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单选1．According to a recent report, ____ that Americans consume does not vary greatly from year to year.A）the number of sugar B）a number of sugarC）the amount of sugar D）an amount of sugar2．My dentist appointment is on Friday, ______.A）fifth October B）five OctoberC）the fifth of October D）the five of October3．Flight nineteen from New York to Washington is now arriving at ______.A）the two gate B）gate two C）the gate two D）second gate4．That kind of shoes are______ expensive for me.A）more B）far more C）far too D）much5．The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen ______ delicious.A）smells B）is smelling C）has smelled D）has been smelling6．It has been ______ for him by his family to marry a girl of his own class.A）arranged B）organized C）settled D）adapted7．There is very______hope that she will pass the exam.A）few B）much C）little D）any8．She ________ large profits from her unique invention.A）reaped B）gathered C）rewarded D）built9．Get me a hammer from the kitchen, ______.A）will you B）would you C）shall you D）do you10．Teachers all ________ the student to enter the competition.A）cheered B）animated C）encouraged D）heartened11．Although the wines vary, the______ is quite good.A）medium B）usual C）average D）ordinary12．________ of a newspaper nor the number of pages in an edition has ever been standardized.A)The page size is neither B)The page size, neitherC)Neither is the page size D)Neither the page size13．He______ his first book to his mother.A）committed B）dedicated C）assigned D）appointed14．One warning______ to stop her doing it.A）suffered B）sufficed(足够) C）suggested D）provided15．How I wish to ______ in your sufferings.A）enter B）contribute C）participate D）provide16．We can visit your company on Monday or Tuesday; our plans are fairly______. A）flexible B）elastic C）supple D）compliant17．It is because English is useful______.A）why we study it hard B）that we study it hardC）what we study hard D）which we study hard18．The plane is______ to take off at 4.A）enlisted B）enrolled C）prompted D）scheduled19．_______ in my present work, I would be quite willing to do what you ask me to. A）Were I not engaged B）I were not engagedC）Engaged I were not D）Were not I engaged20．He ______ that we should probably have rain.A）observed（观测） B）beheld(看见) C）examined D）followed21．A poor memory ______ her efforts to become an actress.A）encouraged B）accomplished C）frustrated(阻挠)D）develop 22．The officer ________ his orders to the men by radio.A）reported B）transmitted(传达) C）communicated(传输/传达)D）exchanged 23．They have got into______ troubles.A）monetary B）affluent C）financial D）miserable24．Churchill(丘吉尔) was______ as the Chancellor of the university.A）established(建立) B）placed C）launched D）installed(任命)25．This substance reacts ________ as fast as the other one.A）one-tenths B）first-ten C）one-ten D）one-tenth26．It is important for university to keep ______ with the changes in science and technology.A）step B）stage C）pace D）space27.It''s______ by coach from Melbourne to Sydney.A. a nine hour''s journeyB. a nine hour journeyC. a nine hours'' journeyD. a nine-hours journey28. They got there ______ we by 20 minutes.A. more early asB. earlier thanC. as early asD. more earlier than29. Those who don’t work hard at English ought to______.A. criticizeB. be criticizedC. have been criticizedD. be criticizing30. If you______ that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be sleepy now.A. hadn’t watchedB. didn’t watchC. haven’t watchedD. wouldn’t have watched31. Weather ______ , we’ll go sightseeing.A. permittedB. is permittedC. permittingD. is permitting32. There are ______ opportunities for employment in the rural area.A. lessB. littleC. smallD. fewer33. A ___ ___ component(成分) of any democracy（民主） is a free labor movement.A. vital（极重要的）B. visual（看得见的）C. sole（唯一的）D. singleCCBCA ACAAC ADBBC ABDAA CBCDD CCBBA CDA翻译句子(1)Customer Relationship Management (CRM) provides your company with new ways of better understanding and serving your customer.客户关系管理(CRM)为您的公司提供新的方式以更好的理解和服务你的客户(2)This service, known as Information Desk, along with other new Web-based information delivery services, has enabled the company and its direct, indirect and channel customers to work together more efficiently.这种被称为“信息桌面”的服务,以及其他以网络为基础提供信息的新的服务,使得公司和它的直接、间接和渠道的客户更有效地合作(3) As a result of getting confidential documents faster, three-fourths of Intel's direct customer engineers shaved a week or more off their product development cycle.更快了解机密文件的结果是：英特尔公司四分之三的直接客户工程师将其产品研发周期缩短了一周或更多(4) Over the last few years the Internet has evolved from being a scientific network only, to a platform that is enabling a new generation of businesses.在过去的几年中，因特网已经从一个仅用于科研的网络发展成了一个使新一代商务模式成为可能的平台(5) The e-business in the title is not the same as IBM is seeing it, it is much more, as you will discover by reading this book, therefore the "B" in e-business not written in capital letters as in IBM's ease.标题中的e-business与IBM所理解的并不一样，当你读完这本书你就会发现其内涵要丰富得多，所以，e-business中的字，字母B并没有像IBM一样大写(6) Once you have this data gathered, business intelligence applications let you analyze the information to help you optimize your Web site一旦你收集了这些数据，智能商务软件将帮你进行分析以是你的网站最佳化(7) Track Web hits or transactions against fluctuations in your offline sales channels, for example, or see what happens to order volumes at the beginning of a fiscal quarter when many departments have new budgets to work with.例如，将你的网站的成功点击率或交易量与你的线下销售波形图进行比较，或者当许多部门在一个季度开始做新的预算时，了解一下订单的数量(8) You can glean trends during peak traffic periods that result in server overloads, or identify search criteria that consistently fail to deliver anticipated content.在最高流量的时段，你可以了解一下是什么导致了服务器超载，或者确认哪些搜索标准总是不能达到预期的搜索结果(9)Executives who have successfully led change efforts advocate in-person discussions and meetings as the most effective communication vehicles.曾经成功领导了变革的决策者们主张将亲自参加讨论和会议作为最有效的沟通方式(10) Continuous innovation, a critical element of e-business strategy, is at the mercy of an organization's communication structure.不断地变革——,电子商务战略中最关键的因素，完全取决于机构的沟通体系1．贸易，商业 merce2. 紧缩v. deflate3. 命令的，权威 adj. & n. injunctive 4. 拥抱，包含 v.embrace 6. 垂直的，直立的adj. vertical7．参与，参加v. participate 8．可用的,可获得的adj. available9．自动化,自动n. automation 10. 包含, 牵涉 v. involve11. 地方, 位置 n. location 13. 单独的, 个人的 adj. individual14. 服从, 顺从, 提交 v. submit 15. 投资n. investment16. 基本的, 基础的, 主要的 adj. foundational17. 分配, 分布, 分发 v. distribute 23. 基金, 经费 n. fund25．预置, 初始化n. initialization 3. 顾问 n. consultant8. 本质，精髓，精华 n. essence 9. 放弃，遗弃 v. abandon1. retrieval technologies检索技术2. value chain _价值链3. direct billing直接结算4. supply chains供应链5. global marketplace全球市场6. tangible benefit有形效益7. virtual private network (VPN)虚拟专用网8. frequently asked questions (FAQ) 常见问题 EDI电子数据交换5. privacy policy隐私策略6. dispute resolution调解纠纷、争端解决7. business process re-engineering (BPR)业务流程再造8. return on investment投资报酬9. search engines搜索引擎10. shopping cart购物车 11. online marketing在线营销12. DigiCash电子现金13. cross-sell交叉销售14. text documents文本文件完形填空(1)Several regions in the world are subject 1 storms which are so severe that they 2 damage on a tremendous scale. The regions are all located on the edges of great oceans. The 3 term for such severe storms is "cyclone". The term "hurricane" is 4 for storms that occur in the North Atlantic Ocean.Cyclones(龙卷风) and hurricanes(飓风) differ in one curious 5 : in a cyclone, the wind circulates in a clockwise direction; in a hurricane, the wind direction is counter-clockwise. 6 cyclones and hurricanes have one ominous similarity. 7 the damage they cause on land and at sea, they are identical.Australia undergoes a number of cyclones every year along its northern coast, which faces Indonesia. The cyclones 8mainly in December and January, the summer months in the southern hemisphere.Usually the Australian cyclones don't cause great damage because Australia's northern territory has vast empty regions that are virtually 9 .There are few coastal cities. When a cyclone 10 move inland from the sea, it usually blows itself out without striking any inhabited area.1．A）to B）for C）of D）on2．A）make B）cause C）happen D）suffer3．A）full B）common C）ordinary D）general4．A）made B）called C）meant D）defined5．A）way B）manner C）angle D）feature6．A）However B）And C）But D）Then7．A）In that B）In terms of C）Except for D）Along with8．A）occur B）rise C）raise D）foster9．A）populated B）deserted C）unpopulated D）undeserved10．A）could B）does C）would D）shouldABDDA CBACB(2)Human beings act in a different way from 1 of animals just because they canspeak while animals cannot. Even the cleverest animals cannot do things which to us seem very 2 and which small children, as soon as they learn to talk, would be able to do.A German scientist, who 3 experiments for many years with big apes(猿), found that his apes could use his sticks(棍) as tools to pull down bananas which they could not 4 . But they only used the stick to get a banana when both the banana and the stick were in view at the same time. If the banana was in front of them and the stick was behind them, they could not use the stick. They could not keep the banana 5 enough in mind to look around and then pick up the stick and use it.The 6 for this is clear. We have words for banana and stick which help use to think about these things when they are not in 7 . Even a small child knowing the words "banana" and "stick" has an idea of their relationship and is able to think "stick" together with "banana" and to remember this long enough to pick the stick 8 behind and use it on the banana.9 to speak, animals cannot keep their knowledge of things for long. That is why they often interrupt one line of action to do something else and later forget it completely. Human beings, on the other hand, use 10 and are able to do one thing continuously.1．A）that B）this C）way D）eat2．A）honest B）foolish C）simple D）evident3．A）carried B）dealt C）developed D）performed4．A）get B）reach C）eat D）take5．A）clear B）alive C）long D）complete6．A）answer B）truth C）reason D）cause7．A）vision B）mind C）thought D）sight8．A）from B）in C）at D）around9．A）incapable B）unable C）unwilling D）hard10．A）knowledge B）language C）expressions D）mindACDBC CDABB(3)It is not surprising that people 1 ever associate Britain with wine and ill fact it may astonish you to learn that grapes are grown in the open air in England and nearly 200,000 2 were sold in 1975. There is nothing very new in growing grapes in Britain, 3 the climate. The Romans planted the first vines about AD 300 and 4 a long time people always drank home-produced wines. What destroyed the English wine industry was not5 a change in the climate as the fact that an English King, Henry II, inherited the Bordeaux area of France as part of his dominions6the twelfth century and the imported wine provided7 of competition. The English wine industry did not disappear, however,8the sixteenth century, when the monks, who had been the main producers in the meantime, had their estates taken away by Henry VIII. The new owners let the vineyards die out. But now English people, probably9their memories of holidays by the Mediterranean, drink more wine than ever and the new industry is now developing 10a modest but consistent rate.1．A）hardly B）almost C）nearly D）seldom2．A）bottles of wine B）bottles of wines C）wine bottles D）of wine bottles 3．A）although B）whatever C）in spite of D）however4．A）during B）from C）since D）for5．A）enough B）such C）too much D）so much6．A）on B）during C）for D）since7．A）much B）many C）a great deal D）a large number8．A）as long as B）as far as C）since D）until9．A）because B）for C）because of D）due10．A）in B）by C）at D）onAACDDBCDCC阅读理解答案:(1)CAA (3)ABC (4)ADB (5)BAC (6)CCAD (7)ABAD1 CAB 2CCDD 3ABC 4 ADB 5 BAC 6BCAD 7ABADPassage 1People over the age of 65 in the U.S.A are called senior citizens. Life for these people is different from that for younger Americans. Most senior citizens retire, or no longer work full time. Also it is unusual for people of this age to live with their children and grandchildren. Grandparents tend to live in their own houses or apartments away from their families.For many senior citizens, the years after 65 are not enjoyable. They feel unproductive when they no longer work. Their lives lose meaning. In addition, they may feel lonely being away from their families and the contacts they had in their work. Moreover, they become more concerned with their health as they grow older. If they live in big cities, they often worry about their safety.Other senior citizens enjoy their lives. They feel free to do things they were not able to do when they were working and raising families. They now have time to enjoy hobbies and sports and travel. They associate with their fellow senior citizens who have common interests and equal free time. Many senior citizens move to retirement communities located in warm climates. Some senior citizens continue to work beyond retirement age. Many find new careers and professional opportunities after they retire.The number of senior citizens in the U.S.A is increasing rapidly because people are living longer than before. The average life span for Americans in now more than 74 years. Because of their larger numbers and more active life styles, senior citizens are gaining social influence in the country both politically and economically. Their concerns are receiving a wider audience than ever before. The time may come when all Americans will look forward to becoming senior citizens.1．Many senior citizen ________.A）are enjoyable B）live together with their familiesC）feel unproductive, lonely and unsafe D）feel safe in big cities 2．Senior citizens are gaining social influence because ________.A）the number of senior citizens is growing and because senior citizens are more activeB）senior citizens have experienceC）their average life span is longerD）they do more work now3．Implied but not stated: ________.A）Most of American senior citizens have lived a lonely and unhappy life. B）They have played an important part in society.C）Like young people, senior citizens can still enjoy everything they like.D）Their average lifespan is becoming longer and longer.Passage 2The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives.The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning.By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall among them.Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat.The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire. With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.After the fire, Christopher Wren, the architect, wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow; but he did build more than fifty churches, among them new St Paul's.The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past.4．The fire began in______.A）a hotel B）the palaceC）Pudding Lane D）Thames Street5．It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that______.A）some people lost their lives B）the birds in the sky were killed by the fireC）many famous buildings were destroyed D）the King's bakery wasburned down6．Why did the writer cite Samuel Pepys? ______A）Because Pepys was among those putting out the fireB）Because Pepys also wrote about the fireC）To show that poor people suffered mostD）To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire7．How was the fire put out according to the text? ______.A）The king and his soldiers came to helpB）All the wooden houses in the city were destroyedC）People managed to get enough water from the riverD）Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled downPassage 3Music which is original is individual and personal. That is to say, it can be identified as belonging to a particular composer. It has particular qualities, or a style, which are not copied from another. If you can recognize the style of a composer, you will probably be able to tell that a certain composition belongs to him or her even though you have never heard it before. A composer organizes his melodies (旋律) and rhythms and combines sounds to create harmony. He may be capable of thinking up very good, original tunes, yet if tunes are poorly organized, the final result will not be to standard.Good music expresses feelings in a way that is suitable to those feelings. There may be joy, sorrow, fear, love, anger, or whatever. Bad music, on the other hand, may confuse unrelated feelings, it may not express any important feeling at all, or it may exaggerate some feelings and make them vulgar, that is, cheap and ugly.Good music will stand the test of time. It will not go out of fashion but will continue to be enjoyed and respected long after it is first introduced. It will gain a kind of permanent status while bad music will disappear and be forgotten quickly. In pop music, where the general rule seems to be "the newer the better", the test of time is the hardest test of all to pass.1．A piece of original music ______.A）has a personal style B）sounds very familiar to our earsC）is one whose style you cannot recognize D）cannot be recognized as belonging to any composer2．Good music is ______.A）well-organized tunes B）the proper expression of feelingsC）an expression of mixed feelings D）exaggeration of some feelings3．The passage is concerned with ______.A）how to compose music B）how to enjoy musicC）how to judge music D）how to perform musicPassage 4Shopping-bag ladies don't beg publicly, but they do not refuse what is offered. Once a shopping-bag lady appears where you live, it is as hard to pass her by without giving her some money as it is to pay no attention to the collection box in church. And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is to do with a lost dog.Most shopping-bag ladies seem to be between the ages of 40 and 65. They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers filled between the layers as something against bad weather.No one knows how many shopping-bag ladies there are in New York. The number is going up. Some persons and researchers spend a great deal of time taking care of or observing shopping-bag ladies and doing what they can to better the life lady hermits（隐士） who're down.1．Shopping-bag ladies are ______.A）lady beggars B）ladies who sell shopping-bagsC）ladies who make shopping-bags D）Those who go hungry 2．They fill newspapers between the layers of their clothes because ______.A）they are so poor B）they have no place to put themC）they want to hide them D）they have to use them to keep the cold out3．Which of the following statements is NOT true.A）There are more and more shopping-bag ladies in the United States .B）Shopping-bag ladies appear only in New York.C）Some people are helping shopping-bag ladies.D）Some people are engaged in their research on these shopping-bag ladies. Passage 5The Internet will play a central role in conducting international trade beyond the year 2000. The World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) recently announced a plan to assist developing countries develop a capacity for e-commerce and e-business. The spin off from this decision can pay huge dividends to offshore companies that position themselves on-line right now to supply goods and services to the coming global Internet trading market.E-business will help you get set up and operate with a minimum of effort and at reasonable prices.E-business Incorporated works with international companies to set up a web-office, or CyberSuite as its own domain accessible over the Internet via its owndomain name or from the e-business Cyberspace Station.If you are a supplier, your CyberSuite would have a showroom where visitors —especially wholesale importers and distributors — can examine images, drawings or listings of what you have to offer. If you are a buyer, your web-office can include a notice board listing products or services or agreements you are looking for and a bidding gallery where suppliers can post bids and link you to their sites to examine products. Trading partners can make purchases, send invoices, hold business meetings, track shipments, and work out potential trade agreements within the E-business Cyberspace Station. E-business seminars and conferences will introduce new potential trade partners to each other.Orders placed on the site are sent immediately to manufacturers and any suppliers integrated into the trade process. For example, established trading partners might include an importer ordering large shipments from a manufacturer and suppliers of parts or raw materials in other countries. By electronically notifying the whole trade net at the same time, each partner is able to trim supply and demand to "just in time" delivery of goods or services. The savings of doing business this way can be substantial — even without the tax advantages.1．E-business Incorporated can help a company to______.A）set up a web-office free of charge B）build a Cybersuite as its domainC）get its own domain name D）have its web site accessible via its own domain name2．In a Cybersuite, a supplier can ______.A）exhibit its products and services B）find more images and drawingsC）get many lists of products D）bid for a certain product or service3．The passage mainly tells about ______.A）the benefits brought by e-business B）how to do e-commerce via InternetC）a project by WTCA D）how to find trade partners via InternetPassage 6For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" thebabies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.4．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______.A）are directly related to pleasure B）will meet their physical needsC）will bring them a feeling of success D）will satisfy their curiosity 5．Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ______.A）would make learned responses when it saw the milkB）would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC）would continue the simple movements without being given milkD）would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink6．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to______.A）have the lights turned on B）be rewarded with milk C）please their parents D）be praised7．The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because ______.A）the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"B）the sight of the lights was interestingC）they need not turn back to watch the lightsD）they succeeded in "switching on" the lightsPassage 7The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recent paper, Wharton's Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-author Vijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyersand sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realties and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. "It is not just our computers that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves, " says Wind. "These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that have landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services. "For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers.Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. "Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss, " says Wind.4．The passage was most likely to be taken from ________.A）an overview of a paper B）an introduction to a book C）a book on digital revolution D）a paper discussing digital revolution5．From the third paragraph, we can infer that ________.A）the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB）e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumers C）cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD）cyber consumers came from outer space6．Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers ________. A）are more difficult to satisfy B）have less knowledge about businessC）have more problems with prices D）are less willing to buy products and services7．In the last paragraph, what Wind said means ________.A）digital consumers' decision to buy depends largely on others' evaluationB）it will be more and more difficult for companies to earn profit in e-businessC）most of the companies in e-business are at a lossD）companies should try their best to meet the digital consumers' demands and expectations。
你能得到什么信息英文作文Title: Maximizing Information Retrieval: Techniques and Strategies。
In today's information age, the ability to access and utilize a vast array of information is crucial. Whetherit's for academic research, professional development, or personal enrichment, the capacity to efficiently obtain information in English can greatly enhance one's capabilities. In this essay, we'll explore various techniques and strategies for maximizing information retrieval in English.1. Utilizing Online Resources:The internet offers a treasure trove of information in English. Websites like Google Scholar, PubMed, and academic databases provide access to scholarly articles and research papers. Online libraries and repositories also house a wealth of digital books and documents. By utilizingadvanced search operators and filters, individuals can narrow down their search results to find relevant information more quickly and effectively.2. Harnessing the Power of Search Engines:Search engines play a pivotal role in information retrieval. Understanding how search algorithms work can significantly improve search efficiency. Using specific keywords and phrases, employing Boolean operators, and refining search queries can help users find precise and accurate information. Additionally, leveraging featureslike autocomplete suggestions and related searches can uncover additional resources related to the topic of interest.3. Exploring Academic Journals and Publications:Academic journals are invaluable sources of in-depth research and analysis in English. Subscribing to relevant journals or accessing them through institutional databases grants access to cutting-edge research findings andscholarly discourse. Many journals also offer abstracts and summaries, allowing users to quickly assess the relevance of an article before delving into the full text.4. Engaging with Online Communities and Forums:Online communities and forums provide opportunities for knowledge sharing and collaboration. Platforms like Reddit, Quora, and academic discussion forums host discussions on a wide range of topics in English. Participating in these communities allows individuals to ask questions, share insights, and learn from the experiences of others. Additionally, specialized forums cater to specific fields and disciplines, offering tailored information and expertise.5. Exploring Open Access Resources:Open access resources democratize access to information by making scholarly content freely available to the public. Platforms like arXiv, PLOS, and DOAJ host a vast collection of open access articles, ensuring thatknowledge is accessible to all, regardless of financial barriers. These resources promote transparency and facilitate the dissemination of research findings on a global scale.6. Employing Citation Tracking and Bibliographic Management Tools:Citation tracking tools like Google Scholar and Scopus enable users to trace the scholarly lineage of a particular research article. By examining citations and references, individuals can discover related works and explore the evolution of ideas within a field. Bibliographic management tools like Zotero and Mendeley streamline the organization and citation of research materials, allowing users to create comprehensive bibliographies with ease.7. Engaging in Continuous Learning and Skill Development:Information retrieval is a skill that can be honedthrough practice and continuous learning. Engaging in online courses, workshops, and tutorials can enhance one's search proficiency and familiarity with English-language resources. Learning advanced search techniques, staying updated on emerging technologies, and adapting to evolving information retrieval trends are essential for maintaining a competitive edge in today's knowledge-driven society.In conclusion, mastering the art of information retrieval in English requires a combination of technical proficiency, critical thinking, and resourcefulness. By utilizing online resources, harnessing the power of search engines, exploring academic journals, engaging with online communities, accessing open access resources, employing citation tracking tools, and investing in continuous learning, individuals can enhance their ability to access, evaluate, and utilize information effectively. In an age where knowledge is power, the ability to navigate the vast seas of information in English is indispensable.。
人工智能会使大脑退化吗专四英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Will Artificial Intelligence Cause Brain Degeneration?As technology continues its rapid advancement, artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly ubiquitous in our daily lives. From virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars and advanced robotics, AI is transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. However, amid this technological revolution, a concerning question arises: will the widespread adoption of AI lead to a decline in our cognitive abilities and ultimately cause brain degeneration?To understand the potential impact of AI on our brain functions, we must first grasp the fundamental role that cognitive activities play in maintaining and enhancing our mental faculties. The human brain is a remarkable organ, possessing an incredible capacity for adaptability and growth, a phenomenon known as neuroplasticity. Engaging in cognitively demanding tasks, such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and memory exercises, stimulates the formation of new neuralconnections and strengthens existing ones, thereby enhancing our cognitive abilities.With the advent of AI, there is a growing concern that we may become overly reliant on these advanced systems, leading to a reduction in the cognitive demands placed on our brains. As AI algorithms become increasingly adept at performing tasks that were once exclusively within the realm of human intelligence, we may find ourselves outsourcing more and more cognitive functions to these systems, potentially resulting in a lack of mental stimulation and ultimately, brain degeneration.One area of particular concern is memory. AI-powered virtual assistants and search engines have made it easier than ever to access and retrieve information, reducing the need for us to actively engage in memorization and recall. While this convenience is undeniably beneficial in many aspects of our lives, it may also lead to a decline in our ability to store and retrieve information from our own memory banks, potentially weakening the neural pathways associated with these processes.Additionally, AI-driven automation and decision-making systems could potentially diminish our problem-solving and critical thinking skills. As we increasingly rely on these systems to handle complex tasks and make decisions for us, we maybecome complacent and fail to exercise the cognitive processes that were once essential for navigating challenges and solving problems.However, it is important to note that the impact of AI on our brain functions is not necessarily a one-way street. Just as AI could potentially lead to cognitive decline, it could also serve as a powerful tool for enhancing our mental abilities. For instance, AI-powered educational technologies and brain-training applications could provide personalized and adaptive learning experiences, challenging our minds in novel ways and stimulating the growth of new neural connections.Moreover, the integration of AI into fields such as neuroscience and cognitive research could lead to groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the human brain, potentially enabling us to develop more effective strategies for maintaining and enhancing our cognitive abilities.Ultimately, the question of whether AI will cause brain degeneration is a complex one, with arguments on both sides. While the potential risks of cognitive decline due to over-reliance on AI cannot be ignored, it is essential to approach this issue with a balanced perspective. By actively engaging with AItechnologies in a mindful and responsible manner, we can harness their potential benefits while mitigating potential negative impacts on our cognitive abilities.One way to strike this balance is through education and awareness. Incorporating AI literacy into curricula at all levels of education can equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the AI-driven world while maintaining a healthy balance between technology and cognitive engagement. This could involve teaching critical thinking and problem-solving strategies, encouraging active learning and memorization techniques, and promoting a deeper understanding of the principles underlying AI systems.Furthermore, fostering a culture of lifelong learning and cognitive enrichment can help counteract the potential negative effects of AI on our brain functions. Engaging in activities that challenge our minds, such as reading, puzzles, learning new skills, and participating in intellectually stimulating hobbies, can help maintain and strengthen our cognitive abilities, regardless of our reliance on AI technologies.In addition, it is imperative that we approach the development and implementation of AI systems with a strong emphasis on ethical considerations and human-centric designprinciples. By ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed in a manner that respects human agency and autonomy, we can mitigate the risk of excessive dependence and cognitive complacency.As we navigate this era of unprecedented technological advancement, it is crucial that we remain vigilant and proactive in safeguarding our cognitive abilities. While AI undoubtedly holds immense potential for enhancing various aspects of our lives, we must not lose sight of the fundamental importance of maintaining and nurturing our innate human intelligence.In conclusion, the relationship between AI and brain degeneration is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and a balanced approach. While the risks of cognitive decline due to over-reliance on AI should not be dismissed, the potential benefits of AI in enhancing our cognitive abilities and advancing our understanding of the human brain should also be recognized. By embracing a mindful and responsible integration of AI into our lives, fostering a culture of lifelong learning, and prioritizing ethical and human-centric design principles, we can harness the power of AI while safeguarding the integrity and vitality of our cognitive abilities.篇2Will AI Cause Brain Degeneration?The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked concerns about its potential impact on human cognition. Some argue that our reliance on AI technologies could lead to a decline in mental capacities, ultimately causing our brains to degenerate. As a student facing the challenges of the modern world, I find this topic particularly relevant and worth exploring.On one hand, the convenience and efficiency offered by AI technologies are undeniable. From voice assistants that can answer our queries to recommendation algorithms that curate personalized content, AI has seamlessly integrated into our daily lives. The ability to outsource tasks to these intelligent systems could potentially reduce the cognitive load on our brains, allowing us to conserve mental energy for more demanding endeavors.However, there is a valid concern that this reliance on AI could lead to a gradual atrophy of our cognitive abilities. Just as muscles can weaken from lack of use, our brains may lose their sharpness if we become too dependent on AI for tasks that traditionally challenged our problem-solving and critical thinking skills.One area where this potential degeneration could manifest is in our ability to navigate and orient ourselves in physical spaces. With the advent of GPS and navigation apps, many of us have become accustomed to relying on these technologies to guide us through unfamiliar territories. While convenient, this dependence could potentially weaken our innate sense of direction and spatial awareness, skills that our ancestors had to hone for survival.Similarly, the proliferation of search engines and information retrieval systems has made it easier than ever to access vast amounts of knowledge at our fingertips. While this accessibility is undoubtedly valuable, it could also diminish our motivation to commit information to memory. The ability to instantly look up facts and figures may lead to a decline in our capacity for memorization and recall, cognitive functions that were once essential for academic and professional success.Moreover, the algorithms behind many AI systems are designed to cater to our preferences and biases, creating personalized echo chambers that reinforce our existing beliefs and perspectives. This could potentially stunt the development of critical thinking skills, as we become less exposed to diverse viewpoints and challenging ideas that would traditionallyprompt us to question our assumptions and broaden our perspectives.On the other hand, proponents of AI argue that these technologies can actually enhance our cognitive abilities if utilized correctly. For instance, AI-powered educational tools can provide personalized learning experiences tailored to individual strengths and weaknesses, potentially improving our ability to acquire and retain knowledge more effectively.Additionally, the automation of routine and repetitive tasks could free up mental resources for more complex and creative endeavors, allowing us to focus our cognitive capacities on higher-order thinking and problem-solving. AI systems could also augment our decision-making processes by providing data-driven insights and analyses, potentially mitigating the effects of cognitive biases and emotional influences.Ultimately, the impact of AI on our cognitive abilities will likely depend on how we choose to integrate these technologies into our lives. If we become overly reliant on AI as a crutch, outsourcing tasks that would traditionally challenge and exercise our brains, then there is a risk of cognitive degeneration. However, if we approach AI as a tool to augment and enhance our existing abilities, leveraging its strengths while activelyengaging our own cognitive faculties, then it could potentially amplify our mental capacities.As a student navigating the complexities of the modern world, I believe it is essential to strike a balance between embracing the conveniences of AI and maintaining a commitment to exercising our cognitive abilities. We should remain vigilant about the potential risks of over-reliance on these technologies and actively seek opportunities to challenge our minds through activities that promote problem-solving, critical thinking, and lifelong learning.Furthermore, educational institutions and policymakers should prioritize the development of curricula and programs that foster cognitive resilience in the face of technological advancements. This could involve incorporating activities that strengthen skills such as memorization, spatial awareness, and analytical reasoning, while also promoting digital literacy and responsible use of AI technologies.In conclusion, the question of whether AI will cause brain degeneration is a complex one with valid arguments on both sides. While the convenience and efficiency of AI technologies are undeniable, we must remain mindful of the potential risks of over-reliance and strive to maintain a balance betweenleveraging these tools and actively exercising our cognitive abilities. By adopting a thoughtful and measured approach to AI integration, we can harness its potential while preserving and enhancing our mental capacities for generations to come.篇3Will AI Cause Brain Degeneration?The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has ignited a heated debate about its potential impact on human cognitive abilities. As AI systems become increasingly sophisticated, capable of performing tasks that were once solely within the human domain, concerns have arisen that our reliance on these technologies may lead to a decline in our brain's capabilities. In this essay, I will explore the arguments on both sides of this contentious issue and ultimately conclude that while AI does present some risks, it is unlikely to cause widespread brain degeneration if used judiciously.On one hand, proponents of the brain degeneration hypothesis argue that our growing dependence on AI could result in a phenomenon akin to the atrophy of unused muscles. Just as our physical muscles weaken when we become sedentary, the cognitive muscles of our brains may deteriorate if we offloadtoo many mental tasks onto AI systems. They contend that by outsourcing cognitive functions like memory, problem-solving, and decision-making to AI, we may lose the ability to exercise and maintain these crucial mental faculties.This line of reasoning is bolstered by numerous examples of how technology has already impacted our cognitive abilities. The advent of calculators and spell-checkers, for instance, has arguably diminished our ability to perform mental arithmetic and spelling tasks. Similarly, the ubiquity of GPS navigation systems has reduced our reliance on mental mapping and spatial reasoning skills. Proponents argue that AI poses an even greater threat, as it has the potential to automate increasingly complex cognitive tasks, leaving our brains underutilized and susceptible to degeneration.Moreover, there are concerns that the convenience and efficiency offered by AI could foster a culture of intellectual laziness and complacency. If we become accustomed to relying on AI for mental tasks, we may lose the motivation to challenge ourselves and develop our cognitive abilities, leading to a gradual erosion of our mental capabilities.On the other hand, opponents of the brain degeneration hypothesis argue that AI is a tool, and like any tool, its impact onour cognitive abilities depends on how we choose to use it. They contend that AI has the potential to augment and enhance our mental capabilities rather than diminish them. By offloading routine and tedious tasks to AI systems, we can free up cognitive resources to focus on higher-order thinking, creativity, and problem-solving.Furthermore, AI can serve as a powerful educational tool, providing personalized learning experiences and adaptive curricula tailored to individual needs and learning styles. This could potentially enhance our cognitive development and foster a deeper understanding of complex concepts, rather than promoting intellectual atrophy.Opponents also argue that the human brain is remarkably plastic and adaptable, capable of reorganizing and rewiring itself in response to new challenges and experiences. As we interact with AI systems, our brains may develop new cognitive pathways and strategies to integrate and leverage these technologies effectively. This process of cognitive adaptation could ultimately strengthen and diversify our mental capabilities, rather than causing degeneration.Additionally, the development of AI is not a one-way street; it is a collaborative process that requires human intelligence andoversight. By actively engaging with AI systems, we can continually challenge ourselves to understand and improve these technologies, fostering a symbiotic relationship that stimulates cognitive growth and innovation.In my opinion, the truth likely lies somewhere between these two extremes. While the potential for brain degeneration due to excessive reliance on AI cannot be dismissed entirely, it is unlikely to occur on a widespread scale if we adopt a balanced and judicious approach to integrating AI into our lives.The key lies in striking a careful balance between leveraging the benefits of AI while still engaging in activities that exercise and stimulate our cognitive faculties. Rather than outsourcing all mental tasks to AI, we should selectively offload routine and repetitive tasks, freeing up mental resources to focus on more complex and creative endeavors. This approach could potentially enhance our cognitive abilities by allowing us to concentrate on higher-order thinking and problem-solving, while still maintaining and exercising our fundamental cognitive skills.Moreover, it is crucial to foster a culture of lifelong learning and intellectual curiosity, where we continually challenge ourselves to acquire new knowledge and skills, both with and without the aid of AI. By embracing a growth mindset andactively seeking opportunities for cognitive enrichment, we can counteract the potential risks of complacency and intellectual laziness.Education and awareness also play a vital role in mitigating the risks of brain degeneration. By understanding the potential pitfalls of overreliance on AI, we can develop strategies and best practices for integrating these technologies in a responsible and cognitively-enriching manner. This includes promoting media literacy, critical thinking skills, and a healthy skepticism towards the outputs of AI systems, ensuring that we remain actively engaged and discerning users.In conclusion, while the potential for AI to cause brain degeneration should not be dismissed entirely, it is a risk that can be effectively mitigated through a balanced and thoughtful approach to integrating these technologies into our lives. By selectively leveraging the benefits of AI while actively engaging in cognitively-stimulating activities, fostering a culture of lifelong learning, and promoting responsible AI usage through education and awareness, we can harness the power of AI to enhance and augment our cognitive abilities, rather than diminish them.。
管理学英语词汇(1)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 目标mission/ objective内部环境internal environment外部环境external environment集体目标group objective计划planning组织organizing人事staffing步骤process原理principle方法technique经理manager总经理general manager行政人员administrator主管人员supervisor企业enterprise商业business产业industry公司company效果effectiveness效率efficiency企业家entrepreneur权利power职权authority职责responsibility科学管理scientific management现代经营管理modern operational management行为科学behavior science生产率productivity激励motivate动机motive法律law法规regulation经济体系economic system管理职能managerial function产品product服务service利润profit满意satisfaction归属affiliation尊敬esteem自我实现self-actualization人力投入human input盈余surplus收入income成本cost资本货物capital goods机器machinery设备equipment建筑building存货inventory经验法the empirical approach人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法the group behavior approach协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach 社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory approach数学法the mathematical approach系统法the systems approach随机制宜法the contingency approach管理任务法the managerial roles approach经营法the operational approach人际关系human relation心理学psychology态度attitude压力pressure冲突conflict招聘recruit鉴定appraisal选拔select培训train报酬compensation授权delegation of authority协调coordinate业绩performance考绩制度merit system表现behavior下级subordinate偏差deviation检验记录inspection record误工记录record of labor-hours lost销售量sales volume产品质量quality of products先进技术advanced technology顾客服务customer service策略strategy结构structure领先性primacy普遍性pervasiveness忧虑fear忿恨resentment士气morale解雇layoff批发wholesale零售retail程序procedure规则rule规划program预算budget共同作用synergy大型联合企业conglomerate资源resource购买acquisition增长目标growth goal专利产品proprietary product竞争对手rival晋升promotion管理决策managerial decision商业道德business ethics有竞争力的价格competitive price供货商supplier小贩vendor利益冲突conflict of interests派生政策derivative policy开支帐户expense account批准程序approval procedure管理学英语词汇(2)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 病假sick leave休假vacation工时labor-hour机时machine-hour资本支出capital outlay现金流量cash flow工资率wage rate税收率tax rate股息dividen病假sick leave休假vacation工时labor-hour机时machine-hour资本支出capital outlay现金流量cash flow工资率wage rate税收率tax rate股息dividend现金状况cash position资金短缺capital shortage总预算overall budget资产负债表balance sheet可行性feasibility投入原则the commitment principle 投资回报return on investment生产能力capacity to produce实际工作者practitioner最终结果end result业绩performance个人利益personal interest福利welfare市场占有率market share创新innovation生产率productivity利润率profitability社会责任public responsibility董事会board of director组织规模size of the organization组织文化organizational culture目标管理management by objectives 评价工具appraisal tool激励方法motivational techniques 控制手段control device个人价值personal worth优势strength弱势weakness机会opportunity威胁threat个人责任personal responsibility顾问counselor定量目标quantitative objective定性目标qualitative objective可考核目标verifiable objective优先priority工资表payroll策略strategy政策policy灵活性discretion多种经营diversification评估assessment一致性consistency应变策略consistency strategy公共关系public relation价值value抱负aspiration偏见prejudice审查review批准approval主要决定major decision分公司总经理division general manager资产组合距阵portfolio matrix明星star 问号question mark现金牛cash cow赖狗dog采购procurement人口因素demographic factor地理因素geographic factor公司形象company image产品系列product line合资企业joint venture破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策retrenchment strategy战术tactics追随followership管理学英语词汇(3)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 个性individuality性格personality安全safety自主权latitude悲观的pessimistic静止的static乐观的optimistic动态的dynamic灵活的fle个性individuality性格personality安全safety自主权latitude静止的static乐观的optimistic动态的dynamic灵活的flexible抵制resistance敌对antagonism折中eclectic激励motivation潜意识subconscious地位status感affection欲望desire压力pressure满足satisfaction自我实现的需要needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要esteem needs归属的需要affiliation needs安全的需要security needs生理的需要physiological needs维持maintenance保健hygiene激励因素motivator概率probability强化理论reinforcement theory反馈feedback奖金bonus股票期权stock option劳资纠纷labor dispute缺勤率absenteeism人员流动turnover奖励reward特许经营franchise热诚zeal信心confidence鼓舞inspire要素ingredient忠诚loyalty奉献devotion作风style品质trait适应性adaptability进取性aggressiveness热情enthusiasm人际交往能力interpersonal skills行政管理能力administrative ability智力intelligence专制式领导autocratic leader民主式领导democratic leader自由放任式领导free-rein leader管理方格图the managerial grid工作效率work efficiency服从obedience领导行为leader behavior支持型领导supportive leadership参与型领导participative leadership指导型领导instrumental leadership管理学英语词汇(4) 知识管理BBalanced scorecard平衡计分卡CCapability能力Chief knowledge officer(CKO)首席知识管Chief learning officer(CLO) 首席学习管、学习经理Collaboration 协同运作Core competence核心能力Corporate innovation公司（企业）创新Corporate knowledge base公司（企业）知识库Corporate university企业（企业）大学Customer relation management(CRM)客户关系管理DData mining资料挖掘Data warehouse(DW)数据仓库Discussion 讨论区Dicision supporting system(DSS)决策支持系统Digital Nervous System数字神经系统Document Management 文件（文档）管理Ee-learning电子学习、在线学习Enterprise Resource Planning企业资源计划Executive Information System主管支持系统Expert System专家系统Expert Yellow Page 专家黄页Enterprise Information Portal(EIP)企业入口网站Explicit Knowledge显性知识FFunction功能Functional Capability功能能力GGlobal Knowledge Management全球知识管理HHigh-level Learning 高阶学习IInformation Technology 信息科技Information Retrieval信息检索Infrastructure基础建设Innovation Capital创新资本、创新资产Innovation Index 创新指数Innovation Indicator创新指标Intelletual Asset智慧资产Intelletual Capital(IC)智慧资本、智慧资产Intelletual Property智慧财产、智财Intelligence智慧Intelligence Capital智慧资本Internalization内化Islands of Knowledge知识孤岛KKnow How专门技术Knowledge知识Knowledge Access知识存取Knowledge Acquirer知识买方Knowledge Acquisiton知识获取Knowledge Architcture知识基本结构Knowledge Asset知识资产Knowledge Assimilation知识吸收Knowledge Audit知识审计Knowledge Balance Sheet知识资产负债表Knowledge Base知识基础Knowledge-Base Company知识企业Knowledge-Base Economy知识经济Knowledge Base Industry 知识产业Knowledge Map知识地图Knowledge Broker知识中介Knowledge Capability知识能力Knowledge Capital知识资本Knowledge Coach知识教练Knowledge Community知识社区Knowledge Copy知识复制Knowledge Depository知识库Knowledge Discovery知识发现Knowledge Ecology知识生态学Knowledge Economy知识经济Knowledge Enterprise知识企业Knowledge Expense知识费用Knowledge Flow知识流通、知识流量Knowledge Gap知识缺口Knowledge Information Technology知识信息技术Knowledge Internalization知识内化Knowledge Life Cycle知识生产周期Knowledge Management(KM)知识管理Knowledge Management Infrasturcture知识管理基础建设Knowledge Management Process知识管理流程Knowledge Management Strategies知识管理策略Knowledge Management System知识管理系统Knowledge Manager知识管理经理Knowledge Map知识地图Knowledge Mediate知识媒介Knowledge Performance Review知识绩效评估Knowledge Pooling知识汇总Knowledge Spirals 知识螺旋Knowledge Worker 知识工作者LLearning Community学习社区Local Knowledge 当地知识Lower-Level Learning低阶学习MMentoring心智模式Mentoring师徒制Mode of Mind 心智模式NNew Economy 新经济OOrganization Knowledge 组织知识Organizational IQ 公司智商Organizational Learning 组织学习Project Management项目管理Proteges徒弟RReturn On Knowledge 知识报酬率SSearch Engines 搜索引擎Share 分享Software Package 软件包Stakeholder Evaluation 员工评估Strategic Capability 策略能力TTacit Knowledge 隐性知识Technical Innovation 技术创新Think Bank 智库Tool Knowledge 工具知识UUulearning 反学习VValue Innovation 价值创新Vertical Collaborationa 垂直整合Virtual Community 虚拟社群Virtual Organization 虚拟组织。
第一课1.e-business process 电子商务程序2.online marketing 在线营销3.World-Wide-Web interface 万维网接口4.financial transaction 财务往来5．business model 商务模式 6.customer service 客户服务7.dispute resolution 解决争端8.customer relationship management 客户关系管理9.electronic billing and payment system 电子兑账与支付系统10.shipping document 运输单11.EDI 电子数据交换12.intranet 企业内部互联网13.extranet 企业外部互联网14.B2B 企业与企业之间15.final customer 最终用户16.customs clearance 清关17.B2C 企业与消费者之间18.credit card verification 信用卡鉴别19.market niche 市场领域20.software module 软件模块第二课1.Just-In-Time(JIT) 准时生产制；及时供应制2.bandwidth 带宽3.URL 统一资源定位器4.DigiCash 电子现金5.R&D 研究与开发6.profit/loss statement 损益账7.cash-flow 现金周转；现金流量8.balance sheet 资产负债表；资金平衡表9.tangible benefit 有形利益10.intangible benefit 无形利益11.business reengineering 业务重组12.global marketplace 全球市场13.broadband technology 宽带技术14.multi-media 多媒体15.target-market 目标市场16.on-line order 在线订购17.Web site 网站18.on-line payment 在线支付19.Web server 网络服务器20.pro forma 形式发票；估价单第三课1.business unit(BU) 经营单位2.new economy 新经济3.business process re-engineering(BPR) 过程创新/流程再造4.distribution channel 分销渠道5.end user 最终用户6.customer relationship management(CRM) 客户关系管理7.business-to-business(B2B) 企业对企业营销模式8.business-to-consumer(B2C) 企业对客户营销模式9.brick-and-mortar enterprise 实体企业10.buy-in 买进11.earnings per share 每股收益12.market share 市场份额 loss 净亏损14.strategic objective 战略目标15.discounted price 折扣价格16.planning horizon 规划周期17.enterprisewide 整个企业范围的18.return on investment 投资回报率19.market segmentation 市场分割20.channel effectiveness chart 渠道效率图1.automatic replenishment 自动再补给2.mail-order operation 通过邮购运作生意的方法3.local store pricing 当地商店定价4.apples-to-apples comparison 同类比较5.customer service 顾客服务mercial suicide 商务自杀；生意自杀7.online and offline 线上和线下/网上和网下/虚拟和现实8.timely delivery 及时的送货9.brick-and-mortar business 现实生活中的商店10.Backorder 拖欠定货；延期交货11.CEO(Chief Executive Officer) 总裁；首席执行官12.best-price guarantee 最佳价格保障13.UPS:United Parcel Service 联合包裹快递公司14.Federal Express 联邦快递公司15.profit margin 利润16.national catalog 全国的商品目录17.mail-order pricing 邮购定价18.product return 产品回转19.privacy policy 保护隐私的措施20.search engines 搜索引擎第五课1.online information 线上信息/网络信息rmation network 信息网3.site traffic 站点访问量4.growth rate 增长率5.customer base 顾客群6.product description 产品描述7.database 数据库8.return rate 退货率9.follow-up calls 售后服务电话10.sales figures 销售金额11.CyberCash 电子货币公司（网络银行）12.online venture 网络公司13.sales tax 销售税14.top seller 最畅销的货品15.cataloger 邮购商（公司）16.product line 产品系列/系列产品17.multiple servers 多个服务器18.chief technology officer(CTO) 首席技术官rmation technology(IT) 信息技术20.sales projections 销售预测第六课1.marketing 市场营销，销售2.eCRM 电子商务客户关系管理3.web technology 互联网技术4.client 顾客，客户5.customized software 按顾客要求制作的软件6.solution 解决方案7.customer information 客户信息8.field technician 实地技术人员9.automated reports 机器自动生成的报告10.customers’ buying preference 顾客的购物喜好11.IP address IP地址12.workflow 工作流程13.virtual private network(VPN) 虚拟专用网14.sales-force automation software 销售人员自动化软件15.customer support 用户支持16.frequently asked questions(FAQ) 经常提到的问题17.toll-free telephone 免费电话18.do the trick 解决问题19.real-time communication 实时交流20.one-time start-up fee 一次性启动费1.statements and payments 结算清单与支付2.e-money 电子货币3.electronic bill presentment and payment(EBPP) 电子账单付兑与支付4.transfer funds 基金转移5.customer care 客户关怀6.billing department 票据中心7.AT&T electronic statements A T&T电子结算清单8.cross-sell 交叉销售9.up-sell 上行销售10.in-house program 内部流程11.overhead 营业费用；经常费12.customer relations 客户关系13.credit card 信用卡14.cost savings 节约成本；节约费用15.individual spending habits 个人购物习惯；个人消费习惯16.Internet billing and customer management 因特网结算与客户管理17.account data 账户数据18.direct billing 直接结算19.centralized system 中央系统；集成系统20.data collection 数据收集第八课1.database management systems 数据库管理系统2.intelligent search engines 智能搜索引擎3.neural networks 神经网络4.directory 姓名地址簿；电话簿rmation retrieval 信息检索6.multilingual searches 多语言搜索7.text documents 文本文件8.particular file format 特殊文件格式9.image 图像10.database integration 数据库集成11.cross language search engine 跨语言搜索引擎12.retrieval and classification technologies 检索和分类技术13.prototype 原型14.web page 网页15.Natural Language Searches 自然语言搜索16.node 节点17.Image Search Engine 图像搜索引擎18.textual information 文本信息19.algorithm 算法20.natural language processor(NLP) 自然语言处理器第九课1.eProcurement 电子采购2.buying leverage 购买杠杆3.spending analysis 开支分析4.supply chains 供应链5.ERP software/system 企业资源管理软件/系统6.maverick purchasing 个性化购买7.purchase requisition cycle 购货请购周期8.order initialization 订单初始化9.availability check 有效性核查10.purchase order tracking 订单跟踪11.status tracking 状态跟踪12.Rogue/off-contract buying 非契约购买13.review and approval process 检查批准流程14.trending tools 流行手段15.back-end integration 后台整合16.Metcalf’s law 迈特卡尔夫定律17.Business-to-business barter 企业对企业实物交易18.approval cycle/channels 受理周期/渠道1.legal counsel 法律顾问2.legal environment 法律环境3.human resources 人力资源4.customer loyalty 客户忠诚5.domain name 域名6.enforceable transaction 可执行交易7.electronic payment 电子支付8.electronic signature 电子签名9.consumer protection law 消费者保护法10.legal issue 法律争端11.liability risk 责任风险12.online seller 在线卖方13.regulatory risk 管制风险14.data protection laws 数据保护法15.joint venture 合资企业；联合经营16.data ownership 数据库所有权17.sound clip 声音摘录18.legal intervention 司法干预rmation privacy 信息隐私20.intellectual property 智力资产第十一课1.e-commerce site 电子商务网站2.checkout process 结帐过程3.ineffective error messages 无效错误信息4.create an account 建立账户5.“Return” and “New” customer paths “老顾客”和“新顾客”通道6.online retailer 网络零售商7.out of business 破产8.holiday revenues 假日收入9.cash register 收银机10.site traffic 网络交通11.potential sales 潜在销售12.purchase attempts 购买企图13.shopping cart 购物车14.in vain 徒劳15.passive registration 被动注册16.credit card number 信用卡号码17.fix the error 更正18.shipping method 交货方式19.lost sales 未实现交易20.place an order 订购第十二课1.mobile telephony 移动电话技术2.interactive TV 交互式电视（技术）3.smart cards 智能卡，智能插件；灵便卡4.telecommunications 电信work economy 网络经济6.technology trends 技术趋势7.winners and losers 赢家和输家8.consumer market 消费者市场9.e-business space 电子商务商业空间10.virtual world 真实世界11.key issues 焦点12.first-movers 先驱者13.market share 市场份额14.maximum value 最大价值15.marketing department 营销部门16.advertising medium 广靠媒介17.cost-effective and efficient 经济实用18.value chain 价值链19.transaction platforms 交换平台20.automotive industry 汽车工业。
信息检索课程中的英文简称Information Retrieval Course: An In-Depth Exploration.Information retrieval, commonly abbreviated as IR, is a crucial field in computer science that deals with the retrieval of information from large collections of unstructured or semi-structured data. It finds its applications in various domains, including libraries, e-commerce, search engines, and more. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of information retrieval, its importance, and the techniques used in this domain.1. Introduction to Information Retrieval.Information retrieval is the process of obtaining relevant information from a large, often unstructured, collection of data. It involves techniques such as indexing, searching, and ranking to ensure that the most relevant information is presented to the user. The goal is toprovide accurate and timely information to meet the user'sinformation needs.2. Core Components of Information Retrieval.Indexing: Indexing is the process of creating a data structure, such as an inverted index, that maps terms (keywords) to the locations (documents) where they appear. This allows efficient retrieval of documents containing specific terms.Searching: Searching involves the user submitting a query, which is then processed and compared against the index to retrieve relevant documents. Queries can be simple keywords or complex expressions.Ranking: Ranking algorithms determine the order in which retrieved documents are presented to the user. Relevance, popularity, and recency are common factors considered in ranking.3. Types of Information Retrieval Systems.Boolean Retrieval: Boolean retrieval systems allow users to specify search queries using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to combine terms and filter results.Vector Space Models: These models represent documents and queries as vectors in a high-dimensional space. Relevance is determined by measuring the similarity between these vectors.Probabilistic Models: Probabilistic models estimate the probability of a document being relevant to a given query. They consider factors like term frequencies and document lengths.Learning-to-Rank (L2R) Models: These models use machine learning techniques to learn the ranking function based on training data. They aim to optimize ranking metrics like mean reciprocal rank (MRR) or normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG).4. Challenges in Information Retrieval.Semantic Gap: The semantic gap refers to the mismatch between the user's information need and the representationof information in the system. Addressing this gap requires techniques like latent semantic indexing or word embeddings.Scalability: As data collections grow, it becomes challenging to maintain and query the index efficiently. Distributed retrieval systems and近似算法can help address scalability issues.User Intent Understanding: Understanding the trueintent behind a user's query is crucial for accurate retrieval. Techniques like query reformulation and user profiling can aid in understanding user intent.5. Applications of Information Retrieval.Search Engines: Search engines are the most visible application of information retrieval, serving billions of queries daily. They use a combination of IR techniques to provide relevant search results.E-commerce: E-commerce platforms rely on IR to help users find products or services that meet their needs. This involves searching product descriptions, user reviews, and more.Libraries and Archives: Libraries and archives use IR systems to catalog and retrieve books, documents, and other materials. These systems often incorporate metadata and faceted search to enhance retrieval accuracy.Question Answering Systems: Question answering systems aim to provide direct answers to user queries, often by analyzing a large corpus of text to extract relevant information.6. Future Trends in Information Retrieval.Semantic Retrieval: As the focus shifts towards understanding the true meaning of queries and documents, semantic retrieval techniques like entity linking and semantic role labeling will become increasingly important.Multimodal Retrieval: With the increasing availability of multimedia content, there is a growing need for systems that can handle text, images, audio, and video simultaneously.Personalized Retrieval: Techniques like user profiling and collaborative filtering will play a crucial role in personalizing search results based on user preferences and behavior.Interactive Retrieval: Systems that allow users to interactively refine their queries or provide feedback on search results will improve retrieval accuracy and user satisfaction.In conclusion, information retrieval is a crucial field that powers many of the technologies we rely on daily. It involves complex techniques and algorithms to ensure accurate and timely information delivery. As data volumes continue to grow and user needs become more sophisticated, IR research will focus on addressing challenges like the semantic gap, scalability, and user intent understanding.Future trends like semantic retrieval, multimodal retrieval, personalized retrieval, and interactive retrieval will further enhance the capabilities of IR systems and improve user experiences.。
