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Unit 2alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇appreciate vi. 增值；涨价vt. 欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别brow n. 眉，眉毛；额；表情chest n. 胸，胸部；衣柜；箱子；金库concern n. 关系；关心；关心的事vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心congratulate vt. 祝贺；恭喜；庆贺consider vt. 考虑；认为；考虑到；细想vi. 考虑；认为；细想considerate adj. 体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的corner n. 角落，拐角处；地区，偏僻处；困境，窘境vi. 囤积；相交成角vt. 垄断；迫至一隅；使陷入绝境；把…难住counter n. 计数器，计算器；柜台；计算者adv. 相反地v. 反击；反对adj. 相反的cover vt. 包括；采访，报导；涉及n. 封面，封皮；盖子；掩蔽物vi. 覆盖；代替dab n. 轻拍；少量；熟手；比目鱼v. 轻拍；涂；轻擦；轻敷debate vt. 辩论，争论，讨论vi. 辩论，争论，讨论n. 辩论；辩论会demonstrate vt. 证明；展示；论证vi. 示威drain vi. 排水；流干vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水n. 排水；下水道，排水管；消耗gesture n. 姿态；手势vi. 作手势；用动作示意vt. 用动作表示greasy adj. 油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的hypocritical adj. 虚伪的；伪善的imply vt. 意味；暗示；隐含indifference n. 漠不关心；冷淡；不重视；中立mop vt. 擦干；用拖把拖洗vi. 用拖把擦洗地板；扮鬼脸n. 拖把；蓬松的头发；鬼脸nozzle n. 喷嘴；管口；鼻overhear vt. 无意中听到；偷听vi. 无意中听到；偷听到pile n. 堆；大量；建筑群vt. 累积；打桩于vi. 挤；堆积；积累pinch vt. 捏；勒索；使苦恼；掐掉某物，修剪n. 匮乏；少量；夹痛vi. 夹痛；节省pitch vi. 倾斜；投掷；搭帐篷；坠落vt. 投；掷；定位于；用沥青涂；扎营；向前倾跌n. 沥青；音高；程度；树脂；倾斜；投掷；球场pound n. 英镑；重击，重击声；兽栏；拘留所vt. 捣烂；敲打；监禁，拘留vi. 连续重击，猛击press vt. 压；按；逼迫；紧抱vi. 压；逼；重压n. 压；按；新闻；出版社；[印刷] 印刷机racist n. 种族主义者;种族主义的rate n. 比率，率；速度；价格；等级vt. 认为；估价；责骂vi. 责骂；被评价refrigerator n. 冰箱，冷藏库relax vi. 放松，休息；松懈，松弛；变从容；休养vt. 放松；使休息；使松弛；缓和；使松懈rinse vt. 漱；冲洗掉；漂净n. 冲洗；漂洗；[轻] 染发剂；染发vi. 冲洗掉；漂净rummage vt. 检查；搜出；仔细搜查；翻找出n. 翻找；检查；查出的物件；零星杂物vi. 翻找；仔细搜查sake n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒silverware n. 银器；镀银餐具sink vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落n. 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑snap vt. 突然折断，拉断；猛咬；啪地关上vi. 咬；厉声说；咯嗒一声关上n. 猛咬；劈啪声；突然折断adj. 突然的spray n. 喷雾；喷雾器；水沫vt. 喷射vi. 喷squeeze vt. 挤；紧握；勒索vi. 压榨n. 压榨；紧握；拥挤；佣金statistics n. 统计；统计学；[统计] 统计资料surface n. 表面；表层；外观adj. 表面的，肤浅的vi. 浮出水面vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面terrific adj. 极好的；极其的，非常的；可怕的thoroughly adv. 彻底地，完全地tighten vt. 变紧；使变紧vi. 绷紧；变紧unattached adj. 独立的；未订婚的；未被查封的；未任命的wrist n. 手腕；腕关节vt. 用腕力移动。
大学思辨英语教材视听说2思辨英语教材视听说2是一门大学英语课程，旨在培养学生的综合英语能力，特别是听说和思辨能力。
本教材以提高学生在各种社交场合中的英语应用能力为目标，通过丰富多彩的视听材料和相关练习，帮助学生提升听力、口语和思维能力。
以下将从教材内容、教学方法和学习效果三个方面进行详细介绍。
一、教材内容思辨英语教材视听说2的内容涵盖了多个主题和话题，包括文化交流、科技创新、环境保护、社会发展等。
每个主题下有多个相关话题，通过对话、访谈、演讲等不同形式的视听材料，学生可以接触到不同的语言风格和表达方式，拓宽自己的视野。
教材还引入了辩论和讨论等思辨元素，鼓励学生进行思辨性思考和口语表达。
二、教学方法视听说2采用了多种教学方法，包括听力训练、口语实践、情景模拟和文化背景了解等。
首先，通过听力训练，学生可以提高听懂英语的能力，熟悉不同口音和语速。
其次，口语实践是教学的重点，通过多种口语活动如角色扮演、组织讨论等，学生可以提高口语表达和交流能力。
此外，教材也提供了丰富的情景模拟，让学生在真实场景中运用所学知识，并加深对文化背景的理解。
三、学习效果经过这门课程的学习，学生能够在学术和社交场合中更自信地使用英语，理解并表达复杂的观点。
通过教材中的思辨元素，学生能够培养批判性思维和辩证思考的能力。
同时，通过与他人的合作和互动，学生还能提高团队合作和沟通技巧。
这些能力的提升将对学生的学习和职业生涯产生积极的影响。
总结而言，大学思辨英语教材视听说2是一门重要的英语课程，通过丰富多彩的视听材料和相关练习，培养学生的综合英语能力和思辨能力。
该教材内容丰富，教学方法多样，学习效果显著。
相信通过这门课程的学习，学生将能够在英语应用能力和思维能力方面得到长足的提升。
大学英语精读第二册听力原文Unit2Unit 2 Part A Exercise 1 1.M: Hello.W: Hello, is that you, Tom?M: Sorry, but nobody by that name lives here. W: Oh, I’m so sorry.Q: Whom does the woman want?Tom. 2. M Hello. W Hello, George. M Who?W Oh, is George in?M Sorry. We have no George here. W Is this 793-5141?M No, it isn’t. I think you have the wrong number. W Oh, I’m sorry.Q Why does the woman say sorry? She has dialed the wrong number. 3. M Hello.W Hello. Can I speak to Alan? M Who did you say you want? W Alan.M What number did you want? W 321-9645.M But this is 321-6949. W Oh, sorry.Q What number did the woman want? 321-9645 4. M Hello.W Hello. Is Sylvia there? M Sorry. She’s not in right now. W Oh, are you her brother Mike? M Yes. Who’s calling?W This is Monica. Can I leave a message with you? M OK.Q Who is Monica. Can I leave a message with you?Monica 5. M Hello, this is Dr Baker speaking. Is that Mrs. Jones?W No, this is her sister. Can I take a message? M Yes, please.Q Who answered the phone? Mrs. Jones’sister. Exercise 2 1. M HelloW Hello, can I speak to Anne, please?M Sorry. She’s not in right now. Would you like to leave a message? W Yes, please. My name is Nancy Davis. M Nancy Davis.W Yes, and my phone number is 914-6520. M Did you say 6502?W No, 6520. Could you ask Anne to call me back tonight? M OK. I’ll give her the message as soon as she comes in. W Thanks. M You’re welcome. Message:1. Nancy Davis 2. 914-6520 3. Call Nancy back 2 W Hello.M Hello. I’d like to speak to Frank, please.W Oh, Frank’s not back from the office yet. Can I take a message? M Yes, please. My name is Peter. W Peter?M Yes, that’s right. And my number is 614-5533. W 614-5533M Please tell Frank I’ll meet him tomorrow at 12 at the Foreign Languages Bookstore. W 12 o’clock at the bookstore. OK, I’ll tell him. Message: 1. Peter 2. ***-*****. 3. Meet Peter tomorrow at 12 at the Foreign Languages Bookstore. Part B Conversation 1 Is Anna There? Jack Hello.Pat Hello. Is Anna there? Jack No. I’m sorry Anna is out. Pat Is that you, Tom?Jack No, I’m not Tom. I’m Jack. I’m Anna’s br other.Pat Oh! I’m sorry. I think Anna has told me about you. She said her brother is coming to spend the summer holiday at her place. That must be you. Jack Yes. I’ll be here for two weeks.Pat That’s great. Well, could you please leave Anna a mes sage for me? Jack Sure. What is it?Pat Well, Anna and I are going to meet for tea at my home. Would you ask her to see if she has my French dictionary? If she does, tell her to bring it along. The address is 164, Rose Avenue, in case she has forgotten. Jack All right. And you are? Pat I’m Anna’s friend Pat.Jack Thank you for calling, Pat. I’ll let her know that you called.Pat Thank you. By the way, would you like to come along with Anna? I’d like to introduce you to my brother.Jack That’s very nice of you. But I have to go to the bank this afternoon Pat That’s a pity. But we’ll see you some other time, won’t we? Jack I don’t know. Maybe. Pat Thank you again, Tom. Jack But I’m not Tom. I’m Jack! Pat I’m so sorry, Jack.Exercise 11. c. Pat wants to know if Anna has her French dictionary.2. c. He has some business to attend to this afternoon.3. d. She is inviting Jack to tea out of politeness. Exercise 2 1. be out. 2. Jack Tom 3. leave Annaa message 4. 164, Rose Avenue.1. he wanted to speak to Anna.2. No, she was not in.3. Anna’s brother Jack answered the phone.4. He had come to spend the summer holiday at her place.5. He would stay for two weeks.6. Pat asked Jack to ask Anna if she had her French dictionary. If she did, Pat wanted her tobring it along when she came to Pat’s place for tea that afternoon.7. Pat invited Jack to come along with Anna for tea. 8. She wanted to introduce Jack to her brother.9. No, he was not free in the afternoon. He had to go to the bank.Conversation 2I’m a friend of Alice WilsonJohn Brown has been transferred to work in a town where he has no friends. However, his friend Alice Wilson has suggested that he phone her friend Betty Smith and ask for her advice about finding somewhere to live. Betty Hello? Betty Smith here.John Oh, Mrs. Smith, my name’s John Brown. You don’t know me, but I’m a friend of Alice Wilson. Betty Oh, yes?John When I told Alice I was coming to live here she gave your name, and suggested that I give you a ring. I was wondering if youcould give me some advice. Betty I’ll be pleased to if I can. What can I do for you?John Well, I’m looking for a place to live. Alice thought that as you’re an estate agent you might know of som ewhere suitable.Betty Yes, I think I can help you. Why don’t you come round and see me? Do you know where my office is?John Yes, I’ve got the address.Betty Good. Where are you now? I’m at the post office now.John Oh, well, that’s just a ten minute walk from my office. Come round and see me now. John Thank you very much. Betty Not at all.1. c. From the post office.2. b. To an estate agent’s office.3. c. He doesn’t know to find a suitable place tolive. Exercise 21. give a ring advice2. find Brown somewhere suitable to live an estate agent3. meet and talk to each other at her office4. ten- minute walk Part C A B1. He was transferred to work in a town where he fad no friends.2. He called Betty Smith.3. she is an estate agent.4. He got to know her name from Alice Wilson, who is a friend to both of them.5. he wanted to ask for her advice about finding somewhere to live.6. Yes, she was very willing to help.7. She asked him to come and see her right away at her office. Part D W Hello?M Vicki? Is that you? W Uh-huh. Who’s this? M It’s Randy. W Randy? Randy who?M What do you mean, “Randy who?” Randy Goodman, of course. W Oh. I’m sorry.M Yes. We had a date last night. Where were you? I waited for two hours. W Oh, I’m sorry, Randy. I couldn’t come. M Couldn’t come!Why not? W Well, I had to wash my hair.M Wash your hair! Why don’t you call me?W I wanted to call you, but―uh―couldn’t remember your phone number. M It’s in the phone book.W Yes, of course, but―uh―couldn’t remember your last name. M Oh……But why did you have to wash your hair last night? W Well, I had to do it because I’m going to see a play tonight. M To see a play? With who?W George. George Greenwood, my boss’s s on. M I see.W He asked me yesterday, and I couldn’t say no. Exercise 1. d. Friends.2. c. She had wash her hair.d. She said she couldn’t say no t。
大学思辨英语教材精读2大学思辨英语教材精读2是一门旨在帮助学生培养批判性思维和分析能力的课程。
通过对于多个主题的探讨和讨论，学生将能够学会思考并表达自己的观点。
本教材的使用旨在提高学生的英语水平，同时也注重培养学生的思辨能力。
以下是该教材的一些精读内容示例：第一章：社交媒体的影响社交媒体在当今社会中占据了重要的地位。
许多人通过社交媒体平台与他人交流和分享信息。
然而，社交媒体的崛起也带来了一些负面影响。
本章的讨论重点包括社交媒体对个人隐私的影响、对社交关系的影响以及对心理健康的影响等。
通过对不同观点的对比和讨论，学生将了解到社交媒体的利与弊，并能够自己形成独立的看法。
第二章：环境保护与可持续发展环境问题是全球范围内的共同关注点。
本章将讨论环境保护以及可持续发展的重要性。
学生将了解到一些环境问题的根源，如气候变化、污染和自然资源的过度消耗等。
通过对不同解决方案的研究和分析，学生将能够思辨环境问题的解决之道，并提出自己的观点。
第三章：道德与人类伦理道德和人类伦理是社会中不可或缺的部分。
本章将探讨一些伦理问题，如人工智能的伦理问题、生物技术的伦理问题以及职业道德等。
学生将通过研读案例，并与同学们进行讨论，深入思考这些伦理问题，并通过辩论和写作展示自己的观点。
第四章：跨文化交流与沟通随着全球化的进程，跨文化交流和沟通变得越来越重要。
本章将通过学习跨文化交流中的挑战和技巧，帮助学生更好地理解和适应不同文化的差异。
学生将通过案例分析和模拟情境训练来提高他们的跨文化沟通能力，并学会尊重和欣赏不同文化之间的差异。
第五章：科技与人类生活科技的快速发展对人类的生活方式产生了巨大影响。
本章将讨论一些科技创新的前沿领域，如人工智能、虚拟现实和基因编辑等。
学生将了解到科技的优势和不足，并思考人类未来与科技的关系。
通过对科技伦理和社会影响的思辨，学生将能够更好地了解科技对于人类生活的本质影响。
这样的课程设置将帮助学生全面提高其英语技能和思辨能力。
大学思辨英语教程精读2《大学思辨英语教程精读2》是一本专为大学生编写的英语教材，该书主要着眼于培养学生的思辨能力和阅读理解能力。
本书共包括八个单元，每个单元都涵盖了一个主题，如人工智能、环境保护、全球化等，通过精选的文章和相关的学术讨论，帮助学生在思考问题的过程中提高对英语的理解和应用能力。
本书首先介绍了一些思辨的基本概念和方法，如逻辑思维、批判性思维等。
这些基础知识对于学生的思考能力有着重要的指导作用，能够帮助他们理解并分析复杂的文章和问题。
每个单元的文本文章都是经过精心挑选的，内容翔实且有趣，涵盖了社会、科技、文化等各个领域的话题。
文章通常由一个观点引出，随后对这个观点进行了辩论和论证，并最终得出结论。
这种结构不仅有助于学生理解文章的主旨和意图，而且能够培养他们的批判性思维，激发他们对问题的思考和讨论。
在每个单元的学术讨论部分，学生需要根据文章中的信息和自身的知识背景，就论题进行讨论并提出自己的看法。
这一环节旨在培养学生的口头表达能力和团队合作能力，同时也能够加深他们对文章内容的理解和思考。
此外，《大学思辨英语教程精读2》还提供丰富的词汇和语法练习，用以巩固学生对文章的理解和运用能力。
这些练习一般包括填空、翻译、改错等常见题型，有助于学生扩展词汇量，熟悉语法规则，并提高阅读和写作水平。
总而言之，通过《大学思辨英语教程精读2》的学习，学生能够培养批判性思维和分析问题的能力，提高阅读理解和写作能力，并能够运用所学知识进行学术讨论和辩论。
这对于大学生的综合素质提升和未来的职业发展都具有重要意义。
以上为对《大学思辨英语教程精读2》的简要介绍以及对其教学效果的评价。
写这篇1000字的文章对于深入介绍书的内容会更有功效，在复习时能帮助我更好地回忆起书上的知识.。
Unit 2Part I New Wordsdeclaration n. 宣布，宣告，宣言，声明a declaration of independence 独立宣言The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. 政府将于明天发布正式声明。
declare v. 断言，宣称He declared (that) he was right. 他力陈他是对的。
He declared his true feelings to her. 他向她表白了自己的真实感情。
independence n. 独立；自主；自立I've always valued my independence. 我一向很重视自己的独立。
I-Day 美国独立纪念日(7月4日)Young people have more independence these days. 现在的年轻人更加独立自主。
independent a. 自主的；独立的India became independent in 1947. 印度于1947年独立。
I wanted to remain independent in old age. 我希望年老时还能自给自足(独立生活)。
obtain v. 得到，获得；行，得到公认，应用Where can I obtain the book? 我在哪里能买到（得到）这本书?These ideas no longer obtain. 这些见解已经行不通了。
Different laws obtain in different places. 不同的法律适用在不同的地方。
besides prep./ad. 除…以外（还）；而且，也He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我以外, 他还需要照料其他人。
I don't want to go; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去, 再说我也太累了。
Unit 2Part I New Wordsdeclaration n. 宣布，宣告，宣言，声明a declaration of independence 独立宣言The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. 政府将于明天发布正式声明。
declare v. 断言，宣称He declared (that) he was right. 他力陈他是对的。
He declared his true feelings to her. 他向她表白了自己的真实感情。
independence n. 独立；自主；自立I've always valued my independence. 我一向很重视自己的独立。
I-Day 美国独立纪念日(7月4日)Young people have more independence these days. 现在的年轻人更加独立自主。
independent a. 自主的；独立的India became independent in 1947. 印度于1947年独立。
I wanted to remain independent in old age. 我希望年老时还能自给自足(独立生活)。
obtain v. 得到，获得；行，得到公认，应用Where can I obtain the book? 我在哪里能买到（得到）这本书?These ideas no longer obtain. 这些见解已经行不通了。
Different laws obtain in different places. 不同的法律适用在不同的地方。
besides prep./ad. 除…以外（还）；而且，也He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我以外, 他还需要照料其他人。
I don't want to go; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去, 再说我也太累了。
Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out th e world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, butit is based on an individual’s encounter and perspe ctive on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often havedifficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。
Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation wa s dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations (/en/) : data page: /The World Bank (/) : /You can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:/Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, andjud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). T he major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created.Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge therefore an authority,specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues.A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society withsymbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefore closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empirical study withscientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity.(3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change of roles orenvironment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independentvariable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would expose subjects tothe possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children?Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick (in terms oftime)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, user behavioranalytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundred s, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer) The Int ernetcompanies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about these statistical figuresmight be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media (newspapers, radio,TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of 3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on(6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for(2) appeals for (3) applies…to(4) draw from (5) employed in (6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from (9) passes…from (10) exposes…to II. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies –is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employment situation, thisspecialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods, sociologybecame an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories.(3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut in researchfunding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling, the poll result ofthis organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lack of check andbalance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily use indication tomanipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified its stance to stay anddevelop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the press conference, thespokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)I t is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post 80s and 90sgeneration was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。
Unit1 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。
在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。
她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。
她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。
男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。
在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。
那个美国人突然醒悟过来。
在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。
他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。
他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。
室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。
这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了——餐桌下面。
Unit2杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为基础的。
他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。
在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。
在人们普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的做法之前一个世纪，他就这样做了。
他还发明了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。
他影响了整个美国的建筑业，他还不断地制造出各种机械装置，使日常生活中需要做的许多工作变得更加容易。
在杰斐逊的众多才能中，有一种是最主要的：他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。
目前正在第一次出版的他的全集将超过五十卷。
他作为一个作家的才能很快便被发现了，所以，当1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时，这一任务便落在了他肩上。
数以百万计的人们读到他写的下列词句都激动不已：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：一切人生来就是平等的……”Unit3在我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。
我因为手头很拮据，同时也想做点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，但在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。
然而，三天之后，却来了一封信，叫我到克罗伊登去面试。
⼤学英语精读⼆册UnitTwoUnit TwoSection A – Learning the Olympic Standard for LoveIntroduction (Lead-in)Text OrganizationInformation in detail – questions to discuss and presentVocabularySummaryText organization:Part I (Para.1-4): Introduction of an ex-Soviet coach and his high expectations.Body 1 (Para.1-2): Introduction to the ex-Soviet coach. Nikolai Petrovich Anikin was not half as intimidating as the writer had imagined, but the writer was nervous in his presence.Paragraph 1-2 – QuestionsQ1 – Who was Nikolai Petrovich Anikin?Q2 – Why did my father send me to meet him?Q3 – How did I imagine him before I met him?Q4 – How did I feel when I met him for the first time?Q5 – How did Anikin treat me for the first time?-Expressions1. (P1)S1’s meaning: I had expected that Nikolai Petrovich Anikin would be a quite frightening person, but actually he was not at all. half adj.(1)⼀半的(2)不完全的e.g. Knowledge without practice makes but half an artist.知识离开实践只能造就不完全的艺术家not half: Not at all:⼀点⼉也不e.g. Go home? Not half likely. 回家？根本不可能(Ex.) by half 过度地e.g. too clever by half过于聪明in half 成为相等的两半2. (P1)S2’s meaning: It was really unbelievable that Nikolai, the ex-Soviet coach my father had sent me a long way to meet, was like this.*Pay attention that "ex-" is sometimes used to form compound word with the meaning of "former and still living". e.g. ex-wife (前妻), ex-president (前总统). e.g. Linda said she met her ex at the dance. 琳达说她在舞会上遇到了前夫/前男友。
大学思辨英语教程精读2答案孙有中1、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)2、54．—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A．What do you wantB．May I try it onC．Can I help you(正确答案)D．What else do you want3、Don’t _______ to close the door when you leave the classroom. [单选题] *A. missB. loseC. forget(正确答案)D. remember4、Do not _______ me to help you unless you work harder. [单选题] *A. expect(正确答案)B. hopeC. dependD. think5、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to6、35．Everyone in China ______ Mid-Autumn Day. [单选题] *A．likes(正确答案)B．likeC．is likingD．are like7、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned8、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to9、The（)majority of the members were against the idea. [单选题] *A. substantialB. enormousC. considerable(正确答案)D. overwhelming10、—______ —（）[单选题] *A. How long did you stay there?B. How much did you pay for the dress?C. How many flowers did you buy?(正确答案)D. How often did you visit your grandparents?11、26．There’s some fruit in the kitchen. We ________ buy any. [单选题] *A．need toB．needn’t toC．don’t needD．don’t need to(正确答案)12、64．Would you like to drink ________？[单选题] *A．something else(正确答案)B．anything elseC．else somethingD．else anything13、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念14、You can't rely on Jane as she is _____ changing her mind and you will never know what she isgoing to do next. [单选题] *A. occasionallyB. rarelyC. scarcelyD. constantly(正确答案)15、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none16、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t17、Everyone knows that the sun _______ in the east. [单选题] *A. fallsB. rises(正确答案)C. staysD. lives18、The sun disappeared behind the clouds. [单选题] *A. 出现B. 悬挂C. 盛开D. 消失(正确答案)19、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading20、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)21、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair22、So many people will _______ to their work after the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. get inB. get onC. get offD. get back(正确答案)23、She is _______, but she looks young. [单选题] *A. in her fifties(正确答案)B. at her fiftyC. in her fiftyD. at her fifties24、--Don’t _______ too late, or you will feel tired in class.--I won’t, Mum. [单选题] *A. call upB. wake upC. stay up(正确答案)D. get up25、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth26、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much27、Jim is a(n) _______. He is very careful and likes to work with numbers. [单选题] *A. secretaryB. tour guideC. accountant(正确答案)D. English teacher28、_______ travelers come to visit our city every year. [单选题] *A. Hundred ofB. Hundreds of(正确答案)C. Five HundredsD. Five hundred?of29、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a30、Seldom _____ in such a rude way. [单选题] *A.we have been treatedB. we have treatedC. have we been treated(正确答案)D. have treated。
大学英语精读第二册作文In the era of rapid technological advancement, the landscape of education has been transformed in ways that were once unimaginable. The integration of technology into the educational system has brought about a myriad of changes, from the way students learn to how teachers teach.Firstly, the advent of online learning platforms has made education more accessible than ever before. Students can now access a wealth of knowledge from the comfort of their homes. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) offer a variety of subjects taught by professors from renowned universities around the world, making high-quality education available to anyone with an internet connection.Secondly, the use of digital tools in classrooms has revolutionized teaching methods. Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and laptops have become staples in many classrooms, allowing for more dynamic and engaging lessons. Teachers can now incorporate multimedia elements such as videos, animations, and simulations into their lessons, making complex concepts more understandable and memorable.Moreover, technology has also facilitated personalized learning. Learning management systems (LMS) can track students' progress and provide them with customized feedback and resources. This individualized approach helps students to learn at their own pace and ensures that they receive thesupport they need to succeed.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the digital divide, where not all students have equal access to technology. This disparity can exacerbate existing inequalities in education. Additionally, there is a need for continuous professional development for teachers to effectively utilize technology in their teaching.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on modern education, offering both opportunities and challenges. As we move forward, it is crucial to ensure that the benefits of technology are accessible to all students and that educators are equipped to harness its potential to enhance learning. The future of education lies in the effective and thoughtful integration of technology, creating a more inclusive and effective learning environment for all.。
大学思辨英语教程2课文翻译
1、中国式的学习风格
霍华德加德纳
1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。
然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。
2、我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。
酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙,可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。
由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。
3、本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。
他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。
由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。
本杰明一点也不在意。
他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。
4、我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙的槽口鼓捣。
他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。
但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。
饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。
他们会轻轻握紧本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙的槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。
然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢一偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。
5、我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关:考察儿童早
期教育(尤其是艺术教育)的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。
因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事.。
Text APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, b ut he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality,and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey throug h the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massivelyparallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematicobservation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。
Thesis: Among its multiple purposes, language is good at interaction and persuasion but poor at information talking.1.The transfer of information is not the only purpose of using language. In greetings and some pointless chitchat, communicators use language primarily, if not exclusively, for constructing or maintaining certain social relationship. Even when information is the major concern, the speaker and hearer must take into consideration some other factors, such as politeness and aesthetics (cf. Para. 22-22).2. In Paragraph 6, Aitchison divides the question “what is language for”into two sub-questions: “For what purpose did language develop?” and “For what purpose is language used nowadays?” Since there are so many purposes of using language and the original one is difficult to identify, she argues in paragraph 8 that we can find clues by looking at what language is good at and what it finds difficult to express. The rest of the text (paras.9-28) provides discussion about and answers to these two questions.3.According to Aitchison, the list of language functions in paragraph 7 is not exhaustive(complete), and it is not clear which one is the most basic. Aitchison discusses in some detail the following four functions, providing information, expressing feelings, influencing others and social talking, which are roughly organized in the order of importance in the traditional view.4. Aitchison suggests that the early functions of language can be traced in the way we use language today to some extent. The assumption behind is that the origin of language is accountable(responsible) in its early function(s) and that the early function(s) must be reflected in what language is good at today. In other words, if language was created to perform a particular function, it must still be good at it nowadays. Evaluating the text(2) ExemplifyingAn utterance may serve more than one purpose simultaneously. Donking is used metalinguistically(元语言）in example (6), but the whole sentence“Donking isn’t a word” is informative. We can provide information, express our feelings and initiate social talking by asking questions or giving commands.Exploring beyond the text(1) Some scholars believe that language facilitates thinking and that our thinking would be impossible without an inner language. In many cultures,language is also used as a symbol of magic or as something that carries mysterious power (e.g., religious Taoism, couplets for Spring Festival). Different functions of language are not equally important. For example, the functions of communicating and of facilitating thinkingare more fundamental while those of religious use and word play are more derivative(派生的）.(2) Generally speaking, there are two different views on the relationship between language and thinking. Some scholars claim that language restricts thinking. According to this view, people perceive the world through the language that they speak. It follows that people speaking different languages experience different worlds, just like people seeing different things with different eyes. Others believe that language and thinking are separate and should not be equated with each other. For example, even if a language does not have the word for chartreuse（查特酒绿）, people speaking the language can still perceive this color, think about it and even talk about it, using not a single word but a kind ofparaphrase（意译）.(3) Some utterances may basically serve only one function. For example, people greet each other saying “Hi!” or “Morning!” to neighbors to maintain social connections; in church, the priest preaches a sermon to call for piety to the Lord. But more often than not an utterance and its context produce some “side effects” and serve different functions simultaneously. In saying “It’s gonna rain. You’d better take an umbrella.” to a lady, the speaker not only provides information about the weather, but also shows his/her concern toward the addressee and enhances the solidarity.(4) Language changes for different reasons, e.g., language users’ aversion （abomination）to cliché and preference to creativity, language contact, language planning and so on. While some changes may not be directly related to functions of language, others are indeed motivated by certain functions of language. For example, neologisms related to science and technology emerge primarily because there is a need to talk about such new things. In this case the function of providing information requires the creation of some new words.(5) The best-known examples for “phatic communion” in traditional Chinese society are probably greetings such as “吃了吗？(have you had your meal?)” and “去哪儿啊？(where are you going?)”. Neither is considered imposing(气宇昂轩）or offensive because in traditional Chinese society, it is more important to show mutual concern than respectfor privacy. The British follow a different tradition. Brown and Levinson (1987) recognize two sides of face, a positive one and a negative one. Positive face refers to “the desire to be appreciated and approved” and negative face “the freedom of action and freedom from imposition”. For Chinese people (especially in traditional society), negative face is not as important as positive face. The British, on the other hand, value negative face more than positive face.Language enhancementWords and phrases1. Word FormationPart of speechnouns: Taking-off, air-traffic, take-off-point, London-York, two-thirds, real-life, non-reality, self-repetition, other-repetitionAdjectives: non-existentAdverbs: half-wayStructure:Noun-noun: air-traffic, London-York, self-repetition, other-repetition Adjective-noun: real-lifeCardinal-ordinal numeral: two-thirdsPrefix-noun: non-realityGerund-adverb: Taking-offVerb-adverb-noun: take-off-pointunworthy2. Articles and prepositions(1)/ (2)/ (3) a, the, with (4) /, the (5) /, the, the, on, aSolar/lunar CalendarShadow cabinet 影子内阁3.Verbs and phrases(1)conveying, handling (2)convey (3)transferred (4)coincide (5)collide (6)date back to (7)originated fromSentences and discourseTranslation1 . ...the English philosopher John Locke argued in his influential An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) that language is “the great conduit, whereby men convey their discoveries, reasoning, and knowledge to one another.”英国哲学家约翰·洛克在其颇有影响的著作《人类理解论》(1690)中指出，语言是一个伟大的传输渠道，人类通过这一渠道相互传达各自的发现、推理和知识。
大学思辨英语教程精读Unit教师用书U n i t3V e r b a l a n d N o n-v e r b a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n Unit overviewBoth Units 1 and 2 mention a key word “communication”.As Thomas Payne points out in T ext B of Unit 2, most of us, linguists or non-linguists, have the common-sense notion that “the main purpose of human language is communication”. Thus to develop a deeper understanding of the nature and function of language, we need to take a close at human communication. This unit examines this topic from a cross-cultural perspective, illustrating the similarities and differences in verbal and non-verbal communication between different cultures, which lays a foundation for further exploration into the interface between language and culture in the following units. Text APeople in different communities demonstrate different perceptions and rules of both verbal and non-verbal communication. The way they interact is culturally relative in almost every aspect, including when to talk, what to say, pacing and pausing, listenership, intonation and prosody, formulaicity, indirectness, and coherence and cohesion.Text BSome non-verbal behaviors are practically universal and have the same meaning wherever you are (e.g., smiling and facial expressions of anger, surprise, fear, sadness, and so on). But for cultural and historical reasons, there have also developed great differences and variations in such aspects as eye contact, touch, gestures, and territorial space, etc. Without an awareness of respect and accommodation for people from a differentbackground, these differences are likely to cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication.The two texts supplement each other in that Text A illustrates cross-cultural differences in both verbal and non-verbal communication while Text B focuses on non-verbal behaviors and addressesboth differences and similarities.Teaching objectivesThis unit is designed to help students develop their reading skills, communicative competence, critical thinking, intercultural reflection and abilities of autonomous learning in the following aspects.Reading skills:Use context to understand a new wordIdentify cohesive devicesPredict the content of an upcoming sentence/paragraphCommunicative competence:Develop a coherent and cohesive oral/written discourseUse topic sentences, supporting sentences and concluding sentences in presentations/essaysCommunicate constructively in team workCritical thinking:Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of personal experience as evidence in argumentationOrganize the arguments using an outlineNote and reflect on the differences between academic writing and everyday writing Intercultural reflectionIdentify similarities and differences in non-verbal communication across culturesBe aware of multiple levels of differences on which cross-cultural communication can falterInterpret communication behaviors from cultural and historical perspectives Teaching strategiesNon-verbal communication and cross-cultural communication are both interesting topics in linguistics. The teacher can introduce the two texts by quoting anecdotes or relating to students’own experiences (q uestion 5 in Preparatory work, p. 59). For students who lack experience of cross-cultural communication, the topic can be led in by discussions about inter-subcultural communication.Text A is a research articlefrom an academic journaland its structure and writing style are quite clear. It is recommended to draw students’ attention to the author’s logic (i.e., ways of arguing) and use of evidence in class. If well-planned, all the questions in Preparatory Work and Critical reading can be dealt with in some detail in class. The teacher can follow all the questions in Understanding the text to check students’ comprehension of the text, while the tasks in Evaluation and exploration can be divided and assigned to groups. For example, in Making an outline (p. 62), the teacher can divide the students into three groups, each responsible for one topic.For classical works in intercultural communication, please refer to:Hall, Edward T. (1955). The Anthropology of Manners.Scientific American,192: 85-89.Hall, Edward T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.For more updated information, please find the following journals:Cross-Cultural Communication published by Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture (CAOOC)Across Languages and Cultures published byAkadémiaiKiadóLanguage and Intercultural Communication published byRoutledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd.Preparatory work(1)Academic interests: gender and language, interactional sociolinguistics,conversational interaction, cross-cultural communication, frames theory, conversational vs. literary discourse, and new media discourse.Main publications:You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1990.That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. NY: William Morrow, 1986.Gender and Discourse. NY & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Note: Outside the academic world Deborah Tannen is best known as the author of?a number of books on the New York Times best seller and she?is also a frequent guest on television and radio news and information shows.(2)Edward Sapir (1884–1939): an?American?anthropologist who is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the early development of modern linguistics. His main interests are in the ways in which language and culture influence each other, the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views. His most important contribution is what is known as the principle of?linguistic relativity?or the "Sapir-Whorf" hypothesis.John Joseph Gumperz(1922 –2013): an American linguist. Hisresearch interests include the languages of India, code-switching, and conversational interaction. Well-known for his contribution in interactional sociolinguistics and the "ethnography of communication", Gumperz’s research has benefitted such fields as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and linguistic anthropology.E. M. Forster (1879 –1970): an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 13 different years.Robert Kaplan:An American?applied linguist. His research area covers applied linguistics, discourse analysis, language policy, language planning, and ESL/EFL Teaching. He is most famous for his contribution in Contrastive Rhetoric, a term he first coined in 1966. Kaplan has authored or edited 32 books, more than 130 articlesin scholarly journals and chapters in books, and more than 85 book reviews and other ephemeral pieces in various newsletters, as well as 9 special reports to the U.S. government and to governments elsewhere.(3)Pragmatics is the systematic study of meaning dependent on language in use. Unlike semantics, which examines conventional meaning "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and the hearer, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those participants involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. Central topics of pragmatics include a speaker’s co mmunicativeintentions, the use of language that requires such intentions, context of use, the relation between the user of a linguistic form and the act of using the form, and the strategies an addressee employs to work out what the intentions and acts are.(4)Cohesion refers to the use of various phonological, grammatical, and/or lexical means to link sentences or utterances into a well-connected, larger linguistic unit such as a paragraph or a chapter. In other words, cohesion achieves well-connectedness by means of linguistic forms.Example: Mary is a secretary. She works in a law firm. Yan (2012)Coherence refers to the logical well-connectedness between different parts of a piece of spoken or written language, which distinguishes it from a random assemblage of sentences or utterances. Yan (2012)Formly?incohesive?discourse?may?be?coherent?through?co mmon?sense,?cultural?background,?contextual?information,?imagination,?logical?assum ption,?etc.? Husband:?That’s?the?telephone.?Wife:?I’m?in?the?bath.?Husband:?OK.?(5)Pause is a temporary and brief break in the flow of speech, which is often classified into filled pause and unfilled or silent pause. The former is taken up or filled by a hesitation form like ah, er, and um. In contrast, the latter is not filled by a hesitation form. In other words, a silent pause is one where there is no vocalization. Critical readingI. Understanding the text(1) The main purpose of this article is to illustrate eight levels of cross-cultural differences in non-verbal aspects ofcommunication.(2) We can understand the nature of language by observing it in communication and in contact with other systems of communication.(3) Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when to talk and what to say, thespeaker usually takes a conscious speech planning, yet in pacing and pausing and in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision.(4) Section 2.1 starts with a direct thesis statement. Then the author explains it with an expert’s (S collon) research findings and examples.In section 2.2 the author raises a number of questions (in para 7, 9 and 11) and responds to them with relevant research findings (Goody’s as well as hers) and her own personal experience. Section 2.3 is also organized in the order of “question-answer”. Section 2.4 illustrates cross-cultural differences in listenership with two examples, gaze (paras 21 and 22) and loud responses (para 23), and then moves on to the conclusion (para 24). Section 2.5: example-discussion. Section 2.6: personal experience and a very brief interpretation. Section 2.7: the thesis (para 30 “how to be indirect is culturally relative”) and discussion about the cases of American-non-American differences (American men, women, Greek and Japanese). Section 2.8: definition and illustration.(5) The experience ina dinner party in paragraph 12 indicates that (1) people from different cultures not only differ in whether compliments should be accepted, rejected or deflected, but also in which compliments should be accepted/rejected/deflected; and (2) every culture has its own conventions about what to say on particular occasions, and without knowledge of theseconventions, we can by no means appropriately interpret the messages in cross-cultural communication.In Para. 29, Tannenrefers to her first visit to Greece to exemplify the cross-cultural difference in formulaicity, i.e., what is novel and what is conventional in different languages.(6)Generally speaking, the eight levels are arranged in the order of importance, fromthe core of verbal communication to more peripheral factors. The first three levels and the fifth level belong to what is said while the last three center on how it is said. The fourth level, listenership, is the only level examined from the perspective of the hearer.(7)As has been illustrated in part II, verbal communication involves many hiddenrules and conventions that vary from culture to culture. Since every individual has his/her own unique experience, education background,and beliefs, etc., no two interactants would share exactly the same communicative rules and conventions.In this sense all communication is cross-cultural.Summary writingWays of communication are culturally diversified in almost every aspect, from what to say to how to say it. When to talk (and when not to) is culturally relative. People from one culture may find a particular silent moment unbearable while it is deemed appropriate in another culture.What to say also differs greatly across cultures. Many of us consider raising questions asa natural or even basic part of daily communication, but in some cultures questions are perceived imposing and hence rarely asked. A certain degree of indirectness in communication is universal in all languages, but how to be indirect varies fromculture to culture. American men value “sticking to facts” while Japanese and Arab often insist on elaborate “small talk s”. Cross-cultural differences can also be observed in the different ways of showing listenership, control of pace and pause, use of conventional and novel language, and variation of intonation. Even when peopleare asked to describe or write about the same thing, their organization of a discourse will very likely differ in ways of establishing coherence and cohesion as Kaplan illustrated.II. Evaluation and exploration1.Evaluating the text(1)Personal experiences and anecdotes help elucidate abstract and difficult terms andadd to the vividness of the text. Controlled use of personal experience may also shorten the distance between the author and the reader. But the overuse and misuse of personal stories can also damage the objectivity and credibility of the argumentation.(2)Beside personal experience, Tannen mentions a lot of academic researches (e.g. inpara 4, 7, 8, 10, 21, 23, 38 and 39), which all add weight to her arguments.(3)It is obviously not an exhaustive list. Cross-cultural communication can vary atmany other levels, e.g., proxemics and turn taking in a multiparty context.2.Exploring beyond the text(1)Questions for exploration1)There are altogether 16 questions which help structure the text in part two andthey are not equally important. The question in para 2, for example, is a global one that covers all the eight sections in the main body, while th e question in para 20, “Now how many milliseconds shall I wait?”, is just an example to illustrate why pacing and pausing is an automatic level.a. See above.b. The first question in para 7 is asked to introduce the topic of this section,what to say. It is a transition from section 2.1 to section 2.2.c. This is a rhetorical question requiring no answer. It is asked simply toreinforce our conviction that questions are basic to the educational setting, which forms a sharp contrast with the case of Gonjans.2) In all the known languages there are strategies of making indirectrequests/apologies/invitations/, etc. In a strict sense, the use of language is an indirect means to achieve communicative ends. How to be indirect differs from culture to culture. For example, in English a request is often put forward as a question of ability (Can you pass me the salt?).3) For example, introvert people may be more tolerant of silence in face-to-faceverbal interaction while extroverts usually find silence awkward and uncomfortable. This is primarily an interpersonal difference since in all cultures there are introvert and extrovert people.Gaze is another example. People with more aggressive personality usually hold longer and steadier gaze when they talk to others, while shy perpleare more likely to diverge in eyecontact.Language enhancementI. Words and phrases1. Adverbs and prepositions(1) off; (2) out; (3) across; (4) away; (5) up; (6) between, for;(7) after; (8) out of, into;(9) off; (10) up; (11) out of2. Verbs(1) illustrate, vary, discussing, exemplifying, signaling, mean, say(2) vary(3) differ(4) illustrated(5) exemplifies(6) expounds(7) demonstrates(8) elucidate, interpret3.Words in contextOpen to discussion:To guess the meaning of a new word, one can first recognize its part of speech, analyze its word formation, identify its attitude if necessary, and then evaluate its meaning in the linguistic context.II. Sentences and discourse1.Paraphrasing(1)Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do notknow. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when theAthabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with theAthabaskans by talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances.(2)Gonjans take it for granted that questions are always asked to achieve indirectfunctions, so they never ask questions for pure information.(3)The Americans usually take it for granted that in communication people should bedirect and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true in business and education and applies more to American men than to women.(4)No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, allcommunication is cross-cultural to someextent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning.2.Translation(1)物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。
Unit 1 Thinking SociologicallyText APreparatory Work(1)Micro-level sociology: a b eMacro-level sociology: c d(2)Sociology is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Like sociology, psychology, economics, history, demography are all related to the study of society and human activities. In this way they share similarities.The differences lie in the follows:●Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind, embracing all aspects ofconscious and unconscious experience as well as thought of the human beings.●Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents andhow economies work, that is the economic activities of the human kind.●History is the study of the past events as well as the memory, discovery,collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events, particularly how it relates to humans.●Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population,i.e., one that changes over time or space.(3) (open)Teaching suggestion:You can refer to the following textbooks:John J. Macionis & Nijole V. Benokraitis ed., Seeing Ourselves 7th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007)James M. Henslin ed., Down to Earth Sociology: Introductory Readings 14th ed. (New York: Free Press, 2007)(4) (open)Teaching suggestion:You can refer to the last two parts of the text: “What Work Do Sociologists Do” and “How is Sociology Useful to Me and to the World” (paragraph 19-26) for positive reasons.Negative reasons vary (why not choose a career related to sociology), for instance, no interest (in social sciences), character reasons (not cut out for dealing with people), and practical reason (no high pay).Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text(1) To emphasize the importance of sociology and arouse readers’ interest in (studying) sociology.(2) The intended audience of the essay are university and college students. The audience is young and curious about everything but needs some guide in choosing their courses in university study.(3) In Para. 7, Cargan and Ballantine try to demonstrate that sociology is based on systematic and objective study of human behavior.(4) They illustrate the difference between individual explanation and group explanation using divorce as an example. Individual explanation considers a divorce as a personal problem caused by conflict between the husband and wife within the family. Sociology can help us move beyond “individual” explanations to consider the social surroundings that influence the situation: economic conditions, disruptions caused by changing sex roles, and pressures on the family to meet the emotional needs of its members.(5) We can see that the first list of skills (sociology trains us in) is broader and more general category, and the second list of skills (employers look for) is the overlapping or subcategory of the former list. So we can simply put the skills of the second list into its respective categories in the first list (actually, some of the skills in the second list can be put into two or more general categories in the first list). Note: this is only one way of reorganize the two lists, and not necessarily the best one.●Ability to view the world more objectively: ability to plan effectively;self-confidence about job responsibilities; ability to listen to others;self-motivation; effective leadership skills●Tools to solve problems by designing studies, collecting data, and analyzingresults: ability to organize thoughts and information; ability to conceptualizeproblems clearly●Ability to understand group dynamics: ability to work with peers;self-motivation; ability to interact effectively in group situations; ability tolisten to others●Ability to understand and evaluate problems: effective problem-solving skills;effective leadership skills;●Ability to understand your personal problems in a broader social context:willingness to adapt to the needs of the organization; ability to handle pressureII. Evaluation and exploration(1) Yes. The title is a question to the key issue of sociology, which is very clear and focused. And the text provides and elaborates the answers to the key question “why study sociology”.(2) The introduction is very effective. It starts with six questions about sociology to arouse the readers’ interest or curiosity in this topic.(3) Subtitles in the text are effective and necessary in dividing the text into different but related parts so that the readers can have a clear structural framework about the organization of the text.(4) The benefits of taking sociology described in Para. 13 are grouped into a general list of five abilities/skills in paragraph 14 and 12 skills in paragraph 15. It is not necessary to use examples to illustrate every benefit mentioned in a long list. However, if the authors added some statistics to support the five categories, the argument would be more convincing.(5) The conclusion or statement that “sociology is the broadest of the social sciences” is reasonable. Cargan and Ballantine described the wide range of areas sociology covers, and other related disciplines that sociology overlaps with, such as social psychology, political socioloty, anthropology, and social history.(6) Sociology not only covers vast areas of social studies, but also provides objective perspective and scientific methods in understanding the society and individuals. It also trains us in necessary life and work ability or skills in correctly dealing with issues and problems. In a word, sociology offers us a platform for critical thinking. (7) Sociologists probe into a social phenomenon/problem with scientific methods (group explanation instead of personal/individual one) that the next unit is to discuss in details (they include experiment, survey, participant observation/field work, and available data analysis).(8) Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements, namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions.●Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology thatemphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservatism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx isthe father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the four paradigms of sociology.●Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective which developed around themiddle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. Symbolic interactionism is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead who coined the term and put forward an influential summary: people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.●Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action isthe one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Originally, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, instead of individual moral actions.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&D (4) A&C (5) C&D(6) C&E (7) C&D (8) B&C (9) A&E (10) C&F2.（1）单日，单一天（2）单身汉（3）挑选出（4）独立地（只身）（5）通常的，常见的（6）共同的（7）（英国）平民院（下议院）（8）宣判有……罪（9）罪犯（10）逃跑（11）分解（12）闯入（13）中断、暂停（14）爆发（15）解体3.(1) major in (2) curious about (3) interact with (4) relate to (5) engage with(6) lead to (7) specialize in (8) conform to (9) based on (10) refrain from4(1) break away from (2) convict of (3) bond with (4) engage in (5) embark on (6)profit from (7) involved in (8) focus on (9) depended on (10) encounterII. Sentences and discourse1.(1)As you learn more about sociology, you will gradually find the links between itsindividual and separate parts and see the whole picture of sociology.(2)Sociologists’ interests will immediately aroused by seeing any two or morepeople with close relationships.(3)You can ponder over the phenomenon that some societies allow and expectpremarital sex while others punish it with banishment and death.(4)Through systematic scientific study, sociologists can fully understand humanbehavior in groups, which is impossible through mere common sense.(5)Sociology can help us explain “individual” cases more insightfully by linkingthem with the crucial social conditions behind them.2.(1)He majored in chemistry when enrolled in while studying in university.(2)Terrorism poses a threat to many countries.(3)While studying overseas, you must interact more with the local people/natives.(4)The corruption of some of this country’s officials has sparked public resentmentand protest.(5)Due to his contribution to the company, he negotiated with his boss and renewedhis contract with better conditions.(6)At the age of 16, she published her first poem and embarked on her long journeyto literature.(7)In the process of translating the Chinese classic Journey to the West into German,he encountered many difficult problems.(8)Af ter arriving in Britain, he took a whole month to adapt to the country’s rainyclimate.(9)Your company should engage more actively in the environmental projects of thegovernment.(10)T en years ago, he was convicted of robbery.3.社会学家们的不同兴趣促使他们研究许多不同的领域。
Text APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, b ut he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality,and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey throug h the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massivelyparallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematicobservation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。
