下载文档原格式
![[英语学习]科技英语的课件2](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/c57fa06bbe1e650e52ea99ac.png)
第37卷第3期2015年9月上海理工大学学报（社会科学版）Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyVol．37No．3Sept．2015收稿日期：2014－07－23作者简介：方洪民（1966－），男，副研究员。
研究方向：科技翻译。
E-mail ：fhm117@126．com 科技英语NP 1be NP 2句的汉译方洪民，李冠，王彩红，阮刘青（中国水稻研究所科技信息中心，杭州310006）摘要：英语NP 1be NP 2判断句表达主项NP 1、谓项NP 2两个概念外延相容的逻辑语义关系。
表达抽象概念的抽象名词短语赋予NP 1be NP 2句概括、客观和静态表达的句式意义，将抽象名词短语逆转换为具体表达是识解NP 1be NP 2句语义的关键。
NP 1be NP 2句按NP 1、NP 2不同的语义表达，可汉译为“是”字句、及物动词谓语句、不及物动词谓语句、形容词谓语句、主谓谓语句或无主句等多种情况。
通过翻译实例分析，为汉英科技翻译实践中恰当运用NP 1be NP 2句式提供参考依据。
关键词：判断句；名词性谓语判断句；抽象名词；科技翻译；科技英语中图分类号：H 314．3文献标志码：A 文章编号：1009－895X （2015）03－0206－05DOI ：10．13256/j．cnki．jusst．sse．2015．03．002Chinese Translation of the NP 1be NP 2Constructionin English Scientific WritingsFang Hongmin ，Li Guan ，Wang Caihong ，Ｒuan Liuqing（Scientific Information Center ，China National Ｒice Ｒesearch Institute ，Hangzhou 310006，China ）Abstract ：The syntactic construction of NP 1be NP 2in English involves a compatibility relation between the logical extensions of concept NP 1（subject ）and concept NP 2（predicate ）．By using abstract nouns in NP 1and NP 2，this syntactic construction expresses semantic meaning of generalization ，objectivity and static property．A key to better understanding of this syntactic pattern is the back-transformation of abstract nouns to concrete expressions．Depending on the semantic expressions of two nominal phrases NP 1and NP 2，the construction of NP 1be NP 2may be translated into different types of Chinese sentence structure such as “shi ”sentence ，sentence with transitive verbs or intransitive verbs ，sentence with adjective predicate and non-subject-sentence．Keywords ：nominal predicate sentence ；NP 1be NP 2；abstract noun ；translation of scientific English writing ；EST一、概述英语名词性谓语判断句NP 1be NP 2（注：NP ，名词性短语；VP ，动词性短语或小句），以传统语法分析，NP 1作主语、NP 2作表语并与be 类系动词一起构成复合谓语；以逻辑语法分析，NP 1、NP 2分别是判断的主项与谓项，系动词be 是判断联项并确定NP 1、NP 2二者概念外延相容的关系，其外延部分或全部重合［1］，概念NP 1与NP 2是类属或等同的关系。
青泥学术英文语法校对Academic English Grammar Proofreading。
Introduction:In the realm of academic writing, it is crucial to maintain a high standard of English grammar. Accurate grammar not only enhances the clarity and coherence of the content but also reflects the professionalism and credibility of the author. This article aims to provide an overview of common grammar mistakes made by non-native English speakers and offers practical tips for improving academic writing skills.1. Subject-Verb Agreement:One of the most common grammar errors is related to subject-verb agreement. It is essential to ensure that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number. For example, "The students is studying" should be corrected to "The students are studying."2. Verb Tense Consistency:Maintaining consistent verb tenses throughout the text is crucial for coherence. Shifting between past, present, and future tenses can confuse the reader. It is advisable to choose a specific tense and stick to it unless there is a clear reason to switch. For instance, "She writes an essay yesterday" should be revised to "She wrote an essay yesterday."3. Proper Use of Articles:The correct use of articles (a, an, the) can be challenging for non-native English speakers. It is essential to understand the rules governing their usage. For example, "I saw a interesting movie" should be corrected to "I saw an interesting movie."4. Sentence Structure and Punctuation:Varying sentence structures and effectively using punctuation marks can greatly enhance the readability of academic writing. Long, complex sentences should bebalanced with shorter, concise ones. Additionally, proper use of commas, semicolons, and colons is necessary to indicate pauses, separate ideas, and introduce lists respectively.5. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases:Prepositions are often misused in academic writing. It is important to choose the correct preposition to convey the intended meaning. For instance, "I am interested on biology" should be revised to "I am interested in biology."6. Pronoun Usage:Pronouns should be used correctly to avoid ambiguity and maintain clarity. Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they replace. For example, "Each student should bring their own textbook" should be revised to "Each student should bring his or her own textbook."7. Parallel Structure:Parallel structure refers to maintaining consistency in sentence construction. When listing items or ideas, it is crucial to ensure that they are presented in a parallel structure. For instance, "She enjoys reading, swimming, and to hike" should be corrected to "She enjoys reading, swimming, and hiking."Conclusion:In conclusion, mastering academic English grammar is essential for effective communication and successful academic writing. By paying attention to subject-verb agreement, verb tense consistency, article usage, sentence structure, prepositions, pronouns, and parallel structure, non-native English speakers can significantly improve their writing skills. It is recommended to seek feedback from peers or utilize grammar-checking tools to further enhance the accuracy and fluency of academic writing. With consistent practice and attention to detail, one can overcome grammar challenges and produce high-quality academic documents.。
科技英语语法_西安电子科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Rapid travel has a ____ greater influence on the human body than we imagine.答案:far2.The standard meter is accurate to about ____.答案:three parts in a billion3.As current passes, the emf（电动势）of a bettery falls ____ rapidity.答案:with4. A comparison of Eq. 4 with Eq. 7 ____ the following relations.答案:leads to5.All forces fall into one or the other of these two classes, ____ will be founduseful later.答案:a fact that6.This company is planning to develop and produce ____ cars and componentsin the country.答案:energy efficient7. Lengths are measured in _____.答案:meters8.This facilitates（便于） ____ the ohmmeter to the unknown resistor.答案:connecting9.The shorter the distance between points A and B, the ____ the error（误差）in this approximation（近似） will be.答案:smaller10.It takes sunlight about 8 minutes ____ the earth.答案:to reach11.There are many advantages of the alternating current（交流电） ____ thedirect current（直流电）.答案:over12.It really makes no difference ____ we use as a standard.答案:what13.____ the title shows, this chapter deals with atomic energy.答案:As14.Among the most noteworthy achievements of the nineteenth century was therealization ____ light consists of electromagnetic（电磁的）waves.答案:that15.It was in 1984 ____ China launched its first communications satellite（通信卫星）.答案:that。
浅析英语非谓语动词的逻辑主语作者：尹辉来源：《青年文学家》2012年第30期摘要：大学生英语语法学习中，是否能正确快速地把握非谓语动词的逻辑主语，对于能够准确使用非谓语和理解语义非常重要。
掌握好非谓语动词的逻辑主语的各种形式变化才能准确把握句子意思。
Abstract：To master the logical subjects of non-finite forms of verbs is one of the key points in English grammar learning， especially for proper use of non-finite verbs and interpretation of sentence meaning.关键词：非谓语动词形式；逻辑主语；准确把握语义Key words：Non-finite forms of verbs； Logical subject； Grasping the exact meaning作者简介：尹辉，女，毕业于西南交通大学，四川外语学院成都学院教师。
[中图分类号]：H314 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2012）-21--01在英语语法中，学生难以掌握和使用的一大类词为“动词”。
通常情况下，语法中的动词根据其在句中的语法作用分为“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”。
“谓语动词”指的是在句中做主谓语，受句子中主语“人称”和“数”的限制，并随时态、语态、情态而发生变化的一类动词。
“非谓语动词”则指的是而一类特殊的动词，它们也具有动词的一切特性，但是不能做主句的谓语，不受句子主语的“人称”“数”的限制。
非谓语动词主要有以下列三种形式出现：动词不定式、动名词、分词（包含现在分词和过去分词）。
非谓语动词在句子中除了不能做主句的谓语外，可以作句子的其他任何成分。
它们的特征也普通名词、形容词与副词一样，可以在句中作定语、主语、状语、宾语、表语、补足语等。
中国英语学习者加工英语反身代词歧义句的策略研究唐萌萌吴金超摘 要：本文通过移动窗口的自定步速阅读范式，考察中国英语学习者采取何种策略加工英语反身代词歧义句，以及如何理解歧义反身代词。
实验表明，与带有性别线索的无歧义反身代词相比，中国英语学习者在加工英语歧义反身代词时，反应时没有显著增长。
这一结果说明中国英语学习者与英语母语者的加工策略类似，支持非限制竞赛模型对结果的解释，不支持“足够好”理论、识解模型和不指定加工理论对结果的解释，同时否定了基于制约的加工模型。
在解歧倾向上，两组被试对歧义反身代词回指的理解不同，具体表现为英语母语者倾向于理解为临近词（NP2），而中国英语学习者则理解为中心词（NP1），说明了跨语言影响在二语句法解歧中的作用。
关键词：歧义消解；反身代词；加工策略；二语学习者；英语母语者［中图分类号］H314.3 DOI：10.12002/j.bisu.493［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1003-6539（2023）06-0143-14引言在句子理解过程中，读者需要建构非毗邻成分间的句法关系，如反身代词与先行词构成回指关系（anaphora）。
在英语中，可以通过性、数和句法规则等线索来确定反身代词的先行词；然而，当同一性别的多个名词都可做先行词时（如：the son of Jack），反身代词（himself）的性别线索无效，指代歧义由此产生。
反身代词歧义现象在自然语言中普遍存在，对其加工策略的研究却未得出统一结论。
在母语加工中，不同的加工模型预测了歧义加工的不同结果：基于制约的加工模型（constraint-based parsing model）认为歧义句加工时间更长、难度更大；而非限制竞赛模型（unrestricted race model）、“足够好”理论（good-enough theory）、识解模型（construal model）和不指定理论（underspecifi cation account）则认为歧义句加工时间更短、难度更小。
科技英语_秦荻辉_科技英语语法习题以及答案练习 1I、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中有些冠词的特殊位置:1. In this case the current(电流)exists for only half the cycle(周期).2. In such a case there is no current flowing in the circuit(电路).3. Sensitivity(灵敏度)is a measure of how small a signal(信号)a receiver(接收机)canpick up and amplify(放大)to a level useful for communications.4. ε may be as small a positive constant as you please.5. Even so fundamental a dimension,量纲，as time was measured extremely crudely with sandand water clocks hundreds of years ago.6. Nonlinear distortion,非线性失真，can be caused by too large an input signal.7. The method used is quite an effective one.8. A series,级数，solution of this kind of problem allows as close a calculation of the error as needed.II、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中“and”和“or”的确切含义:1. Air has weight and occupies space.2. In this way less collector dissipation(集电极功耗)results, and the efficiency increases.3. We can go one step farther and take into account the nonzeroslope of the actual curves.4. Try hard, and you will work the nut(螺母)loose.5. The first step in analyzing a physical situation is to select those aspects of it which are essential and disregard the others.6. This satellite was used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.7. Some physical quantities require only a magnitude and a unit tobe completely specified. Thus it is sufficient to say that the mass of a man is 85 kg, that the area of a farm is 160 acres, that the frequencyof a sound wave is 660 cycles/sec, and that a light bulb consumes electric energy at the rate of 100 watts.8. Geothermal energy, or energy from within the earth, can be usedto generate electricity.o9.The current in a capacitor(电容器)leads(导前)the voltage by 90, or, the voltage lagsothe current by 90.10. The message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both.III、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法:1. By varying V only a few hundredths of a volt, the base current(基极电流)can be BEchanged significantly.2. The standard meter is accurate to about two parts in one billion.3. Cromatographic(层析的)techniques have been developed to detectair pollutants atconcentrations(浓度)of one part per million or less.4. The volume coefficient(体膨胀系数)of a solid is almost exactlythree times its linearcoefficient.5. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be20 times what it is.6. The wavelength of this musical note(音符)is7.8 ft, over threetimes longer than thewavelength of the same note in air (2.5 ft).7. This causes the collector current(集电极电流)to change by afactor of approximately β.8. This factor(因子)is now equal to 9, a reduction by a factor of 11.IV、将下列句子译成英语:1、火箭是由金属制成的。
科技英语语法_西安电子科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.The wavelength which the eye is most sensitive is 5.5×【图片】cm.参考答案:to2._______ being compressed（压缩）, the volume of a substance will be reduced.（填入一个恰当的介词，使句意通顺。
）参考答案:On##%_YZPRLFH_%##Upon3._______ more details on numerical techniques（数值方法） refer to Ref. [6-9].（填入一个恰当的介词，使句意通顺。
）参考答案:For4.The element immediately following hydrogen is helium, the atom whichcontains two electrons.参考答案:of5.The devices exist capable of input that not connected directly to thecomputer.参考答案:are6.The conditions are derived whereby the two functions , at most, by aconstant.参考答案:differ7.These results have to be interpreted _______ caution（谨慎）. （填入一个恰当的介词，使句意通顺。
）参考答案:with8.据估计，在太阳存在的50亿年期间，太阳核已用掉了其原来存储氢气的一半。
It is estimated that during the 5 billion years of ____________, the core of our sun has used about half of its original supply of hydrogen.参考答案:its existence9.We call the time to complete one cycle the period of the sinusoid. 下划线部分在句中作。
科技英语_秦荻辉_科技英语语法习题以及答案科技英语_秦荻辉_科技英语语法习题以及答案练习 1I、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中有些冠词的特殊位置:1. In this case the current(电流)exists for only half the cycle(周期).2. In such a case there is no current flowing in the circuit(电路).3. Sensitivity(灵敏度)is a measure of how small a signal(信号)a receiver(接收机)canpick up and amplify(放大)to a level useful for communications.4. ε may be as small a positive constant as you please.5. Even so fundamental a dimension,量纲，as time was measured extremely crudely with sandand water clocks hundreds of years ago.6. Nonlinear distortion,非线性失真，can be caused by too large an input signal.7. The method used is quite an effective one.8. A series,级数，solution of this kind of problem allows as close a calculation of the error as needed.II、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中“and”和“or”的确切含义:1. Air has weight and occupies space.2. In this way less collector dissipation(集电极功耗)results, and the efficiency increases.3. We can go one step farther and take into account the nonzeroslope of the actual curves.4. Try hard, and you will work the nut(螺母)loose.5. The first step in analyzing a physical situation is to selectthose aspects of it which are essential and disregard the others.6. This satellite was used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.7. Some physical quantities require only a magnitude and a unit tobe completely specified. Thus it is sufficient to say that the mass of a man is 85 kg, that the area of a farm is 160 acres, that the frequencyof a sound wave is 660 cycles/sec, and that a light bulb consumes electric energy at the rate of 100 watts.8. Geothermal energy, or energy from within the earth, can be usedto generate electricity.o9.The current in a capacitor(电容器)leads(导前)the voltage by 90, or, the voltage lagsothe current by 90.10. The message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both.III、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法:1. By varying V only a few hundredths of a volt, the base current(基极电流)can be BEchanged significantly.2. The standard meter is accurate to about two parts in one billion.3. Cromatographic(层析的)techniques have been developed to detectair pollutants atconcentrations(浓度)of one part per million or less.4. The volume coefficient(体膨胀系数)of a solid is almost exactlythree times its linearcoefficient.5. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be20 times what it is.6. The wavelength of this musical note(音符)is7.8 ft, over threetimes longer than thewavelength of the same note in air (2.5 ft).7. This causes the collector current(集电极电流)to change by afactor of approximately β.8. This factor(因子)is now equal to 9, a reduction by a factor of 11.IV、将下列句子译成英语:1、火箭是由金属制成的。
