电气工程与自动化专业外文翻译(中文)--毛细管电泳电化学检测方法在无机元素中的应用(节选)

第一章 电路基本原理第一节 电流与电压u （t ）和i （t ）这两个变量是电路中最基本的概念，描述了电路中各种不同的关系。

电荷与电流电荷与电流的概念是解释一切电气现象的基础原则。

而电荷也是电路的最基本的量。

电荷是构成物质的原子的电气属性，单位是库仑（C ）。

通过基础物理学，我们了解到一切物质都是由被称为原子的基本粒子构造而成的，每个原子中都包含电子、质子和中子。

我们还知道电子上的电荷带负电，每个电子上的电量是1.60210×10-19库仑。

质子带与电子相等的正电荷。

原子上质子与电子的数目相等，使其呈中性。

我们来考虑电荷的运动。

电或电荷的独特之处就是它们可以移动，也就是说电荷可以从一个地方移动到另一个地方，从而转换成另外一种形式的能量。

当把一根导线接在电池（一种电源）的两端时，电荷受迫而运动；正电荷与负电荷分别向相反的两个方向移动。

这种电荷的移动产生了电流。

习惯上，我们把正电荷移动的方向或负电荷移动的反方向称为电流的方向，如图1-1所示。

这种说法是由美国科学家、发明家本杰明·富兰克林提出的。

即使我们知道金属导体中的电流是由于带负电荷的电子（运动）而产生的，（我们）也使用默认的习惯，将正电荷运动的方向定义为电流的方向。

因此，电流是单位时间内电荷的变化率，单位是安培（ampere ，A ）。

在数学上，电流i 、电荷q 和时间t 的关系为i=dtdq （1-1） 将等式的两边同时进行积分，则可得到电荷在时间t 和t 0之间的变化。

有q== 0t t idt （1-2）在等式（1-1）中我们给电流i 的定义表现了电流不是一个定值量，电荷随时间的变化不同，电流也与之呈不同的函数关系。

电压、电能与电功率使电子在导体中定向运动需要做功或能量转换。

功由外电动势提供，最典型的就是图1-1中的电池。

外电动势也可理解为电压或电位差。

电路中，a 、b 两点之间的电压U ab 等于从a 到b 移动单位电荷所需能量（所做的功），有U ab =dqdw （1-3） w 代表电能，单位是焦耳（J ）；q 代表电量。

1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。

毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Electrochemical detection methods in capillary electrophoresis and applications to inorganic species 毛细管电泳电化学检测方法在无机元素中的应用电化学检测法在毛细管电泳和无机元素中的应用摘要：本文论述了毛细管电泳的三种电化学检测即电导检测法、安培检测法和电位检测法，并与较常见的光学检测方法进行了比较。

详细介绍了三种检测方法的原理及其实现方法，同时介绍了它们在无机元素分析物中的应用情况。

关键字：电化学检测、毛细管电泳；无机阴离子、金属阳离子。

目录：1.简介--------------------------------------------------------------12.电导检测法--------------------------------------------------------2 2.1原理----------------------------------------------------------2 2.2实现方法------------------------------------------------------3 3安培检测法--------------------------------------------------------63.1原理----------------------------------------------------------6 3.2实现方法------------------------------------------------------6 4电位检测法--------------------------------------------------------54.1原理----------------------------------------------------------9 4.2实现方法------------------------------------------------------9 5在无机元素中的应用------------------------------------------------9 6总结-------------------------------------------------------------10 7参考文献---------------------------------------------------------10 1．简介毛细管电泳的检测方法通常采用光学方法（激光诱导荧光检测法），而毛细管电泳的三种电化学检测法即电导测定法、安培检测法、和电位测定法是非常有吸引力的一种替代方法，尽管目前开发的还相对较少。

1、外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n i n -5A, ot he rs fo ll ow th e ph i lo so ph y, w i de ly a da pt ed fo r g en er al-p ur pos e c om pu te rs an d m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f m a ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n b e tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da t a m em ory a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in-5A.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e dev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.-5A-1 A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt, n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at io ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m ad e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he re c a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。

1、 外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e sin gle -ch ip mi c ro co m p u t e r is t h e cu lm in at io n of b ot h t h e d e ve lo p me nt of t h e d ig ita l co m p u t e r a n d t h e i nte g rated c ircu it a rgu ab l y t h e to w mo st s ign if i cant i nve nt i o n s of t h e 20t h c e nt u ry [1].T h ese to w t yp e s of arch ite ct u re are fo u n d in s in gle -ch ip m i cro co m p u te r. S o m e e mp l oy t h e sp l it p ro gra m /d at a m e m o r y of t h e H a r va rd arch ite ct u re , s h o wn in -5A , ot h e rs fo l lo w t h e p h i lo so p hy, wid e l y ad a p ted fo r ge n e ral -p u rp o se co m p u te rs an d m i cro p ro ce ss o rs , of m a kin g n o l o g i ca l d i st in ct i o n b et we e n p ro gra m an d d ata m e m o r y as in t h e P rin c eto n a rch ite ct u re , sh o wn in -5A.In ge n e ra l te r m s a s in g le -ch ip m ic ro co m p u t e r is ch a ra cte r ized b y t h e in co r p o rat io n of all t h e u n its of a co mp u te r into a s in gle d e vi ce , as s h o w n in F i g3-5A-3.-5A-1A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerProgrammemory Datamemory CPU Input& Output unitmemoryCPU Input& Output unitResetInterruptsPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).RO M is u su a l l y fo r t h e p e r m an e nt , n o n -vo lat i le sto rage of an ap p l i cat io n s p ro g ram .M a ny m i c ro co m p u te rs a n d m i cro co nt ro l le rs are inte n d ed fo r h i gh -vo lu m e ap p l i cat io n s a n d h e n ce t h e e co n o m i cal man u fa c t u re of t h e d e vi ces re q u ires t h at t h e co nt e nts of t h e p ro gra m me mo r y b e co mm i ed p e r m a n e nt l y d u r in g t h e m a n u fa ct u re of c h ip s . C lea rl y, t h i s imp l ies a r i go ro u s ap p ro a ch to ROM co d e d e ve lo p m e nt s in ce ch an ges can n o t b e mad e af te r m an u fa ct u re .T h i s d e ve l o p m e nt p ro ces s m ay i nvo l ve e mu l at i o n u sin g a so p h ist icated d e ve lo p m e nt syste m wit h a h ard wa re e mu l at i o n capab i l it y as we ll as t h e u s e of p o we rf u l sof t war e to o l s.So m e m an u fa ct u re rs p ro vi d e ad d it i o n a l ROM o p t io n s b y in clu d in g in t h e i r ran ge d e v ic es w it h (o r inte n d ed fo r u s e wit h ) u se r p ro g ram m a b le m e mo r y. T h e s im p lest of t h e se i s u su a l l y d e v i ce wh i ch can o p e rat e in a m i cro p ro ce s so r mo d e b y u s in g s o m e of t h e in p u t /o u t p u t l in es as an ad d res s a n d d ata b u s fo r a cc es sin g exte rn a l m e m o r y. T h is t yp e o f d e vi ce can b e h ave f u n ct i o n al l y as t h e s in gle ch ip m i cro co m p u t e r f ro m wh i ch it i s d e ri ved a lb e it wit h re st r icted I/O an d a m o d if ied exte rn a l c ircu it. T h e u s e of t h e se RO M le ss d e vi ces i s co mmo n e ve n in p ro d u ct io n circu i ts wh e re t h e vo lu m e d o e s n ot ju st if y t h e d e ve lo p m e nt co sts of cu sto m o n -ch ip ROM [2];t h e re ca n st i ll b e a si gn if i cant sav in g in I/O an d o t h e r ch ip s co m pared to a External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROMCPUco nve nt io n al m i c ro p ro ces so r b ased circ u it. M o re exa ct re p l a ce m e nt fo rRO M d e v ice s can b e o b tain ed in t h e fo rm of va ria nts w it h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P ROM(E rasab le p ro gramm ab le ROM )s o cket s o r d e v ice s w it h E P ROMin stead of ROM 。

current ['kʌrənt] n. 电流alternating current 交流电流direct current 直流电流current density 电流密度active current 有功电流reactive current 无功电流voltage ['vəultidʒ] n. 电压voltage drop 电压降落voltage gain 电压增益voltage divider 分压器voltage stabilizer 稳压器variable ['vεəriəbl] n. 变量；a.可变的，可调的，易变的complex variable 复变量dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量input variable 输入变量charge n. 电荷，充电；v. 充电，带电，起电charge distribution 电荷分布charge particle 带电粒子test charge 试验电荷positive charge 正电荷negative charge 负电荷coulomb n. 库仑（电荷的单位）coulomb meter 库仑计circuit ['sə:kit] n. 电路circuit diagram 电路图analogue circuit 模拟电路short circuit 短路open circuit 开路active circuit 有源电路passive circuit 无源电路underlying [,ʌndə'laiiŋ] a. ①基本的，根本的②潜在的，在下（面）的，下伏的electron [i'lektrɔn] n. 电子magnitude ['mæɡnitju:d] n. 大小，尺寸，数量，数值electromotive a. 电动的，起电的electromotive force 电动势ampere ['æmpεə] n. 安，安培（电流的单位）ampere meter 安培ampere turn 安匝volt ampere 伏安integrate ['intiɡreit, 'intiɡrit, -ɡreit] v. 积分，求积分work n. 功potential a.势的，位的，电位的；n.势（能）,位(能), 电势(位,压) potential difference 电位差，电势差earth potential 地电势（位）potential energy 势（位）能reference potential 参考（基准）电位rectangular ['rek'tæŋɡjulə] a. 矩形的，直角的，正交的joule [dʒu:l, dʒaul] n. 焦尔（能量、热量、功的单位）volt [vɔlt] n. 伏特（电压、电位、电势的单位）electron volt 电子伏特voltaic a. 动[流]的，电压的，电镀的，伏打(式)的voltaic battery 伏打电池convention [kən'venʃən] n. 习惯，惯例，常规by convention 按照惯例reference direction 参考方向polarity [pəu'lærəti] n. 极性power n. ①功率，效率②动力，电力，能力，电源③乘方，幂watt n. 瓦特（功率的单位）time-varying a. 时变的instant n. 瞬间，瞬时，即刻，时刻；a.立刻的，直接的，紧急的，迫切的instantaneous [,instən'teinjəs] a.瞬时（作用）的，瞬息的，即刻的instantaneous power 瞬时功率passive a. ①无源的②消极的，被动的；n. 无源passive network 无源网络algebraic a. 代数的active a. ①有源的，有功的，有效的②活动的，主动的，积极的③活性的，放射的，激励的active element 有源元件resistor n 电阻，电阻器capacitor n. 电容器inductor n. 电感器source n. 电源，（光，能，动力，信号，辐射，根，来，起）源voltage source 电压源current source 电流源ideal independent source 理想独立源constant voltage source 恒定电压源independent source 独立源dependent source 受控源controlled source 受控源voltage-controlled voltage source电压控制电压源current-controlled voltage source电流控制电压源voltage-controlled current source电压控制电流源current-controlled current source电流控制电流源generator n. ①发电机②（脉冲，信号，气体）发生器，振荡器，加速器AC generator 交流发电机diamond-shaped a. 菱形的transistor n. 晶体管，半导体管operational a. ①运算的，计算的②操作的，工作的，业务的，运转的amplifier n. 放大器integrated circuit 集成电路token n. ①标记，象征②特征by the same token 同理，同样；另外，还有Ohm 欧姆（电阻，电抗，阻抗的单位）Ohm's Law 欧姆定律resistance n. ①电阻,电阻器（件,装置）②阻力，阻尼③抵抗，抵制，反对resistance load 电阻(性)负载magnetic resistance 磁阻measuring resistance 标准电阻,测量用电阻rearrange v. 重新整理（安排,布置,排列）,调整linear a. ①线性的，一次的②（直）线的，直线型的，线状的linear resistor 线性电阻nonlinear a. 非线性的，非直线的nonlinear resistor 非线性电阻incandescent a. 白炽（热）的，炽热的incandescent lamp 白炽灯voltage-current characteristic 伏安特性short circuit 短路open circuit 开路conductance n. ①电导，导电性，导纳②传导（性，率，系数），导率siemens n. 西门子（电导单位）network n. 网络，电路，电网linear time-varying network 线性变参数网络network analyzer 网络分析器configuration n. 结构，构造topology n. 拓扑，拓扑学，拓扑结构node n. ①节点，结点，交点，叉点②（波）节，结，节branch n. ①支路，支线，支脉②分支（路，线，流）③部门，分部，分行dimension n. ①维（数），度（数）②尺寸，线度③量纲，因次loop n. 回路，闭合电路，环路，循环，环clockwise a.; ad. 顺时针方向（的）counterclockwise a.; ad. 逆时针方向（的）nodal a. 节点的，结点的，交点的，节的，结的nodal analysis 节点分析mesh n. 网孔，网格，网眼，网状mesh analysis 网孔分析simultaneous a. ①联立（方程）的②同时（存在，发生）的，一起的，同步的quotient n. ①商（数），系数②份额，应分得的部分determinant n. ①行列式②决定因素，遗传素datum n. ①基准（点，线，面），基标②数据，资料，信息chassis n. 底盘，底（盘）架，底板（座）planar a. ①平面的，平的②二维的，二度的error-minimizing a. 令错误最少的symmetry n. 对称（性，现象），均称，调和coefficient n. ①系数，因数，常数，率②折算率phasor n. 相量，相图，相位复（数）矢量phasor diagram 相量图sinusoidal a. 正弦（波，式，形，曲线）的steady-state a. 稳态的domain n. ①（定义）域，区（领）域，定义范围②区，范围，界time domain 时域frequency domain 频域transform v.; n. ①变换，改变，转换，换（折）算②变换式，反式magnitude n. ①大小，幅值，幅度，量，数量，尺寸，②等级，量级phase n. ①相（位）②（发展）阶段，时期，局面③方（侧）面three-phase 三相single-phase 单相phase voltage 相电压phase current 相电流(be) out of phase 异相（的）lag n.; v. 滞后，落后，迟（时）滞lead v. 超前，提前，领先AC = alternating current 交流电流，交流电，交流DC = direct current 直流电流，直流电，直流theorem n. 定理，原理（则），命题，法则Thevenin's theorem 戴维南定理superposition n. 叠加，重叠superposition theorem 叠加定理transmission n. 输电，传（输，递，送，播，导）equivalent a. 等效的，等值的，等同的amplitude n. 振幅，幅度，波幅effective a. 有效的，等效的，生效的，能行的，有作用的，有影响的sequence n. 顺序，次序，时序，序列，系列positive sequence 正序negative sequence 负序，反序phase sequence 相序load n. 负荷，负载impedance n. 阻抗topologically ad. 在拓扑结构上，从拓扑结构electronics n. 电子学，电子仪器，电子设备，电子线路understatement n. 轻描淡写，有节制的表达omnipresent a. 无处不在的，普遍存在的electronic a. 电子（学）的transaction n. ①交易，业务②办理，处理，执行，记录digital a. 数字的，数字式的，计数的espionage n. 谍报，间谍活动，密探，监视signal-processing a. 信号处理的analog n. ①模拟（量，装置，设备，系统）②类似，类比，比拟velocity n. 速度，速率thermocouple n. 热电偶discrete a. 离散的，不连续的，分散的household a.; n. 家用的，普通的，一般用途的，家庭，家，户thermostat n. 恒温器，定温器，温度自动调节器preset v.; a. ①预定，预置，（预先）调整②安装程序，给定程序的switch n. 开关；v. 接通或关断，转变，换接A/D = Analog-to-Digital 模数转换，模数变换D/A = Digital-to-Analog 数模转换，数模变换transducer n. 传感器，变送器，发射器，换能器，换流器excitation n. ①激励，激发，激磁②刺激，干扰display v. 显示，显像，表现，陈列，展览；n. 显示，指示，表现Boolean 布尔的logic gate 逻辑门symbolic a. 符号的，记号的，象征（性）的proof n. 证明，证实，证据；v. 检验；a. 试验过的，合乎标准的，防……的singularly ad. 非凡地，特殊地，奇异地，单独地Manipulation n. 处理，计算，操作，控制，管理binary n.; a. 二进制的，二进位的，二元的，二成分的②二，双，复arithmetic n. 算术，计算，运算；a. 算术的，计算的，运算的associative a. 结合的，联合的，相关的，commutative a. 交换的，换向的，代替的，相互的distributive a. 分配的，分布的，个别的truth table 真值表multiplication n. ①乘法，相乘②增加，增多，增殖，倍增addition n. ①加法②增加，附加，相加conjunctive a. ①合取的，逻辑乘的②连接的，连系的disjunctive a. 析取的，分离的，转折的identity n. 单位，同一，完全相同，一致，恒等，身份null n. ; a. ①零的，空的，无②不存在的，没有的complement n.; a. ①补码，补数，余的，补的②补充，互补displacement n. ①位移，变位，移动，平移，偏移②排（水，汽，气，液）量intensity n. ①强度，密度，亮度，光强②强烈，紧张regulation n. ①调整，校准，控制②规则，规章，规程，章程，条例，细则quantize v. ①量化，分层，取离散值②（使）量子化clarity n. 清晰，清晰度，透明，透明度sine n. 正弦fidelity n. 保真，保真度，逼真，逼真度disc n. 盘，圆片，唱片sample v. 采样，取样，抽样；n. 采样，样品，标本，模型，实例straightforward a. ①直接的，明确的，坦率的②简单的，易懂的③顺向的，流水作业的sensitive a. 敏感的，灵敏的，易感光的；n. 对……敏感的材料sensitive element 敏感元件voltage divider 分压器photoelectric a. 光电的piezoelectric a. 压电的amplification n. 放大（率，系数，倍数，作用），加强，增强pulse n. 脉冲，脉动integral a. 积分的，累积的，整数的，整体的，总体的；n. 积分，整数，整体parameter n. 参数，参量，系数precision n. 精度，精密，精确； a. 精确的，精密的incompatible a 不相容的，不一致的concurrently ad. 同时microsecond n. 微秒bit n. 位，比特，二进制数full-scale a. ①满刻度的，满标度的，满量程的②完全的，全面的quantization n. 量化，分层，把连续量转换为数字byte n. 字节code n. 编码，密码，符号；v. 编码，译码encode v. 编码，译码，把……译成电码weighted a. ①加权的，权重的，加重的②受力的，负载的receipt n. 收到，接收，收据amplifier n. 放大器register n. ①寄存器，②记录，登记，注册，挂号；v. ①登记，注册，挂号②记数，存储parallel-in 并联输入的parallel-out 并联输出的resolution n. 分辨率，鉴别力gain n. 增益，放大系数，放大率，增量drift n. 漂移，偏移operational amplifier 运算放大器difference amplifier 差动放大器differential a. 微分的，差动的，差分的，差别的；n. 微分，差动，差分，差别feedback n. 反馈，回复，反应stability n. ①稳定性，稳定度，安定性，复原性②耐……性，耐久性capacitive a. 电容性的，电容的，容性的coupling n. 耦合,偶合,连接；a. 耦合的,连接的long-term a. 长期的，远期的power-supply n. 电源solid-state a. 固态的microvolt n. 微伏saturate v. 使饱和；a. 饱和的，浸透的comparator n. 比较器swing v.; n. 摇摆，摆动single-ended a. 单端的two-sided a. 双边的，双侧的，两边的，两方面的frequency band 频带semiconductor n. 半导体power electronic n. 电力电子loss n. 损耗，损失parasitic a. 寄生的，附加的winding n. ①绕组，线圈②一圈，一转transformer n 变压器，变换器，变量器dielectric n. 介质，电介质，绝缘材料；a. 绝缘的，介电的，介质的，不导电的eddy n. 涡流，旋涡； a. 涡流的，涡旋的；v. 涡流，起旋涡hysteresis n. 磁滞，滞后，迟滞on-state a. 通态的，接通的，开态off-state a. 关态的，断开的，断态的microamp n. 微安milliamp n. 毫安steering n. 转向，操纵，控制，调整buildup n. ①形成，产生，出现②增加，增大，上升③建造，建起ramp v. 斜变，倾斜，直线上升waveform n. 波形clamp v. 箝位，定位，使固定snubbering n. 缓冲zero-voltage 电压过零的zero-current 电流过零的ripple n.波纹，波度，微波rectifier n. 整流器isolation transformer 隔离变压器interface n. 接口Buck converter 降压式变换器，降压式斩波器Boost converter 升压式变换器，升压式斩波器Buck-Boost converter 升/降式变换器，升/降式斩波器quadrant n.象限，四分之一圆周，九十度弧step-down a. 降压的，降低的step-up a. 升压的，升高的dual a. 二重的，对偶的filter n.; v. 滤波，过滤periodically ad. 周期地portable a. 手提的，轻便的，可携带的sink n. 换能器，变换器，散热器，汇点，收点，穴hypothetical a. 假设的，假定的，有前提的duty ratio 功率比，能量比turn ratio 匝数比PWM pulse width modulation 脉冲宽度调制switch-mode power supplies 开关电源inverter n. 逆变器uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) 不间断电源single-phase a. 单相的three-phase a. 三相的parameter n. 参数unidirectional a. 单极性的，单向的electromagnetic a. 电磁的relay v. 中继，转播；n. 继电器synchronous motor 同步电动机torque n. 转矩non-sinusoidal a. 非正弦的low-pass 低通smoother n.滤波器，整平器polarity n. 极性bidirectional a. 双向的harmonics n. 谐波high order harmonics 高次谐波induction n. 感应square-wave 方波response time 响应时间notching n. ; a. 阶梯式，下凹的，切口，开槽step pulse 阶跃脉冲induction machine 感应电机horseshoe n. ①马蹄形，U形②马蹄铁magnet n. 磁铁，磁石，磁体horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁permanent magnet 永久磁铁perpendicular a. ①（与……）垂直的②直立的；n. 垂直，正交，竖直magnetic field 磁场induction machine 感应电机horseshoe n. ①马蹄形，U形②马蹄铁magnet n. 磁铁，磁石，磁体horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁eddy n. 涡流，涡旋permanent magnet 永久磁铁perpendicular a. ①（与……）垂直的②直立的；n. 垂直，正交，竖直magnetic field 磁场bar n. ①线棒，导条②条，杆slot n. ①槽②隙缝lamination n. ①叠片，冲片②分层③薄片braze v.铜焊，钎焊solder n.焊料，接合物；v. 焊，焊接short-circuiting a. 使短路的ring n. 环squirrel cage 鼠笼core n. ①铁芯②心，核心coil n. 线圈，绕组random-wound 散绕form-wound 模绕insulation n. 绝缘performance characteristics 工作特性air-gap 气隙polyphase n.; a. 多相，多相的motoring n.; a. 电动机运行plugging 反向制动，反相序制动控制generating n.; a. 发电机运行synchronous speed 同步速breakdown torque 失步转矩，停转转矩locked-rotor torque 止转转矩，起动转矩breakaway n. ①起步，起动②分离，脱离breakaway force 起动力rated a. ①额定的，标称的②计算的，设计的full-load a. 满（负）载的overhauling a. 检修的，大修的prime mover 原动机induction generator 感应发电机，异步发电机wind-driven generator 风力发电机inrush current 涌流synchronous machine 同步发电机armature n. 电枢armature winding 电枢绕组field winding 励磁绕组，磁极绕组quantitative a. 量的，数量的，定量的salient a. 凸出的，凸的，突出的salient pole 凸极saturation n. 饱和，饱和度cylindrical-rotor 隐极式转子，鼓极转子steam-turbine-driven generator 汽轮发电机Y-connected windings 星形连接绕组turbine generator 涡轮发电机，汽轮发电机，水轮发电机cps = cycles per second 周/秒，赫rpm = revolutions per minute 转/分steam turbine 汽轮机rating n. 额定值，额定参数；标称值，定额efficiency n. 效率wedge n. 楔[形]，楔形物，槽楔；v. 楔进，斜楔concentric coil 同心线圈slip ring 滑环lead n. ①导线，导管，引线②铅；v. 超前，导前，引导carbon brush 碳刷mmf = magnetomotive force 磁动势step wave 阶跃波diameter n. 直径vibration n. 振荡field current 励磁电流exciter n. 励磁机shaft n. 轴regulation n. 调节stability n. 稳定性，稳定ventilation n. 通风，换气，通风装置flux n. 通量，磁力线transformer n. 变压器wrap v.; n. 包裹，包扎，缠绕，卷ferromagnetic core 铁磁芯primary winding 一次绕组，原绕组，初级绕组secondary winding 二次绕组，副绕组，次级绕组tertiary winding 三次绕组，第三绕组power transformer 电力变压器core form 铁芯式shell form 壳式innermost a. 最内部的，最里面的，最深处的leakage flux 漏磁通unit transformer 单元（机组）变压器substation transformer 配电变压器distribution transformer 配电变压器potential transformer 电压互感器current transformer 电流互感器copper loss 铜耗hysteresis loss 磁滞损耗，磁滞损失reluctance n. 磁阻self-inductance 自感应core-loss 铁芯损耗distill 提取…精华，蒸馏instruction 指令document n.文件thermostat 恒温器，定温器，温度自动调节器audio signal n. 声频信号，音频信号program n. 程序keyboard n. 键盘software n. 软件central processing unit 中央处理单元workstation n. 工作站videogame console 视频游戏操作板mainframe n. 主机，主机架supercomputer 超级计算机server 服务器client 客户microcomputer 微型计算机desktop computer 台式计算机notebook computer 笔记本电脑handheld computer 掌上电脑computer-aided 计算机辅助的three-dimensional 三维的animated graphics 动画图像local area network ( LAN)局域网LCD screen ( liquid crystal display screen ) 液晶显示屏display device 显示设备mouse n. 鼠标floppy disk drive 软盘驱动器hard disk drive 硬盘驱动器CD-ROM drive CD-ROM驱动器DVD drive DVD驱动器CD-writer CD写入器，刻录机sound card 声卡rudimentary a. 基本的，基础的，初步的，根本的built-in a. 嵌入的，安装在内部的，内装的，机内的modem n. 调制解调器peripheral device 外围设备scanner n. 扫描仪digital camera 数码相机joystick n. 控制杆graphics tablet 图形板operating system 操作系统miniaturized a. 小型的，小型化的ALU (arithmetic logic unit) 算术逻辑单元control unit 控制单元register n. 寄存器cycle n. 周期clock cycle 时钟周期word size 字长cache n. 高速患缓冲存储器instruction set 指令集megahertz n. 兆赫，兆赫兹gigahertz n. 吉赫，吉赫兹motherboard n. 母板, 主板chip n. 芯片，晶片，组件CISC (complex instruction set computer) 复杂指令集计算机RISC (reduced instruction set computer) 简化指令集合计算机serially ad. 串行地serial processing 串行处理parallel processing 并行处理pipelining a. 流水线的RAM (Random Access Memory) 随机存储器operating system 操作系统plug v. 插入，插上；n. 插头，插入物microscopic a. 微观的，细微的，显微（镜）的，显微的charge v. 充电，带电，起电；n. 电荷，充电discharge v. 放电bit n. 位byte n. 字节volatile a. 易失的，挥发的，易挥发的，易变的，短暂的megabytes (MB) 兆字节software package 软件包install v. 安装virtual memory 虚拟存储器nanosecond 纳秒SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) 同步动态RAMROM (Read-Only Memory) 只读存储器startup n. 起动caterpillar-like a. 履带式的DIP ①= double in-line package 双列直插式组件②=dual in-line package 双列式封装BIOS (basic input/output system) 基本输入输出系统CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor memory)rechargeable battery 充电电池setup 安装update v. 更新，修改，校正slot n. 槽expansion slot 扩展槽port n. 端口data bus 数据总线expansion bus 扩展总线socket n. 插座，插口expansion card 扩展卡adapter n. 适配器USB universal series bus 通用串行总线storage device 存储设备download v.; n. 下载ISA (industry standard architecture)工业标准结构PCI (peripheral component interconnect) 外部设备互连video capture card 视频捕获卡interface n.; v. 接口AGP (accelerated graphics port) 加速图形端口serial port 串行端口jack n. 插座，插孔，插口，弹簧开关protrude v.（使）伸出，突出，推出cutout n. 中断装置，断流器，断路器CRT (cathode ray tube) 阴极射线管LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示dots of color 色点stand-alone 独立的diagonally ad. 对角地dot pitch 点距clarity n. 清晰度pixel n. 像素，图素，像元resolution n. 分辨率, 分辨度ink jet 喷墨printout n. 打印输出nozzle n. 喷管，喷头，喷嘴cartridge n. 夹头，卡盘cyan a.; n. 蓝绿色的，蓝绿色magenta a.; n. 深红色的，深红色photocopier n. 照相复印机，影印机light-sensitive a. 光敏的drum n. 磁鼓electrostatically ad. 静电地multicolored a. 多色的default n. 缺省，默认ribbon n. 色带module n. 模件，组件，模块document n. 文件，文献，公文Web browsing 网页浏览programmer n. 程序员computer language 计算机语言binary a.；n. 二进制的，二进位source code 源代码high-level language 高级语言machine language 机器语言batch n. 批，一批object code 目标代码compiler n. 编译程序interpreter n. 解释程序script n. 脚本operand n. 操作数octal a. 八进制的hexadecimal a. 十六进制的assembler n. 汇编程序system software 系统软件application software 应用软件operation system 操作系统user interface 用户界面，用户接口menu n. 菜单toolbar n. 工具条button n. 按钮compatible a. 兼容的，可共存的，兼容制的graphical user interface 图形用户界面click v. 按file management system 文件管理系统bootstrap n. 引导bootstrap program 引导程序single-user operating system 单用户操作系统multiuser operating system 多用户操作系统multitasking operating system 多任务操作系统data base 数据库redundant a. 冗余的，多余的，fault-tolerant a. 容错的redundancy n. 冗余disk array 磁盘阵列home computer 家用电脑dial up 拨号repository n. 仓库twisted-pair 双绞的，双绞线的coaxial cable 同轴电缆fiber-optic cable 光缆，光纤电缆microwave n. 微波infrared a. 红外线的；n. 红外线shielded a. 屏蔽的unshielded a. 非屏蔽的strand n. 股，股线bandwidth n. 带宽high-bandwidth 高带宽low-bandwidth 低带宽broadband n. 宽带narrowband n. 窄带hub n. 集线器router n. 路由器gateway n. 网关repeater n. 中继器，转播器electric power system 电力系统cable n. 电缆，缆，钢丝绳；v. 架设电缆，敷设电缆fuse n. 保险丝，熔断器；引信；v. 熔化，熔断meter n. 米；测量仪表，计量器customer n. 客户，用户radius n. 半径incandescent lamp 白炽灯transmission line 输电线路power loss 功率损耗voltage drop 电压降落AC transmission 交流输电transmission system 输电系统utility n. 公用事业，效用，中心电站flexibility n. 灵活性，机动性，适应性；柔性，柔度interconnection n. 相互连接，互联asynchronous a. 异步的nominal frequency 额定频率misoperation n. 误操作，误动作paramount a. 最高的，头等的；高过，优于in parallel 并联地synchronously ad. 同步地facility n. ①容易，方便②灵活，熟练③（便利）条件④（常用复数）设备，装置，工具，器材primary energy 一次能源fossil n. 化石，石块hydraulic a. 水力[学]的，水压的，液压的，液力的mechanical energy 机械能switching device 开关装置，开关设备subtransmission n. 二次输电subtransmission system 分支输电系统，二次输电系统distribution system 配电系统substation n. 变电所，变电站，分站，分所feeder n. 馈线，馈电电路redundancy n. 多余，冗余contingency n. 意外事故，偶然事故reliable a. 可靠的bus n. 母线overload n. 过载，超载，过负荷optimal a. 优化的，最优的，最佳的production cost 生产成本，生产费用hydro-generation n. 水力发电dry period 枯水期replenishment n.（再）补充，充实，充满economic dispatch 经济调度economic operation 经济运行security n. 安全性，可靠性emission n. 排放，放出，散放tie-line n. 联络线var flow 无功潮流throttle n. 阀门，节流阀，调速汽门thermal unit 热力机组，热力单位magnetizing current 激磁电流，励磁电流electric clock 电钟active power balance 有功功率平衡supplementary control 辅助控制load-frequency control (LFC) 负荷频率控制speed governor 调速器underfrequency load shedding 低周减载，低频减负荷automatic generation control (AGC) 自动发电控制stabilize v. 使……稳定reactive power 无功功率active power 有功功率automatic voltage regulator 自动电压调节器shunt capacitor 并联电容器，并联电容shunt reactor 并联电抗器，并联电抗synchronous condenser 同步调相机static var compensators (SVCs) 静止无功补偿器series capacitor 串联电容器tap-changing transformer 可调分接头变压器booster n. 升压器，增压器，加压泵angular a. 角的，角度的power versus angle relationship 功角关系synchronous reactance 同步电抗，功率—角度关系excitation voltage 励磁电压angular displacement 角位移rotor angle stability 转角稳定性，功角稳定性voltage stability 电压稳定性electromechanical a. 机电的electromagnetic a. 电磁的equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡mechanism n. 机理，机制；机构，装置；结构synchronism n. 同步accelerate v. 加速，促进decelerate v. 减速mechanical torque 机械转矩electrical torque 电气转矩outage n. 停电，断电，中断，停运，停机，事故short-circuit fault 短路故障power-angle relationship 功角关系fluctuation n. 波动，起伏small-signal stability 小信号稳定性transient stability 暂态稳定性small disturbance stability 小干扰稳定性damp v. 阻尼，（使）减弱，减幅；n. 阻尼，衰减damping torque 阻尼转矩instability 不稳定性out of step 失步synchronizing torque 同步转矩non-oscillatory a. 非振荡的，非周期的disturbance n. 扰动，干扰post-disturbance a. 干扰后的，扰动后的，事故后的unstable a. 不稳定的first-swing n.; a. 第一次摇摆power system protection 电力系统保护，电力系统继电保护abnormality n. 异常，反常，不正常sense v. 检测，读出，断定；感觉，感受，感到relay n. 继电器，中继器；v. 中继，转播，用继电器控制circuit breaker 断路器trip coil 跳闸线圈，脱扣线圈electromechanical relay 电磁继电器solid state 固态static relay 静态继电器，无触点继电器self-checking 自检，自校maloperation n. 误操作，误动作，维护不当energize v. 激励，激磁，驱动，通以电流overcurrent relay 过电流继电器undervoltage relay 低电压继电器，欠压继电器underfrequency relay 低周继电器，低频继电器directional relay 方向继电器thermal relay 热继电器，温度继电器，热敏继电器phase sequence relay 相序继电器negative sequence relay 负序继电器zero sequence relay 零序继电器differential relay 差动继电器percentage differential relay 比率差动继电器distance relay 距离继电器plane impedance relay 平面阻抗继电器angle impedance relay 角度阻抗继电器angle admittance relay 角度导纳继电器Mho relay 姆欧继电器，电导继电器offset relay 偏置继电器restricted relay 制约式继电器pilot relay 控制继电器，辅助继电器wire pilot relay 有线控制继电器carrier channel pilot relay 载波控制继电器microwave pilot relay 微波控制继电器transductor relay 饱和电抗型继电器rectifier bridge relay 整流桥型继电器electronic relay 电子继电器3-φ fault 三相故障3-φ to ground fault 三相接地短路故障double line to ground fault 两相短路接地故障line to line fault 相间短路故障single line to ground fault 单相接地故障ground fault 接地故障internal fault 内部故障external fault 外部故障interturn fault 匝间故障overvoltage n. 过电压overheat v. 过热，使过热overheating n. 过热，超温lubrication oil 润滑油out of step 失步overspeed n.; v.; a. 超速，过速，超转速，过速的miscellaneous a. 杂的，杂项的，各种的；n. 其他resonance n. 谐振，共振trip v. （使）断开，（使）跳闸，切断，关闭mechanical resonance 机械共振hydro turbine 水轮机inertia n. 惯性，惯量undercurrent n. 欠电流，电流不足；a. 欠电流的，低电流的arcing n. 飞弧，发弧，弧击穿overexcitation n. 过励air-blast circuit breaker 压缩空气断路器oil circuit breaker 油断路器，多油断路器quench v.; n. 熄灭，熄弧arc-quenching n. 灭弧minimum-oil circuit breaker 少油断路器magnetic air circuit breaker 磁吹断路器SF6 circuit breaker 六氟化硫（SF6）断路器vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器interrupting capability 开断容量，遮断容量deion grid 去电离栅极，灭弧栅interrupting time 开断时间，遮断时间nameplate n. 铭牌operating mechanism （断路器的）操动机构horn gap 角隙，角放电器火花源horn gap contact 带灭弧功能的触头air switch 空气开关spring-action 弹簧动作spring-action driving mechanism 弹簧操作机构insulating barrier 绝缘隔板arc chute 灭弧罩，灭弧隔板，电弧隔板blowout coil 灭弧线圈，消弧线圈arc-extinguishing a. 灭弧的，消弧的molded-resin 模制树脂，浇铸树脂trigger n. 触发，起动；v. 触发，起动，激发，引起outdoor a. 户外的live-tank 带电箱体dead-tank 接地箱体gas-insulated substations (GISs) 气体绝缘变电站vacuum-bottle n. 真空罐switchgear n. 开关设备，配电设备，配电装置voltage-to-current ratio 电压电流比time-delayed relay 延时继电器timer relay 时间继电器overreach v.; n. 越过，伸得过长current transformer 电流互感器voltage transformer 电压互感器remote back-up 远后备arcing fault 闪络故障underreach v.; n. 达不到backup n. 后备，支持，备份；a. 后备的，备用的，备份的response n. 响应，反应lightning n. 雷（电），闪电；a. 闪电（般）的lightning arrester 避雷器overhead ground wire 架空地线surge n.; v. 电[浪]涌，冲击，波动surge arrester 避雷器over-voltage n. 过电压switching surge 操作冲击，操作浪涌clip n. 线夹，接线柱，夹子；v. 夹住，箝，钳牢，固定ionizer n. 电离装置，游离装置silicon carbide 碳化硅，金刚砂spark gap 火[电]花隙，放电器，避雷器valve block 阀片break down 击穿，断裂，破裂arc chamber 电弧室zinc-oxide n.氧化锌metal-oxide varistor 金属氧化物压敏电阻器basic impulse insulation level (BIL) 基本冲击绝缘水平coal-fired a. 燃煤的furnace n. 炉，炉膛，燃烧室pulverizer n. 磨煤机，粉煤机preheated a. 预热的boiler n. 锅炉，蒸发器，蒸汽发生器flue gas 烟气，废气，排烟electrostatic a. 静电的precipitator n. 除尘器electrostatic precipitator 电除尘chimney n.（高）烟囱，烟筒coal hopper 煤斗burner n. 燃烧器，喷燃器cooling tower 冷却塔feed water pump 给水泵psi 磅/平方英寸（压强单位）shutoff n. 关闭，切断，断路exhaust steam 乏汽heater exchanger 热交换器condenser n. 凝结器，冷凝器feed-water 给水turbogenerator n. 涡轮发电机single-stage turbine 单级汽轮机thermal efficiency 热效率multi-stage turbine 多级汽轮机tandem a.; ad. 级联（的），串联的，前后排列的；n. 前后排列使用的一组事物in tandem 前后地，协力地，相互合作地superheater n. 过热器high-pressure turbine 高压汽轮机reheater n. 再热器intermediate-pressure turbine 中压汽轮机low-pressure turbine 低压汽轮机cogeneration n. 热电联产，热电联供acid rain 酸雨greenhouse effect 温室效应hydropower n. 水力，水力发电cubic a. 立体的，三次的，体积的，正六面体的dam n. 坝，堰penstock n. 水道，压力水管hydroplant n. 水电厂，水电站high head 高水头low head 低水头tail race 尾水渠，退水渠nozzle n. 喷嘴periphery n. 周边，周围，外围，范围blade n. 叶片，轮叶spoked wheel 辐轮start up 起动，开动，触发thermal plant 热电厂dispatcher 调度员sparingly 节省地，有节制地，少量地spillway n. 泄水道，溢水孔base-loading 基荷pumped storage 抽水蓄能peak load 高峰负荷off-peak 非峰值的on-line 在线daily load-demand curve 日负荷曲线shaves the peaks （负荷曲线的）削峰fills the troughs （负荷曲线的）填谷bucket wheel rotor 勺轮转子fission n.; v. 裂变，分裂，剥离nuclear power plant 核电站，核电厂reactor n. 反应堆，反应器；电抗器，电抗线圈coolant n. 冷却剂，冷却液light-water reactor 轻水反应堆boiling-water reactor （BWR）沸水反应堆pressured-water reactor (PWR) 压水反应堆reactor core 反应堆堆芯，反应堆活性区bypass valve 旁路阀门reactor coolant pump 反应堆冷却泵moderator n. 减速剂，慢化剂self-regulation 自调整negative feedback 负反馈pressurize v. 增压，对……加压，产生压力pressurizer n. 保持压力装置，增压装置setpoint 设定值，给定值make-up 补给[水]，补充let-down 下泄control rod （反应堆的）控制棒，控制杆visualize v. 使……可视化，具体化，形象化manoeuvre n. 调动，策略；v. 调动，操纵automatic control system 自动控制系统reconfigurable a. 可重构的，可再构的open-loop control system 开环控制系统functional block diagram 功能框图feedback n. 反馈closed-loop control system 闭环控制系统single-input single-output (SISO) 单输入单输出continuous control 连续控制discontinuous control 断续控制periodically ad. 周期地sample n. 采样，取样，样品，试件；v. 采样discrete-data 离散数据的sampled-data 采样数据的relay feedback control system 继电反馈控制系统servomechanism n. 伺服机构，伺服系统，随动系统multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 多输入多输出modern control theory 现代控制理论trajectory n. 轨迹，轨道multivariable 多变量differential equation 微分方程Laplace transform 拉普拉氏变换frequency-response 频率响应root-locus 根轨迹time response 时域响应state variable 状态变量nth-order n阶matrix n. 矩阵mathematical model 数学模型eigenstructure n. 特征结构eigenvalue n. 特征值eigenvector n. 特征向量block-diagram 框图transfer function 传递函数negative feedback 负反馈error signal 误差信号operator n. 算子，算符，操作符，控制器complex parameter 复数参数frequency parameter 频率参数time domain 时域denominator n. 分母open-loop transfer function 开环传递函数forward transfer function 前向传递函数transient a. 暂态的，瞬态的，短暂的steady-state error 稳态误差controllability n. 可控性observability n. 可观性linear time-invariant system 线性时不变系统polynomial n.; a. 多项式（的）response n. 响应，答复，应答driving a. 驱动的real part 实部inverse transform 反变换pole n. 极，极点necessary condition 必要条件sufficient condition 充分条件imaginary axis 虚轴s plane s平面triangular a. 三角的conjugate n. 共轭值；a. 共轭的，共轭根的quadruplet n. 四件一套，四个一组numerator n. 分子performance n. 性能frequency response 频率响应passband n. 通带，频带dynamic performance 动态性能robust a. 强壮的，强健的，健全的，鲁棒的，坚固的performance index 性能指标modern control theory 现代控制理论synthesis n. 综合，合成Fourier transform 傅立叶变换，傅氏变换inverse Fourier transform 傅氏反变换definite integral 定积分analytical a. 解析的，分析的，分解的qualitatively ad. 定性地logarithmic a. 对数的rectangular coordinates 直角坐标logarithmic coordinates 对数坐标Bode plots 波特图phase angle 相角polar coordinates 极坐标Nyquist plots 奈奎斯特图dissipation n. 消耗energy-storage element 储能元件spurious a. 寄生的，杂散的，乱真的attenuate v. 衰减，减少，削弱semilog n. 半对数logarithm n. 对数asymptotic a. 渐近的decibel n. 分贝radian n. 弧度octave n. 八度，倍频程（八度）。

电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）第一篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformationbecame a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thusproviding the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of anunlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configurationand operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This asp ect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”译文：电力系统现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。

The micro structure of low voltage distribution system BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the InventionThis invention relates to a novel and unique low voltage distribution system to wire a miniature structure with an electrical circuit which cooperates with bi-prong electrical fastening members which function as an electrical connector to plug an electric light bulb to the electrical circuit in the miniature structure. In particular, this invention relates to an easily installed electrical wiring system using an adhesive backed conductive foil tape as the bus bar for the system. The bi-prong electrical fastening devices can be plugged into and unplugged from the bus bar strips at any desired location.2. Disclosure of the Prior ArtIt is known in the art to utilize low voltage lighting systems for miniature structures. Typically, the wiring takes the form of insulated electrical conductors extending from a voltage source, such as a battery or step-down transformer, directly to a light bulb. Each light has its own pair of conductors which extend throughout the miniature structure.It is also known to install wiring within a miniature structure in the form of a distribution circuit having a plurality of junctions or connecting points wherein conductors are electrically connected at the connecting points by a soldered connection. Addition of a lamp or relocating a lamp requires soldering or mechanically disconnecting the lamp.Other known low voltage distribution systems utilize electrical connectors having female and male components. Other systems utilize a variety of electrical conductors and connecting devices, all of which require tools or following precise installation techniques.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe novel and unique low voltage distribution system for miniature structures, such as doll houses or other model buildings, of the present invention overcomes several disadvantages of the prior art. One advantage of the present invention is that a main bus bar for the distribution system is formed by a pair of elongated bus bar strips having a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer. The strips are easily installed by peeling off a removable backing member exposing the adhesive layer. The bus bar strips are affixed to the walls of the miniature structure in a parallel spaced relationship. The distance between the center line of the strips is selected to be a predetermined distance. The predetermined distance is at least equal to the transverse width or geometrical dimension of the strips. Bi-prong electrical fastening devices having two sharp points are pushed into the bus bar, pierce and pass through the parallel strips, forming an electrical connection with the strips. The points engage the wall of the miniature structure and are held in place. A light bulb is connected by wires across the bi-prong plug.Another advantage is that the bus bar strips are easily formed into 90° angles or other angles by folding the strips to obtain the desired angle. Prior art devices require staples or adhesive holding devices to hold insulating wires. Depending on thedistribution system of the prior art devices, an electrical connection requires tools, soldering or some method of insuring a dependable mechanical and electrical connection.Another advantage of the present invention is that the bi-prong electrical fastening device is easily installed by pushing the device into the miniature structure wall in the same manner as a tack of similar device. If it is desired to remove or relocate a lamp, the bi-prong plug is easily pulled out and reinserted.Yet another advantage of the present invention is that branch bus bar circuits can be fabricated by folding the end against itself forming a mating terminal. The mating terminal is placed into contact at any desired location on the main bus bar to form sub-distribution circuits.A yet further advantage of the present invention is that a lamp can be attached to a bi-prong plug by winding wires together and forming a tight insulating seal therearound by use of a heat-shrinkable tube or cylinder.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGThe foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment of the invention when considered together with the illustrations in the accompanying drawings and includes the following figures:FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the low voltage distribution system having bi-prong plugs and lamp connected thereto;FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a contacting mating connection between a main bus bar and a branch bus bar;FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of a doll house having a pair of spaced parallel elongated strips as the main bus bar and branch bus bar;FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a section of bus bar having a bi-prong electrical fastening device inserted therein;FIG. 5 is a section taken along section lines 5-5 of FIG. 4;FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 are an end, front and top view of a bi-prong electrical fastening device having a circular cross-section;FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are an end, front and top view of a bi-prong electrical fastening device having a rectangular cross-section;FIG. 12 is a pictorial illustration of twisting an end of a conductor from a bi-prong electrical fastening device with the end of a conductor from a light bulb having a heat shrinkable tube strung on the conductors; andFIG. 13 is a wire lamp and bi-prong electrical fastening device with the heat-shrinkable sealing tube being shrunk to form a tight insulating seal around the twisted electrical connection illustrated in FIG. 12.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTThe schematic diagram of FIG. 1 includes a means for producing a low voltage signal such as, for example, a step down transformer 20. In the preferred embodiment, a primary winding 22 of transformer 20 is electrically connected across a 120 volt 60 hertz source. A secondary winding 24 produces a low voltage, 60 hertz signal thereacross such as 12 volts A.C. The low voltage source could be a direct currentsource such as batteries.The transformer 20 may include a detecting and limiting device 28 to detect and limit the current flow through the secondary winding 24. If the transformer becomes overloaded due to high current flow, the device 28 opens. A thermal cutout may be used as one such device. The transformer may be a 120/12 volt 60 hertz U.L. approved Class 2 transformer.A main bus bar, shown generally as 30, is electrically connected to the secondary winding 24 by electrical conductors 32.A branch bus bar, shown generally as 36, is attached or connected to the main bus bar30 through a pair of mating contacts shown as 40 and 42.Bi-prong electrical fastening devices shown as 50 are inserted into the bus bar to make electrical contact. Each bi-prong plug 50 has a lamp 52 connected thereto. The connections are made through sealed electrical connectors 54.FIG. 2 illustrates the main bus bar 30 is formed of two spaced parallel strips 56 and 58 each having a conductive metal foil top layer 60 and an adhesive bottom layer 62. The width of the strip is of a selected geometrical dimension. The bus bar's two elongated strips 56 and 58 are spaced with the center lines 64 and 66, respectively, spaced a predetermined distance. The predetermined distance, in the preferred embodiment, is at least equal to the width of strips 56 and 58.A branch bus bar having two elongated strips 70 and 72, which is of the same material and construction as strips 56 and 58, has the one end thereof folded back upon itself with the adhesive layer of the folded end in contact with and adhering to the adhesive layer of the unfolded bus bar strip to form coplanar mating contacts 74 and 76. The coplanar mating contacts 74 and 76 are in mating electrical contact with the conductive metal top foil 60. Pieces of adhesive tape 80 are affixed to mating contacts 74 and 76, and a piece of adhesive tape 82 is located between strips 56 and 72. A section of the miniature structure is shown as 86.FIG. 3 shows a miniature structure 90 having a main bus bar 92 and a branch bus bar 94. The mating connection is shown as 96. Several right angle turns in the bus bar are shown by 100. A typical wiring pattern extends through three stories.FIG. 4 shows a top view of a section 104 of the miniature structure having bus bar strips 56 and 58 adhered thereto. The strips 56 and 58 originally and a protective backing which was removed exposing the adhesive. A bi-prong electrical connecting 50 device has conductive fastening members 120 (shown in FIGS. 5 through 8) terminating in an output terminal 108. A pair of insulated electrical conductors 110 is attached to output terminal 108.An end sectional view of the bus bar strips 56 and 58 and bi-prong electrical connecting device 50 in FIG. 5 shows that the conductive fastening members 120 terminate in a tapered cutting edge or point 122 adapted to pierce and be driven through the bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected portion 104 of the miniature structure.The conductive fastening members 120 are spaced a predetermined distance apart and are parallel to each other. Each conductive fastening member 120 terminates in an output terminal 108 having conductors 110 soldered thereto. The housing or body 124of the bi-prong plug 50 is formed of insulating, cured epoxy well known in the art. FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show a bi-prong electrical fastening member having a circular cross-section. The elements are shown in solid line with the body 124 shown in dashed line.FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 show a bi-prong electrical fastening member having a rectangular cross-section. The elements are shown in solid line with the body 124 shown in dashed line.FIG. 12 shows an electrical conductor 110 with a conductive end section 126 exposed and twisted together with the end of a conducting lead 128 from a lamp or light bulb 52. A heat-shrinkable tube or cylinder 130 is positioned around each joined connection of the conducting lead 128 and electrical conductor 110. The tube 130 has an axial length sufficient to encapsulate and form a tight, insulating fitting around the connection. FIG. 13 shows the tube 130 and wiring being exposed to a heat source 142 of the right temperature to cause the desired shrinkage.The system disclosed herein can be assembled into a lighting kit for use in a doll house or for other miniature structures such as that used with model trains, model cities and other hobby type structures. In the preferred embodiment, the kit comprises a transformer, copper tape with an adhesive backing, light bulbs, wires, spring clamps (used as connecting means 32 in FIG. 1) and heat shrinkable tubing.The connections for providing a 12 volt electrical signal from the two copper tapes and into a lamp or fixture in the structure is obtained by attaching one of the bi-prong plugs to the bulbs or lamps. The two prongs of the plug are pointed and are pressed into and through the copper tapes in a manner similar to insertion and removal of a two-prong fastener.Installation of the distribution system is fairly simple and can be done without use of tools or soldering equipment. This is of significance in the model or hobby market.It is also envisioned that the connecting means in FIG. 1 may well be a bi-prong electrical connecting device wherein the electrical conductors are connected to the output of the transformer.What is claimed is:1. A low voltage distribution system for a miniature structure comprisingmeans for producing a low voltage signal;a main bus bar formed of a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer, said conductive metal foil having a pair of elongated bus bar strips each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof, said strips being positioned in spaced parallel relationship wherein the spacing between the parallel center lines of each elongated bus bar strip is of a predetermined distance which is at least equal to said geometrical dimension and said adhesive layer being adapted to attach the main bus bar to a selected portion of a miniature structure with the conductive metal foil exposed;means for connecting the low voltage signal to the conductive metal foil layer and producing a voltage potential across said strips; andat least one bi-prong removable electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spacedconductive fastening members each of which are electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said fastening members terminating in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance, and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven through each of the bus bar strips of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with said selected portion of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.2. The system of claim 1 wherein the means for producing a low voltage signal comprises a step down alternating current transformer.3. The system of claim 2 wherein the low voltage signal producing means includes means for detecting and limiting the current flow through the step down transformer.4. The system of claim 3 wherein the low voltage signal connecting means includesa pair of transformer leads; anda pair of spring clips electrically connected to the transformer leads and to the main bus bar.5. The system of claim 1 whereinsaid bi-prong electrical fastening device includes a pair of separate output terminals electrically connected to said spaced fastening members and having a geometrical distance therebetween which is substantially equal to said predetermined distance.6. The system of claim 5 further comprisinga second bi-prong electrical fastening device identical to said at least one bi-prong electrical fastening device and adapted to pierce and be driven through a different section of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected section of a miniature structure.7. The system of claim 5 further comprisinga branch bus bar having a pair of elongated bus bar strips having a geometrical dimension across the width thereof which is substantially equal to said selected geometrical dimension, a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer, said branch bus bar strips being positioned in a spaced parallel relationship wherein the spacing between the parallel center lines thereof is substantially equal to said predetermined distance, said branch bus bar strips each having one end thereof folded back upon itself with the adhesive layer of the folded end in contact with and adhering to the adhesive layer of the unfolded bus bar strip to form a coplanar mating contact with the conductive metal foil layer being located on the outer surface of the folded end, one of said mating contacts at the end of each bus bar strip being positioned in mating electrical contact with the conductive metal foil top layer of the main bus bar; anda second removable bi-prong electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spaced conductive fastening members electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said spaced conductive fastening members being electrically connected to a separate output terminal and each of which terminate in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each branch bus bar strip and be driven through the elongated strips of the branch bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a section of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection from each of the branch bus bar strips upon removal of the second fastening device conductive fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each branch bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strip to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.8. The system of claim 7 further comprisinga third bi-prong electrical fastening device identical to said second bi-prong electrical fastening device and adapted to pierce and be driven through the branch bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected section of a said miniature structure.9. The system of claim 3 further comprisinga pair of insulated electrical conductors wherein each conductor has one end thereof electrically attached to an output terminal and the other end of the conductor terminating with the conductive end section thereof exposed; anda light bulb capable of being illuminated by the low voltage signal, said light bulb having a pair of conducting leads extending therefrom with each end thereof electrically connected to one of the exposed conductor end sections forming an electrical circuit therewith.10. The system of claim 9 further comprisinga heat-shrinkable cylinder positioned around each joined connection of the conducting lead and electrical conductor, said cylinder having an axial length sufficient to encapsulate and form a tight insulating fitting around said electrical connection.11. A low voltage distribution system for wiring a miniature structure for electricity comprisinga step down voltage transformer adapted to be electrically connected to an alternating current voltage source having a voltage level higher than the desired distribution voltage level for producing a low voltage signal at the level desired for the distribution voltage;a first and second elongated bus bar strip, each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof and formed of a conductive metal foil top layer and a bottom adhesive layer, said bus bar strips being affixed to a selected section of a said miniature structure and positioned in a spaced parallel relationship with apredetermined distance between the center lines of each strip being at least equal to said selected geometrical dimension;a pair of electrical connectors extending from the transformer to the bus bar strips for applying the low voltage signal across said bus bar strips having a plurality of bi-prong removable electrical fastening members terminating in a pair of spaced parallel elongated tapered cutting edges having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance and which, when urged into fastening engagement with said miniature structure, is adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven into and through the bus bar strips forming a plurality of parallel electrical connections therewith and into fastening engagement with a different selected section of a said miniature structure, each of which are located opposite the fastening member and under the bus bar strips and which is adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit; anda plurality of light bulbs each of which has a pair of conducting leads which are electrically connected across one of said bi-prong electrical fastening members, said light bulbs each being in parallel circuit connection to each other and being responsive to the low voltage signal applied across the bus bar to become illuminated.12. The system of claim 11 wherein the bi-prong electrical fastening member has a round cross-section.13. The system of claim 12 wherein the bi-prong electrical fastening member has a rectangular cross-section.14. A miniature structure low voltage distribution system having a main bus bar formed of a conductive metal foil layer which is affixed to the miniature structure by an adhesive bottom layer, said main bus bar having a pair of spaced parallel elongated bus bar strips each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof and with the spacing between the center lines of the parallel strips being a predetermined distance, said distribution system comprisingat least one bi-prong removable electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spaced conductive fastening members each of which are electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said fastening members terminating in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance, and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven through each of the bus bar strips of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with said selected portion of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of aminiature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.微型结构低压分配系统1.发明背景此项发明涉及到一项独特的低压分配系统，此系统为一个有着电子线路的微型结构，它包含着电力加速构件，其中的电子连接器使一个电灯泡安插在这个微型结构中。

中英文对照外文翻译Automation of professional developmentAutomation in the history of professional development, "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional development of the two main line, "industrial automation" professional from the first "industrial enterprises electrified" professional.In the 1950s, the New China was just founded, the 100-waste question, study the Soviet Union established system of higher education, Subdivision professional. Corresponding to the country in the construction of industrial automation and defense, military construction in automatic control, successively set up the "electrification of industrial enterprises" professional and "control" professional (at that time in many schools, "Control" professional secrecy is professional) . After several former professional name of evolution (see below), and gradually develop into a "biased towards applications, biased towards strong," Automation, and the latter to maintain professional name of "control" basically unchanged (in the early days also known as the "automatic learning And remote learning, "" Automatic Control System "professional), and gradually develop into a" biased towards theory, biased towards weak, "the automation professional, and come together in 1995, merged into aunified" automatic "professional . In 1998, according to the Ministry of Education announced the latest professional undergraduate colleges and universities directory, adjusted, the merger of the new "automated" professional include not only the original "automatic" professional (including "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional ), Also increased the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part), "electrical technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control of" professional (part).Clearly, one of China's automation professional history of the development of China's higher education actually is a new development of the cause of a microcosm of the history, but also the history of New China industrial development of a miniature. Below "industrial automation" professional development of the main line of this example, a detailed review of its development process in the many professional name change (in real terms in the professional content changes) and its industrial building at the time of the close relationship.First a brief look at the world and China's professional division history. We know that now use the professional division is largely from the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the first half of the 20th century stereotypes of the engineering, is basically industry (products) for the objects to the division, they have been the image of people Known as the "industry professionals" or "trade associations." At present the international education system in two categories, with Britain and the United States as the representative of the education system not yet out of "industry professionals" system, but has taken the "generalist" the road of education and the former Soviet Union for Europe (close to the Soviet Union) as the representative The education system, at the beginning of theimplementation of "professionals" education, professional-very small, although reforms repeatedly, but to the current "industry professionals" are still very obvious characteristics.In the 1950s, just after the founding of New China, a comprehensive study and the Soviet Union and sub-professional very small; Since reform and opening up, only to Britain and the United States to gradually as the representative of the education system to move closer, and gradually reduce the professional, the implementation of "generalist" education through a number of professional Restructuring and merger (the total number of professionals from the maximum of 1,343 kinds of gradually reducing the current 249 kinds), although not out of "industry professionals" and "Mei Ming," but many of the colleges and universities, mostly only one of a Professional, rather than the past more than a professional.Before that, China's first professional automation from the National University in 1952 when the first major readjustment of the establishment of professional - electrified professional industrial enterprises. At that time, the Soviet Union assistance to the construction of China's 156 large industrial enterprises, automation of much-needed electrical engineering and technical personnel, and such professional and technical personnel training, and then was very consistent with China's industrial construction. By the 1960s, professional name changed to "industrial electric and automation," the late 1970s when to resume enrollment "Electric Industrial Automation" professional. This is not only professional name changes, but has its profound meaning, it reflects China's industries from "electrified" step by step to the "automatic" into the real history and that part of the development trend of China's automation professional reflects how urgent countries Urgent for the country'seconomic construction services that period of history and development of real direction.1993, after four years of the third revision of the undergraduate professional directories, the State Education Commission issued a call "system integrity, more scientific and reasonable, the harmonization of norms," the "ordinary professional directory of undergraduate colleges and universities." "Electric Industrial Automation" and "production process automation" merger of the two professional electrician to set up a kind of "industrial automation" professional, by the then Ministry of Industry Machinery centralized management colleges and universities to set up industrial automation teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the "Industrial Automation "professional teaching and guiding work at the same time," Control "was attributable to the professional category of electronic information, the then Ministry of Industry of electronic centralized management control to set up colleges and universities teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the" control " Professional teaching guide our work. After the professional adjustment, further defined the "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional "- both strong and weak, hardware and software into consideration and control theory and practical system integration, and the movement control, process control and other targets of control "The common characteristics with the training objectives, but also the basic set of" industrial automation "biased towards strong, professional, biased towards applications," Control "professional biased towards weak, biased towards the theory of professional characteristics and pattern of division of labor. 1995, the State Education Commission promulgated the "(University) undergraduate engineering leading professional directory", the electrical category "industrialautomation" professional and the original electronic information such as "control" of professional electronic information into a new category of "automatic" professional . As this is the leading professional directory, are not enforced, coupled with general "industrial automation" strong or weak, both professional "into" a weak professional category of electronic information is not conducive to professional development and thus many Schools remain "industrial automation" professional and "control" the situation of professional co-exist. Since 1996 more, again commissioned by the Ministry of National Education Ministry of Industry and electronic machinery industries of other parts of the establishment of the new session (second session) centralized management guidance at the University Teaching Commission, making the leading professionals have not been effective Implemented.1998, to meet the country's economic construction of Kuan Koujing personnel training needs, further consolidation of professional and international "generalist" education track by the Ministry of Education announced a fourth revision of the latest "Universities Undergraduate Catalog." So far in the use of the directory, the total number of professionals from the third amendments to the 504 kinds of substantially reduced to 249 species, the original directory is strong, professional electrician and a weak professional category such as electronics and information into categories Electric power, the unity of Information, a former electrician at the same time kind of "industrial automation" professional and the type of electronic information "control" professional formal merger, together with the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part) , "Electric technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and controlof" professional (part), the composition of the new (enforcement) are electrical information such as "automatic" professional. According to statistics, so far the country has more than 200 colleges and universities set up this kind of "automatic" professional. If the name of automation as part of their professional expertise (such as "electrical engineering and automation," "mechanical design and manufacturing automation," "agricultural mechanization and automation" and other professionals) included Automation has undoubtedly is the largest in China A professional.Of the characteristics of China's automation professional:Recalling China's professional history of the development of automation, combined with the corresponding period of the construction of China's national economy to the demand for automation and automated the development of the cause, it is not difficult to sum up following professional characteristics:(1) China's automation professional is not only a relatively long history (since 1952 have been more than 50 years), and from the first day of the establishment of professional automation, has been a professional one of the countries in urgent need, therefore the number of students has also been The largest and most employers welcome the allocation of the professional one.(2) China's automation is accompanied by a professional from the electrification of China's industrial automation step by step to the development of stable development, professional direction and the main content from the first prominent electrified "the electrification of industrial enterprises" step by step for the development of both the electric and automation " Industrial electric and automation ", highlighting the electrical automation" Electric Industrial Automation "and prominent automation" industrial automation ", then the merger of professional education reform in1995 and" control "of professional content into a broader" automated " Professional. From which we can see that China's automation professional Although the initial study in the Soviet education system established under the general environment, but in their development and the Soviet Union or the United States and Britain did not copy the mode, but with China's national conditions (to meet national needs for The main goal) from the innovation and development of "cross-industry professionals," features the professional.自动化专业的发展自动化专业的发展历史中，有“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专业两条发展主线，其中“工业自动化”专业最早源于“工业企业电气化”专业。

Brief Introduction to The Electric Power SystemPart 1 Minimum electric power systemA minimum electric power system is shown in Fig.1-1, the system consists of an energy source, a prime mover, a generator, and a load.The energy source may be coal, gas, or oil burned in a furnace to heat water and generate steam in a boiler; it may be fissionable material which, in a nuclear reactor, will heat water to produce steam; it may be water in a pond at an elevation above the generating station; or it may be oil or gas burned in an internal combustion engine.The prime mover may be a steam-driven turbine, a hydraulic turbine or water wheel, or an internal combustion engine. Each one of these prime movers has the ability to convert energy in the form of heat, falling water, or fuel into rotation of a shaft, which in turn will drive the generator.The electrical load on the generator may be lights, motors, heaters, or other devices, alone or in combination. Probably the load will vary from minute to minute as different demands occur.The control system functions （are）to keep the speed of the machines substantially constant and the voltage within prescribed limits, even though the load may change. To meet these load conditions, it is necessary for fuel input to change, for the prime mover input to vary, and for torque on the shaft from the prime mover to change in order that the generator may be kept at constant speed. In addition, the field current to the generator must be adjusted to maintain constant output voltage. Thecontrol system may include a man stationed in the power plant who watches a set of meters on the generator output terminals and makes the necessary adjustments manually. In a modern station, the control system is a servomechanism that senses generator-output conditions and automatically makes the necessary changes in energy input and field current to hold the electrical output within certain specifications..Part 2 More Complicated SystemsIn most situations the load is not directly connected to the generator terminals. More commonly the load is some distance from the generator, requiring a power line connecting them. It is desirable to keep the electric power supply at the load within specifications. However, the controls are near the generator, which may be in another building, perhaps several miles away.If the distance from the generator to the load is considerable, it may be desirable to install transformers at the generator and at the load end, and to transmit the power over a high-voltage line (Fig.1-2). For the same power, the higher-voltage line carries less current, has lower losses for the same wire size, and provides more stable voltage.In some cases an overhead line may be unacceptable. Instead it may be advantageous to use an underground cable. With the power systems talked above, the power supply to the load must be interrupted if, for any reason, any component of the system must be moved from service for maintenance or repair. Additional system load may require more power than the generator can supply. Another generator with its associated transformers and high-voltage line might be added.It can be shown that there are some advantages in making ties between the generators (1) and at the end of the high-voltage lines (2 and 3), as shown in Fig.1-3. This system will operate satisfactorily as long as no trouble develops or no equipmentneeds to be taken out of service.The above system may be vastly improved by the introduction of circuit breakers, which may be opened and closed as needed. Circuit breakers added to the system, Fig.1-4, permit selected piece of equipment to switch out of service without disturbing the remainder of system. With this arrangement any element of the system may be deenergized for maintenance or repair by operation of circuit breakers.Of course, if any piece of equipment is taken out of service, then the total load must be carried by the remaining equipment. Attention must be given to avoid overloads during such circumstances. If possible, outages of equipment are scheduled at times when load requirements are below normal.Fig.1-5 shows a system in which three generators and three loads are tied together by three transmission lines. No circuit breakers are shown in this diagram, although many would be required in such a system.Part 3 Typical System LayoutThe generators, lines, and other equipment which form an electric system are arranged depending on the manner in which load grows in the area and may be rearranged from time to time.However, there are certain plans into which a particular system design may be classified. Three types are illustrated: the radial system, the loop system, and the network system. All of these are shown without the necessary circuit breakers. In each of these systems, a single generator serves four loads.The radial system is shown in Fig.1-6. Here the lines form a “tree” spreading out from the generator. Opening any line results in interruption of power to one or more of the loads.The loop system is illustrated in Fig.1-7. With this arrangement all loads may be served even though one line section is removed from service. In some instances during normal operation, the loop may be open at some point, such as A. In case a line section is to be taken out, the loop is first closed at A and then the line section removed. In this manner no service interruptions occur.Fig.1-8 shows the same loads being served by a network. With this arrangement each load has two or more circuits over which it is fed.Distribution circuits are commonly designed so that they may be classified as radial or loop circuits. The high-voltage transmission lines of most power systems are arranged as network. The interconnection of major power system results in networks made up by many line sections.Part 4 Auxiliary EquipmentCircuit breakers are necessary to deenergize equipment either for normal operation or on the occurrence of short circuits. Circuit breakers must be designed to carry normal-load currents continuously, to withstand the extremely high currents that occur during faults, and to separate contacts and clear a circuit in the presence of fault. Circuit breakers are rated in terms of these duties.When a circuit breaker opens to deenergize a piece of equipment, one side of the circuit breaker usually remains energized, as it is connected to operating equipment. Since it is sometimes necessary to work on the circuit breaker itself, it is also necessary to have means by which the circuit breaker may be completely disconnected from other energized equipment. For this purpose disconnect switches are placed in series with the circuit breakers. By opening these disconnectors, thecircuit breaker may be completely deenergized, permitting work to be carried on in safety.Various instruments are necessary to monitor the operation of the electric power system. Usually each generator, each transformer bank, and each line has its own set of instruments, frequently consisting of voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, and varmeters.When a fault occurs on a system, conditions on the system undergo a sudden change. V oltages usually drop and currents increase. These changes are most noticeable in the immediate vicinity of fault. On-line analog computers, commonly called relays, monitor these changes of conditions, make a determination of which breaker should be opened to clear the fault, and energize the trip circuits of those appropriate breakers. With modern equipment, the relay action and breaker opening causes removal of fault within three or four cycles after its initiation.The instruments that show circuit conditions and the relays that protect the circuits are not mounted directly on the power lines but are placed on switchboards in a control house. Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment, by means of which it is possible to pass on to the meters and relays representative samples of the conditions on the operating equipment. The primary of a potential transformer is connected directly to the high-voltage equipment. The secondary provides for the instruments and relays a voltage which is a constant fraction of voltage on the operating equipment and is in phase with it；similarly, a current transformer is connected with its primary in the high-current circuit. The secondary winding provides a current that is a known fraction of the power-equipment current and is in phase with it.Bushing potential devices and capacitor potential devices serve the same purpose as potential transformers but usually with less accuracy in regard to ratio and phase angle.中文翻译：电力系统的简介第一部分：最小电力系统一个最小电力系统如图1-1所示，系统包含动力源，原动机，发电机和负载。