Effects of environmental parameters to total, quantum and classical correlations

《环境影响评价报告》大纲编写思路When it comes to the development of any major project, one crucial step is conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This process involves evaluating the potential environmental effects of a proposed project and outlining measures to minimize or mitigate any negative impacts. One key component of an EIA is the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report. In this response, I will provide some guidance on how to structure and write the outline for such a report.在任何重大项目的开发过程中，一项关键步骤是进行环境影响评价（EIA）。

这个过程涉及评估拟议项目的潜在环境影响，并制定措施以减少或缓解任何负面影响。

环境影响评价报告的编写是EIA的一个关键组成部分。

在下文中，我将就如何构建和编写此类报告的大纲提供一些建议。

1. IntroductionThe introduction sets the context for the report byproviding background information on the proposed project.It should include details such as the project's objectives,location, and scope. Additionally, it can briefly explain why an EIA is necessary for this project.1. 简介简介通过提供关于拟议项目的背景信息，为报告设置了上下文。

含有humid的英语单词The Importance of Humidity Control in Indoor Environments.Humidity, often overlooked in comparison to other environmental factors like temperature, plays a crucialrole in determining the comfort and health of occupants in indoor spaces. It is essential to understand the impact of humidity and how it interacts with other environmental parameters to create an optimal indoor environment.1. What is Humidity?Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is typically measured using the relative humidity scale, which indicates the percentage of water vapor present compared to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature. High humidity can lead to feelings of discomfort and even health issues, while low humidity can cause dryness and static electricity.2. Impact on Human Comfort.Humidity has a significant impact on human comfort. In hot weather, high humidity can make it difficult for the body to cool down effectively through sweating, leading to feelings of discomfort and even heat stress. Conversely, in cold weather, low humidity can lead to dry skin and respiratory issues.3. Effects on Indoor Air Quality.Humidity levels also have a significant impact on indoor air quality. High humidity can promote the growth of mold and mildew, which can release harmful spores into the air. Low humidity, on the other hand, can lead to dryness and irritation of the respiratory system.4. Impact on Building Materials.Humidity can also have a significant impact on building materials. High humidity levels can cause wood to swell andwarp, while low humidity can lead to shrinkage and cracking. This can not only affect the aesthetics of a building but can also compromise its structural integrity.5. Energy Efficiency.Proper humidity control can also contribute to energy efficiency. High humidity levels can make it difficult for air conditioning systems to cool a space effectively, leading to increased energy consumption. By maintaining appropriate humidity levels, air conditioning systems can operate more efficiently, reducing energy waste and costs.6. Humidity Control Strategies.There are several strategies for controlling humidityin indoor spaces. One common approach is the use of air conditioning and heating systems with humidity control features. These systems can adjust the temperature and humidity levels to maintain comfortable conditions. Additionally, the use of dehumidifiers and humidifiers can help to actively control humidity levels in a space.7. Conclusion.In conclusion, humidity is a crucial factor in determining the comfort and health of occupants in indoor spaces. It is important to consider humidity when designing and managing indoor environments to ensure optimal comfort and air quality. By implementing effective humidity control strategies, we can create healthier, more comfortable, and energy-efficient indoor spaces.。

CHAPTER 19 DATA PROCESSING AND TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIES第19章数据处理和电信设施Design CriteriaHV AC Load considerationsHV AC Systems and ComponentsAir DistributionAncillary spacesOther Systems and considerations19.1 设计标准19.2 空调负荷注意事项19.3 空调系统和组件19.4 气流组织19.5 辅助空间19.6 其它系统和注意事项DA TACOM (data processing and telecommunications) facilities are predominantly occupied by computers, networking equipment, electronic equipment, and peripherals. The most defining HV AC characteristic of data and communications equipment centers is the potential for exceptionally high sensible heat loads (often orders of magnitude greater than a typical office building). In addition, the equipment installed in these facilities typically:数据通信（数据处理和电信）设施主要由计算机、网络设备、电子设备和其它辅助设备组成。

数据和通讯设备中心空调最主要的特征是，需要应对极高的显热冷负荷（要比普通的商业办公楼负荷大得多）。

另外，空调系统要具有以下这些功能：.Serves mission-critical applications (i.e., continuous operation).Has special environmental requirements (temperature, humidity, and cleanliness).Has the potential for disruptive overheating and equipment failure caused by loss of cooling·满足特定的应用（例如：持续运行）；·具备特殊环境要求（温度、湿度和洁净度）；·在突发性过热和由于设备损坏不能持续制冷的情况下，系统能继续冷却电子设备。

收稿日期:2023-11-15。

基金项目:(CNWK202305)。

通信作者:(1987-),,,,。

E-mail:********************焦油组分重整过程中关键反应的机理研究杜文亚1,于震宇2,郭锐2,孙超2,邵正日3,谢华清2(1.,401120;2.,110819;3.,115014)摘要:,C-C 、CH 4。

:C-C ,C 3H 8C 3H 8*,CH 3*CH 2CH 3*,,,;CH 4,CH 4*CH 3*,CH 2*,CH*,,CH*OH*CHO*,CHO*CO*,H*H 2*,CH 2*CH*CH 4;,H 2O*OH*CO*COOH*,H*H 2*,COOH*H,COO*,。

关键词:;;;中图分类号:TK6文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-5292(2024)04-0440-080引言、,,,,,[1-3],,。

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、、,[6-8]。

Fe ,。

Virginie M 、Fe [9]。

Cortazar M ,Fe ,,Fe C-C C-H ,,,H 2[10]。

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,(Density Functional Theory,DFT),。

1研究方案γ-Al 2O 3[11]。

NortierP ,γ-Al 2O 3(110),70%,30%(100)(111)[12]。

Materials Studio DMol3DFT ,γ-Al 2O 3(110)。

γ-Al 2O 3Fe Al Fe 1。

γ-Al 2O 31(a)。

a=5.558Å,b=8.413Å,c=8.068Å,(a=5.587Å,b=可再生能源Renewable Energy Resources第42卷第4期2024年4月Vol.42No.4Apr.2024图2C 3H 8进行C-C 键裂解反应的各状态结构Fig.2Structure change of C 3H 8in C-C bond cracking reactionH O C AlFe(a)(IS)(b)(TS)(c)(FS)8.358Å,c=8.039Å)[13]。

ilmrpe厚度中心子区容积平均容积厚度ilmrpe厚度中心子区是指光刻胶在曝光过程中厚度变化最小的部分，也是影响芯片制造质量的重要因素之一。

对于一块芯片而言，ilmrpe厚度中心子区的容积指的是该子区域所占据的总体积。

平均容积厚度则是对整个芯片进行平均计算后得到的值。

The ilmrpe thickness central subregion refers to the partof the photoresist film that experiences the smallest variation in thickness during the exposure process. It isan important factor that affects the quality of chip manufacturing. For a chip, the volume of the ilmrpe thickness central subregion refers to the total volume occupied by this specific area. The average volumetric thickness, on the other hand, is obtained by averaging the values across the entire chip.翻译：ilmrpe厚度中心子区指光刻胶在曝光过程中厚度变化最小的部分，也是影响芯片制造质量的重要因素之一。

对于一块芯片而言，ilmrpe厚度中心子区的容积指的是该子区域所占据的总体积。

平均容积厚度则是对整个芯片进行平均计算后得到的值。

为了控制和优化ilmrpe厚度中心子区及其容积，需要综合考虑多个因素。

光刻胶的配方和应用过程对于ilmrpe厚度中心子区的形成具有决定性作用。

不同的光刻胶配方会产生不同的厚度变化效应，因此需要选择合适的光刻胶以确保ilmrpe厚度中心子区得到良好的控制。

科普作文纳米技术英语Title: Exploring Nanotechnology: A Glimpse into the World of Nanoscience。

Nanotechnology, often referred to as the science of the small, has emerged as a revolutionary field with immense potential across various sectors. But what exactly is nanotechnology, and how does it impact our lives? Let's delve into this fascinating realm.Nanotechnology deals with the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. To put this into perspective, a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, making nanotechnology about manipulating atoms and molecules to create new materials and devices with unique properties.One of the most significant aspects of nanotechnology is its interdisciplinary nature. It merges principles from physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering to createinnovative solutions to complex problems. For instance, in medicine, nanotechnology enables targeted drug delivery, where medications are precisely delivered to diseased cells, minimizing side effects and improving efficacy.Furthermore, nanotechnology has revolutionized thefield of electronics. The continual miniaturization of electronic components has led to the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient devices such as smartphones, computers, and sensors. Nanomaterials like graphene and carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable electrical properties, paving the way for advancements in electronics and computing.In the realm of energy, nanotechnology offers promising solutions for renewable energy sources and energy storage. Nanomaterials are being explored for more efficient solar cells, lightweight and durable batteries, and improved catalysts for fuel cells. These advancements are crucialfor addressing energy challenges and transitioning towardsa sustainable future.Moreover, nanotechnology has profound implications for environmental remediation and monitoring. Nanomaterials can be engineered to remove pollutants from water and air more effectively. Additionally, nanosensors enable real-time monitoring of environmental parameters, aiding in pollution control and resource management.Despite its numerous potential applications, nanotechnology also raises concerns regarding safety and ethical implications. The unique properties of nanomaterials may pose unknown risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is essential to conduct thorough research on the safety of nanoproducts and establish regulations to ensure responsible development and usage.In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense promise in revolutionizing various aspects of our lives, from healthcare and electronics to energy and the environment. By harnessing the power of the nanoscale, we can address pressing challenges and pave the way for a brighter and more sustainable future.。

1. Microalgae contain large amounts of useful carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and antioxidants. This makes them an essential food source in the rearing of all stages of marine bivalve molluscs (clams, oysters, scallops), the larval stages of some marine gastropods (abalone, conch), larvae of several marine fish species and penaeid shrimp, and zooplankton.2.Shrimp are infected by more than 20 virus-caused diseases, these viruses being classified within more than 10 families that are quite diverse in their genetic material, infection cycles, geographic distribution, host range and pathogenesis. The emergence and spread of these pathogenic agents have led to considerable economic losses, threatening the economic viability and long-term sustainability of the shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. For some countries, the economic and social impacts of these pandemics have been sometimes so important that shrimp production has never fully recovered. As a consequence, the need for better control and understanding of viral diseases has prompted an increasing interest in the study of the shrimp immune system, and significant advances into the molecular bases for antiviral immunity in these animals have been gained in the last years.3.The effects of recent global climate change have devastated some commercial aquatic organisms, which has resulted in considerable economic losses. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors to consider when growing organisms in aquaculture. Temperature affects many chemical and biological processes including: the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, chemical reactions, photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the mobility and metabolism of organisms as well as their sensitivity to toxic substances, parasites and disease. Any change in the culture water temperature can have a dramatic effect on the growth and survival of aquatic organisms, and low temperature stress has deleterious effects on many aquatic animals. For example, fish farming in southern China has been adversely affected by winter mortality for several decades, especially in 2008.4. Accumulating evidences indicate that low temperature can induce oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. When cells are exposed to low temperature, the rate of enzymatic reactions falls down, leading to a decrease in the demand for ATP and accumulation of electrons in certain points of the respiratory chain. The situation promotes a sudden increase in the production of a number of ROS which remove the burden of excess reducing potential. ROS are continuously generated by aerobic metabolism or oxidative stress and can damage important biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins and lipids. Due to the potentially serious effects of ROS, organisms have evolved defense mechanisms that act at various levels and can prevent, ameliorate or repair the damage caused by ROS.Water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors which directly affect the survival, growth, and metabolism of shrimp. Shrimp farming in southern China has been adversely affected by winter mortality for several decades, especially in 2008. Recent studies of shrimp have shown that acute low temperature stress would induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hemocyte apoptosis, increase caspase-3 transcription and activity levels, cause DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, reduce the immune functions and resistance against pathogen infection. These studies conducted acute low temperaturestress experiment by transferring rapidly from a suitable temperature to a low temperature. However, in the natural environment, water temperature fluctuation is more complicated, and shrimp may suffer in the process of water temperature decrease. So far, only few study focus on the effects of temperature decrease on shrimp.5. Hemocytes play an essential role in physiology and immune defense of shrimp. Loss and damage of circulating hemocytes would depress the immune ability, increase the susceptibility against pathogens, and even endanger the survival. Rapid low temperature transfer has been reported to cause total hemocyte count (THC) reduction which resulted from increased apoptotic hemocytes.6. Streptococcosis has become a major problem for tilapia farmers and there is still no effective commercial vaccine available that can be used to prevent streptococcosis in tilapia. Tilapia growers must therefore focus on prevention and treatment of the disease. Streptococcosis can cause mass death in tilapia farms, and unlike many other tilapia diseases it will affect even large and otherwise healthy fish. Fish weighing at least 100 grams are actually more susceptible to streptococcosis than small fish. Streptococcosis outbreaks are known to take place primarily when the fish has been subjected to some form a stress, e.g. due to overcrowding, improper water chemistry or changing water temperatures.7.Streptococcosis can be acute or chronic. Acute streptococcosis normally occurs during the warm season when the water temperature is high and will typically result in peaks of mortality that goes on for 2-3 weeks. Chronic streptococcosis occurs when the water temperature is lower and does not cause any peaks of mortality. The mortality rate will be low but the amount of dead fish will become high in the long run since the mortality level tends to be really persistent.In farmed tilapia, the major cause of streptococcosis is Streptococcus agalactiae. The closely related bacterium Streptococcus iniae can also cause streptococcosis in tilapia, but is normally not as lethal as Streptococcus agalactiae. All species of Streptococcus are gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative cocci.8. The fish gut microbiota contributes to digestion and can affect the nutrition, growth, reproduction, overall population dynamics and vulnerability of the host fish to disease; therefore, this microbial community is highly relevant for aquaculture practice. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatic analysis have allowed us to develop a broader understanding of the complex microbial communities associated with various habitats, including the fish gut microbiota. These recent advances have substantially improved our knowledge of bacterial community profiles in the fish intestinal microbiota in response to a variety of factors affecting the host, including variations in temperature, salinity, developmental stage, digestive physiology and feeding strategy.9.The immune system in fish is customary divided into innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) system. Superoxide anion production and lysozyme activity are widely used as non-specific immune parameters in fish. Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by fish phagocytes during the respiratory burst. Oncebacteria or fungi are engulfed by leucocytes, the host’s NADPH-oxidase is activated, which in turn increases oxygen consumption and subsequently produces ROS such as superoxide anion (O2−). The release of superoxide anion is known as the respiratory burst, and together its derivates are bactericidal.10.Tilapia is widely cultured in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The production of tilapia has increased from 332,186 MT in 1990 to 4,080,898 MT in 2012 (FAO, 2014) and has been recognized by FAO as the most potent culture fish species in supplying human protein source of the Century. Feed is the most expensive cost item in aquaculture industry, often ranging from 50 to 60% of the total variable expenses. Fish meal is the major dietary protein source, comprising between 20 and 60% of fish diet in general. Due to increasing demand, limited supply, and the dramatic increase in fish meal price, efforts to replace fish meal by other plant protein source such as soybean meal have been increasing in aquafeed.11. As aquaculture becomes more important for feeding the growing world population, so too do the required natural resources needed to produce aquaculture feed. While there is potential to replace fish meal and fish oil with terrestrial feed ingredients, it is important to understand both the positive and negative implications of such a development. The use of feed with a large proportion of terrestrial feed may reduce the pressure on fisheries to provide feed for fish, but at the same time it may significantly increase the pressure on freshwater resources, due to water consumption and pollution in crop production for aquafeed.12. Mediterranean marine aquaculture has been dominated by two leading species, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, risk of market saturation and reduced prices led to consider species diversification as a priority. Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) presents a very good potential for large scale farming in Mediterranean countries. Meagre adapts easily to captivity, exhibits high growth rates reaching 1.2 kg in less than 2 years in cages, and tolerates wide temperature (2–38 °C) and salinity (5–39‰) variations. Meagre has good market characteristics, namely an attractive body shape for selling as whole-fish, good processing yield and nutritional values, low fat content, excellent taste and firm texture. Currently, meagre is produced in small scale with a global aquaculture production of 10,221 tons in 2012, and it is sold at high prices in niches. Countries like Spain, France, Greece, Italy, and Egypt, stand out as main juvenile producers. Due to its recent introduction in the aquaculture industry, little data is available about nutritional requirements, and potential of feed ingredients for the species. In fact, diets currently used for feeding meagre are similar to those used for European sea bass and gilthead sea bream13.Fish meal (FM) has been the main protein source in feeds for carnivorous species such as meagre. However, the increasing demand, high price and supply fluctuations, makes it a priority to replace dietary FM by alternative protein sources. Soybean meal (SBM) is by far the most used plant protein source in fish diets, followed by other oleaginous such as rapeseed and sunflower meal. Leguminous seeds are also good dietary protein sources, particularly if they are locally produced, contributing to the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of fish-farming.Among leguminous seeds,soybean, peas and lupines are the most widely used in aquafeeds.14. Many different terrestrial protein and oil sources have been evaluated for potential fish meal replacements in aquaculture diets.The soybean (Glycine max), when processed, produces a high quality source of protein with a balanced amino acid profile and can replace fish meal as an economically and nutritious alternative.In some species such as tilapia, soybean meal can replace a majority of the fish meal in a diet with no adverse impacts on growth or health.However, in most commonly farmed carnivorous species such as Atlantic salmon, coho salmon, and Japanese flounder, soybean meal can only be incorporated into diets at much less than 50% due to the presence of antinutritional factors in soybean meal that cause enteritis and significant negative health implications and reductions in growth. However, replacing fish meal with soy protein has shown promising results for many species of flatfish, such as Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Egyptian sole (Solea aegyptiaca), and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Soy protein concentrate is a refined soy product in which many of the antinutritional factors have been removed; therefore it can replace the majority or all of the fish meal in diets for carnivorous species.15.Apoptosis is involved in all fundamental processes in the immune system of animals. It is a mechanism to regulate the course of an immune response and to establish immunological memory as well as central and peripheral tolerance. The host immune system and viral anti-immune strategies during virus infection have evolved to create a suitable environment for virus replication in vertebrates. The cellular perturbation caused by virus infection can inadvertently trigger any one of many diverse cellular detectors to initiate an innate apoptotic response. In many cases, apoptosis has an adverse effect on virus replication, and, in these situations, viruses frequently express proteins that block the death response of hosts. It is revealed that the antiviral immune response of invertebrates requires the participation of immune system. The p53-dependent apoptosis may take great effects on the immune responses of invertebrates.16.One of the most important aspects in aquaculture is the nutrition, as for optimum development of organisms, it is essential to have all the necessary nutrients, in terms both of quantity and quality. Nutrients are important for species in culture to stay alive, be healthy and to grow. Even though nutritional principles are similar for all animals, the required level of nutrients varies between species. Animals in production systems need a diet that is properly balanced for the specific requirements of species; however it must also be considered that nutritional requirements are affected by the growth rate, growing conditions, and environmental factors. Knowledge of these allows the formulation of well-balanced and cost-effective feeds.17.The identification, evaluation, and development of ingredients is a key step in the development of effective formulation strategies for all aquaculture feeds. Traditionally there has been much reliance on the use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture diets and because of this intensive aquaculture has been perceived as a net fish user rather than producer. However, in addition to alleviating concerns about the reliability of aquaculture as a food provider, and also the long-term sustainability of aquaculture as an industry, the use of alternative ingredients also empowers the formulator withadditional options. These options include improving the technical qualities of pellets and also introducing certain nutrients and nutraceuticals to increase the value of the resultant compound diet in which the ingredients are included.18.The concept of functional aquafeeds represents an evolving concept for fish and crustaceans diets. In the design of functional feeds, a wide range of feed additives can be used to extend beyond the satisfying basic nutritional requirements of the target species to improve growth and feed utilization, but also to support the health and stress resistance of the animals. The nature and characteristics of these feed additives is quite diverse, and their application into diet formulations targets a specific purpose. Some additives, such as acidifiers, exogenous enzymes, are used to improve the an imals’ performance by providing enhanced digestibility of the feed materials, or counteracting the negative effects of antinutrients. Other additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenics, and immune-stimulants target the improvement of intestinal health, stress, and disease resistance.19. Shrimp farming was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1985. By the early 90s the industry was booming with production rates of up to 9000 kg/ha/year. High export volumes contributed significantly (48–70%) to the total foreign exchange earnings during this period. However, in 1993 the first outbreak of the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) dealt a heavy blow to many farmers. The industry revived, but a second disease outbreak in 1998 caused severe economic losses to all shrimp farmers in Sri Lanka. The final and most devastating outbreak came in 2004 and caused a permanent reduction in the productivity of the industry. Production reduced to under 4000 kg/ha/year and export of shrimps in 2012 (volume and value) dropped by more than 65% compared to 1999. Currently, an estimated 90% of the shrimp farms are abandoned, leaving the coast dotted with areas that are unsuitable for other forms of agricultural/aquaculture production, mainly due to changes in the hydrology and polluted residual matter.20. The environmental costs that accompanied the establishment of shrimp farming in Sri Lanka are significant. For the establishment of shrimp farms in Puttalam District, over 50% of healthy mangrove forest in the area was removed. With the loss of mangroves, an important buffer zone and habitat for marine life has disappeared. The construction of shrimp farms also led to the removal of above and below ground carbon, along with the potential for future carbon sequestration. Other impacts include pollution of surface and ground water, in addition to the depletion of wild stocks and healthy broodstocks for coastal fisheries. As a result, rather than providing permanent economic benefits, the establishment of shrimp farms has led to unstable livelihoods and has increased the vulnerability of coastal populations to climate change impacts.。

外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。

Material PropertiesEffects of processing parameters on the mechanical propertiesof polypropylene random copolymerSenol Sahin,Pasa Yayla*Mechanical Engineering Department,Engineering Faculty,Kocaeli University,41040Kocaeli,TurkeyReceived9June2005;accepted19July2005AbstractThe mechanical properties of polypropylene random copolymer(PP-R)with different processing parameters were studied. Special attention is devoted to the investigation of the influence of masterbatch addition on the variation in the mechanical properties of injection moulded PP-R.Tensile,instrumented Charpy impact,Shore D hardness,differential scanning calorimeter(DSC)and Vicat softening temperature(VST)tests were conducted on the test samples containing different colour masterbatches varying from0.5to10wt%.The observed changes in the mechanical behaviour are explained by the type and level of masterbatch content.The natural UV weathering performance of the PP-R material was studied from the masterbatch type point of view.The effect of processing parameters on material performance was studied on samples which were directly obtained from extruded pipes and on injection moulded samples.Finally,the effects of storage time on the polymer properties were investigated.q2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Polypropylene random copolymer;Processing parameters;Masterbatch types;Masterbatch contents;Ultraviolet degradation; Storage time1.IntroductionThe use of plastic materials in pipe applications is well established because of the lightweight,high performance, and excellent corrosion performance they can offer compared with metallic materials such as iron and copper. Having achieved high level of penetration in different applications,varying from water supply to gas distribution networks,from sanitary and heating systems to waste water collection and discharge systems,the use of plastics is expected to continue growing steadily at a rate of about5–10%per year[1].In many applications it is necessary to pigment the resin to specific colour for modifying the optical appearance for design,styling and functional purposes.Because of the importance of pigment addition to the base polymer,many studies[2,3]have been undertaken to understand their effects on the performance of plastics,especially since it has been shown that incorporating additives into polymeric materials during fabrication often affects rheological[4], mechanical[5,6]and optical properties[7]in an unpredict-able,and sometimes detrimental manner.PP can be coloured by two different methods.In thefirst method, certain types of colouring pigments are added to the natural base polymer at a certain pre-defined percent by the converters during either injection moulding or extrusion of thefinal product.In the second method,the base polymer is coloured by the raw material producer by compounding during the production process.Since the second method gives more uniform colouring,both the raw material producers and,generally,the end-users prefer compounded polymer.The polymer producers claim thatthe *Corresponding author.Tel.:C902623351148;fax:C902623352812.E-mail address:pyayla@.tr(P.Yayla).development of coloured PP-R raw material has to be done by the polymer producers due to the fact that specifically designed compounding equipment is used to obtain proper pigment and additive distribution without damaging the molecular structure[8].Furthermore,it is generally claimed that coloration with masterbatches done by the converters leads in general to poor pigment dispersion,resulting in pigment agglomerates acting as defects in the polymer matrix and impairing the mechanical properties of the finished product.In fact,when a colour masterbatch is used during the converting,the distribution level achieved in the extruder is usually not acceptable,resulting in uneven distribution[8].Despite these disadvantages,colouring by the polymer converter is cheaper and gives them some additional logistic advantages.Moreover,it is fairly seldom that a specific colorant is added to the reactants during a polymerisation process,unless such polymer resin is required in a large volume.Polypropylene random copolymer(PP-R)is one of the fastest growing of plastics being used in sanitary and heating applications.The overall mechanical properties of PP are strongly influenced by testing and processing parameters of the polymer.Hence,knowledge of relations between structure and mechanical properties of polymers enables the manufacturers to produce materials with certain morphologies by altering the processing conditions[9]. The influence of testing parameters on the overall performance was discussed in Part1of this work[10]. Determining the effects of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of PP-R is the objective of this study. Special attention is devoted to the investigation of influence of masterbatch addition on the variation in the mechanical properties.2.Experiments2.1.MaterialsThe base polymer used in this study is a natural colour polypropylene random copolymer(PP-R),produced by Borealis S.A.,trade name Borealis RA130 E.The properties of this natural PP-R are given in the work by Sahin and Yayla[10].It is known that colouring in general and the method of colouring in particular,might have some influence on the mechanical properties of the polymer[11].In this study,the effect of colouring methods on the overall mechanical performance of PP-R is investigated.In addition to the method of colouring,the types of pigment used for colouring could influence the overall mechanical performance of the material.In general,inorganic pigments yield more stable and better mechanical properties than organic anic pigments, however,are known for their high colour strength, brightness and good transparency[12].In order to determine the effects of different colouring on material properties,four different colour masterbatches were used.The masterbatches used to make thefinal product in different colours were supplied by local masterbatch manufacturers.They were supplied in granule form and the carrier resin for pigments for the all types of masterbatches was PP-R.The typical properties of masterbatches used in this study are detailed in Table1.Four different coloured PP-R materials,compounded during polymerisation by the above named producer,were used to prepare test samples.From the producers’point of view,there is no significant difference in the typical properties of these different colour compounds.2.2.Specimen preparationFour different groups of samples were prepared in this investigation.For thefirst group,an un-compounded natural material was coloured during the injection process. For this group of samples,different types of masterbatches at pre-defined ratios,varied between0.5,1,2.5,5and 10%in weight,were added during the injection process of the test samples.Before introducing the resin and masterbatches into the injection moulding machine,the masterbatch and the resin were put in a mixer and mixed for about30min.For the second group,a compounded PP-R material in blue,white,grey and green was used to prepare test samples by injection moulding.For these two groups,the detailed information on the injection mould and injection parameters was given elsewhere[10].For the third and fourth groups,the test samples were directly cut and extracted from the extruded pipe manufactured from white colour compounded,and1%white colour masterbatch added materials,respectively.These third andTable1Typical properties of masterbatches used in this studyM1M2M3M4 Colour White Green Blue Black Pigment type Organic Organic/Inorganic Organic/Inorganic Inorganic Total pigment concentration(%)60503040Meltflow index(gr/10min) (2308C,21.2N)6.017.934.1!0.01S.Sahin,P.Yayla/Polymer Testing24(2005)1012–10211013fourth groups of samples are coded as W1and W2,respectively.3.Mechanical testsUnless otherwise mentioned,all tensile tests were carried out at a crosshead speed of 50mm/min and,before testing,all samples were conditioned at room temperature for a period of 30days.All the results are average of three tests.The effects of processing parameters,masterbatch types and content and natural UV weathering on the properties of material were monitored using tensile,Charpy impact,Shore D hardness,and DSC tests.The details on these three tests were outlined elsewhere [10].3.1.Microstructural analysisAs the addition of any types of additives may alter the crystallisation characteristics of PP [13],a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)analysis was used to evaluate thermal and morphological characteristics and the degree of crystallinity in the moulded samples containing different types of masterbatches at different concentrations.Tests were carried out on a Rheometric Scientific Polymer Laboratories instrument.Samples,each having a weight of about 13mg,were extracted from the middle sections of injection moulded samples,shown in Fig.1(c)of Sahin and Yayla [10].In the DSC tests,each sample was heated from 30to 2008C at a rate of 108C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere.Both thermal and crystallisation parameters were obtained from the heating scans.The level of crystallinity was calculated with the Eq.(1).c ZD H scc100(1)where D H sc is the melting enthalpy of the semi-crystalline material to be studied,and D H c is the enthalpy of 100%crystalline material.Since,a specific value of D H c for PP-Rdoes not exist,and the enthalpy of fusion for 100%crystalline polypropylene is almost independent of the isotacticity and equals 207J/g [14],the value of D H c for PP-R is taken as 207J/g.The melting temperature was taken as the peak temperature in the curves.The peak area,calculated automatically by the DSC instrument,was taken as the melting enthalpy.Typical thermal histories of some PP-R samples are given in Fig.1.It is evident that there is an endothermic melting peak in the heating scans.From the thermograms,it could be deduced that the onset of melting temperature is around 1108C and the melting point,the maximum of endothermic of melting peak in the scan,is around 1458C.From the figure,the crystallinity could be calculated as 30%.It has been demonstrated that there is very little difference between samples containing the natural and 1%of different colour masterbatches.Another important feature to be considered in Fig.1is that the DSC scans of all samples,namely natural,1%white colour masterbatch containing PP-R,white compound,W1and W2samples differ remarkably from each other,not only in their overall history but also in their melting temperature peaks.These variations are mainly due to the method that the samples are coloured,pounding or 1%masterbatch addition,and the way the samples are prepared,i.e.injection or extrusion.The cooling history of the extruded pipes and injected samples is rather different,resulting in some morphological variations in the samples.The early peaks and other multiple peak phenomena in the DSC tests are attributed to the compositional hetero-geneity of the crystal morphology of the polymer [15,16],and to lower-molecular weight polymer,which melted very early (i.e.wax,processing aid,dispersion aid)[17].3.2.Colouring effectsThe colouring of plastic products can be achieved easily by adding a small percentage of colour masterbatches during processing.To determine the effects of masterbatch concentration on the tensile properties of PP-R,tensile tests on samples containing 0.5,1,2.5,5and 10%masterbatches,detailed in Table 1,were carried out.Fig.2depicts the variation of yield stress with different colour masterbatch content.The figure shows that the addition of masterbatch diminishes the yield stress for masterbatch contents of up to about 0.5%.Moreover,the yield stress recovers with increasing the masterbatch content,and increasing the content enhances the yield stress as well.It is worth pointing out that the yield stresses of white,green and blue colour compounds are very comparable and more or less similar to that of 0.5%masterbatch samples.The decrease in the yield stress with masterbatch content is due to the high MFI value of the masterbatch (see Table 1).On the other hand,the recovery and increase in the yield stress is attributed to the reinforcing effect of pigments in the masterbatch [11],as well as the nucleating effects of these pigments [18,19].203550658095110125140155170185–1.8–1.5–1.2–0.9–0.6–0.30.00.3 Natural 1% White White W2 W1H e a t F l o w [m c a l /s ]Temperature [°C]Fig.1.DSC thermal history of natural and coloured PP-R showing remarkable influence of the method of colouring and the way the sample is prepared.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211014The last point in Fig.2to be mentioned is that the yield stresses of samples extracted from the pipe,namely W1and W2,are significantly lower than that of the injection moulded test samples.The difference between W1and W2is thought to be mainly due to the method of colouring,and the differences between W1,W2and others are due to differences between the crystallisation histories of injection and extrusion of the samples.This is another illustrative example of the strong interrelationship between structure,processing,morphology and final polymer [20].Fig.3shows the variation of yield strain with masterbatch content of the samples.The figure clearly reveals that adding the masterbatch reduces the yield strain,and this decline is almost linear for all masterbatch types.The yield strain also depends on colour compound and is much lower for the samples extracted directly from the pipe.The decline in yield strain as a function of masterbatch content is attributed to the reinforcing effect of pigments in the masterbatches.Y i e l d S t r e s s [N /m m 2]Masterbatch Content [%]Fig.2.Variation of yield stress with masterbatch contents for PP-R material.(The bars W,white colour compound;GN,green colour compound;B,blue colour compound;GR,grey colour compound;W1,White colour compound pipe;W2,1%white colour masterbatch containing pipe).Y i e l d S t r a i n [%]Masterbatch Content [%]Fig.3.Variation of yield strain with masterbatch contents for PP-R material.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211015The variation of Charpy impact energy with masterbatch content is shown in Fig.4,showing that for all types of masterbatches the total Charpy impact energies increase with masterbatch content up to 1%,after which the impact energy remains constant.However,the impact energy increases almost linearly with the white masterbatch content.Regarding the compounded samples,the green and blue compounded samples showed the highest impact resistance.Fig.4indicates more clearly that the inorganic based pigments (namely green,blue,and black compounds and masterbatch added samples)give better impactproperties than organic compounds (namely white,PP-R polymer).As pointed out elsewhere [10],the Charpy impact crack initiation and propagation resistance of the material are rather sensitive to the test temperature.The lower transition temperature is around 08C,and above 858C the material becomes too ductile to break.The present investigation made it clear that neither the content nor the type of masterbatch had any effect on this brittle-ductile transition.The effect of masterbatch content on melting tempera-ture,extracted from the DSC scans,is shown in Fig.5indicating that,except for the white masterbatch,addingC V [k J /m 2]Masterbatch Content [%]Fig.4.Variationof Charpy impact energy (C v )with masterbatch contents for PP-R material.M e l t i n g P o i n t [°C ]Masterbatch Content [%]Fig.5.Variation of melting point [T m ]with masterbatch contents for PP-R material.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211016masterbatch does not have a significant influence on the melting point of the polymer.The melting points of coloured and compounded samples do not differ signifi-cantly from each other.Fig.6indicates the volume percentage of crystallinity of compounded and coloured PP-R samples.It could be concluded from the figure that the addition of masterbatch and compounding diminishes the crystallinity and the level of crystallinity differs from one masterbatch to another,which could be attributed to the different level of nucleating activity of each pigment [18].Therefore,different types of pigments incorporated in PP-R result in different degrees of crystallisation.These results agree with the findings of Kening et al.[21]and Krisher and Marshall [22],which showed that incorporating pigments into PP affected its mechanical properties mainly in a positive fashion.3.3.Time effectsIt is known that the properties of the polymeric material may significantly change just after conversion,i.e.by extrusion or injection processes.However,the history of this property change is not known for this material,so it is worth investigating what changes take place and how they depend on time.After injection moulding,the PP-R samples were conditioned at 228C and 50%relative humidity for a wide range of times—between 5min and 23months—in a box which excluded light.Fig.7shows the effect of storage time on yield strength and Charpy impact resistance of 1%white and 1%green masterbatch containing PP-R material.It is seen that the impact strength decreases considerably with storage time,and that it stabilizes about 30days after production.As for the yield stress,Fig.7shows that the yield stress increases gradually with storage time and that after around 30days itc [%]Masterbatch Content [ % ]Fig.6.Variation of crystallinity with masterbatch contents for PP-R material.05101520253035Conditioning Time [hour]σy [N /m m 2]C V [k J /m 2]Fig.7.Effects of storage time on yield stress (s y )and Charpy impact energy (C v )of 1%white and 1%green masterbatch containing PP-R material.Conditioning Time [hour]T m [°C ]c [%]Fig.8.Effect of storage time on melting temperature (T m )and crystallinity (c)of natural PP-R material.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211017remains fairly unchanged.The figure also reveals that time dependent tensile strength and impact resistance values are not sensitive to the type of masterbatch.The variation of melting temperature and crystallinity with storage time is shown given in Fig.8,indicating that both crystallinity and melting temperature increase with storage time and that both values stabilise after about 30days.Similarly,the variation of Shore D hardness with storage time is plotted in Fig.9,pointing out that the hardness increases gradually after the injection of the samples and remains relatively unchanged after more than 30days after production.Vicat softening temperature tests (VST)were utilised to determine the softening temperature of the material.A Zwick Vicat softening temperature tester at 50N force and 508C/h heating rate was utilised to determine temperature at which the indentor penetrates 1mm into the material.This value is particularly important for the conversion of the material into the product.The variation of VST with storage time is given in Fig.10,showing a minor increase with conditioning time for natural PP-R.3.4.Natural UV weatheringEvery polymeric material exposed to direct sunlight undergoes some damage.Plastic pipes made from PP-R could be used outdoors and thus may undergo ultraviolet (UV)degradation.This is especially the case for PP-R pipes used in solar heating systems.For this type of application,it is particularly important to decide what colour of PP-R pipe to use and how its mechanical properties deteriorate with the UV exposure time.Exposure of many plastics to ultraviolet radiation causes a loss in their mechanical properties.The mechanical property most severely affected is usually theV S T [°C ]Conditioning Time [hour]Fig.10.Effect of storage time on VST for natural PP-R material.H a r d n e s s (S h o r e D )Conditioning Time [hour]Fig.9.Effect of storage time on Shore D hardness for natural and 1%w white masterbatch containing PP-R material.50010001500200025003000350040004500500055000.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0Januar 02December T m 5.3°C ϕm 85.9%October T m 16.7°C ϕm 70.4%September T m 21.7°C ϕm 66.8%November T m 11.2°C ϕm 74.4%August T m 24.6°C ϕm 73.3%July T m26.1°Cϕm 68.6%June T m 22.5°C ϕm 60.3%A b s o r b e d T o t a l S o l a r R a d i a t i o n E n e r g y [G J /m 2]Solar Exposure Time [hour]Fig.11.Absorbed total solar radiation energy variation as a function of UV exposure time considered in this study.T m and 4m represent the average temperature and humidity,respectively.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211018ductility of the material [23].Pigment systems,on the other hand,influence to what extent materials are affected by ultraviolet radiation exposure.Some colours,such as black,may make the material less susceptible to ultraviolet radiation degradation than others [24].Several series of tensile,Charpy impact,Shore D and DSC tests were carried out on test samples exposed to sunshine for different times,up to six months during the summer time.All samples were suspended so that they could freely rotate,enabling each surface to be UV affected uniformly.Fig.11shows the total absorbed energy as a function of exposure time.The variation of tensile properties with exposure time is shown in Fig.12.The figure reveals that both yield stress and yield strain decreases with UV exposure time for all samples.Most significantly,the greatest decrease is seen in the natural PP-R.The least UV affected sample is the PP-R containing 1%black masterbatch.The effect of natural UV weathering time on the Charpy impact resistance of PP-R material is shown in Fig.13,showing that for all the samples the Charpy impact energydiminishes with the UV exposure time.However,black samples are the least and natural samples the most affected.Fig.14shows the variation of the Shore hardness with UV exposure time.The figure shows that just after the beginning of natural UV exposure,the hardness of the samples increases with exposure time for all samples.It is also worth mentioning that the least affected are the natural colour samples,which have higher opacities.The hardness increase in blue and green samples is pronounced.Black samples are exceptions,mainly due to the carbon black content of the masterbatch.As stated by Turton and White [24],pigments that simply reflect or scatter UV,preventing it from penetrating far into the plastics,also limit degradation to a region close to the surface.Fundamental studies in the area of polymer morphology almost universally employ DSC.Thermal analysis has also played a significant role in the degradation studies of semicrystalline polymers [25].DSC tests on UV degraded samples could be a good indication of morphologicalWeathering Time [hour]εy [%]σy [N /m m 2]Fig.12.Natural UV weathering time effect on yield stress (s y )and yield strain (3y )of natural and 1%coloured PP-R material.Weathering Time [hour]C V [k J /m 2]Fig.13.Natural UV weathering time effect on Charpy impact strength (C v )of natural 1%coloured PP-R material.Weathering Time [Hour]H a r d n e s s [S h o r e D ]Fig.14.Natural UV weathering time effect on Shore D hardness of natural and 1%coloured PP-R material.7085100115130145160175190–1.6–1.1–0.6–0.10.40.90 hour 504 hour 2304 hour 4776 hourH e a t F l o w [m c a l /s ]Temperature [°C]Fig.15.Natural UV weathering time effect on the DSC thermal history of natural PP-R material.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211019changes in the material.The DSC scans obtained in this study show that the degree of UV degradation sensitivity differs from one colour to other.From the comparison of Figs.15–17,it could be deduced that the most affected sample is the natural (Fig.15)and the least effected ones are the black,blue (Fig.16),white (Fig.17)and green coloured samples,respectively,showing strong structural modifi-cations due to UV degradation.This dependence is attributed to the fact that the different pigments used in the masterbatches have different UV absorption/screening mechanisms,resulting in different protective mechanisms against UV exposure [26,27].The effect of adding different colour masterbatches on the UV performance of PP-R material was also evaluated using the melt flow index (MFI)study.MFI was measured at 2308C at 21.6N according to ISO 1133standard on UV exposed samples containing 1wt%blue,black,green and white colour masterbatch.For the sake of comparison,the variation of MFI with exposure time for natural PP-R was also measured.The results in Fig.18show that natural andgreen samples were the most affected and black,blue and white samples were the least UV affected.The results of these MFI measurements correlate with the DSC results in Figs.15–17.The increase in MFI is attributed to the chain scission and formation of new groups [25].4.ConclusionsThe results of the present investigation indicate that the way the test samples are produced,i.e.injection or extrusion,strongly influences the overall mechanical properties of polymers.Mechanical and DSC tests showed that both the type and content of masterbatches in PP-R influence not only the degree of crystallinity but also the structure and mechanical properties of the polymer.The addition of colour masterbatches increases the short term yield stress and impact strength but reduces the yield strain .The yield and Charpy impact resistance of both natural and 1%masterbatch containing PP-R material continuously vary during the room temperature conditioning period of about 30days,and then remain fairly constant.The property changes in mechanical and thermal properties,particularly in yield strength and Charpy impact resistance,after the injection moulding could not solely be explained through ‘post-crystallisation’.Apart from the slight variation in crystallinity,the influence of the polymer parameters fixed in the synthesis,namely average molar mass,molar mass distribution and chain regularity [28]as well as the reduction of free volume of the amorphous phase has to be taken into account [29].For all naturally aged PP-R samples coloured in different ways the yield strength,yield strain and Charpy impact energy decrease with increasing natural UV weathering time.Shore D hardness,on the other hand,increased with the degradation time.Tensile and impact properties were affected mostly by UV in samples having higher opacities.7085100115130145160175190–1.7–1.5–1.3–1.1–0.9–0.7–0.5–0.30 hour 504 hour 2304 hour 4776 hour H e a t F l o w [m c a l /s ]Temperature [°C]Fig.16.Natural UV weathering time effect on the DSC thermal history of 1%blue coloured PP-R material.Weathering Time (hour)M F I (g r /10 m i n )Fig.18.Effect of natural UV weathering time on the variation of MFI values for PP-R material containing 1%white,green,blue and black masterbatch and natural PP-R.7090110130150170190–2.0–1.5–1.0–0.50.0504 hour 2880 hour 4320 hour H e a t F l o w [m c a l /s ]Temperature [°C]Fig.17.Effect of Natural UV weathering time on the variation of DSC melting curves for PP-R material containing 1%white masterbatch.S.Sahin,P.Yayla /Polymer Testing 24(2005)1012–10211020Morphology,crystallization and melting behaviour is also affected by the addition of masterbatch to a degree which depends on masterbatch type.This study provides a clear view of the influence of masterbatch type and content on both mechanical proper-ties.Similarly,the UV degradation of the PP-R is very much masterbatch,thus pigment,dependent,making it clear that pigments vary in their UV stability.With this work it is evidenced that the MFI tests on UV degraded 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耐盐雾等级英语Corrosion Resistance: The Importance of Salt Spray TestingCorrosion is a significant concern for a wide range of industries, from automotive and aerospace to marine and construction. The ability of materials to withstand the effects of environmental exposure, particularly to salt and moisture, is a critical factor in ensuring the longevity and reliability of products and structures. One of the key tools used to assess a material's corrosion resistance is the salt spray test, also known as the salt fog test or the salt mist test.The salt spray test is a standardized laboratory procedure that simulates the exposure of materials to a corrosive environment, typically one containing a salt solution. The test involves subjecting the material samples to a fine mist or fog of a saline solution, usually a 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, for a specified duration. The samples are then inspected for signs of corrosion, such as pitting, rusting, or other forms of degradation.The salt spray test is a valuable tool for several reasons. First and foremost, it provides a controlled and repeatable way to evaluate the corrosion resistance of materials. By exposing samples to aconsistent, accelerated corrosive environment, the test can help predict how the material will perform in real-world conditions. This information is crucial for product development, quality control, and failure analysis.Moreover, the salt spray test is widely recognized and accepted as a standard method for assessing corrosion resistance. Many industries and regulatory bodies have established specific requirements or guidelines for salt spray testing, ensuring that products meet certain performance thresholds. This standardization allows for effective comparison of materials and ensures that products meet the necessary safety and reliability standards.The salt spray test is not limited to a single application or industry. It is used extensively in the automotive industry to evaluate the corrosion resistance of paints, coatings, and metal components. In the aerospace industry, the test is used to assess the performance of aircraft materials, such as the skin, fasteners, and electronic components, which are exposed to harsh environmental conditions during flight.In the marine industry, the salt spray test is crucial for evaluating the corrosion resistance of materials used in boats, ships, and offshore structures. These environments are particularly challenging, as they are constantly exposed to saltwater, humidity, and other corrosiveelements.The construction industry also relies on the salt spray test to ensure the durability of building materials, such as steel, concrete, and coatings, in environments prone to salt exposure, such as coastal regions or areas with high levels of road salt usage.Beyond these industries, the salt spray test is also used in the development of consumer electronics, household appliances, and various other products that may be exposed to corrosive environments during their lifetime.The salt spray test is not a one-size-fits-all solution, however. The specific test parameters, such as the duration, salt concentration, and temperature, can be tailored to simulate different real-world conditions. This flexibility allows researchers and engineers to design tests that accurately reflect the environments their products will encounter.Moreover, the salt spray test is just one of many tools used to assess corrosion resistance. Other methods, such as electrochemical testing, exposure to natural environments, and accelerated weathering, can provide complementary information and help paint a more comprehensive picture of a material's performance.In conclusion, the salt spray test is a critical tool for evaluating the corrosion resistance of materials and ensuring the long-term reliability and safety of products across a wide range of industries. By providing a standardized, controlled, and repeatable way to assess corrosion, the salt spray test has become an essential part of the product development and quality assurance process. As environmental conditions continue to pose challenges to materials, the importance of the salt spray test will only continue to grow, ensuring that the products we rely on remain durable, safe, and fit for purpose.。