大学翻译硕士MTI历年考研真题-辽大2012MTI真题清晰版

汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释：给出一段话，然后对应几个选择题。

1、1~5题：古代尚黄，黄色常常被视为君权的象征，这首先起源于古代农业民族敬土思想。

安阴阳学说，黄色在五行中为土，这种土是居于宇宙中央的“中央土”，故在五行中，“土为尊”。

此后这种思想又于儒家大一统思想柔和在一起，认为以汉族为主体的统一王朝就是这样一个处于“中央土”的帝国，而有别于周围的“四夷”，这样“黄色"通过土就与“正统”，“尊崇”联系起来，为君主的统治提供了“合理性”的论证。

再加上古代又有“龙战于野，其血玄黄”的说法，而君主又以龙为象征，黄色与君主就发生了更为直接的联系。

这样，黄色就象征着君权神授，神圣不可侵犯。

周代以黄钺为天子权利象征，隋代以后皇帝要穿黄龙袍，黄色成为君主独占的御用颜色。

1.阴阳，古代以何为阴，何为阳？答案选择：剧烈运动着的、外向的、上升的、温热的、明亮的，都属于阳；相对静止着的、内守的、下降的、寒冷、晦暗的，都属于阴。

2.四夷包括什么？答案：东夷、西戎、南蛮、北狄。

3.黄钺的形状像什么？答案：斧4.隋朝持续了多少年？答案：38年5.五行相克指的是：答案：木克土，土克水，水克火，火克金，金克木2、6~15 题，一个关于乒乓球外交的，题目包括：6.罗斯福就任了几届美国总统？答案：2届7.1972年访华，中美关系开始正常化的美国总统是谁？答案：尼克松8.貌似还有一个说“小球带动大球”，这里面乒乓球的第一届冠军是谁？9.美国宣布独立的时间：1776年10.封建王朝最后一个皇帝是谁：溥仪3、16~25题:马可·波罗小时候，他的父亲和叔叔到东方经商，来到元大都并朝见过蒙古帝国的忽必烈大汗，还带回了大汗给罗马教皇的信。

他们回家后，小马可·波罗天天缠着他们讲东方旅行的故事。

这些故事引起了小马可·波罗的浓厚兴趣，使他下定决心要跟父亲和叔叔到中国去。

１２７１年，马可·波罗１７岁时，父亲和叔叔拿着教皇的复信和礼品，带领马可·波罗与十几位旅伴一起向东方进发了。

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Academy award2. animated movie3. avant-garde4. Byzantium5. Civilian6. Cubism7. Catholicism8. Expo9. Bermuda Triangle10. Consumerism11. East End12. Beatles13. Contributor14. Broadway15. autograph15个汉译英1. 未来主义2. 头版新闻3. 蜜月4. 香格里拉5. 人力资源6. 碳酸饮料7. 学士学位8. 特洛伊木马9. 垃圾文化10. 中古英语11.吉尼斯世界纪录大全12. 荒诞派戏剧13. 迷惘的一代14. 手稿英译汉大概讲电子书刊和传统书刊汉译英选自蔡元培先生的以美育代宗教说纯粹之美育;所以陶养吾人之感情;使有高尚纯洁之习惯;而使人我之见、利已损人之思念;以渐消沮者也..盖以美为普遍性;决无人我差别之见能参入其中..食物之入我口者;不能兼果他人之腹；衣服之在我身者;不能兼供他人之温;以其非普遍性也..美则不然..即如北京左近之西山;我游之;人亦游之；我无损于人;人亦无损于我也..隔千里兮共明月;我与人均不得而私之..中央公园之花石;农事试验场之水木;人人得而赏之..埃及之金字塔、希腊之神祠、罗马之剧场;瞻望赏叹者若干人..所谓独乐乐不如人乐乐;与寡乐乐不如与众乐乐;以齐宣王之惛;尚能承认之;美之为普遍性可知矣..汉语写作与百科知识名词解释给了好几个小段落;在里面划词考的1. 主体间性2. 文本3. 科学范式4. 实证科学5. 本土性6. 归化处理7. 目的语8. 无罪推定9. 听证制10. 蕴涵11. 上下义12. 指称13. 语言的交际意义14. 语言的及物性15. 语言的主位16. 人文主义17. 功能对等18. “功能对等物”19. 斯多葛学派20. 命题21. 语句应用文写作北京市团市委关于好找广大团员青年踊跃鲜血的倡议现代文写作孔子说“己所不欲;勿施于人..”试以此为题;写一篇不少于800字的文章;体裁不限..3. 北二外翻译基础1.红楼梦2.寿桃3.春卷4.国有企业5.国库券6.国家外汇储蓄7.综合国力8.义务教育9.温带大陆性气候10.短篇小说11.科幻片12.污水处理13.海峡两岸关系14.新闻发布会15.扩大内需E-C1.CBD2.Gaza strip3.anti-dunming measures4.Hubble Space Telescope5.activiated carbon6.Blu-ray disc7.HIV carrierernment procurement9.deposit reserve ratio10.insurance companyE-C;两篇..1.关键词： American colleges application; City Unicersity of New York; tuition free. 大意讲美国大学申请;说到大学的受欢迎程度;而这个City University of New York 以前不怎么有人申请的学校这次却很多人申请;它的条件不好;缺这个缺那个还没有宿舍..这所大学推出了一个什么什么吸引优秀学生的项目;1100多优秀学生能够享受免费教育;还能得到一笔7500美金的补助和一台笔记本电脑;然后今年申请 early admission 的人数占了70%..2.关键词：E-waste; take back and recycle of old mobile phones; disposing of computers; moniters; printers; eliminating and limiting of chemicals. 关于电子垃圾的处理;说这个问题已经越来越成为一个严重的环境问题了;还有什么欧盟表态;什么机构又要限制化学元素和有毒物质在原料中的使用;还说到一个lobby group正在进行一个关于回收旧手机的campaignC-E;两篇..1.原文：前辈的学者常常以学问的趣味启迪后生;因为他们实在是得到了学问的趣味;故不惜现身说法;诱导后辈;使他们在愉快的心情之下走进学说的大门..例如;梁任公先生梁启超就说过：“我是个主张趣味主义的人;倘若用化学划分‘梁启超’这件东西;把里头一种元素名叫‘趣味’的抽出来;只怕所剩下的仅有个零了..”任公先生注重趣味;学问甚是渊博;故能有他那样的成就..一个人在学问上果能感觉到趣味;有时真会像着了魔一般;真能废寝忘食;真能不知老之将至;苦苦钻研;锲而不止..在学问上焉能不有收获2.介绍西藏的..地热;太阳能;风能丰富;东部还有丰富的森林资源;西藏是中国五大草场之一;经济支柱是农业也畜牧业;还有大麦、豌豆、黄麻等等....雪山冰川;蜿蜒的河流;广阔的草原;迷人的寺庙;有自己的宗教文化和文化习俗..旅游胜地有布达拉宫;大昭寺;扎什伦布寺;位于南部的吉堆吐蕃墓群..基础英语一语法词汇：30个单选;词汇和语法分布貌似比较均匀;没有前两年出现的改错和完形填空..二阅读;两篇选择题10个;20分；两篇问答题;5个问题;20分..阅读四篇;前两篇是以选择题形式出题;后两篇是问答题..总体不难..一篇是讲述警察的工作情况;警察需要学习法律知识;需要学会收集证据;面临的压力很大..另一篇讲的是三种词典;牛津;朗文;还有BBC;是关于三本字典的cultural element主要是针对文化方面的考虑问题..还有一篇讲的是美国的cultural blindness;还有就是外国人很注重对英语的发扬;哪哪都是英语..关键词：American culture blindness..美国人自认为自己的文化很了不起怎么怎么滴;然后导致了很多问题..。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psyc hology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to V ermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the V ermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s c onceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionist s in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Y ou are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Y et for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that itmight entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsY ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了 G. I. Joe 由普通人成长为英雄，是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。

二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题：G. I. Joe这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。

空格中需要填动词，在定语从句中做谓语，其主语是who（指代men and women），动作发生的地点是in World War II；空后的句子“ the people they liberated ”中they也指代men and women，他们有由此推断“ the men and women”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人，即服役的军人。

只有serve 意思，所以选 B 。

liberate 的动作，有“服兵役”的A 项 perform 意为“表现；执行；表演” ； C项rebel意为“造反，反抗” ；D项betray意为”背叛，出卖” ，皆不符合文意，为干扰项。

2．【答案】 B【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的 the poor farm kid 和 the guy 在含义上呼应，同时与空格后的“ grown intohero”逻辑含义应保持一致，因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（common man）成长为英雄，所以选B。

A 项actual意为“实际上，事实上的”；C项special意为“特殊的，专门的”；D项normal 意为“正常的，常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意，为干扰项。

3．【答案】 A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，who（ the guy），宾需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是语是all the burdens of battle ，要表达“承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词所以这里选 A ， bore。

2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。

目　录2010年大连外国语大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2011年大连外国语大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2012年大连外国语大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2010年大连外国语大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、将下列短语译成汉语（1）UNDP: United Nations Development Program【答案】联合国开发计划署（2）TMD: theater missile defense (system)【答案】战区导弹防御（系统）（3）OTC: Over the Counter【答案】非处方（药）（4）IMF【答案】国际货币基金组织（5）NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration 【答案】美国国家航空和宇宙航行局（6）GPS Global Position System【答案】全球定位系统（7）cruise missile【答案】巡航导弹（8）irrevocable letter of credit【答案】不可撤销信用证（9）critical pressure【答案】临界电压（10）insulating board【答案】绝缘板（11）refugee camp【答案】难民营（12）intellectual property right【答案】知识产权（13）notary public office【答案】公证处（14）financial deficit【答案】财政赤字（15）Reuters【答案】（英国）路透社二、将下列短语译成英语（1）多次入境签证【答案】Multiple entry visa（2）反导弹卫星【答案】Anti missile satellite（3）国际标准化组织【答案】international organization for standardization （4）对外经济贸易委员会【答案】Foreign economy and Trade Committee（5）中国民航【答案】Civil Aviation Administration of China; CAAC （6）臭氧层【答案】ozone layer（7）跳台跳水【答案】platform diving（8）载人宇宙飞船【答案】manned spaceship（9）候机大厅【答案】The lobby of the airport（10）国务院【答案】the Sate Council（11）（美国）联邦储备委员会【答案】Federal Reserve Board（12）联合国儿童基金会【答案】UNICEF（13）物联网【答案】Internet of things（14）核心利益和重大关切【答案】Core interests and major concerns（15）中国远洋运输总公司【答案】China Ocean Shipping Company三、将下列短文译成汉语PASSAGE 1The Obama administration on Monday plans to announce a campaign to pressure mortgage companies to reduce payments for many more troubled homeowners, as evidence mounts that a $75 billion taxpayer-financed effort aimed at stemming foreclosures is foundering.“The banks are not doing a good enough job，” Michael S. Barr, Treasury’s assistant secretary for financial institutions, said in an interview Friday.“Some of the firms ought to be embarrassed, and they will be.”（选自《纽约时报》）【参考译文】奥巴马政府计划在周一宣布一项给抵押放款公司施压使其减少对更多的陷入困境的私房所有者放贷的运动。

2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：851 科目名称：翻译理论与实践适用专业名称：外国语言学及应用语言学（翻译）考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在本题签及草纸上无效。

考试后本题签同答题纸一并交回。

一、从翻译的角度用汉语简述（共4题，每题5分，合计20分）1. 玄奘2. 鲁迅3. 严复4．林纾二、词汇翻译（共15题，每题2分，合计30分）将句子里的划线词汇翻译成相应的汉语，翻译时可以做相应的变化，如hesitate 既可翻译成“犹豫”，也可翻译成“犹犹豫豫”或“犹豫再三”等，但以出现在语境中的词义为最优选择，所以，英语的名词未必翻译成汉语的名词。

1.He found the fast tempo of New York City stimulating but exhausting.2.The scandal was detrimental to the politician’s reputation and contributed to his loss in the election.3.In an ideal marriage, one’s mate is also one’s confidant—to whom all can be told.4.The vegetarian has an aversion to meat.5.Give less importance to temporal concerns and more to eternal ones.6. A country has jurisdiction over the fishing rights of several miles off its coast.7.The caricature of the political leader exaggerated his fatness and big mouth.8. A person should be neither overly suspicious nor the opposite—gullible.9.The women’s group issued a manifesto stating its view on equal rights.10.The earthquake produced fissures in the highway which stopped all traffic.11.Love and greed are ubiquitous, having been found in all human societies.12.The beauty of a flower is transient.13.Some people gesticulate when they talk excitedly whereas others keep their hands still but just talklouder.14.The captured spy gave equivocal answers to the questions he was asked in order to confuse the enemy.15.The first action of the new dictator was to purge the government of all disloyal members.三、英汉翻译（合计50分）The provost(教务长) of one of our largest and most honored institutions told me not long ago that a questionnaire was distributed to his undergraduates and that 40% refused to acknowledge that they believed cheating on examinations to be reprehensible. Recently a reporter for a New York newspaper stopped six people on the street and asked them if they would consent to take part in a rigged TV quiz for money. He reported that five of the six said yes. Yet most of these five, like most of the college cheaters, would probably profess a strong social consciousness. They may cheat, but they vote for foreign aid and forenlightened social measures.These two examples exhibit a paradox of our age. It is often said, any my observation leads me to believe it true, that our seemingly great growth in social morality had oddly enough taken place in a world where private morality---a sense of supreme importance of purely personal honor, honesty, and integrity---seems to be declining. Beneficent and benevolent social institutions are administered by men who all too frequently turn out to be accepting “gifts”. The world of popular entertainment is rocked by scandals. College students put on their honor, cheat on examinations. Candidates for the Ph. D hire ghost writers to prepare their theses. But one may object, haven’t all these things always been true? Is there really any evidence that personal dishonesty is more prevalent than it always was? I have no way of making a historical measurement. Perhaps these things are not actually more prevalent. What I do know is that there is an increasing tendency to accept and take for granted such personal dishonesty.四、汉英翻译（合计50分）人的生命对于自己来说，很漫长；相对于自然来说，很短暂。

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招生专业：英语口译、英语笔译考试科目：汉语写作百科与百科知识试题种类：B卷考试时间：1月8日下午（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效）第一部分百科知识（50分）请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点。

1、唐代诗歌，盛极难继。

初唐时期，诗人中最著名的的当属“初唐四杰”，四杰的诗歌有的是五言、七言长篇，有的是五言律诗、五言绝句。

盛唐时期，有孟浩然和王维的山水田园诗，也有高适和岑参的边塞诗。

在盛唐、中唐时期，还出现了礼拜、杜甫、白居易的诗歌以及韩愈、柳宗元提倡的“古文运动”。

2、中国古代宗教信仰中，最为突出的是“三大崇拜”，它决定了中国古代宗教活动的形式。

封禅是古代宗教最隆重的形式，由帝王亲临。

在古人看来，中国大山以五岳为最，在五岳之中地位最高的山上祭拜，才算完成了天子就位的礼节。

在我国现有的宗教中，佛典佛偈等大量渗入社会生活，经过意义转化，成了一些人们常用的成语。

另外，在胜迹方面，还出现了佛家四大名山等佛教胜迹。

3、继猫王之后，60年代，又出现了一位摇滚歌手巨星：鲍勃·迪伦。

一时间，美国出现了许多的“摇滚歌手”。

“摇滚乐”伴随着民权运动、反战运动、嬉皮士运动的发展而发展，形成了美国文化生活中的一条独特风景线。

70年代中期，在美国又兴起了一种新型的舞蹈——迪斯科。

由于受到年轻人的青睐，旋即风行西方，传遍世界。

摇滚乐的摇与滚通过形体动作被表现的淋漓尽致。

4、苹果电脑风靡全球，其产品由台湾富士康公司在中国组装。

其中一款平板电脑，在美国的市场售价为499美元，生产成本259美元，对美国苹果公司而言，利润接近100%。

在259的成本里面，其中代工费是11.9美元，而富士康还要在这11.9美元里形成4美元的利润，剩下的7.9美元在整个499美元的售价里显然微乎其微，而且纵使如此，全国各地还在为争抢富士康公司在本地落户，为保证富士康的安全“着陆”，在土地方面给出这样那样的优惠条件。

土地租金很低、缺乏核心技术，是苹果产业链条中“中国制造”处于最低端的原因所在。