第一章 煤及煤层气地质学

煤层气开发地质学及其研究的内容与方法一、煤层气开发地质学及其研究的内容1、煤层气地层分析煤层气地质学的研究要求从煤层的地质分析角度，对含气量、孔隙特征及煤层的延展性等进行深入地研究，以判断煤层的开采条件。

具体探讨主要有煤层内地层构造、煤层重力流动特征、煤层含气量、孔隙度、煤层延伸性等。

2、煤层地质探测技术对于煤层气的开发，煤层地质探测技术的开发是重要的研究内容之一。

一般情况下，采用放射性测井和电磁测井等技术对煤层气进行探测，了解煤层的延展性、煤的质量等情况。

3、煤层气勘探开发技术煤层气勘探开发技术是指采用复杂的工艺手段，以实现煤层气开发的技术。

主要技术措施包括煤层孔隙度测试、地层构造解释、岩心切片解释、气藏地质模拟分析等。

4、煤层气开发地质环境保护煤层气开发地质环境保护是指做好煤层气勘探开发的过程中，要充分考虑地质环境的变化，努力减少或防止煤层气开发过程中的污染，确保煤层气开发的可持续发展。

二、煤层气开发地质学及其研究的方法1、实验室测试实验室对煤层的物理性质、流学特性、岩性特征以及煤层气的含量等进行测试，以指导勘探开发煤层气。

实验室测试的常见方法有X射线衍射分析、热重分析和密度测试等。

2、多地形特征、地质判断在煤层气开发的勘查过程中，需要对地形地貌进行调查，进而对气田的位置、开发指标和形成背景进行研究，以便有效开发煤层气。

3、地球物理测量地球物理测量针对煤层的重力流动特征，利用放射性测井、电磁测井等技术，可以有效研究煤层的构造特征、孔隙特征以及含气量等，为指导煤层气的开发提供重要的依据。

4、岩心分析采用岩心分析技术，可以确定煤矿的结构形态、构造特征、煤层的延展性、气藏开发的有效性等情况，为更好地开发煤层气提供重要依据。

煤层气开发地质学理论与方法首先，煤层气的分布与形成机理是煤层气开发地质学的重要研究内容。

煤层气是在煤层埋藏过程中由有机质在高压高温条件下转化而成的天然气。

煤层气的分布受到煤层的厚度、埋深、含气量等因素的影响。

在煤层埋藏过程中，有机质在压力和温度作用下经历干酪根、初级、中级和成熟等不同阶段，形成煤层气。

煤层气的形成机理研究可以为煤层气的勘探和开发提供科学依据。

其次，煤层气的储集是煤层气开发地质学的核心问题之一、煤层气的储集形式主要有吸附储集和自由气储集两种。

吸附储集是指煤层气分子在煤矸石孔隙、裂隙和微孔等微观空间中吸附，形成紧密结合的状态；自由气储集是指煤层气分子在煤体孔隙中以自由状态存在。

煤层气的储集特征受到煤层的孔隙结构、孔隙度、构造变形等因素的影响。

通过对储集特征的研究可以确定煤层气的开发方式和有效开采方法。

此外，煤层气的运移规律也是煤层气开发地质学研究的重要方向之一、煤层气的运移受到多种因素的控制，包括煤层压力、渗透性、孔隙度、温度等。

煤层气的运移机理主要有扩散、脱附和解吸等过程。

研究煤层气的运移规律可以为煤层气开发提供指导，如确定煤层气开发的合理排采策略，优化井网布置等。

在煤层气开发地质学中，还需要开展煤层气资源量评价和勘探技术研究。

通过对煤层气资源量的评价，可以为资源开发提供基础数据。

勘探技术的研究则是为了提高煤层气的勘探效率和开发成功率。

目前，常用的勘探技术包括地球物理勘探、地质钻探和测井技术等。

总之，煤层气开发地质学是研究煤层气在地质中的分布、形成、储集、运移等规律的学科，其理论与方法的研究对于煤层气的勘探和开发具有重要意义。

通过对煤层气开发地质学的深入研究，可以为煤层气资源的高效开发和利用提供科学依据。

2009年1月中石化华东石油局 煤层气培训班讲稿孟召平 中国矿业大学(北京)第一部分:煤地质学基础第一节 煤炭及煤层气资源分布 第二节 煤田地质学概况及研究进展 第三节 煤的形成 第四节 煤层厚度及其变化分析 第五节 第六节 第七节 第八节 聚煤盆地基本类型 煤的物质组成 煤质分析及煤的分类 煤化作用及煤的变质类型第九节 煤成烃的研究第四节 煤层厚度及其变化分析基本概念 煤层结构及顶底板 煤层厚度的变化的原因 煤层厚度稳定性评价1、基本概念煤层是自然界中由植物遗体转变而成的成层可燃 沉积矿产, 由有机质和混入的矿物质所组成。

煤层是含煤岩系中有机质集中分布的部分,在含煤 岩系中常常赋存于一定的层位,与其它共生的岩石 类型构成特定的沉积序列。

煤层厚度是指煤层顶底板岩石之间的垂直距离。

根据煤层结构，煤层厚度可分为总厚度、有益厚 度和可采厚度。

煤层总厚度是顶底板之间 各煤分层和夹层厚度的总 和； 有益厚度是指煤层顶底板 之间各煤分层厚度的总和; 可采厚度是指在现代经济 技术条件下适于开采的煤 层厚度。

按照国家目前有关技术政策，根据煤种、产 状、开采方式和不同地区的资源情况等规定 的可采厚度的下限标准，称为最低可采厚度。

达到最低可采厚度以上的煤层，称可采煤层。

不同煤层的厚度有很大差 别，薄者仅数厘米，称煤 线，厚者可达二百多米。

考虑到开采方法的不同，可 采煤层的厚度可分为五个厚 度级： 煤厚0.3～0.5米为极薄煤层 0.5～1．3米为薄煤层 1．3～3.5米为中厚煤层 3.5～8.0米为厚煤层 大于8米的为巨厚煤层。

2、煤层结构及顶底板 煤层的结构煤层包含煤分层和岩石 夹层 , 不含夹石层者 称为简单结构煤层 含有夹石层者，则称 为复杂结构煤层。

煤层中的岩石夹层俗称夹矸。

夹矸一般为粘土岩、炭质泥岩或粉砂岩，有时为 石灰、硅质岩、油页岩、细砂岩或砾岩。

如我国广西晚二叠世含煤岩系的煤层中见有灰岩 透镜体 , 富集海相动物化石。

煤层气开发地质学及其研究的内容与方法煤层气是一种新型的清洁能源，具有储量大、分布广、开发成本低、环保等优点，是我国能源结构调整和可持续发展的重要组成部分。

煤层气开发地质学是煤层气勘探开发的基础，其研究内容主要包括煤层气地质特征、煤层气成藏规律、煤层气开发技术等方面，本文将从这些方面进行阐述。

一、煤层气地质特征煤层气地质特征是煤层气开发地质学的基础，主要包括煤层气的分布、储量、成因、运移、分布规律等方面。

煤层气的分布主要受煤层的厚度、埋深、煤质、构造等因素的影响，一般来说，煤层气的分布具有明显的地域性和层位性。

煤层气的储量主要受煤层的厚度、埋深、煤质、孔隙度、渗透率等因素的影响，一般来说，煤层气的储量与煤层的厚度和孔隙度呈正相关，与煤层的渗透率呈负相关。

煤层气的成因主要有生物成因、热成因和混合成因三种类型，其中生物成因是煤层气的主要成因类型。

煤层气的运移主要受煤层的渗透性、孔隙度、压力等因素的影响，一般来说，煤层气的运移具有渗流和吸附两种方式。

煤层气的分布规律主要受煤层的构造、地质构造、地质构造演化等因素的影响，一般来说，煤层气的分布规律具有明显的地质构造控制性。

二、煤层气成藏规律煤层气成藏规律是煤层气开发地质学的重要研究内容，主要包括煤层气成藏类型、成藏模式、成藏机理等方面。

煤层气成藏类型主要有单一煤层气藏、多层煤层气藏、煤岩层煤层气藏等类型。

煤层气成藏模式主要有自生型、自生自储型、自生自储自运型等模式。

煤层气成藏机理主要有生物成因、热成因、混合成因等机理，其中生物成因是煤层气成藏的主要机理。

三、煤层气开发技术煤层气开发技术是煤层气开发地质学的重要研究内容，主要包括煤层气开发方法、开发工艺、开发设备等方面。

煤层气开发方法主要有钻井开发、巷道开采、水平井开采等方法。

煤层气开发工艺主要有抽采、压裂、注气等工艺。

煤层气开发设备主要有钻机、压裂车、注气设备等设备。

四、煤层气开发地质学研究方法煤层气开发地质学的研究方法主要包括野外地质调查、地球物理勘探、地球化学勘探、数值模拟等方法。

煤层气开发地质学概念
煤层气开发地质学是研究煤层气的勘探、开发和利用的一门学科。

它主要研究煤层气的成藏规律、分布规律、富集规律、储量评价、开采技术等方面。

煤层气开发地质学是指通过地质学的方法，研究煤层气的地质特征、分布规律、成藏条件和运移特征等，为煤层气的勘探开发提供科学依据。

主要包括以下概念：
1.煤层气：指在煤层中吸附或储存的天然气，主要成分为甲烷。

2.煤储层：指含有煤层气的煤层，具有一定的储气能力。

3.丰度：指煤层气在煤储层中的分布量，通常用亿立方米/平方千
米（EKM/km2）来表示。

4.渗透率：指煤储层中煤层气向孔隙、裂缝或裂隙中运移的能力，
通常用mD（毫达西）来表示。

5.含气量：指煤层中单位质量（或体积）的煤能够释放出的煤层气
量，通常用m3/t（或m3/m3）来表示。

6.吸附：指煤层气吸附在煤储层孔隙中的现象，是煤层气储存的主
要方式之一。

7.储层压力：指煤储层中煤层气所受的压力，是煤层气开采的重要
参数之一。

8.采气半径：指煤层气开采时，从井口到煤储层边界的距离，是评
价煤层气开采效果的重要指标之一。

9.水文地质条件：指煤层气开采区域的地下水分布及其运移规律，
对煤层气开采影响很大。

10.煤层气富集规律：指煤层气在地质历史过程中形成和富集的规
律，对煤层气开采的合理性进行论证和预测。

第一章绪论1、天然气：（广义）所谓天然气是指自然界一切天然生成的气体。

（狭义）目前仅限于地壳上部存在的各种天然气体，包括烃类气体和非烃类气体。

性评2、天然气的来源机制，可分为无机成因气和有机成因气。

天然气的成因分类可分为4种：生物成因气（细菌气）、油型气（油成气）、煤型气（煤成气）、无机成因气。

3、煤型气（煤成气）:指煤系有机质(包括煤层和煤系地层中的分散有机质)在变质过程中(即热演化)形成的天然气，也称煤成气。

包括煤系气与煤层气两类。

煤系气：是指从生气母岩（煤系地层及煤层）中运移出来聚集在储集层中甚至形成气藏的煤型气，一般均经过较大规模运移。

属常规天然气。

❤煤层气：是指赋存于煤层中以甲烷为主要成分、以吸附在煤基质颗粒表面为主并部分游离于煤孔隙中或溶解于煤层水中的烃类气体。

属非常规天然气范畴。

（也称煤层吸附气、煤层甲烷或煤层瓦斯。

）4、三重国家需求：资源利用/矿山安全/环保5、全国累计探明面积777km2，探明储量1343亿m3，可采储量621亿m3，初步探明374亿m3。

❤6、我国煤层气研究开发存在的主要问题：①预测理论亟待完善。

②产能预测技术有待解决。

③开发工艺亟待突破。

④投入严重不足。

⑤煤层气基础设施建设不完善。

7、我国煤层气资源存在低压、低渗、低饱和的“三低”现象以及地质变动的特殊性。

我国煤储层的特点和难点：地史复杂、类型多样、改造强烈；低孔、低渗、低相渗、低压、高非均质性。

第二章煤层气的物质组成、性质和利用❤1、煤层气有两种基本成因类型：生物成因和热成因。

生物成因气：各类微生物经过一系列复杂作用过程导致有机质发生降解而形成的。

热成因气：指随着煤化作用的进行，伴随温度升高、煤分子结构与成分的变化而形成的烃类气体。

2、生物成因气阶段：①早期生物气（泥炭~褐煤阶段，Ro,max<0.5%）②热解型煤层气（褐煤~瘦煤阶段，Ro,max0.5~2.0%）以含氧官能团的断裂为主③裂解型煤层气（瘦煤~二号无烟煤，2.0%<Ro,max<3.7%）主要以裂解的方式及芳香核缩合为主④次生生物成因煤层气（褐煤~焦煤，0.3%<Ro,max<1.5%）3、在含煤盆地中，次生生物作用活跃并影响气体成分的深度间隔称作蚀变带，一般位于盆地边沿或中浅部；不发生蚀变的气体一般位于盆地深部，称为原始气带。

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课程编号：05108煤层气地质学2学分 32学时一、课程的性质、目的及任务本课程为地质工程专业资源勘查工程专业方向选修课程。

目的在于使学生初步掌握煤层气的基本概念、煤储层物性特征、煤层气资源评价方法，了解煤层气井的完井技术与增产措施、煤矿瓦斯的成因及井下瓦斯抽放方式。

使学生能运用这些理论和方法解决煤层气勘探开发工作中遇到的有关地质问题。

二、适用专业地质工程三、先修课程构造地质学、矿物岩石学、能源地质学。

四、课程的基本要求1．理解煤层（成）气、煤矿瓦斯等基本概念2．了解煤层气的物理性质、化学组成及利用方向3．了解煤储层孔、裂隙（割理）的分类和影响因素4．了解煤储层渗透率的测试方法、影响因素及数值模拟5．了解煤层含气性、吸附/解吸特征、饱和度、理论采收率及其影响因素6．了解煤层气资源的评价方法与可采资源量的估算7．粗步了解煤层气井的完井技术与增产措施8．大致了解煤矿瓦斯的成因及井下瓦斯抽放方式五、课程教学内容（一）课堂讲授的教学内容1．绪论开发煤层气的意义及煤层气勘探开发现状2．煤层气的物理性质、化学组成及利用方向1）煤层（成）气、煤矿瓦斯等基本概念2）煤储层的基本概念及几何学要素3）煤层气的物理性质、化学组成及利用方向3．煤储层孔、裂隙（割理）特征1）煤储层孔、裂隙（割理）的分类2）煤储层孔、裂隙（割理）的研究方法3）煤储层孔、裂隙（割理）的形成及影响因素4．煤储层渗透性特征1）绝对渗透率与相对渗透率的概念与测试方法2）煤储层渗透性的影响因素3）煤储层渗透率的数值模拟5．煤层的含气性特征1）煤的吸附/解吸特征、2）煤储层的含气量、流体压力及饱和度3）影响煤层含气性的因素4）煤层含气性预测6．煤层气资源评价1）煤层气资源评价参数2）煤层气资源级别划分依据3）煤层气可采资源量估算7．煤层气井的完井技术与增产措施1）煤层气井的完井方式与井网布置2）煤层气增产技术与方法3）排水处理与环境评价8．矿井瓦斯抽放1）矿井瓦斯的来源与危害2）矿井瓦斯抽放技术（二）实验教学内容1．煤裂隙（割理）观测2．显微裂隙与大孔隙扫描电镜观测3．参观孔隙性、吸附性实验4．煤层气解吸实验数据处理六、学时分配表七、参考书1．钱凯，赵庆波，汪泽成，等．《煤层甲烷气勘探开发理论与实验测试技术》．北京：石油工业出版社，19962．叶建平，秦勇,林大杨.《中国煤层气资源》.北京：中国矿业大学出版社.1998 3．苏现波、陈江峰、孙俊民，等，《煤层气地质学与勘探开发》. 北京：科学出版社，20014．傅雪海，秦勇．《多相介质煤层气储层渗透率预测理论与方法》．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，2003八、说明本课程应以教授为主，配合实验和作业，并运用幻灯片、图片、照片等多种手段，加强教学效果。