【最高考】2019届高考英语语法精讲精练 专题二 代词
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专题二代__词人称代词、物主代词与反身代1.人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下五种情况: ①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me ?John is sitting there doing nothing. ——苏珊,去和你姐姐一起打扫院子。
——为什么我去?约翰坐在那里什么也没做。
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。
This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用it代替our new car)这是我们的新汽车。
我昨天买的。
③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was I who met her in the hospital.我是在医院见到她的。
④含比较级的句子中than, as后用主格、宾格都可以。
He is taller than me (I).他比我高。
但在下列句子中有区别:I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.我喜欢杰克,也喜欢她。
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.我喜欢杰克,她也喜欢他。
⑤用来表示感叹时,用代词的宾格代替主格形式。
Dear me!天哪!(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一(人称)。
宾格me也一样。
You, she and I will be in charge of the case.我、你和她三人将负责这个案件。
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高中英语语法复习讲义——代词一、概说代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。
代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词等九类。
二、人称代词1。
人称代词的用法.人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如I, you, he, she, we, they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如me, you, him, her, us, them等):He loves her, but she hates him。
他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
注:(1) 在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用宾语:“Who is it?” “It's me。
” “是谁呀?”“是我.”He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
He is as tall as her。
他和她一样高。
It’s me who did it。
这是我干的。
但是,若than, as 后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格:He sings better than I do. / He is as tall as she is。
高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题二:代词代词是英语中非常重要的一类词,也是高考必考考点。
《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对代词考查列了六项:①人称代词②物主代词③反身代词④指示代词⑤不定代词⑥疑问代词。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第54题(完形填空)考查的是代词whoever、whatever、whichever 与whenever的辨析;第63题(语法填空)考查的是its的用法;第78题(短文改错)考查的是不定代词much与many的辨析,第80题(短文改错)考查的是your与our的辨析。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第44题(完形填空)考查的是代词each,another,this与that 的辨析;第68题(语法填空)考查的是its的用法(给出代词it,根据题意须将其变为its);第71题(短文改错)考查的是关系代词that与which的辨析;第79题(短文改错)考查的是our与his的辨析。
2017高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题考查的是关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
I.代词种类:II.人称代词、物主代词及反身代词对应关系表:III.不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。
some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。
代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。
近3年来,高考重点考查不定代词,所考题量占所考代词总量的50%左右,其次是it的用法和替代词。
试题的设计注重语境设置,要求考生将句子意思和句子结构联系起来选出正确的代词。
因此,做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上,特别注意句意和句子结构的结合,只靠死背语法是很难奏效的。
热点题型一人称代词例1、Surprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached be low her knees and made________almost an overcoat for her.A. themB. herC. itselfD. herself【答案】C【提分秘籍】一般地说人称代词作主语用其主格;作宾语用其宾格;作定语用其形容词性物主代词;用名词性物主代词以代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”。
但口语中,在无动词的句子里,往往用代词的宾格形式。
1.用于无谓语的句子中—Does any of you know why Jack hasn’t come yet?你们有谁知道杰克怎么还没有到?—Me.我。
答语如果带谓语,就得用主格,如:I can.和I do,too./So do I.2.表示惊奇、猜疑、反问、不满、厌烦等情绪①—Do you have good eyesight,young man?年轻人,你的视力好吗?—Me? I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away.我?我能看见一只两百步外的云雀。
②What? Me fight a big chap like him? Not me!什么?我同像他那样的大个子打架?不会是我!3.代替as,than等连词之后的主格(多用于口语中,尤其用于句末)①I’m not as tall as him (he).我没有他个子高。
三年(2017-2019)年高考真题分项汇编专题02 代词、介词和介词短语一、2019年高考真题1.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】3.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.A. onesB. thoseC. theseD. them【答案】B【解析】考查代词。
句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。
空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。
“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。
“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。
故选B。
2.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】27.Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.A. in effectB. in commandC. in turnD. in shape【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语。
句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。
A. in effect实际上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。
故选A。
3.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.【答案】of/for【解析】考查介词用法。
高考语法复习 2 代词【走进高考】1.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.A. onesB. thoseC. theseD. them【答案】B【解析】考查代词。
句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。
空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。
“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。
“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。
故选B。
2.【2016·浙江】In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ____in the UK.A. thatB. thisC. oneD. it【答案】A【解析】考查代词。
句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不相同。
指代上文的名词education system,用that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。
This表示“近指”,one是泛指可数名词单数,it是特指上文提到的名词。
故选A。
3.【2016·浙江】I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend in the coming yearsA. little moreB. no moreC. much moreD. many more【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。
句意:我一直很喜欢你组织的所有的活动并且希望在未来的几年里参加更多的活动。
A.没有这个搭配;B.不再;C.多得多(修饰不可数名词);D. many more更多(修饰可数名词)。
2019 高考英语二轮专项-- 语法高频语法词汇详解【1】 that1. 引名性从句,只起接作用,无详细意。
A story goes that Elizabeth I of Englandliked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. ( 上海 2004NMET)2.关系代,用于限制性定从句。
如:Is this the reason that he explained at themeeting for his carelessness in his work? (上海春 2002NMET)3.程度副,等于 so. 如: Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because therewasn’ t always that much to do.〔广 2004NMET〕4.用于句型中,起接作用。
如:Why! I have nothing to confess. What is it thatyou want me to say? (上海2004NMET)5.代替,既可代替可数名,表特指;又可代替不行数名,后接of 。
如: I ’ m movingto countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city. (江2005NMET)【2】 what1. 引名性从句,担当句子成分。
如: A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. (天津2004NMET)2.疑代,指不定范的“什么”。
如: What do you think I should do to make up for the losttime?3.whatever引名性从句和步状从句。
高考英语语法要点细讲精练代词【考纲解读】高考对代词的考查主要是人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词等.设置特定的语境,对代词的数、性、格的变化进行考查仍然是高考的热点.【知识要点】Ⅰ代词的分类1.人称代词:主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them2.物主代词:形容词性my, our, your, his, her, its, their名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs3.反身代词:单数myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves4.相互代词:each other 〔两者之间相互〕;one another 〔两者以上的相互〕5.指示代词:this, that, these, those6.疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what7.关系代词:who, whom, whose, that〔指人〕,which, that, as, whose〔指物〕8.不定代词:all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing somebody, everybody, nobody someone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less一、人称代词人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”的词.人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格I you he,she,itwe you they宾格me you him,her,itus you them人称代词的用法1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补足语.如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了. John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她.说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中.When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了.2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语.如:I saw her with them;at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她.〔第一个her作动词宾语,them作介词宾语,第二个her作表语〕—Who broke the vase?谁打碎了花瓶?—Me.我.3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换〔1〕宾格代替主格在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语.—I like English.我喜欢英语.—Me too.我也喜欢.—Have more wine?再来点酒喝吗?—Not me.我可不要了.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格. 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格.He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.2〕主格代替宾格在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格.在电话用语中常用主格.—I wish to speak to Mary.我想和玛丽通话.—This is she.我就是玛丽.注意:在动词be 或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定.I thought it was she.我以为是她.〔主格——主格〕I thought it to be her.〔宾格——宾格〕I was taken to be she.我被当成了她.〔主格——主格〕They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她.〔宾格——宾格〕4.代词的指代问题1〕不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever 和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替.如:Nobody came,did he?谁也没来,是吗?2〕动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩.如:Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的.她饿了.3〕指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she.5.并列人称代词的排列顺序1〕单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称→ 第三人称→第一人称,即you→ he/she; it → I.如:You,he and I should return on time.你,他还有我应该按时回来.2〕复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称→第二人称→第三人称,即we→you→they.注意:在以下情况中,第一人称放在前面.在承认错误,承担责任时.It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时.二、物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格.物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人称和数的变化见下表.单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词形容词性my your his,her,itsour your their名词性mine your shis,hers,itsours yours theirs如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车.Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿.1.物主代词的用法1〕物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用.如:John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.?约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯.2〕物主代词有形容词性〔my,your等〕和名词性〔mine,yours等〕两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词.名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的’s属格结构.如:Jack’s cap意为The cap is Jack’s.His cap意为The cap is his.2.名词性物主代词的句法功能1〕作主语.如:May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用.2〕作宾语.如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样.3〕作介词宾语.如:You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释.4〕作表语.如:The life I have is yours.It’s yours.It’s yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你.3.双重所有格物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格.公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词.三、指示代词指示代词表示“那个”“这个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词.指示代词有this,that,these,those等.如:That is a good idea.那是个好主意.指示代词的用法1.指示代词分单数〔this/that〕和复数〔these/those〕两种形式,既可作限定词又可作代词.2.指示代词的句法功能.1〕作主语.如:This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做.2〕作宾语.如:I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个.3〕作表语.如:My point is this.我的观点就是如此.4〕作介词宾语.如:I don’t say no to that.我并未拒绝那个.There is no fear of that.那并不可怕.说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人.如:〔对〕That is my teacher.那是我的老师.〔that作主语,指人〕〔对〕He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚.〔this作限定词〕〔错〕He is going to marry this.〔this作宾语时不能指人〕〔对〕I bought this.我买这个.〔this指物,可作宾语〕说明2:that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those 可指人,试比较:〔对〕He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西.〔对〕 He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人.〔those指人〕〔错〕 He admired that who danced well.〔that作宾语时不能指人〕〔对〕He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人.〔those指人〕〔对〕He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西.〔those指物〕四、反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”.如:She was talking to herself.她自言自语.反身代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称myself yourself Himselfherselfitselfourselves yourselves themselves反身代词的用法1.作宾语,如1〕有些动词需有反身代词,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等.如:We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心.Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼.2〕用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如:take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth等.I could not dress〔myself〕up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己.注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sitdown,stand up,wake up等.Please sit down.请坐.2.用作表语.如.I am not myself today.我今天不舒服.3.用作同位语.如The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要.4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可. 注意:1〕反身代词本身不能单独作主语.〔错〕Myself drove the car.〔对〕I myself drove the car.我自己开车.2〕但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语. Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事.五、相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other和one another两个词组.他们表示句中动词所表达的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的.如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的.相互代词宾格each other,one another所有格each other’s,one another’s相互代词的句法功能1.作动词宾语.如:People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱.2.可作介词宾语.如:Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱.说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another.现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多.He put all the books beside each other/one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来.Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的.3.相互代词可加’s构成所有格.如:The students borrowed each other’s notes.学生们互借笔记.六、不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词.常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one.这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语.如:—Do you have a car?你有一辆小汽车吗?— Yes,I have one.是的,我有一辆.— I don’t know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识.Ⅱ代词的用法1. nothing, none, no onenone作为代词,最常用来表示数量,它可以是一个可数的概念〔how many〕也可以是一个不可数的概念〔how much〕,或者any引起的问题;而nothing是相对于something〔有某物〕什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on...”的问题;而no one=nobody没有人,它回答的是“Who did that?”〔谁……〕或是anyone〔有没有人〕的问题.2. one, ones, that, those, it〔1〕one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one代单数,ones代复数,其中:两者都可以指代物〔只要是可数〕one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思,但如果one前面有形容词修饰,则需要加a/an.one可以单独使用,意思为“任何人”.例如:—Shall we have a rest?—Didn’t we just have one?〔因为one=a something〕I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed.One should always believe in oneself.〔2〕that与those:that可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数〔相当于the one;而those 代替前面提到的复数名词,有时可以用the ones替换.例如:The population of China is bigger than that of India. 〔that=the population〕The boy told his story and that of the girl next room.〔that=the story〕The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.〔those=the cell phones=the ones〕〔3〕one和it:两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个,指类属,泛指.it指前面所指的同一物.例如:I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one? 〔one =a pen〕I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?〔it指那支新钢笔〕3. another, the other, other, others, the others〔1〕another和the other:两者都是“另一个”的意思,但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量,而the other只指两个中的另一个,例如:He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.〔当然如果还有第四个,五个就是the fourth, the fifth〕He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other.注:another除了可以作代词,还可以用作形容词.这里有必要区别another, the other和more 的用法:①another:another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数,而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时,可跟带有few 或具体数字的复数名词,此时可把“数词+复数名词”看作是一个整体.例如:—Have you finished your report yet ?—No,I will finish it in another 10 minutes.There is room for another few people in the back of the bus.②other:表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词the连用时,other 要放在数词前.例如:Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday.Do you know where he found the other two photos ?③more:more一般位于数词之后,名词之前,有时也可置于名词之后.例如:One more step〔One step more〕,and I’ll shoot you.Where shall we be in ten more years ?more除跟数词外,还可与many, a little,a few,a lot,several等词连用,例如:There are many more dictionaries on the desk.Would you like some more tea ?〔2〕 others, the othersothers是相对于some来说的:some...some....others... 〔一些……一些……另一些……〕是泛指;而the others是特指另一些,相对于ones 〔可以理解为one, the other的复数〕.例如:Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. 〔泛指〕There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.〔特指〕4. both, other, neither, each, any, allboth:两者都,谓语动词用复数;either:两者中间的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;neither:两者中间无任何一个,谓语动词多用单数,也可以用复数;each:两个或两个以上中的每一个,谓语动词用单数;any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;all:三者或三者以上全部;5. some, any, nosome属于肯定词,主要用于肯定句中,但当说话人期待肯定回答时,也可以用于疑问句中.例如:Could I have some more tea, please?Would you like some more coffee?any属于非肯定词,主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中.它可以与形容词的比较级连用.例如:Don’ or I’ll shoot!no 属于否定词,用于否定句中:no+可数名词单数=not a/anno+可数名词复数=not any.例如:There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 〔注意thing前面没有冠词a 〕【考点诠释】纵观历年高考试题,代词的主要考点主要集中在以下几个方面:不定代词one,the one,ones,the ones;物主代词的用法;人称代词主格和宾格的用法;表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较;指示代词this,that,these,those,it的用法;another,〔the〕other〔s〕,else;the rest的用法;every-,some-,any-,no-与-thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法.考点1 人称代词一般地说人称代词作主语时用主格;作宾语时用宾格;作定语时用形容词性物主代词;名词性物主代词可以代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”.但口语中,在无动词的句子里,往往用代词的宾格形式.1.用于无谓语的句子中一Dpes any of you know why Jack ha sn’?你们有谁知道杰克为什么还没有到吗?一Me.我.特别提示答语如果带谓语,就得用主格,如:I can.和I do,too./So do I.2.表示惊奇、猜疑、反问、不满、厌烦等情绪①Do you have good eyesight,young man?年轻人,你的视力好吗?一Me?I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away.我?我能看见一只两百步外的云雀.②What?Me fight a big chap like him?Not me!什么?我同像他那样的大个子打架?不会是我!3.代替as,than等连词之后的主格〔多用于口语中,尤其用于句末〕①I’m not as tall as him〔he〕.我没有他个子高.②〕She is much more careful than me〔I〕.她比我细心得多.当这类人称代词带有all,both等同位语时,用宾格的形式就更为常见了.如:He works harder than us a11.他比我们所有人学习都刻苦.考点2指不代词1.this/these,that/thosethis,these指代下面要说的内容;that,those指代上面陈述过的内容.如:①What I’d like to say about how to improve our spoken English is like this.关于如何提高我们的英语口语,我想说的是这样的.②That’s a11.Thank you.我的话完了.谢谢.〔多用于演讲、口头通知的结束语〕③Salaries are higher here than those in my hometown.这里的薪水比我家乡的高.2.一些习惯说法中this和that的用法比较固定①Who’s that?你是谁?〔打电话用语〕②〕This is Mary.我是Mary.〔打电话用语〕③11at’s all right/OK.不用谢.〔对感谢的答语〕④nat’S nothing.没什么.〔对道歉的答语〕‘⑤That’s that.就这么定了.〔表示决定不能更改〕⑥That’S a11.就这些了.⑦That is…那就是……3.this,that有时可以用作副词,意为“这么,那么”,用在形容词或副词前作状语,表示程度 It isn’t that cold.还没那么冷.考点3不定代词以下是几组易混不定代词:1.some类不定代词与any类不定代词〔1〕some类不定代词多用于肯定句中;any类的多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中.如:Raise your hands if you have any questions.如果你们有问题,请举手.〔2〕但在表示客气的请求或希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中,要用some类的不定代词.如:Would you like something to drink?你要喝点什么吗?〔3〕any类的不定代词用在肯定句中,表示“任何〔一个〕;任何事情;无论什么”.如:She promised that she could do anything for you.她许诺能为你做任何事情.2.all,both,neither,none〔1〕all指三者或三者以上“都”,both指两者“都”.如:①Both〔of〕his hands were wounded.他的两只手都受伤了.②All〔of〕his fingers were wounded.他的手指都受伤了.〔多于两个手指〕〔2〕neither表示“两个都不”,常和of连用,放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前,作主语时,谓语动词可以用单数或复数;none表示三个或三个以上“都不”,可用于人,也可用于物,后可接of短语,与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语,指人时,谓语动词用单、复数皆可;指物时,只用第三人称单数形式.如:①Neither of the twins is/are correct.那两个双胞胎都不正确.②None of us has/have ever been to the Great wall.我们没有人去过长城.3.any,either,each,every〔1〕any一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中.也可用在肯定句中,以加强语气,表示“任一”的概念;还可以用来修饰可数名词单数,表示三者或三者以上中的“任何一个”.如:I didn’t eat any meat.我一点儿肉也没吃.4.no,none,nothing,nobody〔1〕no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词.如:You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others.你对别人的痛苦没有同情心.〔2〕none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,用于回答how many/much 引导的疑问句,可与介词of连用.如:①None of the books is suitable for the young.这些书都不适合年轻人读.②一How many people are there in the room?屋内有多少人?一None.没人.〔3〕nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句.如:一Who is in the room?谁在屋内?一Nobody.没有人.5.it,one,ones, that和those〔1〕it特指上文所提到的同一个物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰.one指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,被指代的名词通常由不定代词some或any修饰.如:①Where is that book?I can’t find it.那本书在哪儿?我找不到它.②I haven’t got any erasers.Will you please give me one?我没有橡皮,请你给我一块好吗?〔2〕one与that都可用来代替上文中出现的名词,one前要用定冠词the,有时that和the one可互换使用.如:The book isn’t so interesting as the one/that you borrowed.这本书不如你借的那本有趣.〔3〕但that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的,主要区别在于:that既可代替可数名词,也可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those.one只能代替可数名词单数,复数形式为ones.当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that.当of短语作可数名词的后置定语时,用that,不用one.如:①The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.最好的香烟是那些来自云南的.②The boy told me his story and that of the girl next door.这个男孩跟我讲了他以及隔壁那个女孩的故事.Your coat is blue,and my new one is green.你的大衣是蓝色的,我的新大衣是绿色的.〔4〕the ones用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下.如:The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好.6.another,other,others,more〔1〕another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”.还可以用“another+数量词+复数名词”,表示”再,又”.如:①was there another way out?还有别的路出去吗?②we’d better wait another five minutes.我们最好再等五分钟.特别提示表示“另外一个学生”只能用another student,不能说成another one student.〔2〕other不能单独使用,应用于复数名词前,表示另外的某些人或物,也可以用在some,any,no之后,或具体数词之后,再接名词,构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”;接单数名词时,还可以用在冠词the后,特指两个人或物中的另外一个〔可以省略为the other〕,或特指另外的某些人或物〔可以省略为the others〕,others泛指”其他的〔事物〕,别人”.如:Done remained and the other went away.一个留下了,另一个走了.②We should learn to treat others as equals.我们应该学会平等待人.7.something,anything,everything,nothing〔1〕something一般用在肯定句中,也可以用在表示邀请、征询意见的委婉问句中.如:Could you do something for me?请为我做点事好吗?〔2〕anything用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中.如:There isn’t anything inside.里面什么也没有.〔3〕everything意为”一切事物”,可用在肯定句或疑问句中.用于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定时要用nothing或not anything.如:Everything is good when new,but friends when old.东西是新的好,朋友是老的亲.〔谚语〕〔4〕nothing表示”什么也没有”,常用于陈述句,表示否定意义,不能与否定词连用.如:①Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废.〔谚语〕②Fools learn nothing from wise men,but wise men learn much from fools.愚者不学无术,智者不耻下问.〔谚语〕典例1: Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _____ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.A somethingB anythingC nothingD everything【答案】C【解析】考查不定代词.句意:游泳是我最爱的运动.再没有比游泳更好的锻炼方式了.There is nothing like…意即”没有什么能像……了”.典例2: Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didn’t answer of t hem.A.other B.any C.none D.some典例3: of their parents.A.those B.one C.both D.that解析D 句意:十分之九的家长认为他们教育孩子的方法和他们父母的教育方法有明显的差别.在同一句话中,指代的名词和前面提到的名词是同一类,即同名异物,要用that.考点4 反身代词1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语、并列主语,以及名词、代词的同位语①The text itself is very easy.这篇课文本身很简单.〔作主语的同位语〕②〔Either〕Jane or yourself will go there.要么Jane去,要么你自己去.〔作并列主语,但不能单独作主语〕③He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.[谚]自嘲者不会让人嘲笑.④Respect yourseff,or no one else will respect you.[谚]要人尊敬,必须自重.2.主语与宾语是同一个人时,应当用反身代词teach oneself,enjoy oneself,help oneself,throw oneself,look after oneself3.在系动词后作表语,常用于否定句,表示身体不适I don’t know what’S the matter with me.I’m not myself today.4.用在交际英语中①Help yourseff!随便吃!〔宴请礼仪〕自己拿吧!②Make yourself at home!别拘束!③Don’t upset yourself!别自寻煨商了15.辨别几组搭配by oneself独自,单独;for oneself独自地,靠自己的力量;ofoneself~t动地;to oneself独占,独用典例:Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals after an injury?A.hireself B.him C.itself D.it在英语中,运用it的场合较多.从它在句中的作用和意义来看,it的用法可分为三类:1.指代作用〔1〕用作人称代词,代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物〔单数可数名词或不可数名词〕.如:Although we cannot see it,there is air all around us.虽然我们看不见空气,但它却在我们的周围.〔2〕代替前面的整个句子.如:It is said that he has died of a disease,but it isn’t true.据说他已经病死了,但这不是真的.〔3〕用在答语中代替指示代词this,that.如:一What is this?这是什么?一It’s a bike.是自行车.〔4〕代替不能或没有必要区分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人.如:①The baby cried because it Was hungry.婴儿哭是因为饿了.〔婴儿习惯上不区分性别〕②一Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门?一It’s me.是我o〔5〕指环境、情形等.如:①I can’t stand it any longer.我再也不能容忍这种情况了.②Take it easy.别紧张.③It doesn’t matter.没关系.〔6〕指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象.如:①It’s getting colder and colder now.现在越来越冷了.②It is winter now.现在是冬天了.2.形式作用〔1〕形式主语当动词不定式、v.ing形式或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语.如:〔I〕It’s no use crying over spilt milk.[谚]覆水难收.②It takes three generations to make a gentleman.[谚]十年树木,百年树人.〔2〕形式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing形式或宾语从句时,往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前.如:①You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必须向他们说明形势是严峻的.②〕They thought it difficult to talk to the guests about the recent events.他们觉得和客人们谈近来发生的事情很困难.特别提示形式宾语用在“主语+谓语动词+宾语”结构中,谓语动词appreciate,dislike,hate,like,love,make 〔按时到达,成功〕等后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.如:①1 would appreciate it if you paid in cash.如果你能支付现金的话,我会不胜感激.②The boy likes it when you do that.那个男孩喜欢你那样做.3.强调作用it可以用来改变句子的结构,使句子的某一成分得到强调.强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+所强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分.【试题放送】【2018全国II】9. Sarah made ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.A. herselfB. thisC. thatD. it【答案】D【考点】考查代词的用法.【解析】此处it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式短语.句意:Sarah今天早上成功地及时到达了机场赶上了她的航班.A. thatB. thisC. oneD. it【答案】 D【考点】此题考查代词.【解析】题干为固定句型:make + it + adj. + to do.其中it作形式宾语,替代动词不定式to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.句意为:新兴科技已经使得更快地、以更低的成本生产新产品成为可能. 【2018江西卷】23.My brother would like to buy a good watch but was available from that shop.A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither【答案】B【考点】不定代词【解析】此处 nothing指物,什么都不是;none既可指人也可指物,强调“每一个”;no one只能指人;neither表两者都不,故此题选B.【2018重庆卷】21.-John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday?-_________.I’ll be off to London then.A. EitherB. NeitherC. BothD. None【答案】B【考点】不定代词用法【解析】根据答语“I’ll be off to London then.”可知,约定的星期三或者星期五对John来说,都不行.在选项中B选项是“两者都不”之意,符合语境.因此,正确答案为B选项.。
二、代词★人称代词1人称代词的用法⒈人称代词作主语,用主格。
如:We love our country.我们热爱我们的祖国。
2. 人称代词作宾语,用宾格。
如:Winnie is a nice girl.We all like her.温妮是个好姑娘。
我们都喜欢她。
⒊人称代词在口语中,用宾格。
如:If I were her,I would stay.要是我是她,我就留下来。
2人称代词的宾格代替主格的几种场合⒈在日常生活中,人称代词作表语时,常用代词的宾格。
如:A:Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门呀?B:Its me.是我。
⒉口语中,当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子中作主语时,常用代词的宾格。
如:A:I don’t want to go to the theater tonight.今晚我不想去剧院。
B:Me neither.我也不想去。
A:I would like to stay here for another week.我想在这里再呆一周。
B:Me too.我也是。
⒊在带as和than的比较级后面,许多场合下用代词的宾格。
如:She knows me as well as him.她像了解他一样了解我。
He is taller than me.他比我高。
⒋口语中,当人称代词用于带有强烈感情色彩的句子中作主语且其后不带宾语时,多用代词的宾格。
如:A:You ought to do it at once.你应该马上做。
B:What?Me!什么?我!3多个人称代词并列时的顺序在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列的顺序主要有如下几种情况:⒈单数的场合:you+he/she +I如:You,he and I will go shopping tomorrow.你,他和我明天将去购物。
⒉复数的场合:we +you +they如:We,you and they are all Chinese.我们,你们和他们都是中国人。
专题二代词、数词和介词常考点近几年高考对代词的考查点仍集中在不定代词上,加大了对any,some,all,none,other,another,anything,something,everything等不定代词的考查,同时仍要注意掌握it,that,one以及替代词的用法。
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,其用法多而杂。
要注意识别考纲中规定的介词及相关搭配的基本意义和用法。
代词1anything,something,everythinganything既可用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,意为“什么事情”,也可用于肯定句中,意为“任何事情”;something常用于肯定句中,也可用于疑问句中,表示提出建议、征求意见等;everything意为“一切东西”,用于否定句中,表示部分否定,意为“不是一切……” 。
anything but 决不,一点不nothing but 只有if anything 如果有什么区别的话for nothing 免费;无结果or something 或是什么的something of 有些用anything,something和everything填空:①Is there ________ that belongs to you?②I have ________ important to tell you.③In learning English,grammar is not ________.④The car hit a tree or ________.【答案】①anything②something③everything④something2both,all,either,any,neither,none都任何都不两者both either neither三者或三者以上all any none用any, neither和either填空:①There are many trees on ________ side of the street.②He refused to accept ________ of the three suggestions.③________ of the two cars is mine. Mine is under repair.【答案】①either②any③Neither3none,nothing,nobody /no onenone既可指人,也可指物,表特指概念,相当于“no+上文的人或物”;nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念;nobody /no one只能指人,且表泛指概念。
用none,nothing和nobody /no one填空:①Grandmother asked for some coffee but there was ________ at home.②________ knows about it.③________ of us knows about it.④After the fire,there was ________ left.【答案】①none②Nobody/No one③None④nothing4one,another,the other,some,others,the others一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数one another the other复数some others the others用another和other填空:①He will stay here for ________ three days.=He will stay here for three ________ days.②He will drop in on us some ________ day.=He will drop in on us ________ day.【答案】①another;other ②other;another5every,eachevery 限定词三个或三个以上的每一个作定语each 限定词或代词两个或两个以上的每一个作主语、定语、宾语、同位语用every和each填空:①________ of the tickets costs 10 dollars.②Not ________ man is honest.③The Olympics are held ________ four years.④They ________ have a book.【答案】①Each②every③every④each数词1hundred,thousand,million,billion,score,dozen等数词前加具体数词,表达一个确定数字时,无论后面有没有of都不加-s;在hundred,thousand,score,dozen等数词后加-s,表示“数以……计”。
如:three hundred students,three hundred of the students,hundreds of students。
完成下列句子:①It is reported that the floods have left about ________(数以千计的) people homeless.②I want to buy ________(三打) the eggs.【答案】①thousands of②three dozen of2注意下面几组词的用法:①基数词在another后或more的前面。
如:another two books=two more books;②in the fifties(在五十年代)和in one's fifties(在某人五十几岁的时候);③a two-week holiday=a two weeks' holiday(两个星期的假期)。
完成下列句子:①He was already in ________ fifties in ________ fifties.②After a long walk,we had ________(几分钟) rest.【答案】①his;the ②a few minutes'3用序数词和基数词编号用序数词和基数词编号。
如:the Fourth Act=Act Four(第四幕);the Second World War=World War Ⅱ(第二次世界大战)。
完成下列句子:①We will have a meeting in ________(209房间).②He was killed in ________(第一次世界大战).【答案】①Room 209②World War I/the First World War4分数表达法当基数词(表示分子)大于1(one)时,序数词(表示分母)要用复数。
如:1/3 one/a third, 2/5 two fifths。
另外还有下列构成法:1/2 a/one half,1/4 a quarter,3/4 three quarters完成下列句子:①From then on he toured________(四分之三的)Beijing.②____________(三分之二的) the teachers in our school are women.【答案】①three quarters of/three fourths of②Two thirds of介词1against 的多种含义against(表反对,敌对)意为“与……相反,与……对抗”;(表反方向)意为“与……逆向”;(表接触)意为“与……冲突;倚靠;碰;撞”;(表对照)意为“以……为背景”;(表防护)意为“为防备”;(表预备)意为“防备……”。
判断下列句子中against的含义:( )①No one is against this plan.( )②The teacher's desk is against the wall.( )③His red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.( )④The evidence is against him.( )⑤They took measures against fire.( )⑥She fell down and hit her head against the ground.( )⑦She swam against the tide.【答案】①反对②靠着③衬托④对……不利⑤预防⑥碰,撞⑦与……逆向2across,through,throughoutacross意为“横过,穿过”,着重指从一条线或一物体表面的一边到另一边;含义与on有关;through意为“穿过;从……中通过”,着重指从空间的一头纵向穿到另一头;含义与in有关;throughout和through表示时间、空间上的贯穿时两者用法相同,但throughout比through更具强调性。
另外,through可意为“原因;手段”,through还可作副词,意为“彻头彻尾,自始至终”。
用across,through和throughout填空:①They built a bridge ________ the river.②Walk ________the park and the hotel is ________ the street.③The disease spread ________ the country.【答案】①across②through;across ③throughout/across3between,amongbetween用于两者之间,用于三个或三个以上的宾语时所强调的仍是其中每两者之间的相互关系;among用于三者或三者以上。
用between和among填空:①This secret is only ________ you and me.②We will visit the town ________ the mountains.③If you want to lose weight,you'd better not eat anything ________ meals.【答案】①between②among③between4besides,except,except for,except that /when /where从句besides意为“除了……之外还有……”,句中常有other,another,else,more,also等词;此外,besides 可用作副词;except意为“除了……之外不再有……”,句中常有all,any,every,no等词;except for意为“除了(因为)……”,表示除去整体中的一部分,范畴不一致。