词汇学第三章

山西师范大学现代文理学院英语1203班授课教案课程名称：《现代英语词汇学概论》授课教师：游海清张怡刘敏张斌构词法教案课题： WORD-FORMATION(I)授课教师：游海清教材：现代英语词汇学概论第 3 章第 1-4 节P 31 ～P 71一、教学目标：1、知识目标：a.了解构词法的一些基本知识和观点b.明确合成法的定义c.掌握合成法的分类d.了解派生法及转化法的定义e.熟练掌握派生法及转化法的分类f.明确常见前后缀的词义2、能力目标：a.提升学生记忆单词的能力b.理解构成的新词的意义c.扩大词汇量，提升阅读水平二、教学重点：合成法派生法转化法三、教学难点：转化法四、教学方法：讲授法问答法 PPT演示练习法课堂讨论法对比法五、教具仪器：多媒体粉笔教案教材六、授课提纲：七、教学内容详析第一节General remarks 第一步：T:OK,class,let’s begin.How many processes of word-formation do you know ?Do you know differences between root,stem and base?第二步：A.percentage of new wordspounding or composition(about 27%)B.Derivation or affixation(about 17.5%)C.Conversion（about 10.5%）A.initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)B.Blending(about 6%)C.Clipping(about 2%)D.Words from proper names(about 2%)E.Back formation(about 1%)F.Reduplication(about 0.5%)G.Neo-classical formations(about 4%)H.Others (about 3%)B.Some basic concepts of word-formation1.The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”?Root/ 词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologyStem/ 词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Base/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.举例：1）undesirables= un + desire + able + sBase:desirable→ desire (base)undesirable→ desirable (base)undesirables→ undesirable (base)Base/词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.分析：desirable: desire(root or base, not stem)undesirable: desirable(base, not root, not stem)undesirables: undesirable(stem or base, not root)desired: desire(root, stem or base)第三步：1)denationalizeddenationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→ nationnationalize→ nationaldenationalize→ nationalizedenationalized→ denationalize2)Uncomfortable=un +comfort+ableRoot: comfortStem:uncomfortableBase:comfortable第二节：Compounding第一步：板书下列单词1.noun compoundsHeadache heartbeat crybabyPickpocket birthcontrol housekeeping2.adjective compoundsThunder-struck weather-beaten suntannedFault-finding peaceloving record-breaking3.verb compoundsHouse-keep ghost-write aircondition mass-produce第二步：A.DefinitionCompounding / composition: a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.e.g.flowerpot= flower + potmachine-independent= machine + independentThe relative criteria of a compound 1) Orthographic criterion:Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid,hyphenated and open.E.g. flowerpotSolid: flowerpotHyphenated: flower-pot Open: flower pot2) Phonological criterion:C ompound accent: a main stress on the first element andsecondary stress on the second element.Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the firstelement and the main stress on the second element.E.g.black listblackboardblue bottle3) Semantic criterion:Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning whichmay be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaningB.Classification1)noun compoundsA.Subject and verbB.verb and objectC.verb and adverbialD.subject and objectE.restrictive relationF.appositive relation2)adjective compoundsA.subject and verbB.verb and objectC.verb and adverbialD.noun and adjectiveE.coordinating relationship3)verb compoundsA.back-formationB.Conversion第三步：做P66-P67练习第三节 Derivation第一步：T:OK,class,let’s begin.Un-uncomfortable unimportant unclean unable unclear unknown Unlike uncertainIm-impossible impatient impair impracticable impolite imbalance immoral impartial impassive imprisonDis-dislike dismiss disclose disrupt disabuse disadvantage disable discharge display disagreeEr(or)-actor teacher doctor driver writer rider commander worker traveller collector farmer cooker baker stranger foreignerAble-actionable companionable comfortable disable livable reliable accountable reasonable fashionable impressionable Ize-civilize symbolize realize naturalize socialize characterize revolutionize materialize第二步：A.definition:Derivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.e.g.recover= re + coverworker= work + erB.classification(一)Prefixation: adding a prefix or combining form to the base.do not generally alter the word-class of the base.1)classification of prefixes1. negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir-), dis-, a-2. reversative / privative prefixes（相反动作前缀）: un-, de-, dis-,3. pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, mal-, pseudo-4. prefixes of degree or size（等级与大小前缀）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini-5. prefixes of attitude（态度取向前缀）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-6. locative prefixes（方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-7. prefixes of time and order（时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-8. number prefixes（常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly-9. miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice- 1.2)brief description of some productive prefixes in current English1. ant- / anti-Anti-Japanese War抗日战争ant- / anti-: unlike tradition2.de-A.to undo or reverse .Eg: decentralize decolonize denationalizeB.to removeEg: defog debug delocalize denuclearize3.mini-A.very smll size,duration,or importanceEg: minibus minibike minicab miniparkB.shortEg: minidress miniskirt minicoat minisuit4.un-A.not,the opposite ofEg: unkind unsee unbendingB.reverse the actionEg: unpack untieC.release from or to deprive ofEg: unleash unhorse（二）Suffixation: suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.1)classification of suffixes1.noun suffixes：2.Verb suffixes:3.Adjective suffixes:4.Adverb suffixes:2)brief description of some productive suffixes in current English.1.-able2.-er(or)3.-in4.-ish5.-ize6.-y3)differentiating suffixesEg:-ic and -ical第三步：引导学生口头总结第四节conversion第一步：绕口令1.never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you2.Can you can a can as a canner can can a can 你能像罐头工人那样把罐头装进罐头盒子里吗?3.I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish,but if you wish the wish the witch wishes,i won’t Wish the wish you wish to wish 我愿许你所许,若你的愿望太过虚幻不切实际,我就不会许你所许（我就不会和你一起天真的去幻想了第二步：A.introductory remarks1 )Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.functional shift:concerned with usage only not with word-formation derivation by zero suffix:long and cumbersome; clarify only something minor, not crucial2）conversion as a result of the almost entire loss of inflection in modern English.B.tapes of conversion1.noun→verb conversion(a) to put in/on N.The workers canned apples.put apples in cansThis room was floored with titles.cage birdsThe question certainly cornered me.He pocketed his wallet.(b) to give / provide N.They sheltered the orphans.give shelter to the orphanspills coated with sugarsugared pillsThe bottle is labeled poison.The child rose from the ground plastered over with yellow clay.(c) to remove N.Bill weeded the garden.cut off weeds in the gardencore an applepeel an orangedust a cap(d) to do sth. with N.John braked the car.stopped the car with a brakescrew the two pieces togetherelbow one’s way through the crowd(e) to act as N.She mothered the orphan. (human n.)looked after the orphan like a motherTom parroted what the boss had said. (animal n.)repeat sth. like a parrotThe police shadowed the suspected spy. ( inanimate n.) follow the spy closely like a shadow(f) to make / change sth. into N.(g) to send sth. / go by N.(h)to spend the period of time denoted by N.2.verb→noun conversion(a) He had a desire to be a scientist.desired to be a…state of mind / sensation(b) His usual morning commute to workan act of commuting event /activitydynamic verbsThis kind of nouns usually occur following verbs like give, have, make, or take, and are preceded by the indefinite article.(c) This little restaurant is quite a find.sth. found, esp. sth. valuable or pleasingobject or result of v.(d) He is a great bore.He is a person who bores everyone.agent of v.(e) The cloth is a good cover for the table.I covered the table with a cloth.instrument of v.3.adjective→verb conversion(a) pale, slim, sourto become the adj.(b) free, warm, smoothto cause sb. / sth. to become the adj.4.adjective→noun conversion(a) Partial conversionthe poorthe Scotch / the Japanesethe roughthe latest / his bestthe accused(b) Complete conversionHe is a natural for the job.Tom is one of our regulars.5.Other conversions第三步：布置作业八、预期效果学生能熟练运用合成法、派生法、转化法以及掌握由三大构词法构成的新词的意义。

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical， cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易；推动）the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing， as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary。

In modern times，however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word—building material available in English to create new words。

But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分）—word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes（语素；词素）, their classification(分类）and identification（辨别）， the relationship between morphemes and word—formation（构词法）。

3。

1 MorphemesTraditionally，words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences，which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules（句法规则). Structurally，however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example。

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical, cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易；推动) the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing, as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word-building material available in English to create new words. But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分) —word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes(语素；词素), their classification(分类) and identification(辨别), the relationship between morphemes and word-formation(构词法).3.1 MorphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules(句法规则). Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, con-, text, -a/ , -iz(e), -ation , each having meaning of its own. These segments (部分) cannot be furtherdivided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants (变体) such as -tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function and occur owing to (因为；根据) different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for 'form'; -eme as in 'phoneme' (音素) means 'class of' ). In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985). Syntactically(从句法上看), however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis (语法分析). For instance, each of the word-forms studies, studying, studied, consists of the morpheme study + ; the forms -es in studies, -ing in studying, -ed in studied are morphemes, which express grammatical concepts (语法概念) instead of deriving new words (See Classifying Morphemes).3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs(词素变体)Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units (具体单位) known as morphs(形素). 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning' (Bolinger and Sears 1981:43). In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings(语音串或拼写字串)or segments (切分成分；节) which realize morphemes are termed 'morphs' (Bauer 1983:15). The morpheme isto the morph what a phoneme (音位) is to a phone (音素). Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green , sad, want, desire, etc. . These morphemes coincide (巧合) with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs in different sound context, e. g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. The alternates (作为替换的事物) /s/, /z/ and /iz/ are three different morphs. The same is true of the link verb morpheme {be}. Its past tense is realized by two distinct orthographic forms was , were, each of which happens to be a word-form, realizing {preterit} and {singular}, and {preterit} and {plural} respectively and each has its own phonetic form /woz/ or /wə:/. Therefore, both was, were and their phonetic forms /woz/ and /wə: / are morphs (See discussion in Bauer, p15).An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones(音素) together as allophones (音位变体) of a single phoneme(音位), so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. Take the plural morpheme {-s} again. Phonetically, it is realized by /s/, /z/, /iz/, all of which are allomorphs. In English, many morphemes canhave more than one allomorph, particularly those freestanding morphemes which are functional words in their own right. Once they occur in connected speech, they may be realized by different forms, depending on whether they are accented or weakened (Look at the data in the table).Morphem e AllomorphStrong Weak{am} /aem/ /əm/, /m/{ was} /woz/ /WəZ/{have } /haev/ /həv/, /v/{would } /wud/ /wəd/, /əd/,/d/{he} /hi:/ /i:/, /i/{his} /hiz/ /iz/{for} /fo:/ /fə/{to} /tu:/ /tu/, /tə/Then what is the difference between morphs and allomorphs? The relationship can be illustrated by the diagram below.Morpheme{would}morph morph morph morph →allomorph/wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/3.3 Classifying MorphemesMorphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping(重叠). For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.1. Free versus Bound Morphemes(自由词素与粘着词素)This is the easiest and most preferred classification in morphological studies, discussed in Hatch and Brown (1995), Crystal (1985), Fromkin and Rodman (1983), Bauer (1983), Bolinger and Sears (1981) and Matthews (2000). Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with(与……完全相同) words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particulargrammatical function.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words (派生词). Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes: recollection (re- collect-ion) , idealistic (ideal-ist-ic) , ex-prisoner (ex- prison -er). Of the nine morphemes, collect, ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion , -ist, -ic, ex-and -er are bound as none of them are freestanding units.Free morphemes are all roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words like collect, ideal, prison , whereas bound morphemes consist of either roots or affixes, most of which can be used to create new words like -dict- , -ced- (接近；去), re-, -ion, -ist, -ic and ex-(前). But there are a few affixes which can only indicate such grammatical concepts as tense, aspect, number and case, for example, the -ing in watching, -er in easier, -s in books, and -ed in worked.The English language possesses a multitude of (大量的) words made up of merely bound morphemes, e. g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced- and -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'(前例；前事；先行词；祖先). These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root (See Root, Stem, Base) and affix.2. Derivational versus Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes (派生词素) because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.In English, derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. For example, a + mor + ai, clear + ance, Life + Like and homo + gen + eous are results of such morphological processes.Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素), in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios and potatoes; the same forms can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular such as likes, works and goes; the form -'s is used to denote the possessive case of nouns such as the children ' s library, the man ' s role and the mother-in-law' s complaints; the suffixes -er, -est are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees like happier—happiest,harder—hardest. Apart from these, there is the past tense marker -ed and progressive marker -ing added to verbs. The differences between inflectional and derivational morphemes can be summarized as follows (See Hatch and Brown, p266): Inflectional Derivational(1) Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem (1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(2) Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence.(2) Indicates semantic relations within the word.(3) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes.(4) Occurs at margins of words.(4) Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.3. Content versus Grammatical MorphemesOn a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes (Traugott and Pratt 1980:90; Bolinger and Sears, pp66~70; Hatch and Brown, p267). Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as wesee above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes. These morphemes, whether free or bound, have a lexical content, hence the name. Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes and free morphemes such as in, and, do, have, they, -while, -where, but and that, which are traditionally called functional words.3.4 Identifying Morphemes(词素的区分)Since morphemes are the minimal distinct units, they should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Generally speaking, lexical morphemes are easy to define:Mono-morphemic: land, skyDouble-morphemic: chill + y, mis + takeTriple-morphemic: anti + govern + ment, sports + man + shipFour-morphemic:un + friend + li + ness, morph + olog( i) + cal + lyOver-four-morphemic: inter + nation + al + iz(e) + ationIf the morphemes are always consistent in form and meaning, there should be no difficulty in identification(区分). However, thereis often mismatch(不一致)between form and meaning. Some morphemes are identical(相同的) in form but different in meaning, for instance, -er in teacher, clearer and eraser. -er in teacher means 'one who', but -er in clearer indicates 'the comparative degree', and -er in eraser denotes 'an object'. Therefore, -er in each case is a different morpheme.Some morphemes are not meaningful in isolation(单独)but acquire meaning by virtue of(通过)their connection in words (Fromkin and Rodman, p116). The classic examples are cranberry(越橘), huckleberry (黑果；乌饭树浆果)and boysenberry(博弈增莓), each seeming to be a kind of berry. But when cran-, huckle- and boysen- are isolated, they are meaningless and they are incapable of forming new words with other morphemes rather than with berry. There are other morphemes which occur in many words, but their meaning is difficult to define, for instance, -ceive in conceive (想象；设想), perceive(感觉，察觉；认为)and receive. Some forms are meaningful, but not morphemes, such as fl- meaning 'moving light' in flash , flame and flicker(闪烁，忽隐忽现), and gl-meaning 'static light' in glow(发光，燃烧)，glisten (闪耀；反光)and glitter(闪光；光彩夺目). These are only sound symbols often employed by poets in their literary creation but do not qualify as morphemes.The identification of inflectional morphemes is more problematic. In most cases, an inflectional morpheme can be segmented (切分)from the stem of a word and naturally can be added to the stem like the plural morpheme {s} in gloves, tables and classes. But what is the plural morpheme in men, sheep and feet ? The same is true of the past tense morpheme {ed} , which is explicit and segmentable in walked, loaded and danced. How can we isolate the past tense morpheme from knew, taught and cut ? To solve the problem, we have to resort to other ways.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.1. AffixAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like -s, -ed and -ing, and derivational affixeslike pre-, ex-, de-, -less, -dom and -ic. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of words, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Prefixes are all derivational, i.e. they are used to form new words whereas suffixes embrace(包括) both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes. Accordingly, the above-mentioned affixes can be further grouped into prefixes: pre-, ex- and de-y and suffixes: -less, -dom, -zc, -5, -ed and -ing.2. Root, Stem, BaseBefore we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying(澄清). The processes of derivation and compounding involve different word-forming elements: affixes and root or stem or base. Indeed, some people use root or stem undiscriminatingly (不加区别地) on all occasions. But these three terms are not the same, and they denote to a greater or lesser degree different concepts despite the semantic overlapping between them.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (Crystal 1985). As mentioned earlier, the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. In the word internationalists, removing inter- , -at, -ist, -s leaves the root nation. If we further divide nation as * na/tion or * at /ion, though -tion and -ion coincide with the noun suffix, the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost. Therefore, nation defies(使不能；使落空)further analysis. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a 'root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed' (Bauer 1983). Take internationalists again. After the removal of the inflectional affix -s and the derivational affixes -ist, -al and inter-, nation is what is left and thus is the root.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, understatement. To make things more clearly, we say that the stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes. As Bauer defines, a stem is 'that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed' (ibid). In other words, any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. Consider the word internationalists again. Nation is a root as well as a stem as the plural -s can be added to it; national is not a root as it can be further divided, but a stem because an inflectionalaffix -s can be added to it when used as a noun; similarly, international is not a root but a stem for the same reason. This is also true of internationalist, which is a stem.A base is used in this book as an all-purpose term, referring to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. In the case of internationalists, nation is a base, national is a base, so are international and internationalist.nation(root, stem, base)national(stem, base)international(stem, base)internationalist (stem, base)InternationalistsIt should be noted that such an example gives the impression that a stem is just as good as a base. This is not true. In many cases, a form of word can neither be a root nor a stem, but only a base. This often happens when we deal with derivational affixes exclusively, for example impracticality(不切实际；无用；不现实). Removing the derivational affix -ity leaves only the base form impractical, and by further removing im- we have the base form practical left and by still further analysis, only practice remains.impracticalityimpractical (base)practical(base)practice(root, stem, base)Therefore, in the chapters to follow, we shall employ only the term base to refer to any basic word-building element.英语词汇学第三单元课后练习及答案Questions and Tasks1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( ) j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexicalmorphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.3. Analyze the words in terms of root, stem and base.individualistic undesirablesanize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffix参考答案1. a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base2. Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end ofwords to denote grammatical concepts such as -s (-es) , -ed,-ing and -est (to show superlative degree of adjectives andadverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes andsuffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un- , -lion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles,auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexicalmorphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixesand suffixes.3.individualisticindividualist+ic[stem, base]individual+ist[stem, base]individu+al[stem, base]in+dividu[root, stem, base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem, base]desir+able[root, stem, base]4. morpheme free morpheme=free rootbound morpheme bound rootaffix inflectional affixderivational affix prefixsuffix。