大学思辨英语精读备课Unit 5

As the author points out below, the success of science has less to do with a particular method than with an essential attitude of the scientist. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation and humility before the facts. Therefore, a good scientist is an honest one. True scientists do not bow to any authority but they are ever ready to modify or even abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting them. Scientists, they do place a high value on honesty.Science and the Scientific Attitudeby Paul G. Hewitt Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, they began to know nature and, because of nature's dependability, found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings. Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature —— when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order —— when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas. Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and supernatural forces, they now had science to guide them. Advance was slow, however, because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas. In about 1510 Copernicus suggested that the sun was stationary and that the earth revolved about the sun. He refuted the idea that the earth was the center of the universe. After years of hesitation, he published his findings but died before his book was circulated. His book was considered heretical and dangerous and was banned by the Church for 200 years. A century after Copernicus, the mathematician Bruno was burned at the stake —— largely for supporting Copernicus, suggesting the sun to be a star, and suggesting that space was infinite. Galileo was imprisoned for popularizing the Copernican theory and for his other contributions to scientific thought. Yet a couple of centuries later, Copernican advocates seemed harmless. This happens age after age. In the early 1800s geologists met with violent condemnation because they differed with the Genesis account of creation. Later in the same century, geology was safe, but theories of evolution were condemned and the teaching of them forbidden. This most likely continues. "At every crossway on the road that leads to the future, each progressive spirit is opposed by a thousand men appointed to guard the past." Every age has one or more groups of intellectual rebels who are persecuted, condemned, or suppressed at the time; but to a later age, they seem harmless and often essential to the elevation of human conditions. The enormous success of science has led to the general belief that scientists have developed and ate employing a "method" - a method that is extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. Galileo, famous scientist of the 1600s, is usually credited with being the "Father of the Scientific Method." His method is essentially as follows: 1. Recognize a problem. 2. Guess an answer. 3. Predict the consequences of the guess. 4. Perform experiments to test predictions. 5. Formulate the simplest theory organizes the three main ingredients: guess, prediction, experimental outcome. Although this cookbook method has a certain appeal, to has not been the key to most of the breakthroughs and discoveries in science. Trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, and other methods account for much of the progress in science. Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation, and humility before the facts. If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counterevidence whatever, the idea is either modified or abandoned. In the scientific spirit, the idea must be modified or abandoned in spite of the reputation of the person advocating it. As an example, the greatly respected Greek philosopher Aristotle said that falling bodies fall at a speed proportional to their weight. This false idea was held to be true for more than 2,000 years because of Aristotle's immense authority. In the scientific spirit, however, a single verifiable experiment to the contrary outweighs any authority, regardless of reputation or the number of followers and advocates. Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see —— for humanity's capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptionsare the least questioned. Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to "change out minds." Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable —— they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. For example, if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a stepping-stone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable —— if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as "unscientific." This has the long-run effect of compelling honesty - findings widely publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. Sooner or later, mistake （and lies） are bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists. NEW WORDS represent vt. be a sign or symbol of; act for 代表 collective a. of or shared by a group of people 集体的 insight n. the power of using one's mind to see or understand the true nature of a situation 洞察⼒ wisdom n. intelligence and good judgment 智慧 reoccur vi. occur again dependability n. reliability, trustworthiness prediction n. the act of predicting or sth. predicted 预测 headway n. motion forward; progress answerable n. able to be answered replace vt. take or fill the place of superstition n. a belief or practice based on ignorance, faith in magic or chance systematic a. of, having or using a system; carried out according to a system supernatural n. outside of or beyond the natural world 超⾃然的 opposition n. the act or condition of opposing; resistance stationary a. not moving or changing; not capable of being moved hesitation n. the act of hesitating publish vt. print and offer for sale circulate v. （cause to） spread widely; move or send around 传播，（使）流传，（使）循环 heretical a. （of opinion） opposed to established beliefs or standards 异端的 ban vt. forbid by law or decree largely ad. for the most part; mainly infinite a. having or seeming to have no limits; endless; very large imprison vt. put in prison popularize v. cause to be well know and generally liked or used; make （a difficult subject） easily understandable to ordinary people 使普及；推⼴ geologist n. a person who knows much about geology 地质学家 violent a. having, showing, or resulting from great physical force; showing or having strong feelings 强暴的；猛烈的 condemnation n. express strong disapproval of, pronounce guilty of crime or wrong 谴责；宣告……有罪 condemnation n. genesis n. the beginning or origin: （G-） the first book of the Old Testament 起源;（《旧约全书》第⼀卷）《创世纪》 geology n. the study of origin, structure, and history of the earth 地质学 evolution n. slow, gradual development; the scientific theory that all living things developed very slowly over millions of years from simpler forms of life 进化（论） crossway n. crossroad; a road that crosses another progressive a. moving forward step by step; favoring or promoting improvement or reform appoint vt. name for an office, duty or position 指定，任命 rebel n. a person who resists or opposes authority 反叛者 persecute vt. treat continually in a cruel way, esp. because of political or religious beliefs 迫害 suppress。

教学对象：大学英语专业学生教学目标：1. 掌握本单元的核心词汇和短语。

2. 理解并分析文章的主旨和结构。

3. 培养学生的阅读理解能力，提高学生的英语阅读水平。

4. 培养学生的批判性思维和跨文化交际能力。

教学重点：1. 本单元的核心词汇和短语。

2. 文章的主旨和结构分析。

3. 批判性思维能力的培养。

教学难点：1. 复杂句型的理解与翻译。

2. 文化背景知识的融入。

教学准备：1. 教学课件（PPT）2. 文章原文3. 词汇卡片4. 教学参考资料教学过程：一、导入（5分钟）1. 教师简要介绍本单元的背景知识，激发学生的学习兴趣。

2. 通过提问，引导学生对文章主题进行初步预测。

二、阅读理解（20分钟）1. 学生阅读文章，教师巡视指导，解答学生疑问。

2. 学生完成课后练习题，教师批改并讲解。

三、词汇学习（10分钟）1. 教师带领学生学习本单元的核心词汇和短语，并进行造句练习。

2. 学生根据词汇卡片，用所学词汇造句。

四、文章分析（15分钟）1. 教师引导学生分析文章的主旨和结构，讲解文章中的复杂句型。

2. 学生分组讨论，总结文章的主题和观点。

五、批判性思维培养（10分钟）1. 教师提出问题，引导学生对文章进行批判性思考。

2. 学生分组讨论，分享自己的观点。

六、总结与作业布置（5分钟）1. 教师对本节课的学习内容进行总结，强调重点和难点。

2. 布置课后作业，要求学生巩固所学知识。

教学反思：本节课通过阅读理解、词汇学习、文章分析和批判性思维培养等环节，帮助学生掌握本单元的核心词汇和短语，提高学生的英语阅读水平。

在教学过程中，教师应注重引导学生积极参与课堂活动，培养学生的自主学习能力。

同时，教师还需关注学生的个体差异，针对不同学生的学习需求进行个性化指导。

课后，教师应及时批改作业，了解学生的学习情况，为下一节课做好准备。

课程目标：1. 帮助学生理解文章的主旨大意和段落结构。

2. 培养学生的阅读技巧，包括快速阅读、略读和精读。

3. 提高学生的词汇量和语法水平。

4. 增强学生的口语表达能力，通过讨论和角色扮演等活动。

教学对象：大学英语专业二年级学生教学内容：- Unit 5 文章内容- 相关词汇和短语- 语法点：被动语态教学时间：2课时教学过程：第一课时一、导入（10分钟）1. 热身活动：通过英语歌曲或游戏活跃课堂气氛，引导学生进入英语学习状态。

2. 介绍作者：简要介绍文章作者的背景和作品，激发学生的阅读兴趣。

二、阅读理解（40分钟）1. 快速阅读：让学生快速浏览文章，了解文章大意和结构。

2. 精读：- 引导学生分析文章的主题和段落结构。

- 解释文章中的难句和短语，如：“be liable to”、“in the wake of”等。

- 分析文章中的例证和论据，帮助学生理解作者的观点。

三、词汇学习（20分钟）1. 词汇讲解：讲解文章中出现的新单词和短语，如：“vulnerability”、“index”等。

2. 词汇练习：通过填空、选择题等形式，帮助学生巩固所学词汇。

四、语法点讲解（10分钟）1. 被动语态：讲解被动语态的构成和用法，通过例句帮助学生理解和掌握。

2. 练习：进行被动语态的练习，巩固所学知识。

第二课时一、复习与巩固（20分钟）1. 复习上节课的内容：通过提问或小组讨论的方式，帮助学生巩固所学知识。

2. 词汇复习：进行词汇测试，检查学生对词汇的掌握程度。

二、口语表达（30分钟）1. 讨论：围绕文章主题进行讨论，如：“如何应对生活中的压力”、“如何保持心理健康”等。

2. 角色扮演：分组进行角色扮演，模拟文章中的场景，提高学生的口语表达能力。

三、总结与作业（10分钟）1. 总结：对本节课的内容进行总结，强调重点和难点。

2. 作业：布置课后作业，如：- 阅读课文，翻译文章。

- 收集与文章主题相关的英语文章，进行阅读和分析。

formallyadv. 1（穿着、言语、行为等）适合正式场合地；正规地;庄重地；例句：“How do you do?”she said formally.2正式地；合乎规矩地,相当与officially例句They are now formally separated and they will continue to lead their own lives.3（学校教育或培训）正规地；4方式上地；做法上地；形式上地；5（花园、建筑物、房间）整齐地；布置井然地反义词informally 不拘礼节地Frantic1紧张忙乱的；手忙脚乱的a frantic dash/search/struggle不顾一切的猛冲；疯狂的搜查/斗争frantic applause 狂热的掌声例句：Things are frantic in the office now.现在办公室忙作一团2（由于恐惧或担心）无法控制感情的，发疯似的例句The children are driving me frantic. adv franticallyhelpless1无自理能力的，不能自立的，无助的，徒劳的例句The worst part is being helpless to change anythinghelpless state 孤立无助的境地helpless from 因…而无助2 无法抑制的，与with 连用The audience was helpless with laughter .N helplessnessIndexN 1 索引；Subject indexLook it up in the index2指数；指标consumer price index消费(品)价格指数price index 物价指数The dow Jones index fell 15 points this morning.V 1 将……编入索引中All persons and places mentioned are carefully indexed.2 将（工资等）与物价水平等）挂钩，使…….指数化InterruptV 1 插嘴，打扰，打岔Interrupt sb with sthThe noise interrupted us in our conversation.2 使暂停，使中断The game was interrupted by rain.3 阻断，遮挡（连续线条，平面，景色等）IssueN 1 重用议题，争论的问题a key/sensitive issue 关键、敏感的问题2问题，忧虑She has an issue about food.短语：make an issue of it 小题大做，大做文章3 报刊，刊物The article appeared in issue 25.4邮票，钱币，股份。

课时：2课时教学目标：1. 掌握本单元的核心词汇和短语，如：civility, civilization, fortune, bewilder, statesman, housewife等。

2. 理解课文内容，掌握文章结构，提高阅读理解能力。

3. 通过课堂讨论和实践活动，提高学生的口语表达能力和团队合作能力。

教学重点：1. 核心词汇和短语的掌握。

2. 课文内容的理解。

教学难点：1. 课文中的复杂句型。

2. 文章主题的把握。

教学准备：1. 课件：课文内容、词汇、短语、练习题等。

2. 教学辅助材料：相关背景资料、图片等。

教学过程：第一课时一、导入1. 课前预习检查：了解学生对课文内容的掌握情况。

2. 介绍本单元主题：家庭与婚姻。

二、课文精读1. 词汇学习：讲解课文中的核心词汇和短语，如：civility, civilization, fortune, bewilder, statesman, housewife等。

2. 句子分析：分析课文中的复杂句型，如：复合句、并列句等。

3. 课文内容理解：引导学生阅读课文，理解文章结构，把握文章主题。

三、课堂讨论1. 讨论课文中的家庭观念和婚姻观念。

2. 学生分组讨论：针对课文中的某个观点，展开辩论。

四、实践活动1. 角色扮演：学生分组扮演课文中的角色，进行对话练习。

2. 家庭故事分享：请学生分享自己的家庭故事，增进对家庭的理解。

第二课时一、复习导入1. 复习上节课所学内容，检查学生对课文的理解程度。

2. 引导学生回顾家庭与婚姻的主题。

二、课文精读1. 词汇巩固：再次讲解本单元的核心词汇和短语，并进行练习。

2. 句子分析：引导学生分析课文中的复杂句型，提高阅读理解能力。

三、课堂讨论1. 讨论家庭与婚姻在现代社会中的地位和作用。

2. 学生分组讨论：针对家庭与婚姻的问题，提出解决方案。

四、实践活动1. 家庭关系模拟：学生分组模拟家庭关系，进行角色扮演。

2. 家庭价值观讨论：引导学生思考自己的家庭价值观，并进行分享。

大学思辨英语精读4答案unit51、—The weather in Shanghai is cool now, ______ it? —No, not exactly. （）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. isC. isn’t(正确答案)D. does2、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than3、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)4、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is（）the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how5、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.（）[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)6、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding7、16．Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] *A．haveC．doD．take8、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for（）two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others9、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)10、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visits11、3．Shanghai is my hometown. It’s ________ China. [单选题] *A．nearB．far away fromC．to the east ofD．in the east of(正确答案)12、It was _____the policeman came_____the parents knew what had happened to their son. [单选题] *A.before…asB. until…whenC. not until…that(正确答案)D.until…that13、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful14、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled15、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains16、Many children have to _______ their parents. [单选题] *A. divide intoB. put onC. depend on(正确答案)D. take on17、--Miss Li, could you please help me _______ math problem？--OK. Let me try. [单选题] *A. look upB. work out(正确答案)C. set upD. put up18、Study hard, ______ you won’t pass the exam. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. butD. if19、I passed the test, I _____ it without your help. [单选题] *A.would not passB. wouldn't have passed(正确答案)C. didn't passD.had not passed20、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom21、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most22、I couldn’t find Peter,_____did I know where he had gone. [单选题] *A.nor(正确答案)B.eitherC.neverD.as23、There _______ no water or milk in the fridge. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. have24、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do25、1．I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A．a...aB．a...theC．an...the(正确答案)D．an...a26、What do you think of the idea that _____ honest man who married and brought up a large family did more service than he who continued single and only talked of _____ population. [单选题] *A. a, /B. an, /C. a, theD. an, the(正确答案)27、_____ Lucy _____ Lily has joined the swimming club because they have no time. [单选题] *A. Not only; but alsoB. Neither; nor(正确答案)C. Either; orD. Both; and28、His sister ______ the chess club.（）[单选题] *A. want to joinB. want joiningC. wants to join(正确答案)D. wants joining29、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests30、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] * A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time。