rigid pavement

·63·兵工自动化Ordnance Industry Automation2021-03 40(3)doi: 10.7690/bgzdh.2021.03.015军用机场刚性道面PCN 的计算分析及软件开发李晓萌，王 正，祝华远(海军航空大学青岛校区，山东 青岛 266041)摘要：针对军用机场道面强度评价指标PCN 值计算参数多、迭代复杂的问题，设计一款实用型计算软件。

在文克勒地基、弹性半空间体地基模型的基础上，对PCN 计算公式及推理过程进行分析，制定2种刚性道面PCN 值求解流程图。

结合Visual Basic 编程语言，借助Visual Basic 6.0平台开发PCN 计算软件，通过分析2种计算方法的优缺点及实际应用情况，提出相应建议。

验证结果表明：该软件计算结果准确、快速，具有一定的实际应用意义，且换算后亦适用于复合道面。

关键词：刚性道面；PCN ；强度评价；地基模型；Visual Basic ；计算软件 中图分类号：V351.11 文献标志码：ACalculation Analysis and Software Development of PCN forMilitary Airport Rigid PavementLi Xiaomeng, Wang Zheng, Zhu Huayuan(Qingdao Branch , Navy Aviation University , Qingdao 266041, China )Abstract: In order to solve the problem that the PCN value of military airport pavement strength evaluation index has many parameters and complex iteration, a practical calculation software is designed. On the basis of Winkler foundation model and elastic half-space foundation model, the PCN calculation formula and reasoning process are analyzed, and two kinds of PCN value solving flow charts of rigid pavement are formulated. Combined with Visual Basic programming language and Visual Basic 6.0 platform, PCN calculation software is developed. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the two calculation methods and their practical application, the corresponding suggestions are put forward. The verification results show that the calculation results of the software are accurate and fast, and it has certain practical significance, and it can also be applied to composite pavement after conversion.Keywords: rigid pavement; PCN; strength evaluation; foundation model; Visual Basic; computing software0 引言随着机场道面使用年限的增加，道面性能的 衰减速度加快，承载力下降，PCN (pavement classification number )的数值动态变化、逐渐减小[1]，需要工作人员对其进行检测与评价。

第一章航图概述图幅尺寸：最佳尺寸210*148mm，即国际标准组织规定的A5尺寸负载量：指图面上各种划线、符号和注记所占面积的比例。

颜色：航图尽量减少所用色彩的数量或直接使用单色制作与印刷。

如用彩色，一般只采用黑、灰和蓝色航图的定位方法：航图中的所有地物和符号都采用真北定位，而所需要注明方向的数据，都以磁北进行注记，同时，在图上注明磁差，并加注年变率。

航图的分类:国际民航组织在附件四《航图》中规定了17种航图的制图规范和要求。

必须提供的航图（六种）机场障碍物图—ICAO、A型（运航限制）,机场图—ICAO,世界航图—ICAO 1：1000000 精密进近地形图—ICAO ,仪表进近图—ICAO,航路图—ICAO非强制性制作的航图机场障碍物图—ICAO、B型,机场地面运行图—ICAO,航空器停放/停靠图—ICAO航空地图—ICAO 1:500 000 ,航空领航图—ICAO，小比例尺,作业图—ICAO机场图从航空器停机位到跑道；从跑道到航空器停机位;在该机场运行的基本资料停机位置图侯机楼设施复杂的机场提供停机位置图，便于航空器在滑行道和停机位之间以及航空器的停放/停靠等地面活动。

图中包含停机位置、停机位编号、滑行路线和通信频率的资料。

标准仪表进场图STAR已经设立标准仪表进场航线，但在区域图中不能详细表示的机场，提供标准仪表进场图。

本图提供航路飞行阶段到进近阶段按指定的标准仪表进场航线飞行所需的资料. 仪表进近图已制定仪表进近程序的机场提供仪表进近图。

通常每一种进近程序都有单独的仪表进近图。

本图提供执行飞向预定降落跑道的仪表进近程序所需的资料，包括复飞程序及相应的等待程序（适用时）。

图中包含机场、禁区、限制区、危险区、无线电通信设施、导航设施、最低扇区高度、以平面图和剖面图表示的程序的飞行航迹、机场运行标准、地形障碍物等资料和补充资料。

标准仪表离场图SID已经设立标准仪表离场航线，但在区域图中不能详细表示的机场，提供标准仪表离场图。

1．桥位地形图（qiao wei di xing tu ）topography map of bridge site2．桥位地质剖面图（qiao wei di zhi pou mian tu）geologic section drawing of bridge site 3．水文资料（shui wen zi liao ）hydrologic data4．气象资料（qi xiang zi liao）meteorologic data5．水力计算（shui li ji suan）hydraulic computation6．设计流速（she ji liu su）design current velocity7．河床比降（he chuang bi jiang）river bed gradient8．糙率(cao lv) coefficient of roughness9．洪水流量（hong shui liu liang）flood discharge10．设计流量（she ji liu liang）design discharge11．设计洪水频率（she ji hong shui pin lv）design flood frequency12．汇水面积(hui shui mian ji) catchment area13．过水断面（guo shui duan mian）waterway section14．暴雨强度（bao yu qiang du）rainstorm intensity15．河床（he chuang）river bed16．最高水位（zui gao shui wei ）highest water lever, HWL17．最低水位（zui di shui wei ）lowest water lever, LWL18．常水位（chang shui wei ）ordinary water lever, OWL19．枯水位（ku shui wei ）low water lever20．设计水位（she ji shui wei ）design water lever21．通航水位（tong hang shui wei ）nevigable water lever, NWL22．桥前壅水（qiao qian yong shui ）back water in front of the bridge23．河槽天然冲刷（he cao tian ran chong shua）natural scour of water24．桥下一般冲刷（qiao xia yi ban chong shua）general scour of bridge opening25．桥墩局部冲刷（qiao dun ju bu chong shua）local scour around pier26．冲刷系数（chong shua xi shu ）coefficient of scouring27．漂浮物（piao fu wu）drifter28．调治构造物（tiao zhi gou zao wu ）regulating structure29．河堤（he di）levec30．河床铺砌（he quang pu qi ）river bed paving31．锥坡（zhui po ）conical slope32．淤积（yu ji ）silting33．桥位选择（qiao wei xuan ze）bridge site slection34．桥梁标准设计（qiao liang biao zhun she ji）standard design of bridge35．主桥（zhu qiao ）main bridge36．引桥（yin qiao）approach bridge37．桥梁全长（qiao liang quan chang）total length of bridge38．跨径（kua jing ）span39．桥梁建筑高度（qiao liang jian zhu gao du）construction height of bridge40．桥梁高度（qiao liang gao du）hight of bridge41．容许建筑高度（rong xu jian zhu gao du）allowable construction height of bridge 42．宽跨比（kua kua bi）wide-span ratio43．高跨比（gao kua bi）depth-span ratio44．剪跨比（jian kua bi）shear-span ratio45．桥面净空（qiao mian jing kong）clearance above bridge deck46．桥下净空（qiao xia jing kong）clearance underspan47．通航净空（tong hang jing kong ）navigable clearance48．矢高（shi gao）rise of arc49．矢跨比（shi kua bi）rise-span ratio50．桥面纵坡（qiao mian zong po）deck profile grade51．桥面横坡（qiao mian heng po）deck transverse grade52．斜交角（xie jiao jiao）skew angle53．基础埋置深度（ji chu mai zhi shen du）embedment depth of foundation54．桥梁工程（qiao liang gong cheng）bridge engineering55．桥（qiao）bridge56．公路桥（gong lu qiao ）highway bridge57．铁路桥（tie lu qiao ）railway bridge58．公铁两用桥（gong tie liang yong qiao ）bi-purposed bridge59．人行天桥（ren xing tian qiao）pedestrian overcrossing60．过人地道（guo ren di dao）passenger passway61．跨河桥(kua he qiao) river-crossing bridge62．跨线桥（kua xian qiao）flyover ,overpass bridge63．互通式立体交叉（hu tong shi li ti jiao cha）interchange64．高架桥（gao jia qiao）viaduct , trestle65．上承式桥（shang cheng shi qiao）deck bridge66．中承式桥（zhong cheng shi qiao）half-through bridge67．下承式桥（xia cheng shi qiao）through bridge68．正交桥（zheng jiao qiao）right bridge69．斜交桥（zheng jiao qiao）skew bridge70．弯桥（wan qiao）curved bridge71．坡桥（po qiao）bridge on slope72．匝道桥（za dao qiao）ramp bridge73．危桥（wei qiao）bridge in danger74．特大桥（te da qiao）grand bridge75．大桥（da qiao）grate bridge76．中桥（zhong qiao）medium bridge77．小桥（xiao qiao）small bridge78．涵洞（han dong）culvert79．漫水桥（man shui qiao）submersiber bride80．施工便桥（shi gong bian qiao）temporary bridge for construction81. 梁式桥：(liang shi qiao) beam bridge, girder bridge82. 拱式桥：(gong shi qiao) arch bridge83. 刚架桥：(gang jia qiao) rigid frame bridge84. 斜拉桥：(xie la qiao) cable stayed bridge85. 吊桥：(diao qiao) suspension bridge86. 组合结构桥：(zhu he jie gou qiao) combined structural bridge87. 钢筋混凝土桥：(gang jin hun ning tu qiao) reinforced concrete bridge88.预应力钢筋混凝土桥：(yu ying li gang jin hun ning tu qiao) prestressed concretebridge89.钢管混凝土桥: (gang guan hun ning tu qiao) steel pipe-encased concretebridge90. 钢桥： (gang qiao) steel bridge91．木桥： (mu qiao) timber bridge, wooden bridge92. 圬工桥: (wu gong qiao) masonry bridge93. 简支梁桥： (jian zhi lian qiao) simple-supported beam bridge94. 连续梁桥： (lian xu qiao) continuous beam bridge95. 悬臂梁桥： (xuan bi liang qiao) cantilever beam bridge96. 桁架拱桥： (lang jia gong qiao) trussed arch bridge97. 刚架拱桥： (gang jia gong qiao) rigid-framed arch bridge98. 系杆拱桥： (xi gan gong qiao) bowstring arch bridge ,tied arch bridge99. 石拱桥： (shi gong qiao) stone arch bridge100. T型梁桥： (T xing liang qiao) T-beam bridge101. 箱型梁桥： (xiang xing liang qiao) box-girder bridge102. 组合梁桥： (zhu he liang qiao) composite beam bridge103. 空腹拱桥： (kong fu gong qiao) open spandrel arch bridge104. 实腹拱桥： (shi fu gong qiao) filled spandrel arch bridge105. 无铰拱桥： (wu jiao gong qiao) hingless arch bridge106. 三铰拱桥： (san jiao gong qiao) three-hinged arch bridge107. 两铰拱桥： (liang jiao gong qiao) two-hinged arch bridge108. 单铰拱桥： (dan jiao gong qiao) single-hinged arch bridge110. 双曲拱桥： (shuang qu gong qiao) two-way curved arch bridge 111. 肋拱桥： (le gong qiao) ribbed arch bridge112. 板拱桥： (ban gong qiao) slab arch bridge113. 箱形拱桥： (xiang xing gong qiao) box-ribbed arch bridge114. T形钢构桥： (T xing gang gou qiao) T-shaped rigid frame bridge115. 斜腿刚构桥： (xie tui gong gou qiao) slant legged rigid frame bridge 116. 混凝土斜拉桥： (hun ning tu xie la qiao) concrete deck cable stayed bridge 117. 钢斜拉桥： (gang xie la qiao) steel deck cable stayed bridge118. 双面索斜拉桥： (shuang mian suo xie la qiao) double plane cable stayed bridge119．单面索斜拉桥： (dan mian suo xie la qiao) singe plane cable stayed bridge 120. 浮桥： (fu qiao) floating bridge121. 开启桥： (kai qi qiao) movable bridge122. 上部结构： (shang bu jie gong) superstructure123. 主梁： (zhu liang) main beam, main girder124. 拱梁： (gong liang) arch beam125．箱型梁： (xiang xing liang) box girder126. I型梁： (I xing liang) I-shaped beam127. T型梁： (T xing liang) T-shaped beam128. ∏型梁： (∏ xing liang) ∏-shaped beam129. 矩形梁： (ju xing liang) rectangular beam130. 空心板： (kong xing ban) hollow slab131．实心板： (shi xing ban) filled slab132. 挂梁： (gua liang) suspended beam133. 桥面板： (qiao mian ban) deck slab134. 组合梁： (zhu he liang) composite beam135. 微弯板： (wei wan ban) slight bending slab136. 肋腋板： (le ye ban) slab with haunched ribs137. 单向板： (dan xiang ban) one-way slab138. 双向板： (shuang xiang ban) two-way slab139. 悬臂板： (xuan bi ban) cantilever slab140. 桥面系： (qiao mian xi) bridge deck system141. 桥面连续构造： (qiao mian lian xu gong zhao) continuous slab-deck structure142. 桥面排水系统： (qiao mian pai shui xi tong) deck drainage system 143. 桥面铺装： (qiao mian pu zhuang) deck pavement144. 桥面伸缩装置：(qiao mian sheng suo zhuang zhi) deck expansion installation145. 人行道： (ren xing dao) pavement, sidewake146. 栏杆： (lan gang) railing147. 护栏： (hu lan) parapet148. 索塔： (suo ta) cable support tower149. 索鞍: (suo an) cable saddle150. 斜索： (xie suo) stayed cable110. 双曲拱桥： (shuang qu gong qiao) two-way curved arch bridge111. 肋拱桥： (le gong qiao) ribbed arch bridge112. 板拱桥： (ban gong qiao) slab arch bridge113. 箱形拱桥： (xiang xing gong qiao) box-ribbed arch bridge114. T形钢构桥： (T xing gang gou qiao) T-shaped rigid frame bridge115. 斜腿刚构桥： (xie tui gong gou qiao) slant legged rigid frame bridge 116. 混凝土斜拉桥： (hun ning tu xie la qiao) concrete deck cable stayed bridge 117. 钢斜拉桥： (gang xie la qiao) steel deck cable stayed bridge118. 双面索斜拉桥： (shuang mian suo xie la qiao) double plane cable stayed bridge119．单面索斜拉桥： (dan mian suo xie la qiao) singe plane cable stayed bridge 120. 浮桥： (fu qiao) floating bridge121. 开启桥： (kai qi qiao) movable bridge122. 上部结构： (shang bu jie gong) superstructure123. 主梁： (zhu liang) main beam, main girder124. 拱梁： (gong liang) arch beam125．箱型梁： (xiang xing liang) box girder126. I型梁： (I xing liang) I-shaped beam127. T型梁： (T xing liang) T-shaped beam128. ∏型梁： (∏ xing liang) ∏-shaped beam129. 矩形梁： (ju xing liang) rectangular beam130. 空心板： (kong xing ban) hollow slab131．实心板： (shi xing ban) filled slab132. 挂梁： (gua liang) suspended beam133. 桥面板： (qiao mian ban) deck slab134. 组合梁： (zhu he liang) composite beam135. 微弯板： (wei wan ban) slight bending slab136. 肋腋板： (le ye ban) slab with haunched ribs137. 单向板： (dan xiang ban) one-way slab138. 双向板： (shuang xiang ban) two-way slab139. 悬臂板： (xuan bi ban) cantilever slab140. 桥面系： (qiao mian xi) bridge deck system141. 桥面连续构造： (qiao mian lian xu gong zhao) continuous slab-deck structure142. 桥面排水系统： (qiao mian pai shui xi tong) deck drainage system143. 桥面铺装： (qiao mian pu zhuang) deck pavement144. 桥面伸缩装置：(qiao mian sheng suo zhuang zhi) deck expansion installation145. 人行道： (ren xing dao) pavement, sidewake146. 栏杆： (lan gang) railing147. 护栏： (hu lan) parapet148. 索塔： (suo ta) cable support tower149. 索鞍: (suo an) cable saddle150. 斜索： (xie suo) stayed cable151. 锚索： (miao suo) anchor cable152. 吊杆： (diao gan) suspender153．系杆： (xi gan) tie154. 锚跨： (mao kua) anchor span155. 锚锭： (mao ding) anchorage156. 过渡孔： (guo du kong) transitional span157. 承托： (cheng tuo)158. 顶板： (ding ban) top slab159. 底板： (di ban) bottom slab160. 腹板： (fu ban) web161. 主筋： (zhu jin) main bar162. 箍筋： (gu jin) ties163. 斜筋： (xie jin) diagonal reinforcement163：架立钢筋：（jia li gang jin）erection bar164：分布钢筋：（fen bu gang jin）distribution reinforcement165：加强钢筋：（jia qiang gang jin）reinforced bar166：牛腿：（niu tui）bracket167：剪力铰：（jian li jiao）sheering hinge169：定位钢筋：（ding wei gang jin）alignment bar170：拱圈：（gong quan）arch ring171：拱顶：（gong ding）arch crown172：拱座：（gong zuo）arch support176：护拱：（hu gong）back launching fillet of arch177：拱上建筑：（gong shang jian zu）spandrel structure178：腹拱：（fu gong）spandrel arch179：拱波：（gong bo）two way curved arch tile180：拱板：（gong ban）arch slab181：拱肋：（gong le）arch rib182：桥头引道：（qiao tou yin dao）bridge approach183：桥头搭板：（qiao tou da ban）bridge end transition slab184：下部结构：（xia bu jie gou）substructure185：桥墩：（qiao dun）pier186：桥台：（qiao tai）abutment187：基础：（ji chu）bridge foundation188：盖梁：（gai liang）bent cap189：耳墙：（er qiang）wing wall189’：翼墙：（yi qiang）wing wall190：单向推力墩：（dan xiang tui li dun）single thrust pier191：`辅助墩：（fu zhu dun）auxiliary pier192：防震挡块：（fang zhen dang kuai）anti-knock block（restrain block）193：破冰体：（po bing ti）ice apron194：U形桥台：（U xing qiao tai）U-abutment195：埋置式桥台：（mai zhi shi qiao tai）buried abutment196：组合式桥台：（zu he shi qiao tai）composite abutment197：扩大基础：（kuo da ji chu）spread foundation198：沉井基础：（chen jing ji chu）open casson foundation199：桩基础：（zhuang ji chu）pile foundation200：承台：（cheng tai）bearing platform（foundation slab）200’：高桩承台：（gao zhuang cheng tai）elevated pile footing201：低桩承台：（di zhuang cheng tai）pile footing202：摩擦桩：（mo ca zhuang）friction pile203：嵌岩桩：（qian yan zhuang）socketed pile（bearing pile）204：支座：（zhi zuo）bearing205：板式橡胶支座：（ban shi xiang jiao zhi zuo）laminated rubber bearing 206：盆式橡胶支座：（pen shi xiang jiao zhi zuo）potted rubber bearing207：设计荷载：（she ji he zai）design load208：永久荷载：（yong jiu he zai）permanent load209：可变荷载：（ke bian he zai）variable load210：偶然荷载：（ou ran he zai）accidental load211：开裂荷载：（kai lie he zai）cracking load212：破坏荷载：（po huai he zai）failure load213：均布荷载：（jun bu he zai）distributed load（uniform load）214：风荷载：（feng he zai）wind load215：地震荷载：（di zhen he zai）earthquake load（seismic force）216：离心力：（li xin li）centrifugal load217：冲击力：（chong ji li）impact force218：制动力：（zhi dong li）braking force219：撞击力：（zhuang ji li）collision force220：拱推力：（gong tui li）arch thrust221：荷载组合：（he zai zu he）loading combinations222：桥梁极限状态设计：（qiao liang ji xian zhuang tai she ji）limit state design of bridge 223：地震的基本烈度：（di zhen de ji ben lie du）basic earthquake intensity224：静定桥梁结构：（jing ding qiao liang jie gou）statically determinate bridge structure 225：超静定桥梁结构：（chao jing ding qiao liang jie gou）statically indeterminate bridge structure226：结构体系转换：（jie gou ti xi zhuan huan）structure system transform227：冲击系数：（chong ji xi shu）impact factor228：容许应力：（rong xu ying li）allowable stress229：极限应力：（ji xian ying li）ultimate stress230：刚度：（gang du）rigidity stiffness230’：疲劳：（pi lao）fatigue231：位移：（wei yi）displacement232：力矩：（li ju）bending moment233：剪力：（jian li）shear234：剪力滞效应：（jian li ahi xiao ying）shear lag effect235：影响线：（ying xiang xian）influence line236：荷载横向分布：（he zai heng xiang fen bu）transverse distribution of load237：杠杆原理法：（gang gan yuan li fa）lever principle238：偏心压力心：（pian xin ya li xin）eccentric compression239：铰接板梁法：（jiao jie ban liang fa）hinge connected beam method240：刚接板梁法：（gang jie ban liang fa）rigid connected beam method241：G----M法：（G—M fa）Guyon-Massonet method242：翘曲：（qiao qu）warp243：颤振：（chan zhen）flutter244：弛振：（chi zhen）galloping245：抖振：（dou zhen）buffeting246：连拱作用：（lian gong zuo yong）continuous arch method247：桥梁CAD：（qiao liang CAD）computer Aided Design for bridge248：预应力度：（yu ying li du）degree of prestress249：体内预应力：（ti nei yu ying li）prestress with bond250：体外预应力：（ti wai yu ying li）external prestress251：预应力损失：（yu ying li sun shi）loss of prestress252：锚具：(mao ju) anchorage devicem—method253：桩基计算m值法：（zhuang ji ji suan m zhi fa）design of pile foundation by 254：缆索吊装施工法：（lan suo diao zhuang shi gong fa）erection with cable way 255：悬臂施工法：（xuan bei shi gong fa）cast-in-place cantilever method 256：逐跨施工法：（zhu kua shi gong fa）span by span construction 257：顶推施工法：（ding tui shi gong fa）incremental launching method 258：拱架：（gong jia）scaffolding259：混凝土泵送：(hun ning tu beng song) concrete by pumping260：预拱度：（yu gong du）precamber261：先张法：（xian zhang fa）pretension method262：后张法：（hou zhang fa）post—tension method263：封锚：（feng mao）sealing –off and covering anchorage264：泥浆护壁钻孔法：（ni jiang zuan kong fa）slurry hole—boring method 265：围堰：（wei yan）cofferdam266：合拢：（he long）close up of bridge structure267：索力控制：（suo li kong zhi）cable force control268：桥梁结构安装控制：（qiao liang jie gou an zhuang kong zhi）bridge structural erection control269：桥梁管理系统：（qiao liang guan li xi tong）bridge management system 270：桥梁技术档案：（qiao liang ji shu dang an）bridge technical file 271：桥梁加固：（qiao liang jia gu）bridge strengthening272：桥梁水毁：（qiao liang shui hui）bridge disaster by floodpier and abutment273：桥梁墩台防撞：（qiao liang dun tai fang zhuang）collision prevention of 274：盖板涵：（gai ban han）slab culvert275：圆管涵：（yuan guan han）pipe culvert276：拱涵：（gong han）arch culvert277：箱涵：（xiang han）box culvert278：倒虹吸涵：（dao hong xi han）inverted siphon culvert279：涵洞进水口：（han dong jin shui kou）culvert inlet280：涵洞出水口：（han dong chu shui kou）culvert outlet281：渡槽：（du cao ）aqueduct282：通道：（tong dao）channel283：隧道工程：（sui dao gong cheng）tunnel engineering284：隧道：（sui dao）tunnel285：洞门：（dong men）tunnel portal286：洞身：（dong shen）tunnel trunk287：隧道净空：（sui dao jing kong）clearance of tunnel288：围岩：（wei yan）surrounding rock289：围岩自承能力：（wei yan zi cheng neng li）surrounding rock selfsupporting capacity290：掘进方法：（jue jin fang fa）tunnel boring method291：竖井：（shu jing）shaft292：新澳法：（xin ao）New Austrian tunneling method293：矿山法：（kuang shan fa）mining method294：衬砌：（chen qi）tunnel lining295：支撑：（zhi cheng）temporary support296：喷锚支护：（pen mao zhi hu）shot concrete and rock bolt support 297：隧道通风：（sui dao tong feng）tunnel ventilation298：隧道报警装置：（sui dao bao jing zhuang zhi）tunnel warning installation 299：隧道瓦斯爆炸：（sui dao wa si bao zha）gas explosion in tunnel300：过隧道经历时间：（guo sui dao jing li shi jian）duration of tunnel passage 301：隧道防水：（sui dao fang shui）tunnel water proofing302：围岩稳定：（wei yan wen ding）stability of surrounding rock303：盾构：（dun gou）tunnel shield304：水底隧道：（shui di sui dao）subaqueous tunnel305：特长隧道：（te chang sui dao）super long tunnel306：长隧道：（chang sui dao）long tunnel307：中长隧道：（zhong chang sui dao）medium tunnel308：短隧道：（duan sui dao）short tunnel309：渡口：（du kou）ferry310：汽车轮渡：（qi che lun du）track ferry311：码头：（ma tou）wharf312：码头引道：（ma tou yin dao）approach to ferry313：码头引桥：（ma tou yin qiao）bridge approach to ferry314：门桥：（men qiao）portal frame315：防撞垫：（fang zhuang dian）bumper316：跳板：（tiao ban）gangboard317：渡口管理所：（du kou guan li）ferry bridge318：异型桥梁：（yi xing qiao liang）abnormal bridge319：桥梁结构承载能力鉴定：（qiao liang jie gou cheng zai neng li jian ding）320：静动载试验：（jing dong zai shi yan）static and dynamic load testing。

硕士研究生：请按下列格式要求编写后向学院递交电子稿（WORD文档）及书面打印稿各1份。

交稿时间：论文答辩通过，交所有答辩材料时。

格式具体参照下例。

学号：（五号宋体）硕士论文中英文摘要格式（页面设置A4纸）论文题目：(二号黑体，居中)硕士生姓名：指导教师姓名职称：学科专业：（五号宋体）摘要（500个左右汉字）：（五号宋体。

标准行距，每行47个汉字）关键词（汉字3--5个，用“、”号隔开。

五号黑体）：攻博期间发表重要学术论文目录（最多6篇五号宋体。

标准行距，每行47个汉字）序号作者姓名刊物名称期（卷）：页，年作者简介（中文）： XXX ，男，XXXX年生，XXXX年毕业于XXXX大学XXXXXXXXXX专业获XX学学士学位； XXXX年从师于XXXX教授，于XXXX年XX月毕业于本校XXXXXXXXXXX专业并获XX学硕士学位。

（小四号仿宋）英文摘要（中文摘要翻译，要求翻译准确。

）：Title of the Dr. Degree’s Thesis:（三号黑体）硕士生姓名：指导教师姓名职称：学科专业：（五号宋体）Abstract: （五号）Key Words:（五号黑体）Research Achievements:（攻博期间发表重要论文目录的翻译，要求翻译准确，最多6项，五号字。

）英文作者简介（中文简介翻译，要求翻译准确）：Introduction of the Author:例：学号：抽水蓄能电站电力系统随机生产模拟理论与应用研究硕士研究生姓名：张大伟指导教师： XXX教授学科专业：水利水电工程摘要：本文就随机生产模拟理论及其在含抽水蓄能电站电力系统中的应用，抽水蓄能电站效益评价的方法理论等进行了较为系统深入的研究,……。

关键词：抽水蓄能电站、分段模型、效益攻博期间发表重要学术论文1、王国庆，XXX，抽水蓄能电站在防洪中的作用水利学报 28（4）：1035-1041，19992、……作者简介：张大伟，男，1972年生，1992年于东北地质大学水文地质专业毕业并获理学学士学位； 1998年从师于河海大学水利水电工程专业XXX教授，2002年12月毕业并获工学硕士学位。

06269-工程应用英语（有答案）工程应用英语Professional English Test APart I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ___d___ education.a. elementary schoolb. high schoolc. middle schoold. university2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering ___b___.a. coursesb. curriculac. lessonsd. areas3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ___c___ science and the language arts.a. computerb. chemicalc. sociald. biology4. Active ____b__ for engineers often begins before the student?s last year in the university.a. employb. recruitingc. hired. firing5. Indeed, the civil engineer?s choice is ____c__ and varied.b. finec. larged. tiny6. Computers can?t solve complicated problems unless they are given ___d___.a. a good air-conditionb. a young civil engineerc. a good computer engineerd. a good program7. Construction can be very _____.a. dangerousb. safec. easyd. secure8. Civil engineering projects are almost always ______.a. distinctiveb. the similarc. aliked. the same9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ______.a. its other partb. itselfc. the walld. the ground10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ______.a. dead loadb. live loadd. safety factor11.In tension, the material is ______.a. pressedb. pulled apartc. pushedd. compressed12.______ force acts up and down.a. verticalb. horizontalc. rotating motiond. turning motion13.Both ______, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.a. steel and cementb. wood and brickc. stone and tiled. ash and plastic14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ___c__.a. distancesb. central anglesc. elevation differenced. length15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ___a___.a. the directionb. the sizec. the frequencyd. the width16.Prestressed concrete is an ___b___ form of reinforcement.a. originalb. improvedc. samed. low17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by ___d____.a. engineersb. one partyc. companyd. two or more parties18.___b___ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.a. weightb. volumec. aread. no19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method? and …____a__?.a. resultb. combinationc. layer thicknessd. moisture control20.A main source of accidents, the problem of ___b___ driving is the most serious of all.a. drinkb. drinkingc. drunkend. drankPart II Filling Blanks (10’)21. Engineers often work as _____consultants____ to architectural or construction firms.22. Young engineers may choose to go into __environmental_____or sanitary engineering.23. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, ______live load_______, impact and safety factor.24. One party to the contract is _____liable_____ for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.25. _______clearing____ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.26. Loose rock includes materials such as ________weathered or totten_______________ rock, or earth mixed with boulders.27. No attempt was made to control _____moisture______ content or to secure compaction.28. The _____rearview_______ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehicle safety.29. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of _____heavy duty________ brake fluid.30. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake ____pedal_______ has meant that the driver?s total reaction time has beenreduced.Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)Passage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by governmentor industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.31. Research is one of ___b___ aspects of scientific and engineering practice.a. the most uselessb. the most importantc. the most unnecessary32. A researcher is often employed __c____.a. on a farmb. in a libraryc. in a laboratory33. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with __c____.a. farmers and scientistsb. engineers and farmersc. scientists and engineers34. Which of the following is true?a. Civil engineering research doesn?t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but also the development of newstructural materialsb. Civil engineering research doesn?t include soil mechanics and soil stabilizationc. Civil engineering research doesn?t include the development of new structural materialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have alreadybeen used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.35. The current trend of structural materials is ___b____.a. to develop heavier materialsb. to develop lighter materialsc. to develop less materials36. Aluminum weighs ___a____.a. much less than steelb. the same as steelc. much heavier than steel37. Aluminum has ____c___.a. no properties of steelb. few properties of steelc. many of the same properties of steel38. Which of the following is true?a. Aluminum beams can?t be used for bridge constructionb. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildingsc. Aluminum beams can?t be used for the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concretebeams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.39. Steel and concrete have ____c__.a. different rate of contractionb. different rate of expansionc. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion40. Reinforced concrete is ___a___.a. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beamsb. concrete which is embedded in steel rodsc. steel rods which react with concrete41. Which of the following is true?a. steel can rust in concreteb. concrete can corrode steelc. steel does not rust in concrete42. Concrete has ___b__.a. some kind of chemical that corrodes steelb. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidc. some kind of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be …subject to formal contract? as is often the case.43. The conditions of contract are normally determined by ___c___.a. the government officialb. the contractorc. the promoter44. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which __c____ will be subject.a. the employerb. the officialc. the contractor45. The obligations that ___c___ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to the tender.a. the employerb. the auditorc. the contractor46. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ___b___.a. the promoter has enough moneyb. it has been acceptedc. the tender approved by the governmentPassage FiveMaterials are usually described as …rock?, …loose rock?, or …common?, with …common? signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes cal led …solid rock?, nearlyalways must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.47. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.a. loose rockb. commonc. rock48. Which of the following is NOT true?a. rock, is sometimes called …solid rock?b. rock, is sometimes called …loose rock?c. rock, is usually called …hard rock49. According to the passage, which of the following is true?a. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blastedb. loose rock is often dug without any previous blastingc. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes50. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.a. track or ripperb. loaders or shovelsc. roller or bulldozerPart IV Translate the sentences into Chinese (15’)51. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer.工程专业的毕业生必需通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样52. Conventional ground surveys were the original locationtechniques available to highway engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape. 最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。