedworkers in New York City. He says the city’s ban on e-bikes is unfairly targeting low-paid workers who largely come from the city’s Latino and Asian communities. which9.However depressed you may be feeling now, if you look back, there certainly will have beenevents that made you happy—maybe the time (21) _______ you bought your first bicycle or you were awarded a scholarship. when10.Roy Thomas, (27) _____ succeeded Lee as editor-in-chief at Marvel, had visited Lee two daysbefore his death to discuss the upcoming book The Stan Lee Story. who11.(25) ______ they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, not only is the teaplant naturally caffeine-free but it also contains a number of unique medicinal compounds that, the locals believe, offer considerable health benefits. As12.Its original business model, (26) ______ involved selling ads and putting them at the side of thepage, totally failed. which13.Number the Stars is a remarkable example of the talent (30) ______ has made her socelebrated. that/which状语从句1.(24) ______ in that unusual case a cell phone carried dangerous bacteria, not all germs are bad.Although/Though/While2.And how about that satisfying “crack” which you get when you are eating crabs and lobsters?It could be silenced (29)______ shellfish have been struggling to build their calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) shells, which is a result of ocean acidification. because3.So April told him “son, (22) ______ you are going to complain about something, you have todo something about it or let it go” if/when4.He does it every week (25) ______ the weather is like, rain or shine---especially rain. whatever5.But the paradox(悖论) is that our children can only truly succeed (21)______ they first learnhow to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters. if/when/after6.According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitalsalone due to preventable error. (30) ______ healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve. Unless7.In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to yourface (25) _______ _______ you age more quickly. so that8.That means you will somehow look suspicious (24) _______ you say about the leave. whatever9.(22) ______ it is legal to own e-bikes in New York City, it is not legal to operate them.Although/Though/While10.Delivery worker Deqing Lian said it is important to perform quality work (27) _______ theirjob also depends on tips. because11.(28) ______ this is only Stein’s first book, I would already consider him as someone like DavidSedaris, Dave Barry, James Thurber, Mark Twain and Abraham Lincoln.Although/Though/While12.Psychologists call this phenomenon hedonic adaptation (享乐适应症)—that is, (23) _____________ _______ good something makes us feel, most of the time we drift back to where we started. No matter how13.For example, you will feel happier about your volunteer work (28) _______ you are able tocope with new tasks every week. if/when14.From a simple upbringing in Manhattan, young Stanley worked his way through a series of jobs(24) _____ he found himself an assistant at a comic book publishing company — TimelyComics. until15.(29) _____ _____ _____ he had the energy for it and didn’t have to travel, Stan was always upto do something more.” As long as16.Tea contains caffeine which, (21) ______ it improves mental alertness, can also cause anxiety,insomnia and other problems. Although/Though/While17.It has been 44 years (26) ______an emperor penguin was last spotted in the wild in New Zealand.sincest year, the company changed its privacy rules (24)______ ______ many things -- your city,your photo, your friends’ names -- were set, by default (默认), to be shared with everyone on the Internet. so that非谓语1.As far as I’m concerned, the theme of the festival can be “sharing”,primarily (22) ______(consist) of three parts. consisting2.As for when (25) ______ (hold) the activity, the afternoon may be an ideal choice so that itwon’t interrupt our classes. to hold3.The phone’s owner reported the theft before (22) ______(die)from the disease. dying4.With temperatures continuously rising, oceans are absorbing some of the heat and undergoingwarming of their own, (26) _______ (cause) a decline in fish population. causing5.Warmer waters also encourage some poisonous marine bacteria to grow and lead to illness inhumans whenever (28) ______ (take) with raw seafood, like oysters. taken6.Next thing April knew, Preston was taking on odd jobs and asking for donations (23) ______(buy) flags and flowers for every veteran in his grandpa’s cemetery. to buy7.They were out there in the rain doing their job, (26) ______ (protect) us,” Preston said, Hisdevotion is infections. protecting8.People, like Vietnam veteran Fred Loveland, feel (28) ______(oblige) to join in. obliged9.Union soldiers were starving, (24) _______ (exhaust), and demoralized. exhausted10.They were trapped. Satisfied with his advantage, Hooker became convinced that Lee’s onlyoption was to retreat to Richmond, thus (28) _______ (assure) a Union victory. assuring11.Having become convinced that Lee had no choice but (30) _______ (retreat), Hooker began toignore reality. to retreat12.(22) _______ (stretch) their limitations, they keep trying their best. To stretch13.They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily, (23) ______ (remain) withintheir comfort zone. remaining14.Never (24) ______ (fail) in practice prevents them from making progress. failing15.There’s no point (22) _______ (abandon) something you enjoy unless you get something backthat’s even better, and quickly. abandoning16.Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused somany neurons(神经细胞) (24)_______ (grow) that it actually increased the size of people’s brains! to grow17.(28) _______ (give) a questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on a three-point scale howstressed they felt each day. Given18.I can get a new job with more pay, but will (21) _______ (leave) within a year hurt myprofessional reputation? leaving19.Focus on your desire (28) ________ (develop) professionally. to developst year, the city announced severe measures (24) _______ (mean) to hold e-bike riders andrestaurants that employ the riders responsible. meant21.Their job requires them to work quickly and for long hours (26) _______ (earn) enough moneyto live on. to earn22.He says (28) _______ (catch) breaking the ban and having the bike seized would cause costlydelays for workers. being caught23.Haven’t we all then tried to correct our lack of maleness by becoming a man, fighting fires withfirefighters, (25) ______ (drive) a Lamborghini and doing three days of Army training camp? I know I have. driving24.The film rights to Man Made have already been sold to Fox, and I hope it gets (27) ______(turn) into a movie with George Clooney playing the Stein role, since they remind me so much of each other. turned25.An often (25) ________ (quote) example is that lottery winners are no happier than non-winnerseighteen months after their win. quoted26.Human beings spend a lot of time figuring out what makes them happy, but not enough time(30) ______ (try) to hang on to the happiness they already have. trying27.Stan Lee loved the (23) _____ (write) word from an early age, and wanted to craft stories likethose in his favorite books and films, which he consumed greedily. written28.Marvel fans found a friend in Stan Lee. He introduced the famous “Stan’s Soapbox” to speakdirectly to his readers, (25) _____ (reach) a personal level rarely seen in comics of the day.reaching29.As long as he had the energy for it and didn’t have to travel, Stan was always up (30) _____(do) something more. to do30.Liang Chen and Ji-Qiang Jin of the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences have discovered just such a plant (24) ______ (grow) wild in a remote area in Fujian province, southern China. growing31.(26) _______ (know) locally as Hongyacha, the newly discovered plant grows only between700 and 1,000 metres above sea level around a handful of Chinese villages. Known32.It can take time – and sometimes it does not work – for new plant varieties (29) ______ (breed)for commercial use. to be bred33.The wayward emperor penguin (21) ______ (know) as “Happy Feet” was back home inAntarctic waters after a temporary stay in New Zealand. known34.(22) ______(speak) from a satellite phone, Wellington Zoo veterinarian Lisa Argilla said HappyFeet’s release went remarkably smoothly. Speaking35.Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send(22) ______ (target) messages. targeted36.I suspect that whatever Facebook has done to invade our privacy is only the beginning, whichis why I’m considering (29) _______ (cancel) my account. cancelling37.Number the Starsis a work of fiction, but it tells the true story of the Jewish (24)______(rescue)during the war. rescued38.And is she brave enough (26) ______ (make) that sacrifice? to make39.But it is also interesting, and the characters are (29) ______ (engage). engaging谓语动词1.Firstly, the festival can start with a 30-minute discussion where groups of students can exchangeand share what they (23) ______ (expose) to recently, expressing themselves freely. have been exposed2.Soon, the thief began showing symptoms and finally (23) ______(confess) to the crime.confessed3.In an early study, a different group of researchers found that they could use microbialfingerprints to identify the person who (28) ______(use) a computer keyboard even after the keyboard sat untouched for two weeks at room temperature. had used4.As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the air linked to global warming (22) ______(continue) to affect weather, we often that they are also impacting the quantity, the quality, and the growing locations of our food. continues5.According to organizations like Australia’s Climate Institute, half of the present coffee-producing areas (25) ______ (estimate) not to be suitable by the year 2050, if current climate patterns continue. are estimated6.It is the first time I (21) ______ (see) him like this angry and passionate. have seen7.And when that cemetery (24)_____ (cover), he moved on to another，and then another. wascovered8.Despite the fact that the Confederacy (23) ________ (win) the last four major battles and theUnion soldiers were starving, exhausted, and demoralized, Hooker proclaimed, “My plans are perfect. had won9.Union soldiers who tried to warn Hooker that Lee was on the offensive (29) _______ (dismiss)as cowards. were dismissed10.The direct consequence is that the same mistakes (29) ______ (repeat). are repeated11.In the past 30 years of conducting clinical research, I (21) _______ (learn) that real keys arepleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not. have learn12.That means you will somehow look suspicious whatever you say about the leave. Saying thework is great but you don't like management or the pay won't go over well with employers. To them, it sounds a bit selfish and needy. No doubt, they (25) _______ (question) your ability to be patient or be a good team player. question/will question13.However, it (29) _______ (make) clear to me that there Is no room for me to grow my skills asa professional. is made/has been made14.I (29) _______ (recommend) Man Made not just to all my friends and family but also tostrangers on Twitter over and over again. have recommended15.Positive changes that (27) ________ (experience) in a variety of ways are more likely to leadto lasting happiness. are experienced16.Now the researchers (28) ______ (explore) methods to protect Hongyacha in its natural habitatwhile further studies are carried out. are exploring17.A pair of naturally caffeine-free coffee plants were discovered in 2003, but little progress (30)______ (report). Tea enthusiasts will be watching Hongyacha with interest. has been reported 18.He resurfaced about 6 feet from the boat, (24) ______(take) a look up at the people aboard, andthen disappeared beneath the surface. took19.Now that Happy Feet (30) ______(nurse) back to health, his chances are as good as they are forany other penguin in the wild. has been nursed20.So far the privacy issue (27) ______ (land) Facebook in hot water in Washington. has landed21.Ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen lives with her family in Copenhagen, Denmark. Thereare soldiers on the streets, and the country (21) ______(accept)by the Nazis. is accepted情态动词1.On hearing the news that a Reading Festival is to be held on campus on the World Book andCopyright Day and the possible project is open to be recommended, I (21) ______ hardly wait to write to you, sharing my humble opinions. can2.My plans are perfect. And when I start to carry them out, (25) _______ God have mercy onBobby Lee, for I shall have none. may3.Employers dislike people who are unhappy in a job after less than a year. It implies impatienceand lack of appreciation for the employer. Plus, you're getting paid to do work you actually like, so they (26) _______ assume that you can’t put up with a little disorganization. may/might4.E-bike operators can now be fined $500 for breaking the ban. The police (25) _______ alsoseize the bikes. can5. A super hero in his own right to Marvel fans around the world, Stan had the power to inspire,to entertain, and to connect. Nothing but his heart (22) _____ exceed the scale of his imagination.could介词1.First and foremost,it is in the group discussion and exchange that we students can have athorough idea what our peers are reading for the moment, serving as a driving force for our own reading journey.So it is (27) ______ the books recommended. with2.In a 2017 study, researchers sampled a range of surfaces in 22 participants’ homes, (26) ______countertops and floors to computer keyboards and mice. from3.Whether or not you try to limit yourself (24) ______ one cup of coffee a day, the effects ofclimate change on the world’s coffee-growing regions may leave you little choice. to4.Supported by his superior numbers, Hooker secretly moved 70,000 of his men fifteen miles upand across the river, and then ordered them to sneak back down to position themselves (27) ________ Lee’s army. In effect, Hooker had cut off the Confederate soldiers in front and behind.They were trapped. behind5.The consequence is that (28) _____ _____ learning from failure, healthcare often covers upfailure. instead of6.And speaking of pay, most companies work (27) _______ an annual review basis, so suddenlyasking for more money doesn't work for their budgets. on7.Officials there consider the dangerous use of e-bikes on streets and sidewalks as the reason (23)_______ the ban. for8.Variety is, as we all know, the spice of life. But it’s also a useful weapon (26) _______adaptation. against9.With a heavy heart, we share our deepest condolences (哀悼) (21) _____ his daughter andbrother, and we honor and remember the creator, voice and champion of Marvel. with10.Known locally as Hongyacha, the newly discovered plant grows only between 700 and 1,000metres (27) ______ sea level around a handful of Chinese villages. above11.(28) ______the world watching, authorities finally took action, moving the penguin to theWellington Zoo four days after he was discovered. With12.People are being lured(引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service, (21)______realizing that they're paying for it by giving up plenty of personal information. without代词1.And (30) ______ is my sincere hope that the festival can be a great success and we can gain alot from it. It2.It turns out that the types of germs that you apply all over your phone or tablet are differentfrom (25) ______ of your friends and family. those3.Some foods have already felt the impact while (23) ______ may even become scarce within thenext 30 years. others4.What he’s doing brings (29) ______ out because we can’t believe a young man in this countryis doing what he does. us5.As Dyson put (27) _______: “You can’t develop new technology unless you test new ideas andlearn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention.” it6.The women who realized they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damagedtelomeres(染色体端粒) compared with (29)_______ who felt more relaxed. those7.When we choose to leave a new job early, it sends the message that (22) _______ is terriblywrong, especially in the current economic climate where unemployment is higher and people are dying for jobs. something8.The only parts I didn’t fully enjoy were (26) ______ in which the author suffered horribly. those9.Roy Thomas, who succeeded Lee as editor-in-chief at Marvel, had visited Lee two days before(28) _____ death to discuss the upcoming book The Stan Lee Story. his10.What would be agreeable is that a tea plant that provides all the taste and goodness but withlittle or (23) ______ of the caffeine has been found. none11.Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that (30) _______ information is in the handsof people I don’t trust. my冠词1.Haven’t we all, on some level, been Jewish boys in New Jersey in (22) ______ 1970s with onlyfemale friends, an Easy-Bake oven and a strong preference for show tunes? the倒装1.(28) ______ ______ can we share beyond our class or even beyond our school, developing agood campus tradition, but more importantly, these books which are sure to be dusted on ourshelves can now be of more value. Not only强调1.It was at the zoo (29) ______the bird was given a home in a room filled with a bed of ice so hewouldn’t overheat. that并列连词1.Argilla said crew members from the boat carried the penguin inside his box to the rear part ofthe ship for his final send-off. (23) ______when they opened the door of the box, the penguin showed no interest in leaving. But。

Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Overcoming Obstacles: How Your Biggest Failure Can Lead to Your Success There’s been a lot written on the theme of failure and how essential it is to success. In a world where ___31___ is given for people’s accomplishments, failing feels dangerous. The fear of failure can stop people taking risks that might lead to success.Heidi Grant Halvorson, a psychologist, points out much of success is ___32___ not on talent but on learning from your mistakes.About half of the people in the world hold that ability in an area --- be it creative or social skill --- is natural. The other half believes, instead, that someone might have a preference or something --- say painting or speaking foreign languages --- but this ability can be improved through ___33___ practice or training.It’s almost impossible to think rationally (理性地) while shouting at yourself, “I’m a failure”. But when you ___34___ your thinking, you will probably see what you can control --- your behavior, your planning, your reactions --- and change them.The primary ___35___ between successful people and unsuccessful people is that the successful people fail more. If you see failure as a monster approaching you, take another look.Success is as scary as failure. Researchers report that satisfaction grows on challenges. Think about it --- a computer game you can always win is boring; one you can win ___36___, and with considerable effort, is fun. In pursuit of success, failure exposes areas that you need to ___37___. So the failure serves as a brick wall to test how you apply yourself to ___38___ your objectives and how much you want them.There is a way to distinguish whether a failure ___39___ you to double down or walk away, says Halvorson. If, when things get rough, you remain fascinated by your goal, you should keep going. If what you’re doing is costing you too much time and energy or it’s not bringing you joy,you should give a second thought to the ___40___ of your goal and even set a new one.Section BDirections：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The NileThe ancient Greek writer Herodotus once described Egypt-with some envy-as‘the gift of the Nile’. The Egyptians depend on the river for food, for water and for life. The Ancient Egyptians were able to control and use the Nile, creating the earliest irrigation systems and developing a prosperous ___31___.Snaking through the deserts, the Nile would flood almost ___32___ each year in June. Once the water subsided, a rich deposit of sand was left behind, making an excellent topsoil. Seeds were sown, yielding wheat, barley, beans, lentils and leeks. Drought could spell disaster for the Egyptians, so during the dry seasons, they dug basins and channels to deliver water to their land. They also devised simple channels to transfer water at the peak of the flood.An early system of ___33___ a Nilometer, was used to determine the size of the floods. Later, during the New Kingdom, a lifting system called a shaduf was used to raise water from the river--___34___ to the way in which a well is used today.The Egyptians took up some of the earliest trading missions. Without a(n) ___35___ system they exchanged goods, bringing back timber, precious stones, pottery, spices and animals. Their efforts in medicine were also ___36___ advanced: surgeons performed operations to remove cysts(囊肿). Mummification gave them great understanding of the human body-yet they also relied heavily on various medicines to prevent disease, and discoveries were often confused with superstition(迷信). And while a great deal of time was dedicated to ___37___ the Egyptians thought the stars were gods.By the 16th century Egypt was under the Ottoman Empire until Britain seized control in 1882. What is now mostly Arabic Egypt only won ___38___ from Britain after World War II. The SuezCanal, opened in 1869, __________the country as a center for world transportation. But it, and the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 ___40___ the ecology of the Nile, which now struggles to satisfy the country’s rapidly growing population, currently more than 76 million-the largest in the Arab world.Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Workforce of the FutureThe workplace is changing rapidly. Rather than the standard working day of nine to five, employees are working more flexibly to meet their busy home lives. Advances in technology are ___31___ the very nature of the tasks and skills required in the workplace.To gain a full perspective of how the workplace is set to change over the next decade, employee benefits provider Unum UK ___32___ with The Future Laboratory to survey 3,000 workers across several industries. They also interviewed industry experts and business leaders on topics from artificial intelligence and robotics to the increase of flexible working and an ageing workforce.The resulting outlines some of the employment changes that businesses can expect to see over the next decade and predicts the ___33___ of two worker cultures which will dominate the workforce. They are the obligated and the self-fulfilled worker.“O bligated workers” refer to people with dependents and the sandwich generation, ___34___ raising children with caring for elderly parents. Therefore, they value a career ___35___ to life stages and events and financial security. Joel Defries, 33, father of one kid and partner at London Vodka said, “A flexible employer will allow me to have a long paternity leave(陪产假) and to value my family j ust as much as I value my job.”Self-fulfilled workers are committed to life-long learning and acquiring new skills rather than ___36___ to an employer. They actively look for personal development and want employee benefits that help them ___37___ both their personal and professional ambitions. They treat personal commitments and pursuits as ___38___ to professional commitments. Elly Kemp, 31, ___39___ a full-time employee, now working part-time in a cafe and also assisting with her grandmother’s care said, “My approach to work allows me the freedom to ___40___ my career at my own pace. I want my work to be fluid so I can change it when I want and to whatever makes me happy at the time.”Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Aurora(极光):wonders or disturbancesCanada，February 2017: I stood in the snow on a frozen lake, watching as the sky twisted in front of me. Green bands of light ____31____ out in the darkness. Slowly the colors twisted and broke and reappeared elsewhere until, suddenly, a whole band flowed and pulsed across the sky, ____32____ with delicate yellow. pinks and purples. It was as dramatic as thunderstorm, yet calm.Gentle,yet ____33____, Most of all,it was a gift.This was my fifth aurora trip and the first time I had seen fast movements and bright colors.The calm green auroral displays that many people see are driven by a(n)_____34_____ stream of particles(微粒) from called the solar wind. But when the sun throws us extra hot fast particles, this process goes overdrive-we get much more movement and colour, It is glorious! Aurora-spotters long for it.But for some, the wild movements of the heavens can have serious ____35____ Satellites’electronics are affected or damaged by incoming fast particles, ____36____ industries that rely on them. Flights may need to change course to avoid radio ____37____ around the poles, or to protectaircrew from enhanced radiation exposure. During a solar storm, aircrew may receive their annual radiation limit over a single flight.Stormy space weather affects us on the ground, too. A larger storm in 1989 caused a 10-hour electrical blackout over Canada's Quebec Province, costing the economy a(n) ____38____ C$10 billion. Disturbance of the atmosphere causes problems with radio broadcast and GPS. In September 2017,a huge solar fame ______39_____ just as Hurricane Fran hit the Caribbean. The resultant HF radio blackout held up the emergency response, Meanwhile, beautiful aurora displays were seen in England. Place its beauty aside, then, and the auroral ___40___is nothing other than a giant planetary disturbance, more of a worry than a wonder for some people. Yet seldom do such disturbances have such fascinating side effects as that of the aurora dancing across our Arctic skies.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The human body can tolerate only a small range of temperature, especially when the person is engaged in vigorous activity. Heat (31) _______ usually occur when large amounts of water and/or salt are lost through oversweating following exhausting exercise. When the body becomes overheated and cannot (32) _______ this overheatedness, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are possible.Heat exhaustion is generally (33) _______ by sweaty skin, tiredness, sickness, dizziness, plentiful sweating, and sometimes fainting, resulting from a(n) (34) _______ intake of water and the loss of fluids. First aid treatment for this condition includes having the victim lie down, (35) _______ the feet 8 to 12 inches, applying cool, wet cloths to the skin, and giving the victim sips of salt water (1 teaspoon per glass, half a glass every 15 minutes) over a 1-hour period.Heat stroke is much more serious; it is a(n) (36) _______ life-threatening situation. The characteristics of heat stroke are a high body temperature (which may reach 106° F or more); arapid pulse; hot, dry skin; and a blocked sweating (37) _______. Victims of this condition may be unconscious, and first-aid measures should be (38) _______ at quickly cooling the body. The victim should be placed in a tub of cold water or (39) _______ sponged with cool water until his or her temperature is sufficiently lowered. Fans or air conditioners will also help with the cooling (40) _______. Care should be taken, however, not to over-chill the victim once the temperature is below 102° F.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.They’re till kids, and although there’s a lot that the experts don’t yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what the kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it’s all because of technology.To the psychologists, sociologists, and media experts who study them, their digital devices set this new group ___31___ , even from their Millennial(千禧年的) elders, who are quite familiar with technology. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older brothers and sisters don’t quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they ___32___ the appearance of a new generation.The ___33___ between Millennial elders and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen that he has ___34___the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the ingeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the technically ___35___ life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennial elders he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they distinguish themselves as a new generation, which he has given them the nickname of “ingeneration”.Rosen says portability is key. They are ___36___ from their wireless devices, which allowthem to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected-even in class, where cell phones are ___37___ banned.Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens ___38___ distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.”Because these kids are more devoted to technology at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change ___39___."The growth on the use of technology with children is rapid, and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think, we have to give them options because they want their world ___40___.” Rosen says.Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Welcome to Windsor CastleWindsor Castle is the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world and the Official Residence of the Queen of Britain. Over a period of nearly 1,000 years it has been ___31___ continuously, and altered and redecorated by monarchs(君主)one after the other. Some were great builders, strengthening the Castle against ___32___ and rebellion; others, living in more peaceful times, created a grand Royal residence. William the Conqueror chose the site, high above the river Thames and on the edge of a Saxon hunting ground. It was a day’s march from the Tower of London and intended to guard the western ___33___ to the capital. The outer walls of today’s structure are in the same position as those of the ___34___ castle built by William the Conqueror in the 1070s.The Queen uses the Castle both as a private home, where she usually spends theweekend, and as a Royal residence at which she undertakes certain formal duties. Windsor Castle is ___35___ used by the Queen to host State Visits from overseas monarchs and presidents. Every year the Queen takes up official residence in Windsor Castle for a month over Easter (March-April).The Castle is huge, so people tend to head for the most ___36___ bits---the State Apartments, St. George’s Chapel, the Gallery and the delightful Queen Mary’s Dolls House. Works of art, antique furniture, curiosities and impressive architecture reflect the tastes of many different royal generations. The State Apartments are ___37___ decorated formal rooms still used for state and official functions.The magnificent and beautiful St. George’s Chapel was started in 1475 by Edward IV and was completed 50 years later by Henry VIII. It ___38___ among the finest examples of late medieval architecture in the UK.The Drawings Gallery ___39___ the exhibition “The Queen: 60 Photographs for 60 Years”. The exhibition presents portraits of the Queen ___40___ in brief moments on both official occasions and at relaxed family gatherings.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Artificial skin is a substitute for human skin produced in the laboratory, typically used to treat burns. Different types of artificial skin differ in their complexity, but all are designed to ___31___ at least some of the skin's basic functions, which include protecting against wetness and infection and regulating body heat.Skin is primarily made of two layers: the uppermost layer, the epidermis, which serves as a protection against the environment; and the dermis, the layer below the epidermis. The dermis also contains substances, which help to make the skin ___32___ and maintain its biological functions.Artificial skins close wounds, which prevents bacterial infection and water loss and in result the wounded skin can ___33___. For example, one commonly used artificial skin, Integra. functions as a support between cells that helps regulate cell behavior and causes a new dermis to form by promoting cell growth and collagen(股原质) ___34___. The Integra “dermis” is also biodegradable(可生物降解的). It is gradually absorbed and replaced by the new dermis.Aside from its uses in the clinical35, artificial skin may also be used to model human skin for research. For example, artificial skin is used as an alternative in animal testing. Such testing may cause ___36___ pain and discomfort to the animals and it does not ___37___ predict the response of human skin. Some companies like L’óreal have already used ar tificial skin to test many ___38___ ingredients and products. Other research applications include how skin is affected by UV exposure and how certain substances in sunscreen and medicines are transported through skin.Today new technology has been developed by growing ___39 ___ of skin taken from the patient or other humans. One major source is the foreskins of newborns. Such cells often do not stimulate the body’s immune system-a mechanism that allows babies to develop within their mother’s body-and hence are much less likely to be ___40___ by the patient's body.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Scientists at Cornell University in New York studied the eating habits of 139 people enjoying an Italian buffet (自助餐) in a restaurant. The price of the food was set by the ___33___ at either $4 or $8 for the all-you-can-eat meal. Customers were askedto ___34___ how good the food tasted, the quality of the restaurant and to leave their names.The experiment ___35___ that the people who paid $8 for the food enjoyed their meal 11 percent more than those who ate the “cheaper” buffet. Interestingly those that paid for the $4 buffet said they felt guiltier about loading up their plates and felt that they ___36___ . However, the scientists said that both groups ate around the same quantity of food in total, according to the study ___37___ at the Experimental Biology meeting this week.Brian Wansink, a professor of ___38___ behaviour at the university, said: “We were fascinated to find that pricing has little impact on how much one eats, but a huge impact on how you ___39___ the experience.” He thinks that people enjoyed their food more as they associated cost with quality and that small changes to a restaurant can change how tasty people find their meals.Ina(n) ___40___ study, scientists from the university showed that people who eat in dim lighting consume 175 less calories (卡路里) than people who eat in brightly lit areas.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The Father of JD PrintingAbout twenty years ago, the surgeons at the Wilford Hull medical center working to separate a pair of conjoined(连体的) twins thought that only one would be able to walk after the operation. After a model of the girls’ bone structure was ____31____ using 3D printing, however, they found a shared upper leg bone to be bigger than expected and split it successfully, ____32_____ in both twins being able to walk. Now eighty and still working as chief technology officer of 3D Systems.Chuck Hull is enjoying some minor ____33____ 31 years after he first printed a small black eye-wash cup using a new method of manufacturing known as 3D printing.At the time, he was working for a company that used UV light to put thin layers of plastic coats on tabletops and ____34____. He had an idea that if he could place thousands of thin layers of plastic on top of each other and then cut their shape using light, he would be able to form three dimensional objects. After a year, he ____35____ a system where light was shone into a bottle of photopolymer – a material which changes from liquid to plastic-like solid when light shines on it –and traces the shape of one level of the object. Subsequent layers are then printed until it is ____36_____.After patenting the invention, he set up 3D Systems, ____37____ getting $6m (£3.5m) from a Canadian investor. The first ____38____ product came out in 1988 and proved a hit among car manufacturers, in the aerospace sector and for companies designing medical equipment. The possibilities appear endless – from home-printed food and medicine to ____39____ that pictures of objects be able to be taken in shops and then recreated using plans downloaded from the Internet Although deliberate in his responses, there is one moment when the ____40____ spoken Chuck Hull tells of his surprise about what exactly his creation was capable of achieving.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Want to figure out if someone is a psychopath (精神变态者)? Ask them what their favourite song is. A New York University study last year found that people who loved Eminem’s Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber’s What Do You Mean? were more likely to ___31___ highly on the psychopathy scale than people who were into Dire Straits.Over the past few years, Spotify has been enhancing its data analytic ___32___ in an attempt to help marketers ___33___ consumers with adverts tailored to the mood they’re in. They inferthis from the sort of music you’re listening to, ___34___with where and when you’re listening to it, along with third-party data that might be available.Now, to be clear, there’s nothing particularly ___35___ about what Spotify is doing with your data. I certainly don’t think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads promoting a culture war while you’re listening to the songs that ___36___ you might be in a casually racist mood. Nevertheless, I find it ___37___ that our personal private moments with music are increasingly being turned into data points and sold to advertisers.You can see where this could go, can’t you? As ad targeting gets ever more complicated, marketers will have the ability to target our emotions in ___38___ exploitative ways. According to one study, titled Misery Is Not Miserly, you are more likely to spend more on a ___39___ if you’re feeling sad. You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. A nd on that note, I’m feeling a little down about all this. I’ll ___40___ off to treat myself to something expensive.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The ability of the herd mentality(从众心理) to increase people’s chances of liking or believing something may help explain a wide variety of phenomena. Aral (A managerial economist at the Massachusetts institute of technology) says, from housing ____31____ to gold prices and from political polls to restaurant reviews, the ____32____ that other people like something has a powerful ability to make people like it themselves.The new study ____33____ how simple it would be for companies to control reviews of their products by simply adding a few positive ____34____ of their own early reviews in the process, Aral adds.It found that effects were strongest when stories were about politics, business and culturesthan for fun or lifestyle pieces. In situations where there are more ____35____ news reviews, you have to be a little more cautious about interpreting likes and dislikes.“Think twice before you trust, how many likes something has,” he adds. “That’s something you have to ____36____ with a grain of salt (持怀疑态度).” And it’s a situation many online users ____37____ on a daily basis.Aral recently went on Yelp website to review a restaurant with a plan to give it three out of five stars, but when he got to the ____38____, he was shown how other people describe the same place and those reviews include someone with five stars. Seeing those positive reviews made him think twice about his own ____39____ average opinion.“A woman ____40____ how great it is, how great her great prices are and how the lemon sauce is so great,” he says. “Maybe it’s not such a good idea to say some rating right before you make your own.”Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Dealing with Difficult RelationshipsEveryone has at least one awkward or ____31____ relationship. It may be with somebody who will ____32____ your energy whenever you are with them. Or worse, it could be someone who always cuts you down. This person may be a family member or even a friend. No matter who it is, it’s necessary that you learn to set boundaries for yourself. Otherwise this kind of relationship can chip away at your self-esteem.Setting boundaries for difficult relationships starts by ____33____ how you are affected by the relationship. Do they b ring you closer to your goals or pull you farther away? For example, it’s time to study for tomorrow’s test. But your friend wants to take you to a party. Here, setting boundaries will help protect your ____34____ goals.Next, decide how much time you shou ld spend with these people. It’s easy to overcommit yourself. But it’s difficult to help others if you forget to protect your own ____35____.How do you know if a relationship is unhealthy, and it’s time to set boundaries? Here are a few practical questions to ask yourself.1. How does this relationship affect me?Every ____36____ can affect you positively or negatively. For example, someone whopressures you to something you’re not comfortable doing will ____37____ you out. But a friend who considers how you feel will respect your ____38____ to try something new.2. Why am I in this relationship in the first place?People may try to keep you in an unhealthy relationship. By ____39____ you it’s your obligation or duty, you forget about your own needs. Sadly, by remaining ____40____ to these people, you forget who you are. You allow them to take advantage of you or even belittle you.Settling boundaries requires taking a long, honest look at yourself. By saying “no” to harmful patterns in relationships, you say “yes” to a healthier you.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Is climate change consuming your favorite foods?Coffee: Whether or not you try to limit yourself to one cup of coffee a day, the effects of climate change on the world’s coffee-growing regions may leave you little choice. Coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and unstable rainfall patterns, which invite disease and ____32____ species to live on the coffee plant and ripening beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee yield and less coffee in your cup. It is estimated that, if current climate patterns continue, half of the areas ____33____ suitable for coffee production won't be by the year 2050.Tea: When it comes to tea, warmer climates and erratic precipitation aren’t only ____34____ the world’s tea-growing regions, they’re also messing with its distinct flavor. For example, in India, researchers have already discovered that the Indian Monsoon has brought more intense rainfall, making tea flavor weaker. Recent research coming out of the University of Southampton suggests that tea-producing areas in some places, ____35____ East Africa, could decline by as much as 55 percent by 2050 as precipitation and temperatures change. Tea pickers are also feeling the ____36____ of climate change. During harvest season, increased air temperatures are creating an increased risk of heatstroke for field workers.Seafood: Climate change is affecting the world's aquaculture as much as its agriculture. As air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and ____37____ warming of their own. The result is a decline in fish population, including in lobsters (who are cold-blooded creatures), and salmon (whose eggs find it hard to survive in higher water temps). Warmer waters also _____38_____ toxic marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans whenever ingested with raw seafood, like oysters or sashimi.And that ____39_____ “crack” you get when eating crab and lobster? It could be silenced as shellfish struggle to build their calcium(碳) carbonate shells, a result of ocean acidification (absorb carbon dioxide from the air). According to a study, scientists predicted that if over-fishing and rising temperature trends continued at their present rate, the world's seafood ____40___ would run out by the year 2050.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Getting help with parenting makes a difference -- at any age New Oxford University study finds that parenting interventions(育儿干预) for helping children with behavior problems are just as effective in school age, as in younger children.。

2019届高三英语一模汇编——完形填空1、2019黄浦一模Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Keeping The Taps Running in Thirsty CitiesWater covers71%of Earth’s surface yet only2%of it is accessible as a source of fresh water.___41___on this limited resources is rising,a trend likely to continue.It is important to recognize that it is not just city residents who___42___water.Agriculture,industry and tourism often require more water than the municipal water supply.Globally,70%of fresh water is___43___for agriculture,but locally in heavily irrigated（灌溉）areas this can increase to90%.A healthy environment also requires fresh water,andthe quality of available water is as important as its___44___.Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas.___45___for water resources between different users within river catchments or basins can also be a cause.Every thirsty city operates within its own context,___46___to the challenge of providing adequate water supplies. Cape Town,___47___,has faced three years of drought during which winter rains failed to materialize.At the end of the 2017rainy season the city faced the___48___of its dams running dry during2018.The dams were only37%full—inthe same week four years before they were full to the top.In January2018,it was___49___that Cape Town would reach Day Zero,when it would be forced to turn off the taps,in April.This was despite the city reducing its water use by more than half,from1.2billion litres a day in2015to fewer than600million litres,and working___50___with industry and agriculture to reduce demand.On February1,the authorities put in place a strict limit of50litres of water per person per day.___51___,in Britain this is considered enough for a five-minute shower of half a washing machine cycle on full load.In addition,a ban was placed on using___52___water for gardens,water management devices were installed at household with a high water use and the water pressure was reduced to cut demand and leaks.At the same,the city launched a media___53___to change habits and introduced higher duties.This is not without its costs;agriculture and tourism,both significant areas of employment,have___54___.It is a classic example of the problem of water economics—the cost of water is low but the cost of a lack of water is very high.Crises such as the Cape Town drought are in danger of becoming the new norm.The___55___of Day Zero must serve as a wake-up call for cities across the world to develop cost-effective water management strategies to cope withanuncertain future.41.A.Impact B.Pressure C.Impression D.Observation42.A.recycle B.waste C.consume D.apply43.A.restored B.abstracted C.separated D.preserved44.A.change B.source C.origin D.volumepetition B.Protection C.Construction D.Regulation46.A.contributing B.regarding C.responding D.referring47.A.in addition B.for example C.on the contrary D.as a result48.A.prospect B.illustration C.symptom D.security49.A.reported B.presented C.predicted D.explained50.A.respectively B.increasingly C.restrictively D.extensively51.A.By comparison B.In other words C.To our surprise D.What’s more52.A.feasible B.drinkable C.inevitable D.influential53.A.campaign B.statement C.presentation D.advertisement54.A.invaded B.liberated C.suffered D.proceeded55.A.change B.theory C.record D.threat答案：41--45BCBDA46--50CBACD51--55ABACD第1页共16How Climate Change Affects Airline FlightsHot weather has forced dozens of commercial flights to be canceled at airports in the Southwest this summer.This flight-disturbing41is a warning sign.Climate change is projected to have far-reaching42—including sea level rise flooding cities and shifting weather patterns causing long-term declines in agricultural production.And there is evidence that it is beginning to affect the takeoff performance of commercial aircraft,with potential effects on airline 43.National and global transportation systems and the economic activity they support have been designed for the climate in which it all developed.In the aviation(航空)industry,airports and aircraft are designed for the weather conditions experienced44.Because the climate is changing,even fundamental elements like airports and key economic parts like air transportation may need to be45.As scientists focused on the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on human society and natural ecosystems around the world,our research has quantified how extreme heat associated with our warming climate may affect46around the world.We’ve found that major airports from New York to Dubai to Bangkok will see more frequent takeoff weight47in the coming decades due to increasingly common hot temperatures,which can help reduce the aircraft’s weight so as to lower its required takeoff speed.There is obvious evidence that extreme events such as heat waves and coastal flooding are happening with greater frequency and intensity than just a few decades ago.And if we48to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in the next few decades,the frequency and intensity of these extremes is projected to increase dramatically.The49on aviation may be widespread.Many airports are built near sea level,putting them at risk of more frequent50as oceans rise.The frequency and intensity of violent air movement may increase in some regions due to strengthening high-altitude(高海拔的)winds.Stronger winds would force airlines and pilots to change flight lengths and routings,potentially increasing fuel51.Many departments of the economy,including the aviation industry,have yet to seriously52the effects of climate change.The sooner,the better:Both airport construction and aircraft design take decades,and have53 effects.Today’s newest planes may well be flying in40or50years,and their54are being designed now.The earlier climate impacts are understood and appreciated,the more effective and less costly adaptations can be.Those adaptations may even include innovative ways to dramatically reduce climate-altering emissions across the aviation industry,which would help reduce the problem while also55it.41.A.scheme B.heat C.shift D.mess42.A.contributions B.confusions C.feedbacks D.consequences43.A.pilots B.reservations C.costs D.accidents44.A.historically B.enormously C.fundamentally D.domestically45.A.retested B.implemented C.prospected D.reengineered46.A.travels B.developments C.flights munications47.A.disorders B.gains C.bans D.restrictions48.A.happen B.fail C.aim D.promise49.A.taxes B.effects C.viewpoints ments50.A.flooding B.rotting C.repairing D.transferring51.A.standard B.efficiency C.distribution D.consumption52.A.consider B.avoid C.maximize D.demonstrate53.A.greater B.different sting D.direct54.A.airports B.products C.contracts D.replacements55.A.sneezing at B.responding to C.resulting in D.recovering from答案：41--45BDCAD46--50CDBBA51--55DACDB第5页共16页The search for new,clean energy sources has occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years.One common41for green energy is the wind.A new twist on this old resource could cause the energy output of wind-power plants to increase greatly.Standard wind-power plants rely on strong support and42can only reach a height of200meters or so. Higher than that,winds tend to be stronger and steadier,but the challenge is43how to obtain the energyfromthose winds.Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite-power research group.The group is working to develop kites with inflatable（可充气的）wings44to electrical generators(发电机)on the ground.The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for24hours.Research has begun,but many challenges remain,including making the generators more45and perfecting the automatic flight control and the structure of the kites.Nevertheless in June2012,they demonstrated that their kites could operate46at an altitude of up to700meters.Meanwhile,in Italy,researchers are working on a(n)47power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen,senses the wind blowing,kites are48from the ends of poles with high-resistance cables to control their height and angle.These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses coming objects 49planes,helicopters or even individual birds.The kites themselves are light,tough and able to reach fairly high altitudes.They loop（绕行）around in the wind,which sets the center of the generator in motion,50electric current.KiteGen has the51to be very cost-effective in the long run.After the original cost of designing and setting up the plant,little52investment will be necessary,apart from standard maintenance.The plant also requires53 little space,which makes it ideal for cities and means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more54.Kite power has the potential to greatly55on current wind-power strategies.In the future,it may be an efficient,cost-effective supplement to the other sources of energy we use,or even a replacement for some of them.41.resolution B.proposal C.resource D.substitute42.generally B.frequently C.continually D.regularly43.carrying out B.figuring out C.breaking out D.picking out44.chosen B.applied C.collected D.connected45.efficient plete C.powerful D.positive46.actively B.passively C.automatically D.artificially47.strange B.similar C.different D.original48.fastened B.revealed C.tailored D.released49.except for B.instead of C.such as D.due to50.producing B.inventing C.promoting D.developing51.qualification B.potential C.trend D.intention52.normal B.formal C.additional D.alternate53.concretely B.abstractly C.thoroughly D.relatively54.energy B.strength C.technology D.opportunity55.focus B.extend C.improve D.transfer答案：41—55CABDA CBDCA BCDAC10、2019闵行一模After my public lectures on evolution,someone in the audience asks,“Are we still evolving?”People want to know if humans are getting taller,smarter,better looking or more athletic.My answer is truthful but41:We’re almost certainly evolving,but we don’t know in what42or how fast.We’ve seen some evolution in our species over the past few millennia,but it was detected by reconstructing history from DNA sequences.For example,we know that during the past10,000years,several populations of humans—those keeping sheep,cows or goats for milk—gained the ability to digest dairy products.This quality was43in our earlier ancestors who,after babyhood,never encountered milk.And in the past3,000years,Tibetans have acquired44 adaptations that allowed them to develop well in their high-altitude,low-oxygen home.But these well-documentedchanges are limited to particular populations,so the45for recent evolution of our entire species,remains not much.The authors of“Evolving Ourselves”46.Not only,they claim,are we evolving faster than ever,but we’re doing it to ourselves.Juan Enriquez and Steve Gullans argue that humans have47evolution—not just in our own species but virtually in all species:“For better or worse,we are increasingly in charge.We are the primary drivers of 48.We will directly and indirectly determine what lives,what dies,where,and when.We are in a different phase of evolution:the future of life is now49.”According to the authors,we’ve replaced natural selection with what they call“50selection.”Overfishing,for example,has reduced the average size of many fish species,for taking the biggest fishes is51those smaller fishes.Yet while there’s no doubt that we’re changing the planet,the claim that we’re completely changing evolution on the planet52.Let’s take those fish that are evolving to reproduce smaller and younger for example.This53 has been documented in many species that we eat,but this is just a minuscule fraction(极小的一部分)of the30,000 known species of fish.The authors speak with54assurance about how our species is evolving in response to nearly everything. When they claim,for example,our ingestion(摄取)of drugs and exposure to chemicals mean that“our childre n’s brains are evolving fast,”they are abusing(滥用)the word“55.”Our children’s brains may be changing fast in response to the new pharmacological(药理学的)environment,but change alone is not evolution.41. A.instructive B.disappointing C.decisive D.conflicting42. A.direction B.region C.frequency D.condition43. A.beneficial B.adaptable C.unique eless44. A.unproved B.changeable C.genetic D.mysterious45. A.study B.evidence C.interest D.implication46. A.disagree B.support C.follow D.approve47. A.delayed B.overdone C.neglected D.controlled48. A.unbalance B.disaster C.change D.disturbance49. A.in our hands B.out of order C.in peace D.out ofcontrol50. A.destructive B.unnatural C.adventurous D.emotional51. A.by means of B.at the cost of C.in favor of D.for theprotection of52. A.makes no sense B.makes great impressionC.calls attentiones to an end53. A.problem B.mistake C.phenomenon D.obstacle54. A.strong B.baseless C.sensitive D.persuasive55. A.environment B.technology C.exposure D.evolution答案：41--45BADCB46--50ADCAB51--55CACBD第10页共16You’ve been painting for a few years,and maybe you have even sold a painting or two.Are you ready to___41___the title of an amateur artist?Distinguishing green hand from professional artists is___42___task.It is not just a matter of your ability to create nice paintings.It’s not only about painting techniques.And for most cases,it doesn’t happen___43___.Very few artists become overnight success without years of struggle and suffering.To turn professional,people find it critical to develop a personal style.What makes your paintings___44___among other paintings out there?Are your paintings standing out unmistakably directed to you as the creator?A personal style comes along with technique,painting medium,and subject and it tends to develop gradually over time.You___45___it through unconscious and constant exploring and self-shaping.Style does not mean that you are painting the same subjector using the same painting medium.Salvador Dali used to use many artistic media,but they all have a___46___Dali style.Style refers to the emotions and thoughts delivered by your paintings,which people can identify with.Their ___47___of the painter is then a sure thing.Artists talk about their___48___all of the time.What gets you out of bed every morning to paint?How do you find the energy to have all your time devoted to painting?___49___,we all love to do what we do and we get a satisfaction out of creating.For the professional artist,it goes beyond that.Some artists wish to convey a deep message concerning life,society or even politics.Others simply seek___50___returns to cover kids’tuition fees or pay family bills.Yet,all professional artists know that they have to keep working to achieve the goals.Many amateur artists passively wait for___51___to come.If they are not in the mood,they do not bother wasting the time.They sometimes allow themselves to be occupied by events like parties.Professionals are never easily ___52___or torn away from their art work in progress.Focused on their work so much,some even regard spending time outside their___53___as crime.___54___is their secret to high productivity.Besides,professional artists are constantly prepared to grab new ideas for the next painting,which they believe is sure to be better than the previous one.The belief that there is always room for___55___keeps driving them forward in the art world where many masters have come along.41.A.step beyond B.turn off C.see through D.make up42.A.rewarding B.tricky C.formal D.temporary43.A.individually B.thoroughly C.instantly D.sincerely44.A.unique B.superior C.practical D.reliable45.A.acquire B.transfer C.imitate D.analyze46.A.recent B.distinct C.modest D.logical47.A.preservation B.employment C.adaption D.recognition48.A.background B.significance C.motivation D.routine49.A.To sum up B.In contrast C.In addition D.In general50.A.academic B.global C.financial D.original51.A.inspiration B.fame C.guidance D.solution52.A.offended B.dominated C.distracted D.rewarded53.A.studio B.bedroom C.garage D.garden54.A.Reflection B.Devotion C.Creativity D.Illustration55.A.negotiation B.profit C.criticism D.improvement答案：41-45A B C A A46-50B D C D C51-55A C A B D第12页共16页Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to humans.But they constantly astonish researchers with41behavior that seems pretty highly evolved.Their social organization and42practices could have been the model for the phrase“It takes a village.”A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren’t free to breed themselves.A new study further43the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values.Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones44than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members.In complex societies where individuals band together for45protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior.But specific acts,like sharing a delicious cricket(蟋蟀)with a begging baby marmoset,seem to need more46explanation.One possibility is that an individual practices47as a means of enhancing his status among peers.By48 that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away,this do-gooder enhances his power within the group.That,in turn,may49prospective mates.The other explanation for charitable behavior50that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership,which offers some future promise of a chance tomate.Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of51partners.Scientists call this the “pay to stay”model.Importantly,for both of these models to work,acts of kindness must have a(n)52.That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings;away from judging eyes,a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself.And yet,in2,581tests conducted with31adult and14baby marmosets,the53 appeared to be true.Anthropologists(人类学家)from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often,in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd,an adult would share his or her cricket.When alone with a baby begging for a taste,adult marmosets shared their cricket85%of the time.When in a group,caregivers offered up their cricket67%of the time.“Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or54avoidance,”the study authors reported.“Rather,it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more55expressed when individuals are alone with young.”41.A.animal B.careful C.social D.individual42.A.evolving municating anizing D.parenting43.A.shines B.damages C.affects D.protects44.A.at play B.in private C.on schedule D.by accident45.A.adequate B.effective C.continual D.mutual46.A.creative plex C.specific D.official47.A.generosity B.wisdom C.independence ernance48.A.promising B.demonstrating C.pretending D.explaining49.A.count on B.go after C.appeal to D.benefit from50.A.assumes B.confirms C.enhances D.concludes51.A.regular B.dominant C.potential D.previous52.A.atmosphere B.audience C.feedback D.judge53.A.statistics B.expectations C.argument D.opposite54.A.responsibility B.punishment C.arrangement D.difficulty。

2019年上海闵行区高三一模英语试卷-学生用卷一、综合填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）1、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第1~10题We want our children to succeed in school and, perhaps even more importantly, in life. But the paradox（悖论）is that our children can only truly succeed1they first learn how to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters. Why are the really good skaters falling over the most？The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves inpractice.2（stretch）their limitations, they keep trying their best. They fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lower-level skaters have a quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do veryeasily,3（remain）within their comfort zone. This is why they don't fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet.Never4（fail）in practice prevents them from making progress.5is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5, 126 prototypes （原型） for his newest vacuum before coming up with thedesign6made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put7： "You can't develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention."In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don't like to admit to failure, partly because they have strongegos（自我）—particularly the senior doctors-and partly because they fear litigation（诉讼）. The consequence is that8learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the samemistakes9（repeat）. According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400, 000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventableerror.10healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.二、选词填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）2、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第11~20题They're still kids, and although there's a lot that the experts don't yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what the kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it's all because of technology.To the psychologists, sociologists, and media experts who study them, their digital devices set this new group1, even from their Millennial （千禧年的） elders, who are quite familiar with technology. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older brothers and sisters don't quite get. These differences may seem slight, butthey2the appearance of a new generation.The3between Millennial elders and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen that he has4the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the ingeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the technically5life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennial elders he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I： Parenting the Net Generation, that they distinguish themselves as a new generation, which he has given them the nickname of "ingeneration".Rosen says portability is the key. They are6from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected—even in class, where cell phones are7banned.Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. "They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do, " Rosen says. "But findings show teens8distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development."Because these kids are more devoted to technology at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change9."The growth on the use of technology with children is very rapid, and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think. We have to give them options because they want their world10, " Rosen says.A. declaredB. surviveC. individualizedD. advocatedE. signalF. significantlyG. dominatedH. contrastI. supposedlyJ. apartK. inseparable三、完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分15分）3、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第21~35题After my public lectures on evolution, someone in the audience asks, "Are we still evolving？" People want to know if humans are getting taller, smarter, better looking or more athletic. My answer is truthful but1： We're almost certainly evolving, but we don't know inwhat2or how fast.We've seen some evolution in our species over the past few millennia, but it was detected by reconstructing history from DNA sequences. For example, we know that during the past 10, 000 years, several populations of humans —those keeping sheep, cows or goats for milk—gained the ability to digest dairy products. This quality was3in our earlier ancestors who, after babyhood, never encountered milk. And in the past 3, 000 years, Tibetans haveacquired4adaptations that allowed them to develop well in their high-altitude, low-oxygen home. But these well-documented changes are limited to particular populations, sothe5for recent evolution of our entire species, remains not much.The authors of "Evolving Ourselves"6. Not only, they claim, are we evolving faster than ever, but we're doing it to ourselves. Juan Enriquez and Steve Gullans argue that humans have7evolution —not just in our own species but virtually in all species： "For better or worse, we are increasingly in charge. We are the primary driversof8. We will directly and indirectly determine what lives, what dies, where, and when. We are in a different phase of evolution： the future of life isnow9."According to the authors, we've replaced natural selection with what they call"10selection." Overfishing, for example, has reduced the average size of many fish species, for taking the biggest fishes is11those smaller fishes.Yet while there's no doubt that we're changing the planet, the claim that we're completely changing evolution on the planet12. Let's take those fish that are evolving to reproduce smaller and younger for example. This13has been documented in many species that we eat, but this is just a minuscule fraction （极小的一部分） of the 30, 000 known species of fish.The authors speak with14assurance about how our species is evolving in response to nearly everything. When they claim, for example, our ingestion （摄取） of drugs and exposure to chemicals mean that "our children's brains are evolving fast, " they are abusing （滥用） the word "15." Our children's brains may be changing fast in response to the new pharmacological （药理学的） environment, but change alone is not evolution.A. instructiveB. disappointingC. decisiveD. conflictingA. directionB. regionC. frequencyD. conditionA. beneficialB. adaptableC. uniqueD. uselessA. unprovedB. changeableC. geneticD. mysteriousA. studyB. evidenceC. interestD. implicationA. disagreeB. supportC. followD. approveA. delayedB. overdoneC. neglectedD. controlledA. unbalanceB. disasterC. changeD. disturbanceA. in our handsB. out of orderC. in peaceD. out of controlA. destructiveB. unnaturalC. adventurousD. emotionalA. by means ofB. at the cost ofC. in favor ofD. for the protection ofA. makes no senseB. makes great impressionC. calls attentionD. comes to an endA. problemB. mistakeC. phenomenonD. obstacleA. strongB. baselessC. sensitiveD. persuasiveA. environmentB. technologyC. exposureD. evolution四、阅读理解（共11小题，每题2分，满分22分）4、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模（A篇）第36~39题Once again DC Comics and Warner Bros. havedivided fans and critics over their latest superhero film.There had been worrying news about Justice League in the months before its release, with a lot of reshoots of scenes, a new director being brought in to finish the film after original director Zack Snyder's tragic loss of his daughter and, of course, a lot of talk about Ben Affleck's future in the role of Batman.Some people are saying that Justice League is another big disappointment, that it could have been incredible and instead fails to really entertain. Others say that Warner Bros. have finally got it right and that the future for the League looks bright.My opinion lies somewhere in the middle. The film was by no means a disappointment: it was exciting, funny and a lot of fun to watch. There's something special about watching the heroes from your childhood brought to life on the big screen and maybe that is affecting my opinion.However, I will say that a lot of work needs to be done if the producer wants to make a great success. Although the film was good, it was obvious which scenes had been reshot and how the characters had been changed. I also have to mention the several scenes in which the special effects were very badly done; these are the kinds of problems that you don't expect to see in a film with such a big budget.Another point to add is that it is good to see the producer making Superman slightly a brighter character and adding some jokes to the plot to keep things fun. But the producer must be careful not to make the mistake that another film producer—here, not mentioning the name—is coming very close to doing: turning all of the films into bright and colorful shows and losing a lot of seriously good stories.In the end, Justice League is not a perfect film but it is definitely not a terrible one. A lot of work is still to be done but I hope that DC does not completely lose its darker side.(1) Before the release of Justice League, many people showed their．A. pity for the director, Zack SnyderB. concern about the film's qualityC. higher expectation of the new directorD. support for the actor, Ben Affleck(2) According to the author, what's special about Justice LeagueA. It advocates social justice.B. It brings lots of fun to the audience.C. It has some brave heroes.D. It brings back childhood memories.(3) In Paragraph 5the author mainly wants to express his.A. views on the film's weaknessB. advice to the film's directorC. love for the filmD. expectation of the film's sequels(4) The author mentioned another film producer to.A. stress the importance of fun in a filmB. show Justice League's lack of a serious plotC. serve as a warning to the producer of Justice LeagueD. set an example for the producer of Justice League5、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模（B篇）第40~42题(1) According to the passage, it is good habit to when you are writing your e-mail.A. include all of your social network linksB. send your e-mails to all of your coworkersC. use different font size to make the massage vividD. keep the subject line brief(2) Which of the following statements might the author agree with？A. The subject line is filled with Hey instead of being left blank.B. Using capitals is acceptable when offering congratulations.C. You are supposed to reply to only one person at a time.D. Social network links should be included in your signature.(3) In which of the following sentences does the phrase "cry wolf" is correctly used？A. Economists are just crying wolf while actually the economic future is not so bad.B. The government is always crying wolf and has never kept the promise to reduce taxes.C. He cried wolf when he received a letter saying that his application had been rejected.D. He just cried wolf in comforting her when he didn't know what had really happened.6、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模（C篇）第43~46题8分The recession （衰退） of 2008-09 was remarkable in rich countries for its intensity, the following recovery for its weakness. The labour market has also broken the rules, as new research from the OECD, a think-tank of mainly rich countries, shows in its annual Employment Outlook.Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop hiring them;and they often get rid of new recruits because they are easier to dismiss. But in previous episodes, such as the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. This time is different. During the financial crisis in 2008, and since, they have done better than other age groups.The researchers focus on movements in "non-employment" as a share of the total population in three age groups between the final quarters of 2007 and 2012. This measure has the advantage of including not just unemployment, where people are looking for work, but also inactivity, where people are not seeking jobs. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD has risen by four percentage points among young people and by one﹣and-a-half points among 25-to 54-year-olds, it has fallen by two points among the 55-64 age group.Why have older employees done so well? In some southern European countries they benefit from job protection not afforded to younger workers, but that did not really help them in past recessions. What has changed, says Stefano Scarpetta, head of the OECD's employment directorate, is that firms now bear the full costs of getting rid of older staff. In the past, early-retirement policies provided by governments （in the mistaken belief that these would help young people） made it cheaper to push grey﹣haired workers out of the door. These have largely stopped.Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrongheaded. First, it is a fallacy that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another； there is nofixed amount of work. And second, as the report shows, young and old people are by and large not substitutes in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of occupation: younger people are keen on IT firms, for example, whereas older folk tend to be employed in more traditional industries. There are plenty of things that should be done to help the young jobless, but kicking older workers out of the workplace is not one of them.(1) By saying "The labour market has also broken the rules", the authormeans.A. young employees were protected by the governmentB. young employees suffered moderately in labour marketC. old employees suffered very little in the labour marketD. The recession had little impact on labour market(2) What do we know about "early-retirement policies" mentioned in the 4th paragraphA. They proved to be little use and nearly no longer in effect.B. They have effectively helped young employees.C. They financially supported the elderly people.D. They have gain popularity in southern European countries.(3) The word "fallacy" （in the last paragraph） probably means "".A. common beliefB. wrong conceptC. acceptable assumptionD. wise statement(4) Which of the following might the author agree withA. Early-retirement policies should have been well adopted by governments.B. Young people should be encouraged into traditional industries.C. Supportive policies should be made to help elderly people when crisis occurs.D. Old people's remaining in jobs doesn't necessarily threaten young people's jobs.五、信息匹配（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）7、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第47~50题8分Life is not easy when you are looking for something worthwhile and ready to learn from the best experiences.1Here are some life lessons which people will learn the hard way in majority of cases.2However, people usually get discouraged when it takes more time than they thought it would. At this time, people refer only to people who have already achieved what they want to do. Look at any successful person and you'll notice one thing common in all of them： they took time to learn and mastered their skill like no one else. There is no elevator to success and you have to take the stairs.Be brave to take the road less traveled. In our whole life, we always want to follow the same path that everyone suggests, do the same thing everyone does, take the same career path everyone takes, wear the same clothes everyone wears, and hang out with the same people we work with. Why Because we are scared to fail. But when you get bored of life, you realize that you are not meant to do what everyone does and that your destiny is different from anyone else's out there in the world.3 You don't have to live your life in a way society wants you to.4Parents sometimes force their children to select a career they don't want because other children have selected that career. Worst of all, people follow them without even asking. There is no harm in believing in old beliefs but when you pursue them before your interest, sooner or later you'll realize that you should first do what you think is right.A. It takes continuous time and effort to be successful in any area.B. The general rule goes that the harder you try, the greater results you get.C. Many old beliefs are being performed these days and are followed blindly.D. It always takes tests and then fails us to learn anything worthwhile.E. However, in most circumstances your effort and attempt go well alongside with your desired achievement.F. But the price we pay to realize this is high because it takes a great amount of courage to follow your own path.六、阅读表达（满分10分）8、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第51题8分Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.As is known to all, many things can be measured in terms of data. Sometimes data can indeed tell the truth. With the help of data we can easily know the price of a can of coke in the supermarket or the result of a football match or the temperature of a certain day. Obviously, data can make our life easier and more comfortable. What is more important, data seem to be fairer than words or statements. If the data are true, we don't have to worry about being cheated. Nowadays, as lies exist in the world, data are expected to tell the truth. Therefore, many of us would rather believe data.On the other hand, if we judge things only by data from the so-called specific research, aren't we a little too narrow﹣minded? Many people often treat the so﹣called specific data unwisely just to make sure that they are making the right decisions. But sometimes we may find that data aren't everything. For example, how can you tell that somebody isn't a good student just because he or she doesn't get high marks in the final examination?There are many things in our life which cannot be measured by data. For example, the degree of your feeling happy in your life, the depth of love between you and your friends, and the faith you have in your country. We can only feel them in our hearts but can never express them in data.There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event. But data should be dealt with wisely. We often get wrong data which mislead us. We should try our best to be wise thinkers. Remember, data have no feeling but we humans have. Data do not mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false.Data are data after all. Life is much more colorful than the pale data. So give the cold data a warm heart and we'll find that the world is far more wonderful than the pale data can describe.七、翻译句子（共4小题，1题3分，2-4每题4分，满分15分）9、【来源】 2019年上海闵行区高三一模第52~55题15分(3分,3分,4分,5分)翻译句子(1) 我们相约周末去植物园看花展。

2019届上海市上海中学高三上学期第一次模拟英 语 注意事项： 1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

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第I 卷（选择题）一、完形填空Directions: Foreach blank in the following passage are four words or phrases marked A ． B ． CandD ． Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research hasshown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion ofthe cultural orpolitical problems of the day, not heated debates about filmswe've just watched or books we've just finished reading,but plain and simple___1__.Language isour greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ___2___ do with it? Wegossip. About others'behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing whatwith whom, who's in and who's out ——and why; how to dealwith difficult____3__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are wekeen on gossiping? Are we just natural _4_____, of both time and words? Or do wetalk a lotabout nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the reallyimportant issues of life? It's not the case accordingto Professor RobinDunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution ofLanguage, thepsychologist says gossip is one of these really__5____issues.Dunbar __6____the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stageof socialdevelopment in order to organize their manly hunting activities moreeffectively, or even to promote the exchangeof poetic stories about theirorigins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved amongwomen.We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we cantalk, argues Dunbar —____7__, he goes on tosay, languageevolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbararrived at his cheery theory by studying the __8____ of the higher primates likemonkeys. By means of grooming ——cleaning the fur by brushing it,monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support inthe event of some kind of conflict within the group or___9___ from outside it. As we humanbeings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __10____that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together madesense because the bigger the group, the greater the ___11___ it provided; on theother hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close toothers. Grooming helped to ___12___ the pressure and calm everybody down. But as thegroups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activitiesalso had to be ____13__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __14____kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocalgrooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groupsby exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would bepossible by one-to-one ___15___ contact. 1．A ． claim B ． description C ． gossip D ． language 2．A ． occasionally B ． habitually C ． independently D ． originally 3．A ． social B ． political C ． historical D ． cultural 4．A ． admirers B ． masters C ． users D ． wasters 5．A ． vital B ． sensitive C ． ideal D ． difficult 6．A ． confirms B ． rejects C ． outlines D ． broadens 7．A ． for instance B ． in addition C ． on the contrary D ． as a result 8．A ． motivation B ． appearance C ． emotion D ． behavior 9．A ． attack B ． contact C ． inspection D ． assistance 10．A ． recalls B ． denies C ． concludes D ． confesses 11．A ． prospect B ． responsibility C ． leadership D ． protection 12．A ． measure B ． show C ． maintain D ． ease 13．A ． saved B ． extended C ． consumed D ． gained 14．A ． common B ． efficient C ． scientific D ． thoughtful 15．A ． indirect B ． daily C ． physical D ． secret 二、阅读理解 The teacherwho did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C ． Manigault, the wife of my mother's brother Bill. She taught me in second gradeat all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.此卷只装订不密封班级姓名准考证号考场号座位号During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouragedme to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what wasconsidered practical or possible for black females.I liked to sing; shelistened to my voice and pronounced it good.I couldn't dance; she taught me thebasic dancing steps.She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensivelibrary and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics.Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist". My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave methe freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gatheringmaterial, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation fromcollege six years later, a solid collection of published material that carriedmy name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupilwho has crossed her path.16．Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhoodand youth?A．She lent her some serious classics.B．She cultivated her taste for music.C．She discovered her talent for dancing.D．She introduced her to adult plays.17．What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A．A book of great fun.B．A writer of high fame.C．A serious masterpiece.D．A heartbreaking play.18．Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.A．develop her capabilities for writingB．give her a chance to collect materialC．involve her in teenage social activitiesD．offer her a series of writing jobs19．We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________.A．trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB．gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC．emphasized what was practical or possible for pupilsD．helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningHumpback WhalesHumpback whales are sometimes calledperformers of the ocean.This is because they can make impressive movements whenthey dive.The name“humpback”, which isthe common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale'sback forms as it dives.Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantasticmovement known as a breach.During breaching the whale uses its powerful tailflukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap.A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out likewings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of thewater through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head.It blowsa double stream of water that can rise up to 4 metres above the water.The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towardsthe tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back.Other distinguishingfeatures include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the bodylength, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tailflukes.These markings are like finger prints: no two are the same.Humpback whales live in large groups.They communicatewith each other through complex “songs”.20．According to Quick Facts, ahumpback whale _____.A．cannot survive in waters near the shoreB．doesn't live in the same waters all the timeC．lives mainly on underwater plantsD．prefers to work alone when hunting food21．To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____.A．use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB．twist its body sideways to jump highC．blow two streams of waterD．communicate with a group of humpbacks22．From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale _____.A．has its unique markings on its tail flukesB．has black and white fingerprintsC．gets its name from the way it huntsD．is a great performer due to its songsIf you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbouror a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a bodyswapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group ofartists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using amachine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "AsI looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner'spants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The videofrom each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact viewof your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, shesees it.To get used to seeing anotherperson's body without actually having control of it, participants start byraising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants reallystart to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises toalter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies haveshown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias thathumans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at theUniversity of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the ImplicitAssociation Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic orawkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digitalcharacter using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. Thistime, the participants' bias scores were lowe r. The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill ofthem, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to BeAnother hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau,a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kindof experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."23．The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A．buildingB．exchangingC．controllingD．transplanting24．We can infer from the experimentat the Be Another lab that______.A．our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB．we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC．participants will live more passionately after the experimentD．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes25．In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinneddigital character, ______.A．they fought strongly against racismB．they scored lower on the test for racismC．they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD．they were more biased against those unlike them26．It can be concluded from the passage that______.A．technology helps people realize their dreamsB．our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC．virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD．our points of view about others need changing constantly第II卷（非选择题）三、语法填空Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passagecoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill ineach blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, useone word that best fits each blank.Today theStatue of Liberty is a beloved landmark. It 27．(tower) above of theharbor of New York and is lovingly cared for by the National Park Service. Manythousands of visitors who visit Liberty Island each year might never suspectthat getting the statue 28．(build) was a long slow struggle. More than acentury ago, it 29．(be) the celebration of freedom and the commemorationof the friendship between America and France that inspired sculptor AugusteBartholdi and finally he went forward with designing the potential statue andpromoting the idea of building it. However, money was so big a problem 30．was haunting the two governments from the beginning to the end.Donations forthe building of the statue first began coming in throughout France in 1875.Numerous people gave donations. A copper company donated the copper sheets thatwould be used to fashion the skin of the statue. Various donations werehelpful, 31．the cost of the statue kept riding. 32．(face) with ashortfall of money, the French-American Union held a lottery. Merchants inParis donated prizes, and tickets were sold. The lottery was a success, butmore money was still needed. The sculptor Bartholdi eventually sold miniatureversions of the statue, 33．the name of the buyer engraved on them.Finally, in July 1880 the French-American Union announced that enough money hadbeen raised to complete the building of the statue.While theFrench had announced that the funds for the statues were in place in 1880, bylate 1882 the American donations, which would be needed to build the pedestal,were sadly lagging. The sculptor Bartholdi had travelled to America in 1871 topromote the idea of the statue. Despite Bartholdi’s efforts, the idea of thestatue was difficult 34．(sell). some newspapers, most notably the New YorkTimes, often criticized the statue as folly, and vehementlyopposed 35．(spend) any money on it. The newspaper publisher JosephPulitzer, who had purchased a New York City daily, The World, in the early1880s, took us the cause of the statue’s pede stal. He mounted an energetic funddrive, promising to print the name of each donor, 36．small the donation,Pulitzer’s audacious plan worked, and millions of people around the countrybegan donating whatever they could.In August1885, that final $100,000 for the statue;s pedestal had been raised.Construction work on the stone structure continued, and the next year theStatue of Liberty, which had arrived from France packed in crated, was erectedon top.四、信息匹配Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can beused only once.Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's sayyou've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have timeto carefully plan menus for meals or read food 37．at the supermarket. Sinceyou really38．yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come inhandy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" canhelp39．some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects arepeople who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. Forexample, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket——including which shelf the peanut buttergoes on, and how the oranges are piled up——is a choice architect.Governmentsdon't have to40．healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect——one that encourages us to choose what isbest——we will do the right things. In otherwords, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthierchoices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom tochoose with41．hints from choice architects, who aim to help people livelonger, healthier, and happier lives.The Britishand Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic lightsystem" to 42．foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customerscan see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains43．bylooking at the lights on the package. A green light 44．that the amounts ofthe three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer shouldbe45．; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the threenutrients and should be eaten in 46．. The customer is given important healthinformation, but is still free to decide what to choose.Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has notled to measurable improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff andteachers at U.S. public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students.47．Universities show similar trends ofincreased administration personnel and costs without greater learning, asdocumented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift:Limited Learning on College Campuses.A survey shows that 63% ofemployers say that recent college graduates don't have the skills they need tosucceed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.Some simplistically attribute thedecline in our public education system to the drain of skilled students byprivate schools, but far more significant events were at work.Public schools worked well untilabout the 1970s.48．It was the underperforming students who werethrown out of public schools and went to private ones.A prominent reason public schoolsdid well was that many highly qualified women had few options for workingoutside the house other than being teachers or nurses. 49．Having such a large supply oftalented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services.Women’s liberation opened up new professional opportunities fo r women, and,over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about agradual decline in the quality of schooling.50．Large educationbureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activitywith achievement. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsenseabout theories of education, and require ever more administrators. The endresult has been that, after all the spending, students have worse math andreading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spendingfar less on education ---- as all the accumulating evidence has now documented.A．They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.B．In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones.C． Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.D． The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.E.Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent adjustments.F.Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.五、读写任务51．SummaryWritingSociologists have long recognized that organization of less than 200individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting lessflexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting fromfailures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be tostructure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as agroup. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, largerorganizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 willnever of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization.Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build directpersonal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be ableto communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal astructure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention twoyears ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it sohappened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The wholeprocess worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they weremoved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the workseemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problemwas. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building,they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunchtimes was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, theyaccidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the wholeorganization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gatheredinformally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information wascasually being exchanged. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________六、根据所给汉语意思完成句子Translation52．他和他的同学都不喜欢放学后补课。

2019年上海奉贤区高三一模英语试卷-学生用卷一、适当形式填空1、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第21~30题ToBeJoyful,ToBeYoungWhat really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle? It's probably not what you think. In the past 30 years of conducting clinical research, I1（learn）that real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.Why? Because life is to be enjoyed. There's no point2（abandon）something you enjoy unless you get something back that's even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully,3（quit）smoking, and manage stress better, they find they feel so much better, so quickly. It reconstructs the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living.When you exercise and eat right, your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter, have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many neurons （神经细胞）4（grow）that it actually increased the size of people's brains!Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face5you age more quickly. Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel becoming narrower,6decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why smokers look years older than they really are.One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers' awareness of stress was more important than7was objectively occurring in theirlives.8（give）a questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day. The women who realized they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres（染色体端粒）comparedwith9who felt more relaxed. Contrarily, some of the women who felt relaxed10raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.二、选词填空2、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第31~40题Welcome toWindsor CastleWindsor Castle is the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world and the Official Residence of the Queen of Britain. Over a period of nearly 1, 000 years it hasbeen1continuously, and altered and redecorated by monarchs （君主）one after the other. Some were great builders, strengthening the Castleagainst2and rebellion; others, living in more peaceful times, created a grand Royal residence. William the Conqueror chose the site, high above the river Thames and on the edge of a Saxon hunting ground. It was a day's march from the Tower of London and intended to guard the western3to the capital. The outer walls of today's structure are in the same position as those of the4castle built by William the Conqueror in the1070s.The Queen uses the Castle both as a private home, where she usually spends the weekend, and as a Royal residence at which she undertakes certain formal duties. Windsor Castleis5used by the Queen to host State Visits from overseas monarchs and presidents. Every year the Queen takes up official residence in Windsor Castle for a month over Easter （March-April）.The Castle is huge, so people tend to head for the most6bits -- the State Apartments, St. George's Chapel, the Gallery and the delightful Queen Mary's Dolls House. Works of art, antique furniture, curiosities and impressive architecture reflect the tastes of many different royal generations. The State Apartments are7decorated formal rooms still used for state and official functions.The magnificent and beautiful St. George's Chapel was started in 1475 by Edward IV and was completed 50 years later by Henry VIII. It8among the finest examples of late medieval architecture in the UK.The Drawings Gallery9the exhibition "The Queen: 60 Photographs for 60 Years" . The exhibition presents portraits of the Queen10in brief moments on both official occasions and at relaxed family gatherings.A. uprisingB. originalC. frequentlyD. magnificentE. featuresF. luxuriouslyG. capturedH. approachesI. inhabitedJ. mattersK. ranks三、完形填空3、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第41~55题"Nature and Nurture"People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is1.Social scientists are of course2interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two3schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between4of each theory. The controversy（争论）is often conveniently referred to as "nature and nurture" .Those who5the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are6determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviouris7to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed byour8.Supporters of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called,9, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almostcompletely10by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respondto11stimuli （刺激） as the basis of their behaviour.Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are12. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists,13, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same14that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it isquite15that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.A. sensitiveB. productiveC. competitiveD. aggressiveA. moderatelyB. extremelyC. reluctantlyD. scarcelyA. distinctB. reliableC. relevantD. equalA. objectorsB. operatorsC. opponentsD. advocatesA. claimB. supportC. resolveD. inheritA. completelyB. largelyC. thoroughlyD. merelyA. sensitiveB. openC. centralD. subjectA. abilitiesB. capacitiesC. personalitiesD. instinctsA. expertsB. scientistsC. environmentalistsD. behavioristsA. shapedB. prioritizedC. oppressedD. restrictedA. environmentalB. biologicalC. geneticD. psychologicalA. temporaryB. slightC. fatalD. far-reachingA. on the contraryB. as a wholeC. after allD. for instanceA. habitsB. responsesC. characteristicsD. advantagesA. necessaryB. impossibleC. unreasonableD. likely四、阅读理解4、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模（A篇）第56~59题2017~2018学年上海普陀区上海市宜川中学高一下学期期中第56~59题8分(每题2分)I'm a student in my fourth year of a biomedical science degree at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, but I also work 38 hours a week at Sainsbury's to make ends meet. I do three night shifts a week, plus overtime if I can get it. Monday is the most occupied day for me—I work from 10 p.m. until 8 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday nights, earning just over £100 a night, and then I have to be at my first lecture at 9 a.m. on Monday. By the time I finish lectures, at 2 p.m., I'm exhausted, but I know I have to be back at work by 10 p.m.I constantly have to force myself to stay awake, and to be alert, whatever it takes. A packet of Skittles and a Red Bull usually helps. The work I do at Sainsbury's is very physical like stacking（堆积） shelves. I'm lucky because I'm an active person and the amount I lift at work is nothing compared with the weights I lift in the gym. I know I have the strength to bear it.I'm originally from Nigeria. I came here when I was seven, growing up in Croydon, south London. Money was tight. My parents gave me everything I needed, but there was no money to spend on luxuries. I worked hard at school though and, with the help of GT Scholars, I got some of the best A-level grades in my class.Unfortunately, though I had applied for "settled" British residential status when very young, the Home Office waited until I was in sixth form to approve my application. That meant Iwasn't TAL#NBSP eligible for a student loan. The only way I could afford to go to university was that if I got a job that would pay for all my living costs and my parents, who work in market research, paid for my tuition fees. In Scotland, that's about £7, 000 a year.I don't have much time to socialize because of my job. Ideally, I would also like to have more time to study so I can excel at my course. Yes, I have a lot on my plate, but working hard isn't new to me. Growing up, my parents and my mentors（导师） in the church and at GT Scholars cultivated in me the importance of working hard for what I want in life.My dream is to do an MA in physiotherapy next year and then get a job working for the NHS. But right now, I'm just focused on trying to get the best grades I can. Whenever I find life hard, I tell myself this is about my future. I don't need much, but I would like to worry less about money and have more free time. That is what I look forward to the most.(1) Why does the author work long hours and sometimes overtime every week?A. To help his parents pay off the debts.B. To pay for his tuition fees.C. To prove his ability to earn money.D. To pay for his own living expenses.(2) The underlined word "TAL#NBSP eligible" in the passage can be replacedby.A. responsibleB. qualifiedC. feasibleD. anxious(3) According to the passage, which of the following words can NOT be used to describe the author?A. Sociable.B. Diligent.C. Ambitious.D. Persistent.(4) Which of the following proverbs can best summarize the passage?A. A penny saved is a penny earned.B. Actions speak louder than words.C. God helps those who help themselves.D. Where there is life, there is hope.5、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模（B篇）第60~62题Should You Become a Full Stack Web Developer?Should you become a full stack web developer? What courses should you take to prepare you for the job? Our courses bring you a step-by-step path that will help you become a qualified candidate and teach you everything you need to know to succeed. Read on to discover if it's the right path for you:●What is a Full Stack Web Developer?A full stack web developer is well skilled in both front and back-end web developing. With knowledge of what it means to build applications from start to finish, a full stack developer can plan, manage, and build software with general know-how. A core difference between front and back-end developers is that front-end developers handle building the user interface aspect of a website, while back-end developers deal with internal tasks such as web servers, applications, and databases.Combined, they are responsible for building the technology and coding that makes a website function properly. Both skillsets are crucial for being a well-rounded web developer and will give you a leg up when applying for jobs. If you like to learn new concepts and technologies frequently this is an excellent career path for you.●Demand for Full Stack Web Developers is GrowingBecause of the broad range of skills required to be a full stack web developer, there are fewer candidates applying for positions, leaving more opportunity for qualified candidates. The job outlook for web developers is estimated to grow 13% by 2026, which is faster than the average rate for all occupations. With an impressive resume, full stack web developers can make $87, 661 on average.●Get Started TodayWith the help of the courses, you will learn everything you need to know to succeed as a full stack web developer. You can start from any level with little to no previous experience required and track your progress as you go.●Here'sWhatYou'llLearn in the CoursesBuild web applications and develop on both the front-end and back-end stacksLearn Ruby on Rails, HTML, CSS, and JavaScriptDevelop web applications in Javascript using front-end framework, Angular, and hybrid mobile applications with Apache CordovaDesign RESTful Ruby on Rails web applications with MongoDB database integration.(1) In which column of a newspaper can we most probably find this passage?A. Arts.B. Science-technology.C. Courses.D. Business.(2) Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Front and back-end developers both are responsible for such tasks as applications and databases.B. Fewer candidates apply for the position of being web developers due to high demand for skills.C. The job prospect for web developers isn't promising in the long run.D. You can't start to learn the courses of being a full stack web developer unless you have some experience beforehand.(3) What is the main purpose of this passage?A. To advertise for full stack web developers.B. To inform people of what is required to be a full stack web developer.C. To persuade people to take the courses which help to become a full stack web developer.D. To help people to explore the full stack web developer career guide.6、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模（C篇）第63~66题The haunting paintings of Helene Schjerfbeck, on show in the final leg of a travelling tour that has already attracted thousands of visitors in Hamburg and the Hague, may come as a surprise to many. Few outside the Nordic（北欧的）world would recognize the works of this Finnish artist who died in 1946. More people should. The 120 works have at their core 20 self-portraits, half the number she painted in all. The first, dated 1880, is of a wide-eyed teenager eager to absorb everything. The last is a sighting of the artist's ghost-to-be.Prematurely gifted, Schjerfbeck was 11 when she entered the Finnish Art Society's drawing school. "The Wounded Warrior in the Snow" , a history painting, was bought by a private collector and won her a state travel grant when she was 17. Schjerfbeck studied in Paris, went on to Pont-Aven, Brittany, where she painted for a year, then to Tuscany, Cornwall and St Petersburg. During her 1887 visit to St Ives, Cornwall, Schjerfbeck painted "The Convalescent" . A child wrapped in a blanket sits supported up in a large wicker （柳条编制的） chair, toying with a sprig （小枝条） . The picture won a bronze medal at the 1889 Paris World Fair and was bought by the Finnish Art Society. To a modern eye it seems almost sentimental （感伤） and is made up for only by the somewhat astonished, sad expression on the child's face, which may have been inspired by Schjerfbeck's early experiences. At four, she fell down a flight of steps and never fully recovered.In 1890, Schjerfbeck settled in Finland. Teaching exhausted her, she did not like the works of other local painters, and she was further isolated when she took on the care of her mother. "If I allow myself the freedom to live an isolated life" , she wrote, "then it is because it has to be that way." In 1902, Schjerfbeck and her mother settled in the small, industrial town of Hyvinkaa, 50 kilometres north of Helsinki. Isolation had one desired effect for it was there that Schjerfbeck became a modern painter. She produced still lives and landscapes but above all moody yet sharp portraits of her mother, local school girls, women workers in town."I have always searched for the dense depths of the soul, which have not yet been discovered by humans themselves" , she wrote, "where everything is still unconscious -- there one can make the greatest discoveries." She experimented with different kinds of underpainting, scraped and rubbed, made bright rosy red spots; doing whatever had to be done to capture the subconscious -- her own and that of her models. In 1913, Schjerfbeck was rediscovered by an art dealer and journalist, Gosta Stenman. Once again she was a success.(1) Schjerfbeck's paintings may come as a surprise to many because.A. her paintings are rarely known outside the Nordic worldB. her paintings have never been on show out of the Nordic worldC. her paintings have the power to haunt people whoever have seen themD. her paintings focus on supernatural elements such as ghosts(2) Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. "The Convalescent" is in fact a portrait of Schjerbeck in her childhood.B. "The Convalescent" is a reflection of Schejerbeck's sentimental childhood.C. "The Convalescent" is made as a result of an accident in Schejerbeck's childhood.D. "The Convalescent" is featured by the child's astonished, sorrowful expression.(3) Schejerbeck chose to live an isolated life mainly because.A. she was exhausted by her teaching jobB. her personality preferred this kind of lifestyleC. she could not appreciate the works of the other local paintersD. her mother's health condition required her to adopt such a lifestyle(4) We can infer from the passage that the most outstanding characteristics of Schjerfbeck's paintingsis.A. her vivid characterization of common peopleB. her capture of the characters' soulC. the sorrowful expression of the charactersD. her unconscious sense of some mysterious elements五、多选多7、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第67~70题The quality of patience goes a long way toward your goal of creating a more peaceful and loving self. The more patient you are, the more accepting you will be of what life is, rather than insisting that life be exactly as you would like it to be. Without patience, life is extremelyfrustrating.1Patience adds some ease and acceptance to your life. It's important for inner peace.2If you are stuck in a traffic jam, late for an appointment, being patient would mean keeping yourself from building a mental snowball before your thinking gets out of hand and gently reminding yourself to relax. It might also be a good time to breathe as well as an opportunity to remind yourself that, in the bigger scheme of things, being late is "small stuff".Patience is a quality of heart that can be greatly enhanced with deliberatepractice.3They are the periods of time that I set up in my mind to practice the art of patience. Life itself becomes a classroom, and the curriculum is patience. You can start with as little as five minutes and build up your capacity for patience over time. What you'll discover is truly amazing. Your intention to be patient, especially if you know it's only for a short while, immediately strengthens your capacity for patience. Patience is one of those qualities where success feeds on itself. Once you reach little milestone-five minutes of successful patience-you'll begin to see that you do indeed have the capacity to be patient, even for longer periods of time. Over time, you may even become a patient person.Being patient will help you to keep your perspective. You will see even a difficult situation, say your present challenge, isn't "life or death" but simply a minor obstacle that must be dealtwith.4.A. An effective way that I have found to deepen my own patience is to create actual practice periods.B. You are more easily annoyed and bothered.C. It is generally believed that the quality of being patient is very difficult to develop.D. Becoming more patient involves opening your heart to the present moment, even if you don't like it.E. Without patience, you will see the same scene as an emergency complete with yelling, frustration, hurt feelings.F. If you lack patience, you are destined to fail in what you are pursuing.六、总结8、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第71题A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere ——on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colours and various shapes.There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place where they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range of natural and artificial foods ——paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces.Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43, 000 eggs a day.Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective colour. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised（伪装）like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen（青苔）, a seed or some other natural object. Some insects use bright, bold colours to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them.七、翻译9、【来源】 2019年上海奉贤区高三一模第72~75题翻译(1) 一股诱人的味道唤起了我们遥远的记忆。

2019--2020学年高三英语一模完型填空信息汇编完型选项高频词汇：表示转折关系：例1：(虹口区)__42__, domestic companies will no longer be able to sell products to Chinese consumers on its e-commerce platform.42. A. As a result B. By contrast C. For example D. In addition答案解析：由于亚马逊将不再运营其第三方在线市场，也不再其中国网站上提供卖家服务，所以国内企业将不再能够在其电子商务平台上向中国消费者销售产品，前后两句话是因果关系，所以选A.例2：(普陀区)“We had to push him on stage,” his partners recalled.(53)________, success can make things worse.53. A. Actually B. Certainly C. Luckily D. Similarly答案解析：考查副词。

本空所在的这句话是本段主旨句，后文歌唱家说到June Anderson出名后由于人们对他的期待增加了，他直到表演完才停止紧张，可知这边应该填actually实际上。

故选A。

例3：（松江区）(48)______, in 2011 a doctor informed a woman that her divorced husband–the doctor’s patient–had tested positive for HD.48. A. Nevertheless B. Thus C. Additionally D. Fundamentally答案解析：考查副词。

根据“Unlike in Britain, in Germany the right not to know genetic information is protected in law”可以得知，德国不去告知基因信息是被法律保护的，再根据“in 2011 a doctor informed a woman that herdivorced husband–the doctor’s patient–had tested positive for HD.”可以得知这位医生是违背了法律告知了病人的基因信息，前后是相反的意思，故选A. Nevertheless adv. 然而B.Thus adv. 因此C.Additionally adv.另外D.Fundamentally 基础地，根本地。

A Cashless SocietyThere is nothing worse than feeling around in your pocket trying to find some small change to pay for a newspaper or a coffee. So it’s good to know that new __41__ is making cash -- banknotes and coins -- a thing of the past, turning us into a cashless society.Today, many of us already use credit and debit cards for __42__ transactions(交易) so there’s no need to carry around huge amounts of money. And now it’s __43__ to make contactless payments using tap-and-go cards which are regular bankcards but with a built-in chip. The card reader __44__ a radio signal and, when you bring the card close to the reader, the chip picks up the signal to make the payment.__45__money this way or spending on “plastic” -- an informal name for a credit card -- can put you at risk of fraud (诈骗). Criminals try to steal cards, or the information on them, to make __46__ online or in shops, which, as a result, adds too much difficulty to the police’s detective work. __47__, contactless payment is capped -- in the UK the limit is £30. And, if someone does go on a crazy spending with your card, your bank covers you against the loss. Also, the __48__ of chip and PIN technology has even been helping businesses by cutting the time people spend at the cashier’s in shops and has led to a(n) __49__ in fraud.But, if getting your bankcard out seems like too much trouble, there’s now a __50__ using wearable technology -- something you can wear that include computer and electronic technologies. Kenneth Cukier, economist and technology expert, says “this is __51__ for people who don’t want to take their card out of their wallet, or use their phone, or use their watch. People are going to be making more purchases more of the time -- __52__ for small-valued goods.”And, although our mobile phones are another way of making payments, BBC reporter Kate Russell says that when this is __53__ you can use the fingo-pay (指纹支付) system which “reads the unique maps of veins under the surface of your finger.” The trick is remembering which finger you __54__ with in the bank -- that’s when good old-fashioned cash might save the day! What do you __55__ to use when you buy something?41. A. experiment B. evidence C. technology D. analysis42. A. financial B. equal C. economical D. moderate43. A. definite B. possible C. formal D. legal44. A. work out B. makes out C. gives out D. sends out45. A. Refunding B. Depositing C. Paying D. Withdrawing46. A. bargains B. purchases C. preparations D. troubles47. A. Similarly B. Meanwhile C. Furthermore D. However48. A. introduction B. contact C. cooperation D. extension49. A. rise B. drop C. change D. increase50. A. question B. reason C. concept D. solution51. A. reserved B. provided C. intended D. chosen52. A. particularly B. specially C. simply D. purposefully53. A. inexact B. unnecessary C. impractical D. inconvenient54. A. cancelled B. registered C. tested D. restricted55. A. attempt B. demand C. prefer D. aimKeys:41-55: CABDC BDABD CADBCTraditionally uniforms were manufactured to protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense —those for the military, for example, were originally __41__ to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms indicated a distinction in __42__ — chefs wore white because they worked with flour, but the main chef wore a black hat to show he inspected and supervised.The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing __43__ on their role in mirroring the image of an organization and in uniting the workforce, particularly in “customer facing” industries. From uniforms and workwear has emerged “__44__ clothing”. “The people you employ are yo ur ambassadors (大使),” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. “What they say, how they look, and how they behave is of vital importance.” From being a simple means of __45__ who is a member of staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication.Truly effective marketing through __46__ images such as uniforms is a subtle art, however.How we look sends all sorts of powerful messages to other people. Dark colours give a sense of __47__ while lighter colour shades suggest approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism (守旧), while others a sense of __48__ to new ideas. If the company is selling quality, then it must have quality uniforms. If it is selling style, its uniforms must be stylish. If it wants to appear __49__, everybody can’t look exactly the same.But turning corporate philosophies into the right combination of colour, style, degree of branding and uniformity is not always __50__. According to Company Clothing magazine, there are 1000 companies supplying the workwear and corporate clothing market. Of these, 22 __51__ for 85% of total sales — £380 million in 1994.A successful uniform needs to __52__ two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform will work if staff feel unc omfortable or ugly. On the other hand, it is __53__ if the look doesn’t express the business’s marketing strategy. The greatest challenge in this respect is time. When it comes to human awareness, first impressions count. Customers will assess the way staff look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will __54__ their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared to __55__ years, and millions of pounds, getting them right.41. A. intended B. tended C. extended D. attended42. A. statue B. stability C. status D. statistics43. A. preference B. argument C. compliment D. emphasis44. A. cooperate B. political C. corporate D. academic45. A. exposing B. identifying C. qualifying D. requesting46. A. studio B. audio C. visual D. casual47. A. clarity B. authority C. availability D. accessibility48. A. exposure B. rejection C. reluctance D. openness49. A. stable B. uniform C. innovative D. similar50. A. smooth B. disagreeable C. objective D. complex51. A. exchange B. call C. stand D. account52. A. establish B. balance C. neglect D. desert53. A. pointless B. significant C. useful D. careless54. A. maintain B. shape C. draw D. value55. A. commit B. command C. dedicate D. investKeys:41-55 ACDCB CBDCA DBABDEverybody loves to hate invasive species. The international list of invasive species—defined as those that were introduced by humans to new places, and then __41__ — runs to over 4,000. In Australia and New Zealand hot war is fought against introduced creatures like cane toads (蔗蟾蜍) and rats.Some things that are uncontroversial(无争议的) are nonetheless foolish. With a few important exceptions, campaigns to __42__ invasive species are merely a waste of money and effort — for reasons that are partly practical and partly philosophical.Start with the practical arguments. Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very__43__. Britons think themselves surrounded by foreign plants. __44__, Britain’s invasive plants are not widespread, not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a(n) __45__ than vigorous native plants. The arrival of new species almost always __46__ biological diversity (多样性) in a region; in many cases, a flood of newcomers drives no native species to extinction. One reason is that invaders tend to colonise __47__ habitats like polluted lakes and post-industrial wasteland, where little else lives. They are nature’s opportunists.The philosophical reason for starting war on the invaders is also __48__. Elimination campaigns tend to be __49__ by the belief that it is possible to restore balance to nature —to return woods and lakes to the state before human __50__. That is misguided. Nature is an everlasting mess, with species constantly emerging, withdrawing and hybridizing (杂交). Humans have only quickened these processes. Going back to ancient habitats is becoming __51__ in any case, because of man-made climate change. Taking on the invaders is a(n) __52__ gesture, not a means to an achievable end.A reasonable attitude to invaders need not imply passivity. A few foreign species are truly __53__ and should be fought: the Nile perch – a fish, has helped drive many species of fish toextinction in Lake Victoria. It makes sense to __54__ pathogens(病菌), especially those that destroy whole native tree species, and to stop known agricultural pests from gaining a foothold. Fencing off wildlife reserves to create open-air ecological museums is fine, too. And it is a good idea for European gardeners to destroy Japanese plants, just as they give no apace to native harmful grasses like bindweed and ground elder. You can garden in a garden. You cannot garden __55__. That is universally accepted.41. A. multiplied B. shrunk C. disappeared D. harvested42. A. conserve B. eliminate C. investigate D. prioritize43. A. healthy B. intentional C. harmful D. profitable44. A. As a result B. For example C. By contrast D. In fact45. A. attraction B. dominance C. annoyance D. substitute46. A. increases B. destroys C. reveals D. targets47. A. oppressed B. disturbed C. cultivated D. preserved48. A. acceptable B. needless C. mistaken D. convincing49. A. fuel(l)ed B. organized C. interrupted D. greeted50. A. civilization B. interference C. interaction D. maintenance51. A. tolerable B. impossible C. beneficial D. critical52. A. reluctant B. disorderly C. invalid D. unbalanced53. A. damaging B. flexible C. doubtful D. outstanding54. A. pick up B. take in C. keep out D. turn down55. A. agriculture B. vegetation C. atmosphere D. natureKeys:41—55 ABCDC ABCAB BCACDAbout five years ago, when the first generation of wearable fitness tracker s became popular, they were announced as the dawn of a revolution. Health experts and busniesspeople alike said that giving people access to real-time calorie (卡路里)- burning and step-count data would inspire themto lose weight, eat better and -most important- ____41____ more. But even as the U.S. market for ___42____ devices hits $7 billion this year, there’s evidence that their promise isn’t quite paying off.The U.S. has an exercise problem, with 28% of Americans ages 50 and over considered wholly ___43____. That means 31 million adults move no more than is necessary to perform the most basic functions of daily life. Wearables, experts ___44___, wer e going to change that.But limited academic research has been done to figure out whether wearables ____45____ people’s behavior in the long term. The little research that does exist isn’t ____46____. For a recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers wanted to see whether activity trackers would help overweight people lose more weight over two years than if they just did a weight-loss intervention(干预) alone. They didn’t. “We found that just giving people a device doesn’t mean it’s going to ____47____ something you think it’s going to lead to,” says John Jakicic, the author of the study, from the University of Pittsburgh. “These activity trackers don’t engage people in strategies that make a ___48___ in terms of long-term change”Another new study highlighted a different challenge: user ____49___. By the end of a yearlong study of 800 people, just 10% of participants were still wearing the trackers, according to, Eric Finkelstein, a professor at the Duke- NUS Medical School in Singap ore. “We didn’t find that Fitbits really have much of an effect,” he says. This may well be because people expect trackers to do something they’re not designed to do-- ____50____, force them to change their behavior. “There’s ____51____ among people about their function, a measurement tool and an intervention,” Finkelstein says. A scale counts pounds, ____52____, but won’t teach you how to eat less. “When people put these devices on, they might interact with the app(应用程序) for the first few weeks, maybe the first few months, but there comes a point where that starts to fall off,” says Finkelstein.To be ____53___, some of the costlier add higher-tech wearables have features baked into them that encourage users to move more, says Shelten Yuen, Fitbit’s vic e president of research. Among them: shaking sensors, movement reminders and social- media combination, all designed to ____54____ users to make better health choices every day. But more research will be needed to determine whether or not these ____55____ -- or others like them--measurably improve people’s health and fitness levels.41. A. learn B. purchase C. exercise D. perform42. A. wearable B. electronic C. hi-tech D. built-in43. A. misunderstood B. inactive C. discourage D. unchangeable44. A. announced B. determined C. hoped D. noticed45. A. limit B. understand C. interpret D. change46. A. encouraging B. interesting C. pioneering D. challenging47. A. benefit from B. result in C. add to D. look for48. A. design B. movement C. profit D. difference49. A. reduction B. participation C. creation D. expectation50. A. namely B. therefore C. however D. shortly51. A. argument B. popularity C. confusion D. interaction52. A. by the way B. in other words C. of course D. for example53. A. fair B. cute C. accessible D. technical54. A. persuade B. motivate C. follow D. teach55. A. concepts B. sensors C. scales D. featuresKeys:CDABDTwo key climate change indicators — global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent — have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA analyses of ground-based observations and satellite data. Each of the first six months of 2016 set a record as the warmest (41) month globally in the modern temperature record, which (42) 1880,according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. The six-month period from January to June was also the planet's warmest half-year on record, with a(n)(43) temperature 1.3 degrees Celsius (2.4 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the late nineteenth century.Five of the first six months of 2016 also (44) the smallest respective monthly Arctic sea ice (45) since regular satellite records began in 1979, according to analyses developed by scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland. The one (46)_____, March, recorded the second smallest for that month.(47)these two key climate indicators have broken records in 2016, NASA scientists saidit is more significant that global temperature and Arctic sea ice are continuing their decades-long trends of change. Both trends are ultimately driven by rising (48) of heat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The extent of Arctic sea ice at the peak of the summer melt season now typically (49) 40 percent less area than it did in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Arctic sea ice extent in September, the seasonal low point in the annual cycle, has been (50) at a rate of 13.4 percent per decade."While the El Nino event in the tropical Pacific this winter (51) the gaining global temperatures from October, it is the basic trend which is producing these record numbers," GISS Director Gavin Schmidt said. (52) El Nino events have driven temperatures to what were then record levels, such as in 1998. But in 2016, even as the effects of the recent El Nino wear off, global temperatures have risen well beyond those of 18 years ago (53) the overall warming that has taken place in that time.The global trend in rising temperatures falls behind the regional (54) in the Arctic, said Walt Meier, a sea ice scientist at NASA Goddard. "It has been a record year so far for global temperatures, but the record high temperatures in the Arctic over the past six months have been even more extreme," Meier said. "This warmth as well as unusual weather (55) have led to the record low sea ice extents so far this year."41.A. resistant B. respective C. resolved D. remote42. A. makes sense ofB. keeps up with C. dates back to D. goes ahead of43. A. average B. ordinary C. common D. temporary44. A. confirmed B. witnessed C. involved D. conducted45. A. standard B. content C. amount D. extent46. A. datum B. example C. month D. exception47. A. While B. When C. After D. As48. A. combinations B. reductions C. concentrations D. applications49. A. includes B. covers C. approaches D. indicates50. A. increasing B. changing C. declining D. moving51. A. ended up with B. gave rise to C. broke away from D. resulted from52. A. Frequent B. Natural C. Disastrous D. Previous53. A. in return for B. in case of C. in spite of D. because of54. A. warming B. falling C. gathering D. changing55. A. forecasts B. varieties C. patterns D. illustrationsKEYS:BCABD DACBCCelebrities, in other word, famous people, have become one of the most important representatives of popular culture. Fans used to be crazy about a specific film, but now the public tends to base its consumption on the interest of celebrity attached to a specific ____41____. Besides, fashion magazines have almost ____42____ the practice of putting models on the cover because they don't sell nearly as well as famous faces. ____43____, celebrities have realized their unbelievably powerful market potential, moving from advertising for others’ products to developing their own.Celebrity clothing lines aren't a completely new phenomenon, but in the past they were typically aimed at the ____44____ consumers, while today they’re started by first-class stars whose products enjoy equal fame with some world top ____45____. The most successful start-ups have been those by celebrities with specific personal style. As celebrities become more and more experienced at the market, they expand their production scale ____46____, covering almost all the products of daily life.However, for every success story, there’s a related warning tale of a celebrity who ____47____ his consum er appeal. No matter how famous the product’s origin is, if it ____48____ to impress consumers with its own qualities it begins to resemble an exercise in self-promotional marketing. And once the initial attention dies down, consumer interest might fade, ____49____ returning to labels which have proved to be reliable.Today, celebrities face even more severe ____50____. The pop-cultural circle might be bigger than ever, but its rate of turnover(逆转) has ____51____ as well. Each misstep threatens to reduce a celebrity’s shelf life and the same newspaper or magazine that once brought him ____52____ has no problem severely criticizing him and taking everything from him when the opportunity appears. Still, the ego’s(自我的) potential for ____53____ is limitless. Having already achieved great wealth and public recognition, many celebrities see ____54____ as the nextfrontier to be conquered. As the saying goes, success and failure always go hand in hand. Their success as designers might last only a short time and as a matter of fact, fashion - like celebrity - has always been ____55____. So the next time celebrities introduce their lines of fashion, let’s just wait and see how long they will stay.41. A. film B. character C. product D. magazine42. A. abandoned B. promoted C. enhanced D. developed43. A. All in all B. As a result C. Above all D. On the contrary44. A. wealthy B. famous C. special D. ordinary45. A. technologies B. brands C. studios D. producers46. A. rapidly B. moderately C. reluctantly D. carefully47. A. ignored B. disapproved C. overvalued D. estimated48. A. intends B. fails C. manages D. strengthens49. A. loyalty B. promotion C. regret D. disappointment50. A. depression B. failure C. punishment D. embarrassment51. A. slowed down B. called off C. speeded up D. faded away52. A. fame B. fortune C. trouble D. risk53. A. information B. knowledge C. reputation D. expansion54. A. audience B. fashion C. charm D. performance55. A. admirable B. productive C. temporary D. respectableKEYS:CABDB ACBAD CADBCMultitaskingWhat is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop? The products 41 at the entrance? Or the soft background music?But have you ever noticed the smell? Unless it is bad, the answer is likely to be no. But whilea shop's scent may not be outstanding 42 sights and sounds, it is certainly there. And it is providing to be an increasing powerful tool in encouraging people to 43 .A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance, via scent machines. A smell may be 44 but it may not just be used for freshening air. One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores, customers’45 to purchase increased by 80 percent.When it comes to the best shopping streets in Pairs, scent is just as important to a brands46 as the quality of its window displays and goods on sales. That is mainly because shopping is a very 47 experience to what it used to be.Some years ago, the ___48_____for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants’ ____49___ attitude and don’t-touch-what-you-can’t-afford displays. Now the 50 of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. Bui while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricks-and-mortar stores (实体店）can offer a full experience from the minute customers 51 through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop, but rather a(n) 52____. And scent is just one way to _53__ __ this.Now a famous store uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder 54____ through the kid department, and coconut scent in the swimsuit section. A department store has even opened a new lab, inviting customers on a journey into the store’s windows to smell books, pots and drawers, 55____their perfect scent.KEYS:CBABC DAADB ACBDCThe two most common organizational patterns of the family are the nuclear family and the extended family. To a large extent, these patterns __41__ a society’s primary subsistence (存在) strategy.American social scientists have generally agreed that families everywhere fulfill four crucial social __42__: (a) reproduction of new members, (b) child care, (c) socialization of children tovalues, traditions, and norms of the society, and (d) intimacy and support for members. Although we can define the family __43__ its functions, the emphasis given to each of them varies widely both geographically and __44__. For example, in nineteenth-century America, people married mainly to have children. Today, emotional support among family members has now become the dominant function of the family, and the family has become an economic unit for consumption rather than for __45__.In recent years, social scientists have discovered important __46__ in family types, such as the single-parent family and the nuclear family fixed within a network of kin (亲戚). American families also __47__ according to soci al class. A couple’s social class affects the number of children they will decide to have, if any, and also the likelihood of __48__ to the family because of illness, death, or divorce. Social class also influences the amount of stress a marriage is likely to undergoand the way parents raise their children.__49__, the extent to which American families now differ by __50__ appears to be much less than it was fifty years ago.The American family has been __51__ in a number of ways over the past few decades. Many people are marrying later, having children later, and having fewer children or none at all. These social changes have __52__ diverse household patterns, including single-person households and childless couples. Role changes are also occurring as both partners pursue __53__ and share family responsibilities.Many innovative family arrangements are attempts to enhance the commitment of marriage while increasing individual freedom and fulfillment. In this way, families are __54__ such broad social trends as delayed marriage, greater participation of women in the job market, and a rising rate of divorce. Undoubtedly, the American family will continue to be subjected to such pressures, but how __55__ will these future adaptations be?41.A. reflect B. change C. confirm D. replace42.A. performances B. activities C. relations D. functions43.A. with regard to B. in terms of C. in combination with D. for the purpose of44.A. racially B. financially C. historically D. spiritually45.A. inhabitation B. competition C. connection D. production46.A. variations B. units C. arrangements D. characteristics47.A. develop B. extend C. differ D. evolve48.A. contribution B. destruction C. combination D. application49.A. Therefore B. Also C. Contrarily D. However50.A. family size B.work pressure C. economic status D. social class51.A. expanding B. divided C. valued D. changing52.A. focused on B. resulted in C. appealed to D. called for53.A. trends B. study C. careers D. goals54.A. adapting to B. dealing with C. worrying about D. getting rid of55.A. sociable B. available C. extensive D. naturalKeys:41-55 ADBCD ACBDD DBCACDirections MatterJet lag (时差感) may be the worst part of travelling, and it hits many people harder travellingeast than west. Why they feel this way isThe model imitates the way neuronal oscillator cells (神经振子细胞) 42 crossing time zones. These cells in our brains 43 our biological clocks. However, the cells don’t quite operate on a perfect 24-hour schedule. Instead, their activity follows a 44 that lasts slightly longer than that, about 24.5 hours. According to Michelle Girvan, an associate professor of physics at the University of Maryland and a co-author of the study, that means it’s 45 for us to extend the length of a day—for example, by flying west across time zones—than to shorten the day, by flying east.The scientists found that for 46 travel, a person who crossed three time zones would fully 47 in a little less than four days. For six time zones, recovery would take about six days. For nine time zones, the recovery would take just less than eight days.However, when a person travels eastward, the recovery time doesn’t match up as 48 . When a person crosses three time zones going east, it takes a little more than four days to recover. For six time zones, the recovery time 49 to more than eight days. And for nine time zones, the recovery period is more than 12 days.Girvan noted that not everyone has a biological clock of exactly 24.5 hours. 50 , it varies from person to person. The other factor to consider is 51 cues such as sunlight, Girvan added. How a person reacts to these cues can also 52 how quickly he or she will adjust to a new time zone.The scientists hope that their new model can be used in the future to figure out the best ways to 53 jet lag. For example, if you will be traveling six time zones eastward, start by setting your clock ahead an hour or two several days before you leave. And when you arrive in a new time zone, make sure that the outside cues you are exposed to 54 the new time zone. That means that if it’s daytime in the new time zone, expose yourself to sunlight. And if it’s nighttime, avoid artificial 55 , including those from smartphones and computers, to help your biological clock adjust.41. A. incredible B. apparent C. surprising D. unclear42. A. cope with B. account for C. respond to D. result in43. A. kick B. watch C. stop D. regulate44. A. cycle B. routine C. process D. pattern45. A. safer B. easier C. more dangerous D. more difficult46. A. eastward B. southward C. westward D. northward47. A. adjust B. understand C. prepare D. change48. A. relatively B. nicely C. classically D. awkwardly49. A. reduces B. jumps C. contributes D. leads50. A. Moreover B. Otherwise C. However D. Rather51. A. external B. verbal C. social D. chemical52. A. promote B. emphasize C. impact D. orient53. A. form B. endure C. shelter D. beat54. A. specify B. match C. shift D. destroy55. A. lights B. barriers C. flavours D. soundsKeys:41. D 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. B 50. D 51. A 52. C 53. D 54. B 55. A。

虹口区Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that fits the context.This article is for all of the teenagers out there. Even though ___41___ you are years from being fully grown, society regularly expects you to adult. Yes, you are ___42___ in many ways; many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would ___43___ many adults. But you probably cannot process caffeine （咖啡因）as constantly as your parents can because of your still-growing bodies and brains.I understand it feels grown-up to be drinking a cup of Starbucks. But all of this caffeine may worsen your anxiety, affect tonight’s sleep and tomorrow’s school performance, ___44___ nutrient absorption and even cause real trouble when mixed with alcohol. The following four aspects may well __45____ the theme of this article.The power of caffeineCaffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable, universally used, even cool, but it still causes ___46___ symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-addicts’ diets.How much is healthy?Caffeine is by no means a nutrient; you do not need it to be healthy. ___47___, it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients because it has been shown to reduce calcium （钙）. Caffeine probablecauses the body to release water. And the more caffeinated drinks you consume, the less likely you are to drink water. So experts say that adolescents should consume ___48___ amount of caffeine a day (≤100mg).Caffeine’s ___49___.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 65 percent of middle and higher schoolers are 50 to insufficient sleep on school nights. Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to (归因于) caffeine, which can remain in the body for seven hours after_51, thus causing teens worse performance the next day. It is widely assumed that adequate sleep_52 proper growth and brain development. During childhood and adolescence, the brain goes through a period called synaptic pruning( 突触修剪) when unnecessary connections are promoted.Caffeine labellingCaffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels because it is not a 53. It may be listed as an ingredient, but the amount is not required. Caffeine is now added to foods such as gum, candy and water, along with makeup and beauty products that 54 to reduce swelling (肿块)Taste preferences and eating habits are often cultivated in childhood and adolescence, so teens, when you consume sweet, caffeinated drinks every time you feel sluggish(无精打采的, you are creating a pattern that may be hard to break as an adult. It is advisable to come up with other 55 ways to boost energy so that you can masteradulting better than many adults.41A. potentially B. necessarily C. developmentally D. materially42A. mature B. experienced C. productive D. disciplined 43A. delight B. frustrate C. liberate D. exclude44A. promote B. assist C. intensify D. discourage45A. call for B. account for C. turn to D. appeal to46A. withdrawal B. addiction C. nutrition D. infection47A. Therefore B. Instead C. Moreover D. Otherwise 48A. initial B. sufficient C. moderate D. stable 49A. reputations B. confirmations C. implications D. disadvantages 50A. subjected B. alerted C. reduced D. opposed 51A. stimulation B. concentration C. excitement D. consumption 52A. results from B. contributes to C. benefits from D. attends to 53A. therapy B. material C. nutrient D. substitute54A. fail B. appear C. promise D. happen 55A. instructive B. comprehensive C. extensive D. alternative答案CABDB ; ABCDA; DBCCD静安区Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.You’ve been painting for a few years, and maybe you have even sold a painting or two. Are you ready to ___41___ the title of an amateur artist?Distinguishing green hand from professional artists is ___42___ task. It is not just a matter of your ability to create nice paintings. It’s not only about painting techniques. And for most cases, it doesn’t happen ___43___. Very few artists become overnight success without years of struggle and suffering.To turn professional, people find it critical to develop a personal style. What makes your paintings ___44___ among other paintings out there? Are your paintings standing out unmistakably directed to you as the creator? A personal style comes along with technique, painting medium, and subject and it tends to develop gradually over time. You ___45___ it through unconscious and constant exploring and self-shaping. Style does not mean that you are painting the same subject or using the same painting medium. Salvador Dali used to use many artistic media, but they all have a ___46___ Dali style. Style refers to the emotions and thoughts delivered by your paintings, which people can identify with. Their ___47___ of the painter is then a sure thing.Artists talk about their ___48___ all of the time. What gets you out of bed every morning to paint? How do you find the energy to have all your time devoted to painting? ___49___, we all love to do what we do and we get a satisfaction out of creating. For the professional artist, it goes beyond that. Some artists wish to convey a deep message concerning life, society or even politics. Others simply seek ___50___ returns to cover kids’ tuition fees or pay family bills. Yet, all professional artists know that they have to keep working to achieve the goals.Many amateur artists passively wait for ___51___ to come. If they are not in the mood, they do not bother wasting the time. They sometimes allow themselves to be occupied by events like parties. Professionals are never easily ___52___ or torn away from their art work in progress. Focused on their work so much, some even regard spending time outside their ___53___ as crime ___54___ is their secret to high productivity.Besides, professional artists are constantly prepared to grab new ideas for the next painting, which they believe is sure to be better than the previous one. The belief that there is always room for ___55___ keeps driving them forward in the art world where many masters have come along.41. A. step beyond B. turn off C. see through D. make up42. A. rewarding B. tricky C. formal D. temporary43. A. individually B. thoroughly C. instantly D. sincerely44. A. unique B. superior C. practical D. reliable45. A. acquire B. transfer C. imitate D. analyze46. A. recent B. distinct C. modest D. logical47. A. preservation B. employment C. adaption D. recognition48. A. background B. significance C. motivation D. routine49. A. To sum up B. In contrast C. In addition D. In general50. A. academic B. global C. financial D. original51. A. inspiration B. fame C. guidance D. solution52. A. offended B. dominated C. distracted D. rewarded53. A. studio B. bedroom C. garage D. garden54. A. Reflection B. Devotion C. Creativity D. illustration55 A negotiation B profit C criticism D improvement答案ABCAA; BDCDC; ACABD;杨浦区Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.According to German novelist Heinrich Mann (1871-1950), a house without books is like a room without windows. Mann ___41___ pointed out the value of books, but some researchers have found evidence that people with books in their homes really do gain a window on the world.A new study in the journal Social Science Research, publishing inOctober, suggests that people who grow up with more books are more likely to have educational ___42___, and to achieve more in life, than people who grow up without them. In the study, over 160,000 adults from 31 countries and regions were asked about the number of books there were in their homes when they were 16 years old. Then they were_ 43_ in literacy, numeracy (计算能力) and information communication technology.The research shows that the number of books for each household 44_ greatly from country to country.45 _, the number of books is27 in Turkey, 143 in the UK and 218 in Estonia. But "the total46_ of home library size on literacy are large everywhere” , according to researcher Joann Sikorn of Australian National University ina paper based on the study.The researcher found that people who had lower levels of secondary education but had a large number of books at home got a(n)_47_ score as university graduates who grew up with only a few books.The Guardian newspaper commented that “bookish adolescence makes for a good deal of educational advantage.""Reading books in a young age can_ 48 shortcomings not only in adult literacy but also numeracy; its impacts are __49 to additional years of education."Sikora told Science Alert.Apart from the educational benefits, growing up with more books also plays an important role in adult success."Early_50_ to books in the parental home matters because books are an essential part of routines and practices that 5l_ lifelong cognitive(认知的)abilities", Sikora told Science Alert. These abilities are_ 52_ to future development.Without doubt, the fact that we are moving toward a digital era could_ 53_ the importance of printed books. For now, 54_, "they still seem to_ 55_ quite a positive benefit, which shows no sign of decreasing", researchers wrote in the paper.41. A. simply B. definitely C. generally D. randomly42 A. backgrounds B. advantages C. requirements D. development43. A. estimated B. examined C. tested D. investigated44 A. changes B. alters C. shifts D. varies45 A By comparison B. As a result C. For instance D. In total46. A. effects B. expenses C. inputs D. contributions47. A. higher B. lower C. average D. similar48. A. make up for B break up with C. live up to D. catch up with49 A. senior B. essential C. equal D. familiar50. A. addition B. engagement C. devotion D. exposure51. A. prove B. demonstrate C. enhance D. acquire52. A. relevant B. crucial C. opposite D. compulsory53. A. weaken B. highlight C. overestimate D. reflect54. A. therefore B. however C otherwise D. likewise55. A. enjoy B. obtain C. maintain D. reduce答案：ABCDC; ADACD; CBABC;奉贤区Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.“Nature and Nurture”People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another isThey want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certainmatter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very differentThe controversy(争论) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristicsbehavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completelythat our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beingsview of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humansthe US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are geneticallyscores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational andother environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do notNeither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. As a matter oftwo extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.41. A. sensitive B. productive C. competitive D. aggressive42. A. moderately B. extremely C. reluctantly D. scarcely43. A. distinct B. reliable C. relevant D. equal44. A. objectors B. operators C. opponents D. advocates45. A. claim B. support C. resolve D. inherit46. A. completely B. largely C. thoroughly D. merely47. A. sensitive B. open C. central D. subject48. A. abilities B. capacities C. personalities D. instincts49. A. experts B. scientists C. environmentalists D. behaviorists50. A. shaped B. dominated C. oppressed D. restricted51. A. environmental B. biological C. genetic D. psychological52. A. temporary B. slight C. fatal D. far-reaching53. A. on the contrary B. as a whole C. after all D. for instance54. A. habits B. responses C. characteristics D. advantages55. A. necessary B. impossible C. unreasonable D. likely答案CBADB ; BCDDA; ADABD;宝山区Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The search for new, clean energy sources have occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years. One common ___41___ for green energy is the wind. A new twist on this old resource could cause energy output of wind-power plants to increase greatly.Standard wind power plants rely on strong support and ___42___ can only reach the height of 200 meters or so. Higher than that, winds tend to be stronger and steadier, but the challenge is ___43___ how to obtain the energy from those winds.Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite-power research group. The group is working to develop kites with inflatable (可充气的) wings ___44___ to electrical generator (发电机) on the ground.The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for 24 hours. Research has begun, but many challenges remain, including making the generator more ___45___ and perfecting the automatic flight control and structure of the kites. Nevertheless, in June 2012, they demonstrated that their kites could operate ___46___ at an altitude of up to 700 meters.Meanwhile, in Italy, researchers are working on a(n) ___47___ power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen, senses wind blowing, kites are ___48___ from the end of poles with high-resistance cables to control their height and angle. These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses coming object ___49___ planes, helicopters or even individual birds. The kites themselves are light, tough and able to reach fairly high altitude. The loop (绕行) around in the wind, which sets the center of the generator in emotion ___50___ electric current.KiteGen has the ___51___ to be very cost-effective in the long run. After the original cost of designing and setting up the plant, little ___52___ investment will be necessary, apart from standard maintenance. The plant also requires ___53___ little space, which makes it ideal for cities and means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more ___54___.Kite power has the potential to greatly ___55___ on current wind power strategies. In the future, it may be an efficient cost efficient supplement to the other sources of energy use or even a replacement for some of them41. A resolution B. proposal C. resource D. substitute42. A. generally B. frequently C. continually D. regularly43. A. carrying out B. figuring out C. breaking out D. picking out44. A. chosen B. applied C. collected D. connected45. A. efficient B. complete C. powerful D. positive46. A. actively B. passively C. automatically D. artificially47. A. strange B. similar C. different D. original48 A fastened B. revealed C. tailored D. released49. A. except for B. instead of C. such as D. due to50. A. producing B. inventing C. promoting D. developing51. A. qualification B. potential C. trend D. intention52. A. normal B. formal C. additional D. alternate53. A. concretely B.abstractly C thoroughly D. relatively54. A. energy B. strength C. technology D. opportunity55. A. focus B. extend C. improve D. transfer答案；CABDA; CBDCA; BCDAC黄浦区Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Keeping The Taps Running in Thirsty CitiesWater covers 71% of Earth’s surface yet only 2% of it is accessible as a source of fresh water. ___41___ on this limited resources is rising, a trend likely to continue.It is important to recognize that it is not just city residents who ___42___ water. Agriculture, industry and tourism often require more water than the municipal water supply. Globally, 70% of fresh water is ___43___ for agriculture, but locally in heavily irrigated（灌溉）areas this can increate to 90%. A healthy environment also requires fresh water, and the quality of available water is as important as its ___44___.Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas. ___45___ for water resources between different users within river catchments or basins can also be a cause.Every thirsty city operates within its own context, ___46___ to the challenge of providing adequate water supplies. Cape Town, ___47___, has faced three years of drought during which winter rains failed to materialize. At the end of the 2017 rainy season the city faced the ___48___ of its dams running dry during 2018. The dams were only 37% full—in the same week four yearsbefore they were full to the top. In January 2018, it was ___49___ that Cape Town would reach Day Zero, when it would be forced to turn off the taps, in April. This was despite the city reducing its water use by more than half, from 1.2 billion litres a day in 2015 to fewer than 600 million litres, and working ___50___ with industry and agriculture to reduce demand.On February 1, the authorities put in place a strict limit of 50 litres of water per person per day. ___51___, in Britain this is considered enough for a five-minute shower of half a washing machine cycle on full load.In addition, a ban was placed on using ___52___ water for gardens, water management devices were installed at household with a high water use and the water pressure was reduced to cut demand and leaks. At the same, the city launched a media ___53___ to change habits and introduced higher duties. This is not without its costs; agriculture and tourism, both significant areas of employment, have ___54___. It is a classic example of the problem of water economics-the cost of water is low but the cost of a lack of water is very high.Crises such as the Cape Town drought are in danger of becoming the new norm. The ___55___ of Day Zero must serve as a wake-up call for cities across the world to develop cost-effective water management strategies to cope with an uncertain future.41. A. Impact B. Pressure C. Impression D. Observation42. A. recycle B. waste C. consume D. apply43. A. restored B. abstracted C. separated D. preserved44. A. change B. source C. origin D. volume45. A. Competition B. Protection C. Construction D. Regulation46. A. contributing B. regarding C. responding D. referring47. A. in addition B. for example C. on the contrary D. as a result48. A. prospect B. illustration C. symptom D. security49. A. reported B. presented C. predicted D. explained50. A. respectively B. increasingly C. restrictively D. extensively51. A. By comparison B. In other words C. To our surprise D. What’s more52. A. feasible B. drinkable C. inevitable D. influential53. A. campaign B. statement C. presentation D. advertisement54. A. invaded B. liberated C. suffered D. proceeded55. A. change B. theory C. record D. threat答案；BCBDA; CBACD; ABACD;嘉定区Section A (15分)Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary three that is distinct from the one that led to humans. But they constantly astonish researchers with __41__ behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and __42__ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended fami ly members who then aren’t free to breed themselves.A new study further __43__ the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones __44__ than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for __45__ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket（蟋蟀）with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more __46__ explanation.One possibility is that an individual practices __47__ as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By __48__ that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may __49__ prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior __50__ that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of __51__ partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) __52__. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the __53__ appeared to be true.Anthropologists（人类学家）from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often ,in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared theircricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time. "Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or 54 avoidance," the study author reported. "Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more 55 expressed when individuals are alone with young.”41. A. animal B. careful C. social D. individual42. A. evolving B. communicating C. organizing D. parenting43. A. shines B. damages C. affects D. protects44. A. at play B. in private C. on schedule D. by accident45. A. adequate B. effective C. continual D. mutual46. A. creative B. complex C. specific D. official47. A. generosity B. wisdom C. independence D. governance48. A. promising B. demonstrating C. pretending D. explaining49. A. count on B. go after C. appeal to D. benefit from50. A. assumes B. confirms C. enhances D. concludes51. A. regular B. dominant C. potential D. previous52. A. atmosphere B. audience C. feedback D. judge53. A. statistics B. expectations C. argument D. opposite54. A. responsibility B. punishment C. arrangement D. difficulty55. A. strongly B. casually C. delicately D. fearlessly答案；CDABD; CABCA; CBDBA;金山区Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The constant working engine that drives the majority of human action is, undoubtedly, the fragrant dream of individualism. And while the presence of its scent is (41) throughout the world entirely, its value is worshipped (敬奉) to such an extent in a land no other than that ofAmerica.As the framework of its history, America holds individuality as the ever-popular green light, the essence of which becomes the symbol of hope for, well, almost everything. In fact, in America’s current social status, indivi duality has become something of a birthright, and a (42) applied upon the face of the media, where it was (43) valued as the American dream. There is no denying the popularity of this idol in American society, and little hope for (44) it.However, (45) most pride themselves in their individualistic state, perhaps humans, when stripped (剥) to their core (核心), are everything but.It is no new discovery that people are the sum of their experiences. The overwhelming majority of human experiences involve other humans, along with the (46) and relationships between them. It is a (47) occurrence when a life is built upon events without this stimulus. Indeed, interaction is the core of experience. Therefore, in order that humans are the sum of their experiences, they must be the sum of the people that they meet, just as well.As an Americanized teen, I found the discovery that not only my self-entitled individualism was (48) , but that I, as a being, was a product, increasingly unsettling to accept. Questions (49)_____ me such as “If I am bits and pieces of everyone I have met — my family, my teachers, all of my friends, and even strangers — then what is left that is just me? What part of me is just me? How much of myself is the combining of different parts of different people? Is such a (50) between myself and others even possible?”Such are inquiries that will continue to be thought about, as I have come to accept that they will remain a (51) . Therefore, with the allowance of these questions, the response must be a (52)_______ in the definition of “oneself”. The previously mentioned questions no longer concern me, as I have put a stop to the idea that the “real” me is some lost isolated island on top of an ocean of influence.I realized that my personality cannot depend on a(n) (53) between influence and individualism, as such is a line that cannot be distinct. (54) , I must be a person whose calmness is a beautifully hazy mixture, and a steady question. Thus, it is the commonly unnoticed durable mystery that is the frustration of those who can (55) the lie of individualism. Hopefully, they will come into acceptance.41. A. unpredictable B. untrustworthy C. unreliable D. undeniable42. A. necessity B. characteristic C. mark D. model43. A. later B. previously C. extremely D. publicly44. A. destroying B. appreciating C. chasing D. escaping45. A. though B. if C. since D. as46. A. conflict B. tension C. interaction D. cooperation47. A. common B. rare C. frequent D. strange48. A. right B. justified C. unclear D. false49. A. affected B. interrupted C. bothered D. surprised50. A. separation B. combination C. contrast D. communication51. A. secret B. mystery C. truth D. fantasy52. A. gap B. belief C. factor D. change53. A. distinction B. connection C. exchange D. medium54. A. Therefore B. However C. Instead D. Furthermore55. A. break up B. make up C. cope with D. see through答案；DABDA; CBDCA; BDACD;浦东新区Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Early decision---you apply to one school, and admission is binding (有法律约束力的)---seems like a great choice for nervous applicants. Schools ___41___ a higher percentage of early-decision applicants, which arguably means that you have a better chance of being enrolled. And if you do, you're done with the whole painful process by December. But most students and parents don't realize that schools have hidden ___43___ for offering early decision.Early decision, since it's binding, allows schools to fill their classes with qualified students: it allows ___43___ committees to select the students that are in particular demand for their college and know those students will come. It also gives schools a higher yield rate(优秀学生率), which is often used as one of the ways to ___44___ college selectivity and popularity.The problem is that this process effectively ___45___ the window of time students have to make。

III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.This article is for all of the teenagers out there. Even though ___41___ you are years from being fully grown, society regularly expects you to adult. Yes, you are ___42___ in many ways: many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would ___43___ many adults. But you probably cannot process caffeine(咖啡因) as constantly as your parents can because of your still-growing bodies and brains.I understand it feels grown-up to be drinking a cup of Starbucks. But all of this caffeine may worsen your anxiety, affect tonight’s sleep and tomorrow’s school performance, ___44___ nutrient absorption and even cause real trouble when mixed with alcohol. The following four aspects may well ___45___ the theme of this article.The power of caffeineCaffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable, universally used, even cool, but it still causes ___46___ symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-addicts’ diets.How much is healthy?Caffeine is by no means a nutrient; you do not need it to be healthy. ___47___, it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients because it has been shown to reduce calcium (钙). Caffeine probably causes the body to release water. And the more caffeinated drinks you consume, the less likely you are to drink water. So experts say that adolescents should consume ___48___ amounts of caffeine a day (≤100 mg).Caffeine’s ___49___According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 65 percent of middle and higher schoolers are ___50___ to insufficient sleep on school nights. Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to (归因于) caffeine, which can remain in the body for seven hours after ___51___, thus causing teens’ worse performance the next day. It is widely assumed that adequate sleep ___52___ proper growth and brain development. During childhood and adolescence, thebrain goes through a period called synaptic pruning(突触修剪) when unnecessary connections are promoted.Caffeine labellingCaffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels because it is not a ___53___. It may be listed as an ingredient, but the amount is not required. Caffeine is now added to foods such as gum, candy and water, along with makeup and beauty products that ___54___ to reduce swelling (肿块).Taste preferences and eating habits are often cultivated in childhood and adolescence, so teens, when you consume sweet, caffeinated drinks every time you feel sluggish (无精打采的), you are creating a pattern that may be hard to break as an adult. It is advisable to come up with other ___55___ ways to boost energy so that you can master adulting better than many adults.41. A. potentially B. necessarily C. developmentally D. materially42. A. mature B. experienced C. productive D. disciplined43. A. delight B. frustrate C. liberate D. exclude44. A. promote B. assist C. intensify D. discourage45. A. call for B. account for C. turn to D. appeal to46. A. withdrawal B. addiction C. nutrition D. infection47. A. Therefore B. Instead C. Moreover D. Otherwise48. A. initial B. sufficient C. moderate D. stable49. A. reputations B. confirmations C. implications D. disadvantages50. A. subjected B. alerted C. reduced D. opposed51. A. stimulation B. concentration C. excitement D. consumption52. A. results from B. contributes to C. benefits from D. attends to53. A. therapy B. material C. nutrient D. substitute54. A. fail B. appear C. promise D. happen55. A. instructive B. comprehensive C. extensive D. alternativeKeys: 41-45 CABDB 46-50 ABCDA 51-55 DBCCDⅢ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Keeping The Taps Running in Thirsty CitiesWater covers 71% of Earth’s surface yet only 2% of it is accessible as a source of fresh water. ___41___ on this limited resources is rising, a trend likely to continue.It is important to recognize that it is not just city residents who ___42___ water. Agriculture, industry and tourism often require more water than the municipal water supply. Globally, 70% of fresh water is ___43___ for agriculture, but locally in heavily irrigated(灌溉) areas this can increase to 90%. A healthy environment also requires fresh water, and the quality of available water is as important as its ___44___.Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas. ___45___ for water resources between different users within river catchments or basins can also be a cause.Every thirsty city operates within its own context, ___46___ to the challenge of providing adequate water supplies. Cape Town, ___47___, has faced three years of drought during which winter rains failed to materialize. At the end of the 2017 rainy season the city faced the ___48___ of its dams running dry during 2018. The dams were only 37% full—in the same week four years before they were full to the top. In January 2018, it was ___49___ that Cape Town would reach Day Zero, when it would be forced to turn off the taps, in April. This was despite the city reducing its water use by more than half, from 1.2 billion litres a day in 2015 to fewer than 600 million litres, and working ___50___ with industry and agriculture to reduce demand.On February 1, the authorities put in place a strict limit of 50 litres of water per person per day. ___51___, in Britain this is considered enough for a five-minute shower of half a washing machine cycle on full load.In addition, a ban was placed on using ___52___ water for gardens, water management devices were installed at household with a high water use and the water pressure was reduced to cut demand and leaks. At the same, the city launched a media ___53___ to change habits and introduced higher duties. This is not without its costs; agriculture and tourism, both significant areas of employment, have ___54___. It is a classic example of the problem of watereconomics-the cost of water is low but the cost of a lack of water is very high.Crises such as the Cape Town drought are in danger of becoming the new norm. The ___55___ of Day Zero must serve as a wake-up call for cities across the world to develop cost-effective water management strategies to cope with an uncertain future.41. A. Impact B. Pressure C. Impression D. Observation42. A. recycle B. waste C. consume D. apply43. A. restored B. abstracted C. separated D. preserved44. A. change B. source C. origin D. volume45. A. Competition B. Protection C. Construction D. Regulation46. A. contributing B. regarding C. responding D. referring47. A. in addition B. for example C. on the contrary D. as a result48. A. prospect B. illustration C. symptom D. security49. A. reported B. presented C. predicted D. explained50. A. respectively B. increasingly C. restrictively D. extensively51. A. By comparison B. In other words C. To our surprise D. What’s more52. A. feasible B. drinkable C. inevitable D. influential53. A. campaign B. statement C. presentation D. advertisement54. A. invaded B. liberated C. suffered D. proceeded55. A. change B. theory C. record D. threatKeys: 41-45 BCBDA 46-50 CBACD 51-55 ABACDⅢ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Early decision-you apply to one school, and admission is binding(有法律约束力的)---seems like a great choice for nervous applicants. Schools ___41___ a higher percentage of early-decisionapplicants, which arguably means that you have a better chance of being enrolled. And if you do, you’re done with the whole painful process by December. But most students and parents don’t realize that schools have hidden ___42___ for offering early decision.Early decision, since it’s binding, allows schools to fill their classes with qualified students; it allows ___43___ committees to select the students that are in particular demand for their college and know those students will come. It also gives schools a higher yield rate(优秀学生率), which is often used as one of the ways to ___44___ college selectivity and popularity.The problem is that this process effectively ___45___ the window of time students have to make one of the most important decisions of their lives up to that point. Under ___46___ admissions, seniors have until May 1 to choose which school to attend; early decision effectively steals six months from them, months that could be used to visit more schools, do more research, speak to current students and alumni (校友) and arguably make a more ___47___ decision.There are, frankly, an astonishing number of exceptional colleges in America, and for any given student, there are a number of schools that are a great ___48___. When students become too fixated (专注) on a particular school early in the admissions process, that fixation can lead to ___49___severe disappointment if they don't get in or, if they do, the possibility that they are now bound to go to a school that, given time for further ___50___, may not actually be right for them.Early decision offers a genuine admissions edge, that advantage goes largely to students who already have ___51___ advantages. The students who use early decision tend to be those who have received higher-quality college guidance, usually a result of coming from a more privileged background. ___52___, there’s an argument against early decision, as students from lower-income families are far less likely to have the admissions know-how(招生诀窍) to ___53___ figure out the often confusing early deadlines.Students who have done their research and are confident that there's one school they would be thrilled to get into should, under the current system, probably ___54___ under early decision. But for students who haven't yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely ___55____ the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.41. A. let in B. turn down C. make up D. give away42. A. dangers B. costs C. assumptions D. purposes43. A. admissions B. joint C. inquiry D. investigative44. A. detail B. measure C. achieve D. represent45. A. neglects B. provides C. shortens D. marks46. A. future B. regular C. random D. compulsory47. A. informed B. honoured C. imposed D. complicated48. A. fit B. aid C. hit D. net49. A. therefore B. otherwise C. however D. furthermore50. A. comment B. enhancement C. implication D. reflection51. A. mutual B. favourite C. numerous D. temporary52. A. In other words B. In this regard C. In particular D. In brief53. A. hesitantly B. relatively C. deliberately D. efficiently54. A. consult B. volunteer C. adjust D. apply55. A. occupies B. encloses C. narrows D. exploresKeys: 41-45 ADABC 46-50 BAABD 51-55 CBDDCIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researchers with ___41___ behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and ___42___ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.A new study further ___43___ the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones ___44___ than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for ___45___ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket（蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more ___ 46___ explanationOne possibility is that an individual practices ___ 47___ as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By ___ 48___ that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may ___49___ prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior ___50___ that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of ___51___ partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) ___52___. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the ___53___ appeared to be trueAnthropologists (人类学家) from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that he lping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or ___54___ avoidance, “ the study authors reported Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more ___55___ expressed when individuals are alone with young.”41.A. animal B. careful C. social D. individual42.A. evolving B communicating C organizing D. parenting43.A shines B damages C. affects D protests44.A. at play B in private C. on schedule D by accident45.A. adequate B effective C. continual D. mutual46.A. creative B complex C specific D. official47.A. generosity B wisdom C independence D governance48.A. promising B demonstrating C. pretending D. explaining49.A. count on B. go after C. appeal to D. benefit from50. A. assumes B. confirms C. enhances D. concludes51. A. regular B. dominant C. potential D. previous52. A. atmosphere B. audience C. feedback D. judge53. A. statistics B. expectation C. argument D. opposite54. A. responsibility B. punishment C. arrangement D. difficulty55. A. strongly B. causally C. delicately D. fearlesslyKeys: 41 -45 CDABD 36-50 CABCA 51-55 CBDBAIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.For centuries, time was measured by the position of the sun with the use of sundials. Noon was recognized when the sun was the highest in the sky, and cities would set their clock by this apparent ___41___ time, even though some cities would often be on a slightly different time. Daylight Saving Time (DST), sometimes called summer time, was ___42___ to make better use of daylight. Thus, clocks are set forward one hour in the spring to move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening and then set back one hour in the fall to return to ___43___ daylight.Benjamin Franklin first conceived the idea of daylight saving during his term as an American delegate in Paris in 1784 and wrote about it ___44___ in his essay, “An Economical Project.” It is said that Franklin awoke early one morning and was surprised to see the sunlight at such an hour. Always the ___45___, Franklin believed the practice of moving the time could save on the use of candlelight, as candles were expensive at the time.In England, builder William Willett (1857–1915) became a strong supporter for Daylight Saving Time upon noticing blinds(百叶窗) of many houses were ___46___ on an early sunny morning. Willet believed everyone, including himself, would appreciate longer hours of light in the evenings. In 1909, Sir Robert Pearce ___47___ a bill in the House of Commons to make it obligatory(义务) to ___48___ the clocks. A bill was drafted and introduced into Parliament several times but met with great opposition, mostly from farmers. ___49___, in 1925, it was decided that summer time should begin on the day following the third Saturday in April and close after the first Saturday in October.The U.S. Congress passed the Standard Time Act of 1918 to establish standard time and ___50___ and set Daylight Saving Time across the continent. This act also devised(制定) five time ___51___ throughout the United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska. The first time zone was set on “the mean astronomical time of the seventy-fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich” (England). In 1919, this act was abandoned.President Roosevelt established year-round Daylight Saving Time (also called War Time) from 1942–1945. However, after this period, each state ___52___ its own DST, which proved to be ___53___ to television and radio broadcasting and transportation. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson created the Department of Transportation and signed the Uniform Time Act. As a result, the Department of Transportation was given the responsibility for the time laws. During the oil embargo(禁运) and energy crisis of the 1970s, President Richard Nixon ___54___ DST through the Daylight Saving Time Energy Act of 1973 to conserve energy further. This law was ___55___ in 1986, and Daylight Saving Time was reset to begin on the first Sunday in April (to spring ahead) and end on the last Sunday in October (to fall back).41.A. popular B. solar C. particular D. singular42.A. employed B. evaluated C. distributed D. contributed43.A. fruitful B. full C. beautiful D. normal44.A. negatively B. alternatively C. extensively D. aggressively45.A. journalist B. physicist C. chemist D. economist46.A. closed B. opened C. fixed D. installed47.A. introduced B. restricted C. donated D. deleted48.A. stop B. adjust C. wind D. mend49.A. Permanently B. Eventually C. Unfortunately D. Theoretically50.A. reserve B. persevere C. preserve D. observe51.A. places B. districts C. zones D. territories52.A. interrupted B. tempted C. imported D. adopted53.A. pleasing B. confusing C. convincing D. comforting54.A. extended B. afforded C. abandoned D. defended55.A. assembled B. combined C. abused D. modifiedKeys: 41-45 BADCD 46-50 AABBC 51-55 CDBADⅢ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.After my public lectures on evolution, someone in the audience asks, “Are we still evolving?”People want to know if humans are getting taller, smarter, better looking or more athletic. My answer is truthful but ___41___: We’re almost certainly evolving, but don’t know in what ___42___ or how fast.We’ve seen some evolution in our species over the past few millennia, but it was detected by reconstructing history from DNA sequences. For example, we know that during the past 10,000 years, several populations of humans — those keeping sheep, cows or goats for milk— gained the ability to digest dairy products. This quality was ___43___ useless in our earlier ancestors who, after babyhood, never encountered milk. And in the past 3,000 years, Tibetans have acquired ___44___ genetic adaptations that allowed them to develop well in their high-altitude, low-oxygen home. But these well-documented changes are limited to particular populations, so the ___45___ evidence for recent evolution of our entire species, remains not much.The authors of “Evolving Ourselves” ___46___ disagree. Not only, they claim, are we evolving faster than ever, but we’re doing it to ourselves. Juan Enriquez and Steve Gullans argue that humans have ___47___ controlled evolution — not just in our own species but virtually in allspecies: “For better or worse, we are increasingly in charge. We are the primary drivers of ___48___ change. We will directly and indirectly determine what lives, what dies, where, and when. We are in a different phase of evolution: the future of life is now ___49___ in our hands.”According to the authors, we’ve replaced natural selection with what they call “___50___unnatural selection.” Overfishing, for example, has reduced the average size of many fish species, for taking the biggest fish is ___51___ those smaller fishes.Yet while there’s no doubt that we’re changing the planet, the claim that we’re completely changing evolution on the planet ___52___does not follow. Let’s take those fish that are evolving to reproduce smaller and younger for example. This ___53___phenomenon has been documented in many species that we eat, but this is just a minuscule fraction(极小的一部分) of the 30,000 known species of fish.The authors speak with ___54___unwarranted assurance about how our species is evolving in response to nearly everything. When they claim, for example, our ingestion(摄取) of drugs and exposure to chemicals mean that “our children’ s brains are evolving fast,” they are abusing(滥用) the word “___55___evolution.” Out children’s brains may be changing fast in response to the new pharmacological(药理学的)environment, but change alone is not evolution.41. A. instructive B. disappointing C. decisive D. conflicting42. A. direction B. region C. frequency D. condition43. A. beneficial B. adaptable C. unique D. useless44. A. unproved B. changeable C. genetic D. mysterious45. A. study B. evidence C. interest D. implication46. A. disagree B. support C. follow D. approve47. A. delayed B. overdone C. neglected D. controlled48. A. unbalance B. disaster C. change D. disturbance49. A. in our hands B. out of order C. in peace D. out of control50. A. destructive B. unnatural C. adventurous D. emotional51. A. by means of B. at the cost of C. in favor of D. for the protection of52. A. makes no sense B. makes great impressionC. calls attentionD. comes to an end53. A. problem B. mistake C. phenomenon D. obstacle54. A. strong B. baseless C. sensitive D. persuasive55. A. environment B. technology C. exposure D. evolutionKeys: 41-45 BADCB 46-50 ADCAB 51-55 CACBDIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or; phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.“Nature and Nurture”People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is ___41___.Social scientists are of course ___42___ interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two ___43___ schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between ___44___ of each theory. The controversy(争论) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.Those who ___45___ the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are ___46___ determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is ___47___ to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our ___48___.Supporter s of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, ___49___, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely ___50___ by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to ___51___ stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour.Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are ___52___ . In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status t han whites are. Behaviorists, ___53___, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same ___54___ that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite ___55___ that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.41. A. sensitive B. productive C. competitive D. aggressive42. A. moderately B. extremely C. reluctantly D. scarcely43. A. distinct B. reliable C. relevant D. equal44. A. objectors B. operators C. opponents D. advocates45. A. claim B. support C. resolve D. inherit46. A. completely B. largely C. thoroughly D. merely47. A. sensitive B. open C. central D. subject48. A. abilities B. capacities C. personalities D. instincts49. A. experts B. scientists C. environmentalists D. behaviorists50. A. shaped B. dominated C. oppressed D. restricted51. A. environmental B. biological C. genetic D. psychological52. A. temporary B. slight C. fatal D. far-reaching53. A. on the contrary B. as a whole C. after all D. for instance54. A. habits B. responses C. characteristics D. advantages55. A. necessary B. impossible C. unreasonable D. likelyKeys: 41-45 CBADB 46-50 BCDDA 51-55 ADABDIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.You’ve been painting for a few years, and maybe you have even sold a painting or two. Are you ready to ___41___ the title of an amateur artist?Distinguishing green hand from professional artists is ___42___ task. It is not just a matter of your ability to create nice paintings. It’s not only about painting techniques. And for most cases, it doesn’t happen ___43___. Very few artists become overnight success without years of struggle and suffering.To turn professional, people find it critical to develop a personal style. What makes your paintings ___44___ among other paintings out there? Are your paintings standing out unmistakably directed to you as the creator? A personal style comes along with technique, painting medium, and subject and it tends to develop gradually over time. You ___45___ it through unconscious and constant exploring and self-shaping. Style does not mean that you are painting the same subject or using the same painting medium. Salvador Dali used to use many artistic media, but they all have a ___46___ Dali style. Style refers to the emotions and thoughts delivered by your paintings, which people can identify with. Their ___47___ of the painter is then a sure thing.Artists talk about their ___48___ all of the time. What gets you out of bed every morning to paint? How do you find the energy to have all your time devoted to painting? ___49___, we all love to do what we do and we get a satisfaction out of creating. For the professional artist, it goes beyond that. Some artists wish to convey a deep message concerning life, society or even politics. Others simply seek ___50___ returns to cover k ids’ tuition fees or pay family bills. Yet, all professional artists know that they have to keep working to achieve the goals.Many amateur artists passively wait for ___51___ to come. If they are not in the mood, they do not bother wasting the time. They sometimes allow themselves to be occupied by events like parties. Professionals are never easily ___52___ or torn away from their art work in progress. Focused on their work so much, some even regard spending time outside their ___53___ as crime ___54___ is their secret to high productivity.Besides, professional artists are constantly prepared to grab new ideas for the next painting, which they believe is sure to be better than the previous one. The belief that there is always room。

2019年高考英语完形填空真题详解【2019年上海卷】(A)Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friend’s home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home? Probably so. 45 you are aware that people judge you by your table manners. You take special pains when you are eating 46 . Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if 47 table manners had become a habit for you? You can make them a habit by 48 good table manners at home.Good manners at mealtimes help you and those around you to feel 49 . This is true at home as much as it is true in someone else’s home or in a restaurant. Good 50 make meals more enjoyable for everyone at the table.By this time you probably know quite well what good table manners are. You 51 that keeping your arms on the table, talking with your 52 full and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners. You know also that if you are mannerly, you say “please” and “Thank you” and ask for things to be passed to you.Have you ever thought of a pleasant attitude as being 53 to good table manners? Not only are pleasant mealtimes enjoyable, but they aid digestion. The dinner table is a 54 for enjoyable conversation. It should never become a battleground. You are definitely growing in social maturity(成熟) when you try to be an agreeable table companion.45. A. because B. but C. unless D. though46. A. in public B. at home C. at ease D. in a hurry47. A. such B. no C. some D. good48. A. acting B. enjoying C. practicing D. watching49. A. comfortable B. stressed C. depressed D. outstanding50. A. dishes B. manners C. atmospheres D. friends51. A. mention B. prefer C. doubt D. realize52. A. stomach B. bands C. mouth D. bowl53. A. essential B. considerate C. obvious D. unusual54. A. time B. place C. chance D. way【题号】45 【答案】A【详解】在朋友家或饭店的table manners 比在家好，是因为别人会通过table manners评判你。

2019年高三一模语法填空汇编1.上海市黄浦区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Just How Buggy is Your Phone?What item in your home crawls with the most germs? If you say 21. __________ toilet seat, you’re wrong. Kitchen sponges top the list. But cell phones are pretty dirty too. They contain around 10 times as many germs as toilet seats. People touch their phones, laptops, and other digital devices all day long, yet rarely clean them.In one incident, a thief paid a terrible price for stealing a germy cell phone. He stole it from a hospital in Uganda during a widespread of the deadly disease Ebola. The phone’s owner reported the theft before 22. __________ (die) from the disease. Soon, the thief began showing symptoms and finally 23. __________ (confess) to the crime.24. __________ in that unusual case a cell phone carried dangerous bacteria, not all germs are bad. Most cause no harm. In fact, they could provide helpful information. Look at the surface of your phone carefully. Do you see some dirty mars? “That's all you,” says microbial ecologist Jarrad Hampton-Marcell. “That’s biological information.”It turns out that the types of germs that you apply all over your phone or tablet are different from 25. __________ of your friends and family. They’re like a fingerprint that could identify you. Someday in the future, investigators may use these microbial fingerprints to solve crimes. Phones and digital devices may be one of the best places to look for buggy clues.In a 2017 study, researchers sampled a range of surfaces in 22 participants’ homes, 26. __________counter-tops and floors to computer keyboards and mice. Then they tried to match the microbial fingerprints on each object to its owner. The office equipment was easiest to match to its owner. In an 27. __________ (early) study, a different group of researchers found that they could use microbial fingerprints to identify the person who 28. __________ (use) a computer keyboard even after the keyboard sat untouched for two weeks at room temperature.One day, microbial signatures might show 29. __________ people have gone and what they have touched. They could prove 30. __________ an unmarked device is yours. So, sure, your phone is pretty germy. Does that inspire you, or does it just bother you?21. the 22. dying 23.confessed 24. Although/Though 25. those26. from 27. earlier 28. had used 29. where 30. that2.上海市普陀区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型The Best Book I’ve Ever ReadFrankly, I have read nearly all of the great works of literature, but no book has ever impressed me as deeply or directly (21)________ Joel Stein’s Man Made: A Stupid Quest for Masendinity.Haven’t we all, on some level, been Jewish boys in New Jersey in (22)________ 1970s with only female friends, an Easy-Bake oven and a strong preference for show tunes? Haven’t we all had a panic attack (23)________ learning we’re going to have a son, since that means we’re going to have to figure out how to throw footballs, watch other people throw footballs and decide (24)________ to be happy or sad about the results of football throwing? Haven’t we all then tried to correct our lack of maleness by becoming a man, fighting fires with firefighters, (25)________ (drive) a Lamborghini and doing three days of Army training camp?I know I have.The only parts I didn’t fully enjoy were (26)________ in which the author suffered horribly. After just three hours of training camp, he fainted weakly into the arms of a soldier. The film rights to Man Made have already been sold to Fox, and I hope it gets (27)________ (turn) into a movie with George Clooney playing the Stein role, since they remind me so much of each other.(28)________ this is only Stein’s first book, I would already consider him as someone like David Sedaris, Dave Barry, James Thurber, Mark Twain and Abraham Lincoln. I (29)________ (recommend) Man Made not just to all my friends and family but also to strangers on Twitter over and over again. My one fear is (30)________ after this great achievement, Stein will lose his ability to be a cruel critic of our shallow times.21. as 22. the 23. when 24. whether 25. driving26. those 27. turned 28. Though/Although/While 29. have recommended 30. that3.上海市徐汇区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型The Battle of Chancellorsville, one of the most famous battles of the Civil War, took place in Virginia in the spring of 1863. For months, the two armies had been staying on opposite banks of a narrow river. The Confederate（南方联盟）troops were led by perhaps(21) __________ (honored) military tactician（战略家）in American history, General RobertE. Lee. The Union（北方联盟）soldiers were led by “Fighting” Joe Hooker.In appearance, personality, and lifestyle, these men were nearly perfect opposites. Lee, an older man in poor health with a gray beard, had a solemn, measured character. Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man (22) __________ pride over his appearance was butone aspect of his self-centredness. Whereas Lee was loyal and principled, Hooker was known for his rollicking enjoyment of both women and whiskey.Despite the fact that the Confederacy (23) __________ (win) the last four major battles and the Union soldiers were starving, (24) __________ (exhaust), and demoralized, Hooker proclaimed, “My plans are perfect. And when I start to carry them out, (25) __________ God have mercy on Bobby Lee, for I shall have none.” Why was Hooker so confident?Hooker had used spies, analysts, and even hot air balloons to compile a vast amount of intelligence about Lee’s army. He had already been aware, for example, (26) __________ Lee had only 61,000 men to Hooker’s own 134,000. Supported by his superior numbers, Hooker secretly moved 70,000 of his men fifteen miles up and across the river, and then ordered them to sneak back down to position themselves (27) __________ Lee’s army. In effect, Hooker had cut off the Confederate soldiers in front and behind. They were trapped. Satisfied with his advantage, Hooker became convinced that Lee’s only option was to retreat to Richmond, thus (28) __________ (assure) a Union victory.Yet Lee, despite his disadvantages of both numbers and position, did not retreat. Instead, he moved his troops into position to attack. Union soldiers who tried to warn Hooker that Lee was on the offensive (29) __________ (dismiss) as cowards. Having become convinced that Lee had no choice but (30) __________ (retreat), Hooker began to ignore reality. When Lee’s army attacked the Union soldiers at 5:00 p.m., they were eating supper, completely unprepared for battle. They abandoned their rifles and fled as Lee’s troops came shrieking out of the brush, bayonets drawn. Against all odds, Lee won the Battle of Chancellorsville, and Hooker’s forces withdrew in defeat.21. the most honored 22. whose 23. had won 24. exhausted 25. may 26. that 27. behind 28. assuring 29. were dismissed 30. to retreat4.上海市杨浦区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型A newly discovered tea plant is caffeine-freeThe world loves tea and some 3million tons of tea are consumed every year. Tea can be good for health, as it contains compounds that help to lower cholesterol（胆固醇）and reduce the risk of heart disease. But there is a downside. Tea contains caffeine which, (21) __________ it improves mental alertness, can also cause anxiety, insomnia and other problems.(22) __________ would be agreeable is that a tea plant that provides all the taste and goodness but with little or (23) __________ of the caffeine has been found. Liang Chen and Ji-Qiang Jin of the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Scienceshave discovered just such a plant (24) __________ (grow) wild in a remote area in Fujian province, southern China. (25) __________ they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, not only is the tea plant naturally caffeine-free but it also contains a number of unique medicinal compounds that, the locals believe, offer considerable health benefits.(26) __________ (know) locally as Hongyacha, the newly discovered plant grows only between 700 and 1,000 metres (27) __________ sea level around a handful of Chinese villages.Now the researchers (28) __________ (explore) methods to protect Hongyacha in its natural habitat while further studies are carried out. It can take time – and sometimes it does not work – for new plant varieties (29) __________ (breed) for commercial use. A pair of naturally caffeine-free coffee plants were discovered in 2003, but little progress (30) __________ (report) Tea enthusiasts will be watching Hongyacha with interest. And others will wonder what else is out there.21. although 22. What 23. none 24. growing 25. As 26. Known 27. above28.are exploring 29. to be bred 30. has been reported5. 上海市崇明区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Electric Bike Ban in New York Hurts Food Delivery WorkersA ban on electric bicycles in New York City is hurting delivery workers who depend on them to earn a living. Many of the workers are immigrants.Electric bicycles, or “e-bikes”, look like regular bicycles, but they have electric-powered motors to assist riders in moving the bike forward. Most e-bikes reach speeds of about 32 kilometers an hour, but some can go much (21)__________ (fast).(22)__________ it is legal to own e-bikes in New York City, it is not legal to operate them. Officials there consider the dangerous use of e-bikes on streets and sidewalks as the reason (23)__________ the ban. Last year, the city announced severe measures (24)__________ (mean) to hold e-bike riders and restaurants that employ the riders responsible.E-bike operators can now be fined $500 for breaking the ban. The police (25)__________ also seize the bikes.Many of New York’s delivery workers are Chinese immigrants in their 50s and 60s. Their job requires them to work quickly and for long hours (26)__________ (earn) enough money to live on.Delivery worker Deqing Lian said it is important to perform quality work (27)__________their job also depends on tips. He added that when delivery workers are too slow, some people refuse to pay for the food, which makes the workers’ supervisors angry.Liqiang Liu is an e-bike delivery worker and spokesperson for the New York Delivery Workers Union. He says (28)__________ (catch) breaking the ban and having the bike seized would cause costly delays for workers.Do Lee is with the Biking Public Project, (29)__________ provides assistance to bicycle-related workers in New York City. He says the city’s ban on e-bikes is unfairly targeting low-paid workers who largely come from the city’s Latino and Asian communities. He does not accept the argument (30)__________ e-bikes present a danger to citizens. However, many New Yorkers are quick to blame e-bike riders for not being safe.21. faster 22. Although/Though/While 23. for 24. meant 25.can26. to earn 27. because/as/since 28. being caught 29. which 30.that6. 上海市长宁嘉定区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Planting PatriotismYoung boys are not easily shocked, but 12-year-old Preston Sharp sure knows the feeling . “Yeah, I was surprised and even disappointed, ” Preston said , Preston’s mom , April Sharp said , “It is the first time（21）（see）him like this angry and passionate.”What upset her son so much was visiting his grandpa’s grave in Redding, California ,and realizing that not every veteran(老兵) in the cemetery has a flag. So April told him “son, (22)you are going to complain about something , you have to do something about it or let it go”Next thing April knew，Preston was taking on odd jobs and asking for donations（23）_______________(buy)flags and flowers for every veteran in his grandpa’s cemetery，And when that cemetery(24)________(cover),he moved on to another，and then another.Here we are，nearly three years and about 65,000graves later. He does it every week(25)____________the weather is like，rain or shine---especially rain，”They were out there in the rain doing their job,(26)______________(protect)us，”Preston said，His devotion is infections.When word gets out(27)__________Preston will be at a cemetery---he has a Facebook page，Preston Sharp/Vet flags and Flowers---people，like Vietnam veteran Fred Loveland，feel(28)________________(oblige)to join in，”It’s amazing，”Loveland said.”What he’s doingbrings(29)_____________out because we can’t believe a young man in this country is doing what he does，”It is a movement of young and old，of those who served and those who are so grateful for what they did，all led by a proud grandson(30)______________saw an injustice and decided to do something about it.21 .have seen 22.if/what/whenever 23. to buy 24.was covered/had been covered 25 .whatever 26. protecting 27.that 28. obliged 29. us 30. who/that嘉定区：People are being lured(引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service, (21) ________ realizing that they're paying for it by giving up plenty of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send___（22）____ (target) messages.Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea (23)______ they’re paying for Facebook, because people don’t really know what their personal details are worth.The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you could keep everything private. That was the great thing about Facebook -- you could create your own little private network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules (24)____ ____ many things -- your city, your photo, your friends’ names -- were set, by default（默认）, to be shared with everyone on the Internet.According to Facebook’s vice president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don’t share information, they have a “(25)____ (satisfying) experience.”Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. Its original business model, (26)____ involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page, totally failed. Who wants to look at ads when they are connecting with their friends online?So far the privacy issue (27)______ (land) Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April, Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Commission to set regulations for social-networking sites.I suspect that whatever Facebook has done (28)____ (invade) our privacy is only the beginning, which is why I’m considering (29)______ (cancel) my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that (30)______ information is in the hands of people I don’t trust. That is too high a price to pay.7. 上海市松江区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Marvel and Disney Remember Stan LeeToday, Marvel Comics and The Walt Disney Company pause and reflect with great sadness on the passing of Marvel Chairman Emeritus, Stan Lee. With a heavy heart, we share our deepest condolences（哀悼）(21) __________ his daughter and brother, and we honor and remember the creator, voice and champion of Marvel.“Stan Lee was as extraordinary as the characters he created. A super hero in his own right to Marvel fans around the world, Stan had the power to inspire, to entertain, and to connect. Nothing but his heart (22) __________ exceed the scale of his imagination.”said Bob Iger, Chairman and CEO of the Walt Disney Company.Stan Lee loved the (23) __________ (write) word from an early age, and wanted to craft stories like those in his favorite books and films, which he consumed greedily. From a simple upbringing in Manhattan, young Stanley worked his way through a series of jobs (24) __________ he found himself an assistant at a comic book publishing company --- Timely Comics.Marvel fans found a friend in Stan Lee. He introduced the famous “Stan’s Soapbox” to speak directly to his readers, (25) __________ (reach) a personal level rarely seen in comics of the day. Always pushing for new ways of creating comics, Stan also started the “Marvel method” of plotting and art, creating some of (26) __________ (fantastic) stories in the industry to this day. An entire generation of young readers expanded and strengthened their vocabulary and knowledge through Stan’s stories.Roy Thomas, (27) __________ succeeded Lee as editor-in-chief at Marvel, had visited Lee two days before (28) __________ death to discuss the upcoming book The Stan Lee Story, and stated “I think he was ready to go. But he was still talking about doing more cameos （配角）. (29) _____ _____ _____ he had the energy for it and didn’t have to travel, Stan was always up (30) __________ (do) something more.”Marvel and the entire Walt Disney Company salute the life and career of Stan Lee and offer their undying gratitude for his unmatchable accomplishments within their halls. Every time you open a Marvel comic, Stan will be there.21. with 22. could 23. written 24. until 25. reaching26. the most fantastic 27. who 28. his 29. As long as/So long as 30. to do8. 上海市宝山区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Ten year-old Annemarie Johansen lives with her family in Copenhagen, Denmark. Thereare soldiers on the streets, and the country (21) __________ (occupy) by the Nazis. There isn't enough to eat, and the world is at war. Then the Nazis decide to “relocate”the country's Jewish population. The Danes don't know (22) __________ their friends and neighbors are being taken away. They don't know where they are going, either. But they do know that it is wrong and dangerous and that they must help.Number the Stars is a very powerful novel. During World War II, the Nazis (23) __________ (kill) millions of people in Europe. Many of those people were Jewish. But in Denmark, almost all of the Jewish population was saved. Number the Stars is a work of fiction, but it tells the true story of the Jewish (24) __________ (rescue) during the war. The moving plot is driven by justice, danger and excitement. But the book also deals with significant ideas that are much (25) __________ (big) than the story itself.Annmarie must learn that evil doesn't just appear in fairy tales. It's a real thing that affects real people. She must also struggle with questions of loyalty and sacrifice. Who would she die to protect? And is she brave enough (26) __________ (make) that sacrifice? Most importantly, Annmarie learns that (27) __________ (be) brave doesn't mean being fearless. It means doing the right thing despite the fact (28) __________ you are afraid. That's heavy stuff for a children's novel.I have taught Number the Stars to many classes at many different levels. It has always been a popular choice. It uses simple language and sentences. It is easy to read and provides clear examples of literary techniques like foreshadowing（预示）. But it is also interesting, and the characters are (29) __________ (engage). The plot is full of tension.Lois Lowery, the author, has written many award-winning novels for young people. Number the Stars is a remarkable example of the talent (30) __________ has made her so celebrated.21.is occupied 22. why 23.killed 24. rescued 25. bigger26. to make 27. being 28. that 29. engaging 30.that/which9. 上海市奉贤区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型To Be Joyful, To Be YoungWhat really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle? It’s probably not what you think. In the past 30 years of conducting clinical research, I (21)______(learn) that real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.Why? Because life is to be enjoyed. There’s no point (22)______(abandon) something you enjoy unless you get something back that’s even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully, (23)______ (quit) smoking, and manage stress better, they find they feel so much better, so quickly.It reconstructs the reason for making these changes from fear ofdying to joy of living.When you exercise and eat right, your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter, have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many neurons (神经细胞) (24)______ (grow) that it actually increased the size of people’s brains!Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face (25) ______ ______ you age more quickly. Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel becoming narrower,(26)______ decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why smokers look years older than they really are.One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers’awareness of stress was more important than (27)______ was objectively occurring in their lives. (28)______ (give) a questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day. The women who realized they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres（染色体端粒）compared with (29)_______ who felt more relaxed. Contrarily, some of the women who felt relaxed (30)______ raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.21.have learned 22. abandoning 23. quit 24.to grow 25. so that26. which 27.what 28. Given/Having been given 29.those30.despite/though/although10.上海市闵行区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型We want our children to succeed in school and, perhaps even more importantly, in life. But the paradox(悖论) is that our children can only truly succeed (21) ______ they first learn how to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters.Why are the really good skaters falling over the most?The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves in practice. (22) ______ (stretch) their limitations, they keep trying their best. They fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lower-level skaters havea quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily,(23) ______ (remain) within their comfort zone. This is why they don’t fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet. Never (24) ______ (fail) in practice prevents them from making progress.(25) ______ is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5,126 prototypes (原型) for his newest vacuum before coming up with the design(26) ______ made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put(27)______: “You can’t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention.”In health care, however, things are very different. Clinicians don’t like to admit to failure, partly because they have strong egos(自我)—particularly the senior doctors—and partly because they fear litigation (诉讼). The consequence is that (28) ______ ______ learning from failure, health care often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes (29) ______ (repeat). According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. (30) ______ health care learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.21. if / when 22. To stretch 23. remaining 24. failing25. What 26.which / that 27. it 28.instead of29. are repeated 30. Until / Unless11. 上海市浦东新区区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型Is Climate Change Consuming Your Favorite Foods?Due to climate change, the world’s endangered lists are no longer just for animals. We may not only need to adapt ourselves to living in a warmer world but a (21)_________(tasty) one as well.As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the air linked to global warming (22)_________(continue) to affect weather, we often forget that they are also impacting the quantity, the quality, and the growing locations of our food. Some foods have already felt the impact while (23)_________ may even become scarce within the next 30 years.Whether or not you try to limit yourself (24)_________ one cup of coffee a day, the effects of climate change on the world's coffee-growing regions may leave you little choice.Rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns are reported to have been threatening coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii. The result? Significant cuts in coffee yield.According to organizations like Australia's Climate Institute, half of the present coffee-producing areas (25)_________ (estimate) not to be suitable by the year 2050, if current climate patterns continue.With temperatures continuously rising, oceans are absorbing some of the heat and undergoing warming of their own, (26)_________(cause) a decline in fish population, including in lobsters that are cold-blooded creatures, and in salmons(鲑鱼) (27)_________ eggs find it hard to survive in higher water temperatures. Warmer waters also encourage some poisonous marine bacteria to grow and lead to illness in humans whenever (28)_________ (take) with raw seafood, like oysters.And how about that satisfying “crack”which you get when you are eating crabs and lobsters? It could be silenced (29)_________ shellfish have been struggling to build their calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) shells, which is a result of ocean acidification.Even worse is the possibility (30)_________ we will have no seafood to enjoy at all. In a 2006 Dalhousie University study, scientists predicted that if over-fishing and risingtemperature trends continued at their present rate, the world's seafood stocks would run out by the year 2050.21. less tasty 22.continues/is continuing 23. others 24. to 25. are estimated26. causing 27. whose 28.taken 29. because/since/as 30. that12. 上海市静安区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型"I love the work and experience I've gained, but I am frustrated by the disorganized management .Also, I've been told I can't ask for more money. I can get a new job with more pay, but will(21)____________(leave)within a year hurt my professional reputation?"The answer is," it depends."When we choose to leave a new job early, it sends the message that(22)_______is terribly wrong, especially in the current economic climate(23)________ unemployment is higher and people are dying for jobs. That means you will somehow look suspicious (24)________you say about the leave. Saying the work is great but you don't like management or the pay won't go over well with employers. To them, it sounds a bit selfish and needy. No doubt, they(25) (question) your ability to be patient or be a good team player.Employers dislike people who are unhappy in a job after less than a year. It implies impatience and lack of appreciation for the employer. Plus, you're getting paid to do work you actually like, so they (26)_____ assume that you can't put up with a little disorganization. And speaking of pay, most companies work (27) ______ an annual review basis, so suddenly asking for more money doesn't work for their budgets.So, what’s the solution?Focus on your desire (28) ______ (develop) professionally. “It’s a tough decision to leave this great company. I love the work I am doing. However, it (29) ______ (make) clear to me that there Is no room for me to grow my skills as a professional. My fear is if I stay, I will become (30) ______ (competitive) down the line. I want to move to a company where I can take my skills and abilities to the next level and create even more value for my employer.”21. leaving 22. something(it加0.5) 23.where 24. whatever 25. will question/question26. might /may(will错) 27. on 28. to develop 29. has been made/is made 30. less competitive13.上海市青浦区2019年高三英语一模语法新题型。

2019年某某市宝山区高考英语一模试卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word，fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank.1．〔15分〕Ten﹣year﹣old Annemarie Johansen lives with her family in Copenhagen，Denmark．There are soldiers on the streets，and the country 〔1〕〔accept〕by the Nazis．There isn't enough to eat，and the world is at war．Then the Nazis decide to "relocate" the country's Jewish population．The Danes don't know 〔2〕their friends and neighbors are being taken away．They don't know where they are going，either．But they do know that it is wrong and dangerous and that they must help．Number the Stars is a very powerful novel．During World War II，the Nazis 〔3〕〔kill〕millions of people in Europe．Many of those people were Jewish．But in Denmark，almost all of the Jewish population was saved．Number the Starsis a work of fiction，but it tells the true story of the Jewish〔4〕〔rescue〕during the war．The moving plot is driven by justice，danger and excitement．But the book also deals with significant ideas that are much 〔5〕〔big〕than the story itself．Anemarie must learn that evil doesn't just appear in fairy tales．It's a real thing that affects real people．She must also struggle with questions of loyalty and sacrifice．Who would she die to protect？And is she brave enough 〔6〕〔make〕that sacrifice？Most importantly，Annemarie learns that 〔7〕〔be〕brave doesn't mean being fearless．It means doing the right thing despite the fact 〔8〕you are afraid，That's heavy stuff for a children's novel．I have taught Number the Stars to many classes at many different levels．It has alwaysbeen a popular choice．It uses simple language and sentences．It is easy to read and provides clear examples of literary techniques like foreshadowing〔预示〕．But it is also interesting，and the characters are 〔9〕〔engage〕．The plot is full of tension．Lois Lowry．The author，has written award﹣winning novels for young people．Number the Stars is a remarkable example of the talent 〔10〕has made her socelebrated．Section BDirections：After reading the passage below，fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.2．〔15分〕A．mon B．voting C．effortsD．elected E．end F．protestingG．say H．exercised I．arguedJ．equal K．rightsIn most democracies today，people expect women to vote．Women are just as able to make decisions about their 〔1〕leaders as men．But 200years ago，most people didn't think so．As late as the middle of the 19century only men voted in most Western countries．A few countries or states let women vote in local elections．But women voting was far from 〔2〕．At that time，people believed that women belonged in the home．That meant they should not get involved with public life．But women in Europe，North America and New Zealand began 〔3〕this situation．They believed that they should have a〔n〕〔4〕in their government's leaders．In 1792 an English novelist named Mary Wollstonecraft 〔5〕that women should be able to vote，In the United States，Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were important figures．They met while campaigning to put a〔n〕〔6〕to slavery．In the process，they decided that women also should have more 〔7〕．Yet despite the 〔8〕of these women neither Great Britain nor the United States was the first country to let women vote．That honor goes to NewZealand，which changed their law on September 19，1893．This was because of women like Kate Shepherd．She led a group that presented petitions〔请愿书〕to their parliament three years in a row．Shepherd is now honored on New Zealand's s10 bill．New Zealand was followed by Australia in 1902 and Finland in 19 zero six．By this time，some U．S．states and territories allowed women to vote．But the country as a whole didn't give women the right until after World War I．In many countries，the right to hold political office came along with the right to vote．And women have 〔9〕that right．In many countries，women have even held their country's highest office．All of that is due to the efforts of women who fought for a〔n〕〔10〕voiceIII. Reading prehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.3．〔15分〕The search for new，clean energy sources have occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years．One mon 〔1〕for green energy is the wind．A new twist on this old resource could cause energy output of wind﹣power plants to increase greatly．Standard wind power plants rely on strong support and 〔2〕can only reach the height of 200meters or so．Higher than that，winds tend to be stronger and steadier，but the challenge is 〔3〕how to obtain the energy from those winds．Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite﹣power research group．The group is working to develop kites with inflatable 〔可充气的〕wings 〔4〕to electrical generator 〔发电机〕on the ground．The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for 24 hours．Research has begun，but many challenges remain，including making the generator more 〔5〕and perfecting the automatic flight control and structure of the kites．Nevertheless，in June 2012，they demonstrated that their kites could operate 〔6〕at an altitude of up to 700 meters．Meanwhile，in Italy，researchers are working on a〔n〕〔7〕power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen，senses wind blowing，kites are 〔8〕from the end of poles with high﹣resistance cables to control their height and angle．These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses ing object 〔9〕planes，helicopters or even individual birds．The kites themselves are light，tough and able to reach fairly high altitude．The loop 〔绕行〕around in the wind，which sets the center of the generator in emotion 〔10〕electric current．KiteGen has the 〔11〕to be very cost﹣effective in the long run．After the original costof designing and setting up the plant，little 〔12〕investment will be necessary，apart from standard maintenance．The plant also requires 〔13〕little space，which makes it ideal for cities and means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more 〔14〕．Kite power has the potential to greatly 〔15〕on current wind power strategies．In the future，it may be an efficient cost efficient supplement to the other sources of energy use or even a replacement for some of them〔1〕A resolution B．proposal C．resource D．substitute 〔2〕A．generally B．frequently C．continually D．regularly〔3〕A．carrying out B．figuring out C．breaking out D．picking out 〔4〕A．chosen B．applied C．collected D．connected 〔5〕A．efficient B．plete C．powerful D．positive〔6〕A．actively B．passively C．automatically D．artificially 〔7〕A．strange B．similar C．different D．original〔8〕A fastened B．revealed C．tailored D．released〔9〕A．except for B．instead of C．such as D．due to〔10〕A．producing B．inventing C．promoting D．developing 〔11〕A．qualification B．potential C．trend D．intention〔12〕A．normal B．formal C．additional D．alternate〔13〕A．concretely B．abstractly C thoroughly D．relatively 〔14〕A．energy B．strength C．technology D．opportunity 〔15〕A．focus B．extend C．improve D．transfer Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.〔A〕4．〔8分〕Many people experience problems with their spine〔脊椎〕as they age．The tissue that protects the joints in the spine gradually breaks down．As a consequence，the bones，in thespine begin to rub against each other．This further harms that issue as well as the bones．The result is pain in the joints and，sometimes，in nerves near the spineThis painful problem is actually a disease called osteoporosis．Some people are more at risk of osteoporosis because of genes that they inherited from their ancestors．Extremely heavy people are also more likely to suffer from this disease because their extra weight puts much pressure on their joints．Fortunately，there are steps that people can take to help prevent osteoporosis from developing in their spine．The most important step is exercise．Stretches can help the muscles around the spine relax and allow bones to shift into better alignment〔排列〕，Strength exercises with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around the spine．However，people should not overdo these exercises as repeated motions can strain the muscles around the spine．Trying to lift heavy weights with poor technique can have the same effect．Another important factor is diet．It affects the health of spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves．These include B vitamins and omega﹣3 fatty acids，all of which helps keep nerves healthy．People can get more B vitamin and omega 3 fatty acids by taking supplements sold by stores．Another important factor is vitamin D．which is essential for strong bones．All of these vitamins and acids can be obtained from food．Thus people can help themselves by including them in their daily diets〔1〕What does this article mainly explain？A．Various aspects of a medical condition．B．The actions of viruses that cause illnesses．C．Drugs often used to solve the physical issue．D．The location of organs in the human body．〔2〕How does the writer begin this article？A．By predicting improvement．B．By analyzing a series of data．C．By introducing minor injuries．D．By describing a gradual process〔3〕What can readers find in this article？A．A warning about working out too hard．B．A method for improving sleep quality．C．A slogan used to promote health classes．D．A big criticism often aimed at doctors．〔4〕What does the article imply about supplement？A．They are mainly for youngsters．B．They are mercial products．C．They are now being researched．D．They are seldom truly effective5．〔6分〕In late March of 2018．a tear in the earth about 15meters wide and 20meters deep suddenly appeared in Kenya，it cut across roads and even split houses in two．This crack appeared out of nowhere after heavy rains and an increase in seismic activity．Some scientists believe that it is further proof that Africa is slowly splitting apart．Once a very long time ago，Africa and south America were one landmass before they separated．Similarly，one day in the very distant future，a large part of East Africa will split off from the rest of the continent．This will create a new landmarks and a new ocean．The breakup is the result of plate tectonics，the gradual motion of different parts of the Earth's crust．When plates of the Earth separate and tear away from each other．It is called rifting．The result is rift valley．Scientists don't understand the exact mechanism behind rifting．But the result is very easy to observe in theEast African Rift System〔EARS〕，That's why studying this part of the world is so important．The East African Rift system begins in the north in Ethiopia，where three plates are moving away from each other．Two of them are continental plates，the African and Arabian plates．They are tectonic plates that have a large landmass above water．The third is the Somali plate，considered a minor plate，which is steadily moving away from the other two．But don't plan on visiting the new ocean anytime soon．The plates are moving at a rate of about 6millimeters a year．At the speed millions of years will pass before a new ocean is formed．EARS is not all bad news for Kenya．A rift valley is posed of an area where there is increased volcanic activity and thinned planetary crust．This makes it easier to take advantage of the power of steam．For Kenya，this might be an answer to the country's electrical problems．The drought conditions that frequently occur there make it difficult to produce energy．But the geothermal〔地热的〕power plants going online in 2019will allow them to produce clean energy with very little water．〔1〕What can be concluded from the passage？A．A war will certainty breakout in Africa．B．A disaster will suddenly strike Africa．C．A geological structure will change in Africa．D．A new country will e into being in Africa〔2〕Which of the following plates might be surrounded by water according to the passage A．East Africa．B．Somali plate．C．Arabian plate．D．Africa plate．〔3〕What problem may be solved in Kenya thanks to the cracking？A．Poverty．B．Economy．C．Drought．D．Energy．6．〔8分〕Are you worried about money？If so，I have some good news for you．Someone once said，"If all your problems can be solved with money，then you don't have any．" I get the point．Unless you are on the edge of losing everything and living in your car 〔which is a very sad thing that happens to people every day〕，your perceptions of your problems may not be serving you well．Let's take a look．Can you pay your living expenses and support your family？If so you are OK．Even if you are a family that just barely breaks even every month，you have to count that as a blessing，Most of us also have those terrible，surprising unexpected bills．Butunless you you're your job or your mind，don't you always find a way to take care of those expenses？PERTINENT〔切中要害的〕QUESTIONSTo see if you worry too much about finances，ask yourself a couple of questions Do you wake up worried about money？Do you check your bank balance and look at uping bills more than once every few days or even multiple times a day？If so，then you may have a little financial insecurity going on．Let's look at getting it under control．If it's making you crazy，it can make your family a little crazy too．This type of anxiousness is passed on to others，which is important to remember whenever you have the urge to share your fears．TOO MUCH INFORMATIONTMI 〔too much information〕happens because it seems that by releasing Pent﹣up〔压抑的〕feelings of anxiety you will feel better and hopefully more supported and that this can happen but not with your loved ones because they will take all your fair and magnify it．Talk instead with your financial advisor，your bank manager or your therapist．Laying your financial fears at the feet of your family is not good for them or for you．Yes，be honest about any problems，but if you get emotional，so will those closest to youPOSITIVE ACTIONIt's hard to be this passionate about money，but honestly，it's really the best way to get this issue solved．You have to look at it from a practical standpoint．Go over your debts，look closely at your assets and determine the best thing for you to do with your time right now．Maybe you need to use this time to get your books and other only your puter or use it to job hunt or to promote your business．Then again you may need to hire an accountant and go on some interviews．The point is simple：the only way to relieve yourself of the unfortable feeling of financial pressure is to take some kind of positive action．〔1〕Which of the following is true according to the passage？A．Financial problems are not vital ones in everyone's daily life．B．You'd better calm down when you have financial problems．C．You needn't worry about unexpected bills even if you're out of work．D．When you have financial fears，remember to share feelings with others．〔2〕The passage implies that．A．the best way to deal with money problem K to take positive actionB．as long as we share feelings with others，money fear will disappearC．we should have an optimistic attitude toward financial fearsD．any problem we meet can be solved with the help of money〔3〕The phrase lay your financial fears at the feet of your family in the sixth paragraph probably means．A．to solve financial fears caused by your familyB．to help your family smartly avoid financial fearsC to make your family responsible for financial fearsD．to encourage your family to face financial fears bravely〔4〕The best title of the passage is．A．Perceptions of money and valueB．Passion，money and familyC．Keeping balance of psychologyD．Dealing with money worriesSection CDirections：Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.7．〔8分〕A．Other people experience false guilt because of high expectations for themselves．B．It's possible that you feel guilty because you actually did something wrong．C．Others try to cover up their guilt by blaming others or being angry．D．It can also motivate people to avoid making similar mistakes later．E．In this case，it's important to remind yourself that you have limits．F．Moreover，guilt can result in physical and mental disforts meanwhileGuilt is one of the most painful emotions that human experience but also one of the most mon．Nobody enjoys feeling guilty，but this emotion serves an important purpose：It alertsa person when he or she has done something wrong．This enables the person to make amendsand work to heal relationships that were damaged by their actions 〔1〕Nevertheless，guilt can be destructive if it is not dealt with in the right way，It can cause people to avoid others because they are too embarrassed to apologize for their actions or inactions．Some try to avoid at the pain of duty by turning to other worse habits．〔2〕The proper response to guilt depends on what kind of guilt you're dealing with．For false guilty，it's important to recognize that the guilt does not reflect an actual ethical failure．For example，some false guilt focuses on failing to meet expectations you had for yourself．〔3〕No one is perfect，and no one can do everything，so admitting your limits is actually a sign of humility．It is also important to acknowledge what you're feeling．Even when you don't need to feel guilty，these feelings are real and normal，Try to balance them with positive thoughts，but realize that it often takes time for feelings to change．〔4〕If so，don't try to conceal it．Apologize and ask for forgiveness．Learn from your mistakes，and try to avoid mitting the same acts again．Getting on well with the person you hurt should make you guilty feeling fade．Guilt is painful，but it can serve a good purpose if you use it wellIV. Summary Writing8．〔10分〕Directions：Read the following passage．Summarize the main idea and the main point 〔s〕of the passage in no more than 60 words．Use your own words as far as possible．Have you ever been involved in animal rescue？This is what happened to the Winter the dolphin．Winter was found off the coast of Florida in December of 2005．She was just a few months old，alone，and caught in a crab trap．The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body．The fisherman who found her called for help，and the rescue team soon arrived．The ropes had cut off the blood circulation to her tail．She was badly hurt．Her rescuers didn't think she would survive．Hoping for a miracle and racing against time to save her，the rescuers transferred her to the ClearwaterMarine Aquarium in Florida．The doctors managed to save Winter，but sadly，not her tail．He tail flukes were too damaged and had to be removed so Winter could live．The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds，but she would never be able to swimnormally without a tail．Thankfully the story doesn't end here．Winter was able to swim，but not very well．Because she didn't have a tail．She moved her body in a side﹣to﹣side motion like a shark．But doctors at the aquarium were worried that unconventional moment would hurt her spine．Kevin Carroll heard Winter's story and for thought，he would could help．Heis a specialist who designs and provides prostheses for people．If he could help people，why not help a dolphin？He started working with Winter and came up with a solution for the new fluke and tail section．Kevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit winter's body and protect her skin．Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve．Now winter can swim like other dolphins．And she is a great inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries．V. TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English，using the words given in the brackets.9．〔3分〕交友时不要以貌取人．〔base〕10．〔4分〕经历了一场大病后，他明白了生命无价．〔suffer〕11．〔4分〕2018某某进口博览会展示了创新理念，促进了自由贸易．〔meanwhile〕12．〔4分〕不管到哪里旅游，都应该尊重当地的风俗习惯．这样才能成为一名文明的游客．〔no matter〕VI. Guided Writing13．〔20分〕Directions：Write an English position in 120﹣150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．尚华中学举办英语周活动，学校正在向全体学生征集活动方案，题目是"My Favourite Programme"．假设你是尚华中学的高三学生王云，请撰写一篇文章提出你的建议．内容如下：•推荐节目名称并简单介绍一下节目内容；•具体介绍一下推荐节目的实施方法或须知事项注意：请勿透漏本人真实某某和学校．2019年某某市宝山区高考英语一模试卷参考答案与试题解析II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word，fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank.1．〔15分〕Ten﹣year﹣old Annemarie Johansen lives with her family in Copenhagen，Denmark．There are soldiers on the streets，and the country 〔1〕is occupied〔accept〕by the Nazis．There isn't enough to eat，and the world is at war．Then the Nazis decide to "relocate" the country's Jewish population．The Danes don't know 〔2〕why their friends and neighbors are being taken away．They don't know where they are going，either．But they do know that it is wrong and dangerous and that they must help．Number the Stars is a very powerful novel．During World War II，the Nazis 〔3〕killed〔kill〕millions of people in Europe．Many of those people were Jewish．But in Denmark，almost all of the Jewish population was saved．Number the Starsis a work of fiction，but it tells the true story of the Jewish〔4〕rescued〔rescue〕during the war．The moving plot is driven by justice，danger and excitement．But the book also deals with significant ideas that are much 〔5〕bigger〔big〕than the story itself．Anemarie must learn that evil doesn't just appear in fairy tales．It's a real thing that affects real people．She must also struggle with questions of loyalty and sacrifice．Who would she die to protect？And is she brave enough 〔6〕to make〔make〕that sacrifice？Most importantly，Annemarie learns that 〔7〕being〔be〕brave doesn't mean being fearless．It means doing the right thing despite the fact 〔8〕that you are afraid，That's heavy stuff for a children's novel．I have taught Number the Stars to many classes at many different levels．It has alwaysbeen a popular choice．It uses simple language and sentences．It is easy to read and provides clear examples of literary techniques like foreshadowing〔预示〕．But it is also interesting，and the characters are 〔9〕engaging〔engage〕．The plot is full of tension．Lois Lowry．The author，has written award﹣winning novels for young people．Number the Stars is a remarkable example of the talent 〔10〕that/which has made her so celebrated．【考点】N6：语法填空．【分析】文章讲述了一部小说Number the Stars，以与作者的所感所想．【解答】1．is occupied．考查被动，国家被占领，表示被动，而且是一般现在时，故填is occupied．2．why．考查连词，不知道为什么被带走，故填why引导宾语从句．3．killed．考查动词，杀害了上百万的人，过去的动作．故填killed．4．rescued．考查非谓语，rescue与Jewish之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词做后置定语，故填rescued．5．bigger．考查比拟级，根据than，可知是比故事大的多，故填bigger．6．to make．考查不定式，形容词+enough+to do是常见搭配，足够勇敢做出牺牲，故填to make．7．being．考查非谓语，该句中being brave 做主语，故填动名词being．8．that．考查连词，that引导同位语从句，解释说明fact的内容，故填that．9．engaging．考查形容词，角色很迷人，engaging：迷人的，吸引人的，故填engaging．10．that/which．考查连词，该句是定语从句，先行词是the talent，在定语从句中做主语，故填that/which．【点评】对于语法填空这类题，一是懂得分析句子结构，二是知道充当各个句子成分的词类或词性，从语法上确定答案，当然，对于某些固定搭配也要牢记，在平时的学习中要多积累这些词汇或短语，对于句子使用的时态语态也要通过语境进展确定．Section BDirections：After reading the passage below，fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.2．〔15分〕A．mon B．voting C．effortsD．elected E．end F．protestingG．say H．exercised I．arguedJ．equal K．rightsIn most democracies today，people expect women to vote．Women are just as able to make decisions about their 〔1〕D leaders as men．But 200years ago，most people didn't thinkso．As late as the middle of the 19century only men voted in most Western countries．A few countries or states let women vote in local elections．But women voting was far from 〔2〕A．At that time，people believed that women belonged in the home．That meant they should not get involved with public life．But women in Europe，North America and New Zealand began 〔3〕F this situation．They believed that they should have a〔n〕〔4〕G in their government's leaders．In 1792 an English novelist named Mary Wollstonecraft 〔5〕I that women should be able to vote，In the United States，Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were important figures．They met while campaigning to put a〔n〕〔6〕E to slavery．In the process，they decided that women also should have more 〔7〕K．Yet despite the 〔8〕C of these women neither Great Britain nor the United States was the first country to let women vote．That honor goes to NewZealand，which changed their law on September 19，1893．This was because of women like Kate Shepherd．She led a group that presented petitions〔请愿书〕to their parliament three years in a row．Shepherd is now honored on New Zealand's s10 bill．New Zealand was followed by Australia in 1902 and Finland in 19 zero six．By this time，some U．S．states and territories allowed women to vote．But the country as a whole didn't give women the right until after World War I．In many countries，the right to hold political office came along with the right to vote．And women have 〔9〕H that right．In many countries，women have even held their country's highest office．All of that is due to the efforts of women who fought for a〔n〕〔10〕J voice【考点】N8：选词填空．【分析】在今天的大多数某某国家，人们希望妇女投票．女性和男性一样能够对自己选出的领导人做出决定．但女性投票的情况并不常见．在古时候，人们认为女人应该呆在家里．这意味着他们不应该参与公共生活．【解答】DAFGI EKCHJ1．D．句意理解题．根据"In most democracies today，people expect women to vote"可知，在今天的大多数某某国家，人们希望妇女投票．女性和男性一样能够对自己选出的领导人做出决定．应当选D．2．A．句意理解题．根据后一句话"At that time，people believed that women belonged in the home．That meant they should not get involved with public life"可知，但女性投票的情况并不常见．在那个时候，人们认为女人应该呆在家里．这意味着他们不应该参与公共生活．应当选A．3．F．句意理解题．根据句意可知，但是欧洲、北美和新西兰的妇女开始抗议这种情况．应当选F．4．G．句意理解题．根据句意可知，他们认为他们应该对政府领导人有发言权．应当选G．5．I．句意理解题．根据句意可知，1792年，英国小说家玛丽•沃斯通克拉夫特〔Mary Wollstonecraft〕主X妇女应该有选举权．应当选I．6．E．句意理解题．根据句意可知，他们在争取废除奴隶制的运动中相遇．应当选E．7．K．句意理解题．根据句意可知，在这个过程中，他们决定妇女也应该有更多的权利．应当选K．8．C．句意理解题．根据"these women neither Great Britain nor the United States was the first country to let women vote．"可知，然而，尽管这些妇女作出了努力，英国和美国都不是第一个允许妇女投票的国家．应当选C．9．H．句意理解题．根据最后一段" In many countries，women have even held their country's highest office"可知，在许多国家，担任政治职务的权利与投票权同时出现．妇女已经行使了这一权利．应当选H．10．J．句意理解题．根据句意可知，所有这一切都归功于为争取平等发言权而奋斗的妇女的努力．应当选J．【点评】此题题型为选词填空．在选择给定词语时，再考虑句子大意的前提下，还应该注意句子所用的时态，以与所填写的词在句子中的位置．通过这些判断，以符合题目要求．III. Reading prehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.3．〔15分〕The search for new，clean energy sources have occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years．One mon 〔1〕C for green energy is the wind．A new twist on this。