大学思辨英语精读unit2sociologicalinvestigation参考答案

Unit 2alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇appreciate vi. 增值；涨价vt. 欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别brow n. 眉，眉毛；额；表情chest n. 胸，胸部；衣柜；箱子；金库concern n. 关系；关心；关心的事vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心congratulate vt. 祝贺；恭喜；庆贺consider vt. 考虑；认为；考虑到；细想vi. 考虑；认为；细想considerate adj. 体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的corner n. 角落，拐角处；地区，偏僻处；困境，窘境vi. 囤积；相交成角vt. 垄断；迫至一隅；使陷入绝境；把…难住counter n. 计数器，计算器；柜台；计算者adv. 相反地v. 反击；反对adj. 相反的cover vt. 包括；采访，报导；涉及n. 封面，封皮；盖子；掩蔽物vi. 覆盖；代替dab n. 轻拍；少量；熟手；比目鱼v. 轻拍；涂；轻擦；轻敷debate vt. 辩论，争论，讨论vi. 辩论，争论，讨论n. 辩论；辩论会demonstrate vt. 证明；展示；论证vi. 示威drain vi. 排水；流干vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水n. 排水；下水道，排水管；消耗gesture n. 姿态；手势vi. 作手势；用动作示意vt. 用动作表示greasy adj. 油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的hypocritical adj. 虚伪的；伪善的imply vt. 意味；暗示；隐含indifference n. 漠不关心；冷淡；不重视；中立mop vt. 擦干；用拖把拖洗vi. 用拖把擦洗地板；扮鬼脸n. 拖把；蓬松的头发；鬼脸nozzle n. 喷嘴；管口；鼻overhear vt. 无意中听到；偷听vi. 无意中听到；偷听到pile n. 堆；大量；建筑群vt. 累积；打桩于vi. 挤；堆积；积累pinch vt. 捏；勒索；使苦恼；掐掉某物，修剪n. 匮乏；少量；夹痛vi. 夹痛；节省pitch vi. 倾斜；投掷；搭帐篷；坠落vt. 投；掷；定位于；用沥青涂；扎营；向前倾跌n. 沥青；音高；程度；树脂；倾斜；投掷；球场pound n. 英镑；重击，重击声；兽栏；拘留所vt. 捣烂；敲打；监禁，拘留vi. 连续重击，猛击press vt. 压；按；逼迫；紧抱vi. 压；逼；重压n. 压；按；新闻；出版社；[印刷] 印刷机racist n. 种族主义者;种族主义的rate n. 比率，率；速度；价格；等级vt. 认为；估价；责骂vi. 责骂；被评价refrigerator n. 冰箱，冷藏库relax vi. 放松，休息；松懈，松弛；变从容；休养vt. 放松；使休息；使松弛；缓和；使松懈rinse vt. 漱；冲洗掉；漂净n. 冲洗；漂洗；[轻] 染发剂；染发vi. 冲洗掉；漂净rummage vt. 检查；搜出；仔细搜查；翻找出n. 翻找；检查；查出的物件；零星杂物vi. 翻找；仔细搜查sake n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒silverware n. 银器；镀银餐具sink vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落n. 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑snap vt. 突然折断，拉断；猛咬；啪地关上vi. 咬；厉声说；咯嗒一声关上n. 猛咬；劈啪声；突然折断adj. 突然的spray n. 喷雾；喷雾器；水沫vt. 喷射vi. 喷squeeze vt. 挤；紧握；勒索vi. 压榨n. 压榨；紧握；拥挤；佣金statistics n. 统计；统计学；[统计] 统计资料surface n. 表面；表层；外观adj. 表面的，肤浅的vi. 浮出水面vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面terrific adj. 极好的；极其的，非常的；可怕的thoroughly adv. 彻底地，完全地tighten vt. 变紧；使变紧vi. 绷紧；变紧unattached adj. 独立的；未订婚的；未被查封的；未任命的wrist n. 手腕；腕关节vt. 用腕力移动。

大学思辨英语教材视听说2思辨英语教材视听说2是一门大学英语课程，旨在培养学生的综合英语能力，特别是听说和思辨能力。

本教材以提高学生在各种社交场合中的英语应用能力为目标，通过丰富多彩的视听材料和相关练习，帮助学生提升听力、口语和思维能力。

以下将从教材内容、教学方法和学习效果三个方面进行详细介绍。

一、教材内容思辨英语教材视听说2的内容涵盖了多个主题和话题，包括文化交流、科技创新、环境保护、社会发展等。

每个主题下有多个相关话题，通过对话、访谈、演讲等不同形式的视听材料，学生可以接触到不同的语言风格和表达方式，拓宽自己的视野。

教材还引入了辩论和讨论等思辨元素，鼓励学生进行思辨性思考和口语表达。

二、教学方法视听说2采用了多种教学方法，包括听力训练、口语实践、情景模拟和文化背景了解等。

首先，通过听力训练，学生可以提高听懂英语的能力，熟悉不同口音和语速。

其次，口语实践是教学的重点，通过多种口语活动如角色扮演、组织讨论等，学生可以提高口语表达和交流能力。

此外，教材也提供了丰富的情景模拟，让学生在真实场景中运用所学知识，并加深对文化背景的理解。

三、学习效果经过这门课程的学习，学生能够在学术和社交场合中更自信地使用英语，理解并表达复杂的观点。

通过教材中的思辨元素，学生能够培养批判性思维和辩证思考的能力。

同时，通过与他人的合作和互动，学生还能提高团队合作和沟通技巧。

这些能力的提升将对学生的学习和职业生涯产生积极的影响。

总结而言，大学思辨英语教材视听说2是一门重要的英语课程，通过丰富多彩的视听材料和相关练习，培养学生的综合英语能力和思辨能力。

该教材内容丰富，教学方法多样，学习效果显著。

相信通过这门课程的学习，学生将能够在英语应用能力和思维能力方面得到长足的提升。

preposition
preposition
a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
examples
"in", "on", "by", "with", "about"
总结词
通过词根和词缀记忆单词
详细描述
学习者通过学习单词的词根和词缀，理解单词的构成和含义。这种方法有助于学习者快 速记忆大量单词，并提高单词拼写的准确性。
Associative memory method
总结词
通过联想记忆单词
详细描述
学习者通过将单词与相关的图像、故事、场 景等联系起来，形成深刻的印象。这种方法 有助于学习者更长久地记忆单词，并提高记 忆的趣味性。
The Application of Words in Writing Expression
• Vocabulary and Grammar: Understanding words allows students to use a wider variety of vocabulary and grammar in their writing. This helps to create more expressive and coherent texts. For example, using the word "fascinating" instead of "interesting" can add depth and drama to a sentence.

大学英语精读第二册听力原文Unit2Unit 2 Part A Exercise 1 1.M: Hello.W: Hello, is that you, Tom?M: Sorry, but nobody by that name lives here. W: Oh, I’m so sorry.Q: Whom does the woman want?Tom. 2. M Hello. W Hello, George. M Who?W Oh, is George in?M Sorry. We have no George here. W Is this 793-5141?M No, it isn’t. I think you have the wrong number. W Oh, I’m sorry.Q Why does the woman say sorry? She has dialed the wrong number. 3. M Hello.W Hello. Can I speak to Alan? M Who did you say you want? W Alan.M What number did you want? W 321-9645.M But this is 321-6949. W Oh, sorry.Q What number did the woman want? 321-9645 4. M Hello.W Hello. Is Sylvia there? M Sorry. She’s not in right now. W Oh, are you her brother Mike? M Yes. Who’s calling?W This is Monica. Can I leave a message with you? M OK.Q Who is Monica. Can I leave a message with you?Monica 5. M Hello, this is Dr Baker speaking. Is that Mrs. Jones?W No, this is her sister. Can I take a message? M Yes, please.Q Who answered the phone? Mrs. Jones’sister. Exercise 2 1. M HelloW Hello, can I speak to Anne, please?M Sorry. She’s not in right now. Would you like to leave a message? W Yes, please. My name is Nancy Davis. M Nancy Davis.W Yes, and my phone number is 914-6520. M Did you say 6502?W No, 6520. Could you ask Anne to call me back tonight? M OK. I’ll give her the message as soon as she comes in. W Thanks. M You’re welcome. Message:1. Nancy Davis 2. 914-6520 3. Call Nancy back 2 W Hello.M Hello. I’d like to speak to Frank, please.W Oh, Frank’s not back from the office yet. Can I take a message? M Yes, please. My name is Peter. W Peter?M Yes, that’s right. And my number is 614-5533. W 614-5533M Please tell Frank I’ll meet him tomorrow at 12 at the Foreign Languages Bookstore. W 12 o’clock at the bookstore. OK, I’ll tell him. Message: 1. Peter 2. ***-*****. 3. Meet Peter tomorrow at 12 at the Foreign Languages Bookstore. Part B Conversation 1 Is Anna There? Jack Hello.Pat Hello. Is Anna there? Jack No. I’m sorry Anna is out. Pat Is that you, Tom?Jack No, I’m not Tom. I’m Jack. I’m Anna’s br other.Pat Oh! I’m sorry. I think Anna has told me about you. She said her brother is coming to spend the summer holiday at her place. That must be you. Jack Yes. I’ll be here for two weeks.Pat That’s great. Well, could you please leave Anna a mes sage for me? Jack Sure. What is it?Pat Well, Anna and I are going to meet for tea at my home. Would you ask her to see if she has my French dictionary? If she does, tell her to bring it along. The address is 164, Rose Avenue, in case she has forgotten. Jack All right. And you are? Pat I’m Anna’s friend Pat.Jack Thank you for calling, Pat. I’ll let her know that you called.Pat Thank you. By the way, would you like to come along with Anna? I’d like to introduce you to my brother.Jack That’s very nice of you. But I have to go to the bank this afternoon Pat That’s a pity. But we’ll see you some other time, won’t we? Jack I don’t know. Maybe. Pat Thank you again, Tom. Jack But I’m not Tom. I’m Jack! Pat I’m so sorry, Jack.Exercise 11. c. Pat wants to know if Anna has her French dictionary.2. c. He has some business to attend to this afternoon.3. d. She is inviting Jack to tea out of politeness. Exercise 2 1. be out. 2. Jack Tom 3. leave Annaa message 4. 164, Rose Avenue.1. he wanted to speak to Anna.2. No, she was not in.3. Anna’s brother Jack answered the phone.4. He had come to spend the summer holiday at her place.5. He would stay for two weeks.6. Pat asked Jack to ask Anna if she had her French dictionary. If she did, Pat wanted her tobring it along when she came to Pat’s place for tea that afternoon.7. Pat invited Jack to come along with Anna for tea. 8. She wanted to introduce Jack to her brother.9. No, he was not free in the afternoon. He had to go to the bank.Conversation 2I’m a friend of Alice WilsonJohn Brown has been transferred to work in a town where he has no friends. However, his friend Alice Wilson has suggested that he phone her friend Betty Smith and ask for her advice about finding somewhere to live. Betty Hello? Betty Smith here.John Oh, Mrs. Smith, my name’s John Brown. You don’t know me, but I’m a friend of Alice Wilson. Betty Oh, yes?John When I told Alice I was coming to live here she gave your name, and suggested that I give you a ring. I was wondering if youcould give me some advice. Betty I’ll be pleased to if I can. What can I do for you?John Well, I’m looking for a place to live. Alice thought that as you’re an estate agent you might know of som ewhere suitable.Betty Yes, I think I can help you. Why don’t you come round and see me? Do you know where my office is?John Yes, I’ve got the address.Betty Good. Where are you now? I’m at the post office now.John Oh, well, that’s just a ten minute walk from my office. Come round and see me now. John Thank you very much. Betty Not at all.1. c. From the post office.2. b. To an estate agent’s office.3. c. He doesn’t know to find a suitable place tolive. Exercise 21. give a ring advice2. find Brown somewhere suitable to live an estate agent3. meet and talk to each other at her office4. ten- minute walk Part C A B1. He was transferred to work in a town where he fad no friends.2. He called Betty Smith.3. she is an estate agent.4. He got to know her name from Alice Wilson, who is a friend to both of them.5. he wanted to ask for her advice about finding somewhere to live.6. Yes, she was very willing to help.7. She asked him to come and see her right away at her office. Part D W Hello?M Vicki? Is that you? W Uh-huh. Who’s this? M It’s Randy. W Randy? Randy who?M What do you mean, “Randy who?” Randy Goodman, of course. W Oh. I’m sorry.M Yes. We had a date last night. Where were you? I waited for two hours. W Oh, I’m sorry, Randy. I couldn’t come. M Couldn’t come!Why not? W Well, I had to wash my hair.M Wash your hair! Why don’t you call me?W I wanted to call you, but―uh―couldn’t remember your phone number. M It’s in the phone book.W Yes, of course, but―uh―couldn’t remember your last name. M Oh……But why did you have to wash your hair last night? W Well, I had to do it because I’m going to see a play tonight. M To see a play? With who?W George. George Greenwood, my boss’s s on. M I see.W He asked me yesterday, and I couldn’t say no. Exercise 1. d. Friends.2. c. She had wash her hair.d. She said she couldn’t say no t。

大学思辨英语教材精读2大学思辨英语教材精读2是一门旨在帮助学生培养批判性思维和分析能力的课程。

通过对于多个主题的探讨和讨论，学生将能够学会思考并表达自己的观点。

本教材的使用旨在提高学生的英语水平，同时也注重培养学生的思辨能力。

以下是该教材的一些精读内容示例：第一章：社交媒体的影响社交媒体在当今社会中占据了重要的地位。

许多人通过社交媒体平台与他人交流和分享信息。

然而，社交媒体的崛起也带来了一些负面影响。

本章的讨论重点包括社交媒体对个人隐私的影响、对社交关系的影响以及对心理健康的影响等。

通过对不同观点的对比和讨论，学生将了解到社交媒体的利与弊，并能够自己形成独立的看法。

第二章：环境保护与可持续发展环境问题是全球范围内的共同关注点。

本章将讨论环境保护以及可持续发展的重要性。

学生将了解到一些环境问题的根源，如气候变化、污染和自然资源的过度消耗等。

通过对不同解决方案的研究和分析，学生将能够思辨环境问题的解决之道，并提出自己的观点。

第三章：道德与人类伦理道德和人类伦理是社会中不可或缺的部分。

本章将探讨一些伦理问题，如人工智能的伦理问题、生物技术的伦理问题以及职业道德等。

学生将通过研读案例，并与同学们进行讨论，深入思考这些伦理问题，并通过辩论和写作展示自己的观点。

第四章：跨文化交流与沟通随着全球化的进程，跨文化交流和沟通变得越来越重要。

本章将通过学习跨文化交流中的挑战和技巧，帮助学生更好地理解和适应不同文化的差异。

学生将通过案例分析和模拟情境训练来提高他们的跨文化沟通能力，并学会尊重和欣赏不同文化之间的差异。

第五章：科技与人类生活科技的快速发展对人类的生活方式产生了巨大影响。

本章将讨论一些科技创新的前沿领域，如人工智能、虚拟现实和基因编辑等。

学生将了解到科技的优势和不足，并思考人类未来与科技的关系。

通过对科技伦理和社会影响的思辨，学生将能够更好地了解科技对于人类生活的本质影响。

这样的课程设置将帮助学生全面提高其英语技能和思辨能力。

大学思辨英语教程精读2《大学思辨英语教程精读2》是一本专为大学生编写的英语教材，该书主要着眼于培养学生的思辨能力和阅读理解能力。

本书共包括八个单元，每个单元都涵盖了一个主题，如人工智能、环境保护、全球化等，通过精选的文章和相关的学术讨论，帮助学生在思考问题的过程中提高对英语的理解和应用能力。

本书首先介绍了一些思辨的基本概念和方法，如逻辑思维、批判性思维等。

这些基础知识对于学生的思考能力有着重要的指导作用，能够帮助他们理解并分析复杂的文章和问题。

每个单元的文本文章都是经过精心挑选的，内容翔实且有趣，涵盖了社会、科技、文化等各个领域的话题。

文章通常由一个观点引出，随后对这个观点进行了辩论和论证，并最终得出结论。

这种结构不仅有助于学生理解文章的主旨和意图，而且能够培养他们的批判性思维，激发他们对问题的思考和讨论。

在每个单元的学术讨论部分，学生需要根据文章中的信息和自身的知识背景，就论题进行讨论并提出自己的看法。

这一环节旨在培养学生的口头表达能力和团队合作能力，同时也能够加深他们对文章内容的理解和思考。

此外，《大学思辨英语教程精读2》还提供丰富的词汇和语法练习，用以巩固学生对文章的理解和运用能力。

这些练习一般包括填空、翻译、改错等常见题型，有助于学生扩展词汇量，熟悉语法规则，并提高阅读和写作水平。

总而言之，通过《大学思辨英语教程精读2》的学习，学生能够培养批判性思维和分析问题的能力，提高阅读理解和写作能力，并能够运用所学知识进行学术讨论和辩论。

这对于大学生的综合素质提升和未来的职业发展都具有重要意义。

以上为对《大学思辨英语教程精读2》的简要介绍以及对其教学效果的评价。

写这篇1000字的文章对于深入介绍书的内容会更有功效，在复习时能帮助我更好地回忆起书上的知识.。

Unit 2Part I New Wordsdeclaration n. 宣布，宣告，宣言，声明a declaration of independence 独立宣言The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. 政府将于明天发布正式声明。

declare v. 断言，宣称He declared (that) he was right. 他力陈他是对的。

He declared his true feelings to her. 他向她表白了自己的真实感情。

independence n. 独立；自主；自立I've always valued my independence. 我一向很重视自己的独立。

I-Day 美国独立纪念日(7月4日)Young people have more independence these days. 现在的年轻人更加独立自主。

independent a. 自主的；独立的India became independent in 1947. 印度于1947年独立。

I wanted to remain independent in old age. 我希望年老时还能自给自足(独立生活)。

obtain v. 得到，获得；行，得到公认，应用Where can I obtain the book? 我在哪里能买到（得到）这本书?These ideas no longer obtain. 这些见解已经行不通了。

Different laws obtain in different places. 不同的法律适用在不同的地方。

besides prep./ad. 除…以外（还）；而且，也He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我以外, 他还需要照料其他人。

I don't want to go; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去, 再说我也太累了。

Unit 2Part I New Wordsdeclaration n. 宣布，宣告，宣言，声明a declaration of independence 独立宣言The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. 政府将于明天发布正式声明。

declare v. 断言，宣称He declared (that) he was right. 他力陈他是对的。

He declared his true feelings to her. 他向她表白了自己的真实感情。

independence n. 独立；自主；自立I've always valued my independence. 我一向很重视自己的独立。

I-Day 美国独立纪念日(7月4日)Young people have more independence these days. 现在的年轻人更加独立自主。

independent a. 自主的；独立的India became independent in 1947. 印度于1947年独立。

I wanted to remain independent in old age. 我希望年老时还能自给自足(独立生活)。

obtain v. 得到，获得；行，得到公认，应用Where can I obtain the book? 我在哪里能买到（得到）这本书?These ideas no longer obtain. 这些见解已经行不通了。

Different laws obtain in different places. 不同的法律适用在不同的地方。

besides prep./ad. 除…以外（还）；而且，也He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我以外, 他还需要照料其他人。

I don't want to go; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去, 再说我也太累了。

Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out th e world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, butit is based on an individual’s encounter and perspe ctive on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often havedifficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。

• A capable and versatile man • “He probably knew more that
any other man of his age.”
– A statesman – A writer – A diplomat – A political thinker – An expert in agriculture,
Cultural Notes America’s Founding Fae third president of the U. S.
H1o1m /11e/2019
Thomas Jefferson
Lessons from Jefferson
• The author of the Declaration of Independence.
Unit Two
Lessons from Jefferson
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1
Pre-reading
2 Global reading
3 Detailed reading
4 Post-reading
5 Assignment
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Lessons from Jefferson
Pre-reading
Thomas Jefferson
Topic Introduction
1
2
3
Cultural Notes
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Lessons from Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
Who was Thomas Jefferson? What do you know about him?
• Thomas Jefferson
• 托马斯·杰斐逊
H1o1m /11e/2019

Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation wa s dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations (/en/) : data page: /The World Bank (/) : /You can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:/Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, andjud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). T he major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created.Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge therefore an authority,specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues.A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society withsymbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefore closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empirical study withscientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity.(3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change of roles orenvironment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independentvariable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would expose subjects tothe possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children?Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick (in terms oftime)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, user behavioranalytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundred s, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer) The Int ernetcompanies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about these statistical figuresmight be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media (newspapers, radio,TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of 3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on(6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for(2) appeals for (3) applies…to(4) draw from (5) employed in (6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from (9) passes…from (10) exposes…to II. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies –is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employment situation, thisspecialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods, sociologybecame an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories.(3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut in researchfunding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling, the poll result ofthis organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lack of check andbalance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily use indication tomanipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified its stance to stay anddevelop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the press conference, thespokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)I t is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post 80s and 90sgeneration was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。

Unit1 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。

在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。

她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。

她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。

男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。

在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。

那个美国人突然醒悟过来。

在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。

他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。

他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。

室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。

这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了——餐桌下面。

Unit2杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为基础的。

他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。

在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。

在人们普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的做法之前一个世纪，他就这样做了。

他还发明了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。

他影响了整个美国的建筑业，他还不断地制造出各种机械装置，使日常生活中需要做的许多工作变得更加容易。

在杰斐逊的众多才能中，有一种是最主要的：他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。

目前正在第一次出版的他的全集将超过五十卷。

他作为一个作家的才能很快便被发现了，所以，当1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时，这一任务便落在了他肩上。

数以百万计的人们读到他写的下列词句都激动不已：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：一切人生来就是平等的……”Unit3在我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。

我因为手头很拮据，同时也想做点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，但在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。

然而，三天之后，却来了一封信，叫我到克罗伊登去面试。

⼤学英语精读⼆册UnitTwoUnit TwoSection A – Learning the Olympic Standard for LoveIntroduction (Lead-in)Text OrganizationInformation in detail – questions to discuss and presentVocabularySummaryText organization:Part I (Para.1-4): Introduction of an ex-Soviet coach and his high expectations.Body 1 (Para.1-2): Introduction to the ex-Soviet coach. Nikolai Petrovich Anikin was not half as intimidating as the writer had imagined, but the writer was nervous in his presence.Paragraph 1-2 – QuestionsQ1 – Who was Nikolai Petrovich Anikin?Q2 – Why did my father send me to meet him?Q3 – How did I imagine him before I met him?Q4 – How did I feel when I met him for the first time?Q5 – How did Anikin treat me for the first time?-Expressions1. (P1)S1’s meaning: I had expected that Nikolai Petrovich Anikin would be a quite frightening person, but actually he was not at all. half adj.(1)⼀半的(2)不完全的e.g. Knowledge without practice makes but half an artist.知识离开实践只能造就不完全的艺术家not half: Not at all:⼀点⼉也不e.g. Go home? Not half likely. 回家？根本不可能(Ex.) by half 过度地e.g. too clever by half过于聪明in half 成为相等的两半2. (P1)S2’s meaning: It was really unbelievable that Nikolai, the ex-Soviet coach my father had sent me a long way to meet, was like this.*Pay attention that "ex-" is sometimes used to form compound word with the meaning of "former and still living". e.g. ex-wife (前妻), ex-president (前总统). e.g. Linda said she met her ex at the dance. 琳达说她在舞会上遇到了前夫/前男友。

大学思辨英语教程精读2答案孙有中1、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)2、54．—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A．What do you wantB．May I try it onC．Can I help you(正确答案)D．What else do you want3、Don’t _______ to close the door when you leave the classroom. [单选题] *A. missB. loseC. forget(正确答案)D. remember4、Do not _______ me to help you unless you work harder. [单选题] *A. expect(正确答案)B. hopeC. dependD. think5、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to6、35．Everyone in China ______ Mid-Autumn Day. [单选题] *A．likes(正确答案)B．likeC．is likingD．are like7、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned8、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to9、The（)majority of the members were against the idea. [单选题] *A. substantialB. enormousC. considerable(正确答案)D. overwhelming10、—______ —（）[单选题] *A. How long did you stay there?B. How much did you pay for the dress?C. How many flowers did you buy?(正确答案)D. How often did you visit your grandparents?11、26．There’s some fruit in the kitchen. We ________ buy any. [单选题] *A．need toB．needn’t toC．don’t needD．don’t need to(正确答案)12、64．Would you like to drink ________？[单选题] *A．something else(正确答案)B．anything elseC．else somethingD．else anything13、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念14、You can't rely on Jane as she is _____ changing her mind and you will never know what she isgoing to do next. [单选题] *A. occasionallyB. rarelyC. scarcelyD. constantly(正确答案)15、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none16、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t17、Everyone knows that the sun _______ in the east. [单选题] *A. fallsB. rises(正确答案)C. staysD. lives18、The sun disappeared behind the clouds. [单选题] *A. 出现B. 悬挂C. 盛开D. 消失(正确答案)19、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading20、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)21、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair22、So many people will _______ to their work after the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. get inB. get onC. get offD. get back(正确答案)23、She is _______, but she looks young. [单选题] *A. in her fifties(正确答案)B. at her fiftyC. in her fiftyD. at her fifties24、--Don’t _______ too late, or you will feel tired in class.--I won’t, Mum. [单选题] *A. call upB. wake upC. stay up(正确答案)D. get up25、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth26、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much27、Jim is a(n) _______. He is very careful and likes to work with numbers. [单选题] *A. secretaryB. tour guideC. accountant(正确答案)D. English teacher28、_______ travelers come to visit our city every year. [单选题] *A. Hundred ofB. Hundreds of(正确答案)C. Five HundredsD. Five hundred?of29、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a30、Seldom _____ in such a rude way. [单选题] *A.we have been treatedB. we have treatedC. have we been treated(正确答案)D. have treated。

大学英语精读第二册作文In the era of rapid technological advancement, the landscape of education has been transformed in ways that were once unimaginable. The integration of technology into the educational system has brought about a myriad of changes, from the way students learn to how teachers teach.Firstly, the advent of online learning platforms has made education more accessible than ever before. Students can now access a wealth of knowledge from the comfort of their homes. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) offer a variety of subjects taught by professors from renowned universities around the world, making high-quality education available to anyone with an internet connection.Secondly, the use of digital tools in classrooms has revolutionized teaching methods. Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and laptops have become staples in many classrooms, allowing for more dynamic and engaging lessons. Teachers can now incorporate multimedia elements such as videos, animations, and simulations into their lessons, making complex concepts more understandable and memorable.Moreover, technology has also facilitated personalized learning. Learning management systems (LMS) can track students' progress and provide them with customized feedback and resources. This individualized approach helps students to learn at their own pace and ensures that they receive thesupport they need to succeed.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the digital divide, where not all students have equal access to technology. This disparity can exacerbate existing inequalities in education. Additionally, there is a need for continuous professional development for teachers to effectively utilize technology in their teaching.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on modern education, offering both opportunities and challenges. As we move forward, it is crucial to ensure that the benefits of technology are accessible to all students and that educators are equipped to harness its potential to enhance learning. The future of education lies in the effective and thoughtful integration of technology, creating a more inclusive and effective learning environment for all.。

大学思辨英语教程2课文翻译
1、中国式的学习风格
霍华德加德纳
1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。

然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。

2、我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。

酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙,可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。

由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。

3、本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。

他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。

由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。

本杰明一点也不在意。

他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。

4、我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙的槽口鼓捣。

他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。

但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。

饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。

他们会轻轻握紧本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙的槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。

然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢一偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。

5、我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关:考察儿童早
期教育(尤其是艺术教育)的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。

因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事.。

Text APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, b ut he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality,and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey throug h the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massivelyparallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematicobservation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。