【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
期末复习——单词
二. 重点、难点：
本学期重点单词
Unit 1
1. rise v. 升起；上升；起立；起床
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
单词辨析：rise，raise
rise（vi.）表示发出动作的主语自己移向较高的位置，不能接宾语。
I rose at 6：30 this morning. 今早我6点半起床的。
raise（vt.）表示的动作是作用于其他物体上的，后接宾语。
He couldn?t raise the heavy box. 他无法举起那个重箱子。
2. find v. 发现，找到
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物
I looked for it everywhere , yet I couldn?t find it. 我各处都找了，但无法找到它。
3. until
prep.到……为止，[常用在否定句中]（=before）在……以前
until four o'clock直到四点钟
He did not go until night. 他直到夜里才走。
It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 直到昨天我才注意到这件事。
conj.到……为止，在……以前，直到……才
Until he returns, nothing can be done.他不回来什么也不能做。
Go straight on until you come to a large building.一直往前走，直到你走到一座大楼前。
单词辨析：until，till
till与until同义，但在主句前的从句或短语中，通常用until。
例如：Until then, I knew nothing at all about it. 在那时以前，我对这事一无所知。
4. maybe adv. possibly, perhaps 也许，大概，可能
Maybe he will come, maybe not. 他也许来，也许不来。
5. a lot of many, much, lots of 许多，
单词辨析：many, much, lots of
many 只能修饰可数名词；much只能修饰不可数名词；a lot of/ lots of两者都可以修饰。在否定句中通常使用many和much，不用a lot of/ lots of。
There are a lot of/lots of people in the hall. 大厅里面有许多人。
Fely can?t understand much Chinese. 菲丽不太懂汉语。
There is not much water in the glass. 玻璃杯里没有多少水。
Unit 2
1. across
prep. 横过；越过；在对面
run across the street 横穿马路
sail across the Pacific横渡太平洋
He lives across the street.他住在街对面。
We came across a new phrase.我们遇到了一个新成语。
adv.横过，交叉地，在对面
The river is 50 metres across.河宽50米。
He couldn?t g et the idea across to the class.他无法使班上学生了解这概念。单词辨析：
（1）across, over, through
across：横过，穿过，是指从物体表面的一边到达另一边。
She went across the stone bridge. 她走过石桥。
over：越过，是指从物体的上方经过。
The plane was flying over the city. 当时，飞机正从城市上空飞过。through：穿过，着重指穿过某一空间。
They went through the forest by themselves. 他们独自穿过树林。
（2）cross, across
cross v. 横过，勾划，使交叉，
She crossed the river finally. 最终她过了河。
n.十字架，十字形物
the Red Cross（Society）红十字会
the Victoria Cross维多利亚十字勋章
而across 是介词，表示动作的方向。
2. start v. 开始；发动；动身
start sth. 开始做某事
start doing sth. 开始做某事
start to do sth. 开始做某事
The movie has just started. 电影刚开演。
3. shine v.（shone, shone）照耀，发光
Her eyes shone with excitement. 她兴奋得两眼闪光。
Happiness shone from her face.她面露喜色。
vt.（shined/shined）擦亮shine one's shoes擦皮鞋
4. wake v.（woke, waken）
vt.叫醒，激发
Please wake me up at 6∶00 tomorrow morning. 请明早6点叫醒我。
vi.醒来，醒着，警觉
wake up 醒来
I woke up at about 5：30 every morning. 我每天早上大约5点半睡醒。
5. hide v. 隐藏，隐瞒
He hided the letter in a drawer. 他把信藏在了抽屉里。
Hide your light under a bushel.不露锋芒。
Let?s play hide-and-seek. 我们玩捉迷藏游戏吧。
6. wait vi.（～for）等待，等候
Wait a moment please.请稍等一会儿。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。
Our dinner is waiting for us.我们的晚餐已经准备好了。
That work will have to wait.那项工作需要暂时搁一下。
vt.等候；期待；延缓
wait a person's return等待某人回来
wait one's chance等待机会
We waited dinner for him. 我们因等他而延缓开饭。
单词辨析：wait，await
wait主要用作不及物动词，与for连用，表示等待人或物；后接动词不定式表示等待的目的；await通常用作及物动词，带有耐心等待的情绪，常和一些抽象名词连用，常常用表示事物的名词做主语。
Don?t wait for me if I am late. 如果我迟到了，就别等我了。
Death awaits all men. 人皆有一死。
7. stay v. 停留，暂住
I?ll stay in London at least for one year. 我至少在伦敦暂住一年。
stay at home 留在家里
stay up 熬夜
保持（联系动词用法）：stay还可用作联系动词，后面接表语，表示主语所处的状态
If you stay healthy, you?d better take exercise.
要想保持健康，最好进行体育锻炼。
Unit 3
1. still adv. 还，仍，更，还要，尽管如此，依然
adv. 仍然，还
He came yesterday and he is still here. 他昨天来的，现仍在此。
My father still remembers his first day at school. 我的父亲仍记得他上学的第一天。
adj. 静止的，静寂的
The sea was calm and still. 大海风平浪静。
Keep still while I comb your hair. 我给你梳头时，请不要动。
2. remember vt./vi.（常与to＋inf, that连用）记得；记起；酬劳，送礼
Do you remember me？你还记得我吗？
I remember seeing her once.（=I remember that I saw her once.）
我记得曾见过她一次。
Remember to phone me. 别忘了给我打电话。
Please remember the taxi driver.请别忘记给出租汽车司机小费。
Please remember me to your parents.请代我向你父母问候。
3. bring v. 带来，拿来
He always brings a book with him whenever he comes.
他每次来的时候，都带着一本书。
单词辨析：bring，take，carry
bring“拿来，带来”，着重指从其它地方把事物带或拿来到说话人面前。
take“带走，拿走”，是指从说话人这里将东西带走。
carry “搬，扛”，没有固定的方向。
4. surprising adj. amazing，令人吃惊的，使人惊讶的；不寻常的
surprising news惊人的消息
知识拓展：surprise＋ing
surprise vt.使惊奇，奇袭
His anger surprised me——I had thought he was a calm person.
他的愤怒使我很惊讶，我原来以为他是个冷静的人。
His colleagues were surprised at his absurd behavior.
同事们对他那荒诞的行为感到吃惊。
n.惊奇，诧异，惊人之事，奇袭
Don?t tell him about the present——it?s a surprise.
不要告诉他礼物的事，这是个惊喜。
I looked at him in surprise . I didn?t expect to see him again. 我惊奇地看他，没想到又见到他了。
用法：surprising，surprised
surprising 在句子中作表语，其主语往往是表示事物的名词。
The news is surprising. 这个消息真是令人惊奇。
surprised 在句子中作表语，其主语通常是表示人的名词性单词。
I was surprised by the sad news. 我被这个悲伤的消息震惊了。
5. afraid adj. frightened 害怕，畏惧
be afraid of sb./ sth. 害怕某人/物
be afraid of doing sth. 害怕发生某事
be afraid of to do sth. 害怕做某事情
be afraid of that＋从句，害怕，恐怕……
He was afraid that he would lose. 他担心会输。
6. same adj. 同一的，相同的
We have lived in the same house for fifty years.
我们50年来一直住在这栋房子里。
Meet me at the same time tomorrow. 明天的这个时间和我见面。
Your pen is the same as mine. 你的钢笔和我的一样。
pron.（前面与the连用）同样的人；同一件事
I would do the same again. 我愿意重做一次。
单词辨析：same，equal
same是指相同的，同一的，不变的
equal 是指数量、大小、价值等方面相等的，还有“平等的”意思。
7. equal adj.相等的，均等的，胜任的
equal pay for equal work同工同酬
be equal to sb. 与……相同be equal in sth. 在……相同
They are equal in ability. 他们能力相等。
8. few adj. [表示否定，有比较级和最高级]很少，不多的，
Who has fewest mistakes？谁的错最少？
Few people like snakes. 很少有人喜欢蛇。
a man of few words沉默寡言的人
n.[表示否定]很少数，几乎没有
Few of my friends were there .我的朋友几乎没有人在那里。
A few of us speak French.我们中间有几个人讲法语。
单词辨析：few, a few；little, a little
few 表示否定“几乎没有”，修饰可数名词：
Few people knew about that man. 几乎没人认识那个人。
a few 表示肯定，“一些，几个”，并且修饰可数名词：
There are a few books on the shelf. 架子上放着几本书。
little，a little 都只能修饰不可数名词：little 表示否定“几乎没有”；a little 表示肯定，“一些，少许”。
There is little coffee in the cup. 杯子里几乎没有咖啡了。
There is a little bread left. 还剩下一点面包。
9. around
adv. 环绕，四周，大约，
His car circled around. 他的车在兜圈子。
They look around but Mary is already gone. 他们往四周看看，但玛丽已经不在了。
prep.在……周围，四处
They walked around the town. 他们在城里四处走动。
The earth turns around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。
around 20 people 大约20人
He asked me to come here around ten o'clock. 他要我十点左右来。
There are around 80 pyramids in Egypt. 在埃及大约有80座金字塔。
词义辨析：round 和around
round 和around的意思相近，但用法不完全相同.
（1）在表示“圆形运转，回到原处”，“环绕”，“周围”时，英语用round，但美国人用around，
例如：The earth revolves round（around）the sun. 地球绕太阳运行.
They sat round（around）the table. 他们围着桌子而坐。
New things are happening all round（around）us. 新事物在我们周围不断发生。
There is a small restaurant round（around）the corner. 绕过街角有一家小餐馆。
（2）美国人以及部分英国人也常用around表示“到处”，“无目的地”，“附近”，“左右”等较为模糊的概念，
例如：The news that President Clinton was coming spread rapidly around the campus.
Clinton 总统就要到来的消息很快地就在校园里传开啦。
（3）around 还可以表示“不止一处”，“在许多地方”，“在不同地方”。但在美国英语里，一般只用around。
例如：The students are standing around. 学生们在到处站着。
They are rushing around in New York. 他们在New York到处奔波。
Unit 5
1. taste
v.品尝，辨味，有……味道，体验，
Can I taste your drink？我可以尝一尝你的饮料吗？
taste 还可用作联系动词，与其后面的表语构成复合谓语，表示主语的特征。
It tastes good，and it is good. 尝起来很好，味道的确不错。
This tea tastes sweet. 这茶的味道很香。
This soup tastes of chicken. 这汤有鸡的味道。
n.味道，味觉
My sense of taste isn?t very good；I have a cold. 我的味觉不是很好，我感冒了。
Chocolate has a sweet taste. 巧克力有甜味。
2. enjoy v. 享受……的乐趣；欣赏；喜爱（后接名词或动名词）=like
I enjoy my job. 我喜爱我的工作。
I did not enjoy it. 我却颇为扫兴。
enjoy oneself 过得快乐
Did you enjoy yourself of the party？你在宴会上愉快吗？
enjoy one's dinner津津有味地吃饭
enjoy swimming [fishing]喜欢游泳[钓鱼]
单词辨析：like，love，enjoy
like 喜欢；爱好，语气较弱，主要指对人、事、物产生好感或发生兴趣，感情色彩不浓，后面可接名词、动名词或动词不定式。
love 爱；爱好，在感情上比like强烈，常用于表达“热爱，爱恋”之意；但在口语中它仅仅指一般的喜爱，可与like互换使用，后面可接名词、动名词或动词不定式。
like和love 都可以接动名词和动词不定式，接动名词表示的是经常性的行为；接动词不定式表示特定、具体的行为。
He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。
3. share n.（属于或由某人做的）部分，一份
We gave each of the five children an equal share.
我们给了这五个孩子每人均等的一份。
股份；股票
Do not part with the shares on any account. 无论如何不要放弃这些股票。
vt，vi.（常与in连用）共用；分摊；共有
We shared the sweets. 我们分吃了糖果。
They share their joys and sorrows. 他们同甘共苦。
4. try v.（常与to连用）试；试图
He tried to climb the tree, but he could not. 他试图爬树，可爬不上去。
Have you tried this chocolate？你尝过这巧克力了吗？
try on 试穿（衣服、鞋等）
n 尝试；试验
If you can?t open the box, can I have a try？
如果你打不开这个箱子，我能试一试吗？
Let me have a try. 让我试试。
try to do试图/努力做某事
try doing 尝试做某事
5. cost v.（cost, cost）；要价；价值
How much did that bag cost？那个书包要多少钱？
That sofa really costs. 那个沙发很贵。
n. 成本；费用
The cost of living is going up. 生活费用在提高。
The cost of the house was too high for me. 对于我来说，这房子的价格太高了。Unit 6
1. dish n.盘，碟，盘装菜
a meat dish盛肉盘
wash the dishes 洗餐具
a sweet dish甜食
one's favorite dish爱吃的菜
The main dish is a steak. 主菜是牛排。
2. plate n.盘子；碟子，盆，盘状物
a plate of food 一盘食物
a door plate 门牌
a soup plate 汤盆
3. heat n 热度；温度；热量；
This will relieve the heat of the fever. 这会减轻发烧的热度。
Measure the heat of the water. 测量一下水的温度。
The heat from the fire dried their wet clothes. 炉子的高温烘干了他们的湿衣服。
v. 加热，使发热
We heated the soup on the cooker. 我们在炉子上热汤。
The room is heated by stove. 这房间用火炉取暖。
4. steam n.蒸汽，水汽
There was steam coming from the cooking-pot. 水蒸汽从锅里冒出。
vi.蒸发The hot water was steaming. 热水在冒热气。
vt.蒸steam the meat [fish] 蒸肉[鱼]
5. stir v. 搅和，搅拌；活动
He put sugar in his tea and stirred it. 他把糖放进茶里并搅拌它。
The leaves stirred in the wind. 树叶在风中摇动。
No one was stirring in the house. 全家都在休息。
6. boil v. 煮沸
Peter boiled the kettle. 彼得把茶壶的水烧开了。
The water boiled away.水烧干了。
a boiled egg 煮熟的鸡蛋
Unit 7
1. order n. 整齐；有条理
I tried to bring some order to the bookshelf. 我设法把书架整得有条理些。
n. 次序，顺序
alphabetical order 字母顺序
定购I?ll have an order of fish. 我要一份鱼。
n. [常用复]命令；指挥
give orders下命令
take orders接受命令
v. 整理；安排；命令；预定；任命
You?d better order a taxi. 你最好还是去预定一辆出租汽车。
The doctor ordered me to rest for a week or two. 医生嘱咐我休息一两个星期。
2. believe v. 相信；信任
I don?t believe you.我不信你说的话。
You can?t believe anything she says. 你不能相信她说的话。
I believe him（to be）right. 我认为他是对的。
to believe sb. 信任某人
believe in 信仰；信任
to believe in God 信仰上帝
I don?t believe in the story.我不相信这件事。/我不相信这个故事。
We believe in him. 我们信任他。
3. flavor n. 滋味，味道
This cake has an unusual flavor. 这个蛋糕有一种不寻常的味道。
4. serve v. 服务；为……效力；接待顾客
Can I serve you in any way？我能帮你忙吗？
He serves in the navy. 他在海军服役。
serve coffee hot把咖啡趁热端上来
What may I serve you with？您要些什么？
知识拓展：
service n. 服务；效力
We need the services of a doctor. 我们需要医生的诊治。
The service in this shop is always slow；the girls are very lazy.
这家商店的服务总是很慢，那些女孩子都很懒。
5. fry v. 油煎，油炸
She fried the eggs in a frying-pan. 她在平底锅里煎鸡蛋。
The eggs were frying in the pan. 蛋在油锅里煎。
Unit 9
1. gain v. 获得
gain＋名词/代词
He quickly gained experience. 他很快就有经验了。
Only after ten years in the country did she gain her citizenship.
她在这个国家住了十年后才取得了公民身份。
He gained weight after his illness. 病后他的体重增加了。
His efforts gained him a reputation. 他的努力使他赢得了声誉。
n. 获得；增加；获利
No pain, no gain. 不劳无获。
2. instead n. 代替；用处，好处
instead of 代替
She will go there instead of you. 她将代替你去那里。
They went to Beijing by train instead of by plane. 他们是乘火车而不是飞机去北京。
adv. 代替：单独使用时，放在句首，用逗号与句子隔开
I am going to take this class instead. 我将代上这节课。
He never studies. Instead, he plays PC game all day.
他从不学习，而整天玩电脑游戏。
3. weight n重量
What is your weight？你体重多少？
The baby's weight was four kilos. 这个婴儿体重4千克。
砝码；秤锤 a one-pound weight 一磅重的秤锤
价值；重要性an idea of weight 有份量的见解
vt. 加重量于，使负重荷
weight a plane too heavily 把飞机装得过重
be weighted with care 心事重重
v. 称重量
He weights 60 kg. = His weight is 60 kg. 他体重60公斤。
4. keep v. 保存，拿着
You can keep that book. I have another copy. 你可以留着那本书。我还有一本。
v. 保持，维持
Keep in touch. 保持联系。
联系动词用法：与表语构成复合谓语，表示主语所处的状态。
The fan keeps the room cool. 电扇使房间凉爽。
5. let v. 允许，让
My mother wouldn?t let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
放开；释放
Let each man decide for himself. 让每个人自己决定。
v. 出租
to let a house 出租房子
let alone 更不用说
He hasn?t enough money for food, let al one amusements.
他连吃饭钱都不够，就更不用说玩儿的钱了。
Unit 10
1. contest n. 比赛，竞争，争论，
folk song contest民歌比赛English speech contest 英语演讲比赛
close contest势均力敌的竞争（尤指竞选）
2. dangerous adj. 危险的
This lake is dangerous for swimmers. 在这个湖里游泳危险。
dangerous 为最普通的词，没有什么特殊的含义，似乎可以表示任何方面的危险。
a dangerous journey 危险的旅行
It is dangerous to walk on thin ice in a lake. 在湖中薄冰上行走是很危险的。
知识拓展：danger＋ous
danger n. 危险，危险物，威胁
In war, life is full of danger for everyone.
在战争中，每个人的生活都充满了危险。
Smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟对健康有害。
in danger
在……危险之中
The bridge is in danger of collapse. 桥要塌了。
out of danger脱离危险
He is now out of danger. 他现在已经脱离危险了。
3. close adj.近的，紧密的
a close friend 一位亲密的朋友
We keep a close watch on the prisoners. 我们严密看守囚犯。
adv. 接近，紧密地
She came close to him. 她走近他。
单词辨析：v. close，shut
close, shut这两个词的一般含义是“关”或“关闭”。
close 比较普通，有时可以和shut互换使用，但它更强调“不让某人或某物进入或通过”的意思，有时有“不接纳”的意思，但通常表示“关闭”这一动作。
It?s Sunday, so all the shops are closed. 今天是星期天，所以这些店铺都关门了。
shut仅表示“关闭”之状态，不包含“不让进入”或“不接纳”的意思
As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. 他一旦从外面把门打开，便走进园子里等着关门。
在某些习语中，只有shut 而不用close。
Shut up！住口！
He shut his eyes to the severs reality. 对于这严峻的现实，他是闭着眼睛不肯看的。
4. dislike vt.讨厌，不喜欢
Some people dislike big cities. 有些人不喜欢大城市。
She strongly disliked being spoken to like that. 她很不喜欢别人对她这样说话。
n.嫌恶I felt a strong dislike of the new teacher. 我感到很不喜欢这个新老师。
知识拓展：dis＋like
dis-是表示“否定”意义的前缀，改变词根的意思和词性。
类似的词还有：disappear消失，disagree不同意，discolor退色，disorder混乱，dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事情
5. because conj. 因为
I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
because of 后接名词性单词
He is absent because he is ill. = He is absent because of his illness. 他因病缺席。
6. fast adj 快的；迅速的
He is a fast runner. 他是跑得很快的运动员。
紧的；牢固的；不褪色的
The colors aren?t fa st, so be careful when you wash this shirt.
这些颜色易褪色，所以洗衬衫时要小心。
走得快的（钟表）
The clock is a minute fast. 这钟快了一分钟。
I'm afraid my watch is fast. 我的表快了。
adv 快；迅速地
to run fast 快跑
The children are learning very fast. 孩子们学得很快。
7. toward（s）prep.向，朝，对面，接近，
She walked towards the door. 她向门口走去。
The sunflower turns toward the sun. 葵花向太阳。
8. hope n希望；愿望
I gave up hope of going to college when I failed my examinations.
当我考试不及格时，我丧失了上大学的希望。
n. 有希望的人或事，被寄予希望的人或事
You?re my last hope. 你是我最后所指望的人。
I hope to go to college. 我希望上大学。
I hope to be an engineer. 我希望当工程师。
I hope that she will succeed. 祝她成功。
hope for 希望，期待
Everyone hopes for snow. 大家都企盼下雪。
Unit 11
1. prefer v. 更喜欢，与like better 意思比较接近，但用法不同。
prefer的含义是两者比较，更喜欢另一个。
I prefer swimming to playing basketball. 与打篮球相比，我更喜欢游泳。
prefer to do sth. 更喜欢做某事
They prefer to eat with their fingers. 他们更喜欢用手吃东西。
2. lose v. 丢失，遗失
I cannot find my watch；I must have lost it.
我找不到手表，我一定把它给丢了。
失败，输
Our team lost the football match. 我们队足球比赛输了。
He has lost his mind. 他失去理智。/他发疯了。
I think we are lost. 我想我们迷路了。
3. breathe v.呼吸，发出
The doctor told him to breathe in deeply and then breathe out.
医生叫他先深深吸一口气，然后再把气吐出来。
知识拓展：
breath n. 呼吸，气息，气味
Let me get my breath back. 让我喘口气。
How long can you hold your breath？你能屏住气多长时间？
There is not a breath of wind. 一点风也没有。
4. mind n.头脑，智力，
Her little son has a mind of great capacity. 她的小儿子接受力很强。
He has a very sharp mind. 他头脑灵活。
v.介意，照顾，留心
Would you mind opening the door？请您打开门好吗？
Do you mind my sitting here？我可以坐这里吗？
5. move v. （使）移动
Who has moved my book？谁动我的书了？
That car was really moving. 那汽车跑得可真快。
下（一步）棋；
Whose move is it？该轮到谁走了？
搬家
We're going to move next week. 我们打算下周搬家。
感动；动心；激起
The foreign tourists were moved with admiration at the magnificent view of the Great Wall. 雄伟长城的英姿使外国游客感动得赞赏不已。
be moved to tears 感动得流出眼泪
n. 运动；移动；迁居；走棋
One careless move loses the whole game. “一着不慎，满盘皆输。”
采取的行动；步骤
What?s our next move？我们下一步怎么做？
Don?t move, or I?ll shoot. 不许动！否则我就开枪了。
It?s time to be moving. 出发的时间到了。
Not a leaf moved. 树叶一动也不动。
【典型例题】
1. Either my father or I ________（work）on a farm this week．
2. My sister does some ________（run）every morning, so she is very healthy．
3. They were on ________ way to school when it began to rain．（they）
4. It?s not far from here．It' about three ________ walk．（minute）
5. Hurry up！I don?t want any of you to get________．（lose）
6. Our English teacher is always very ________ to us．（friend）
参考答案：
1. work
2. running
3. their
4. minutes
5. lost
6. friendly
【模拟试题】（答题时间：80分钟）
第一部分选择题
I. 根据句意和音标选出正确的单词
1. The book is ________ / ritn / by Bill Gates.
A. write
B. written
C. writeen
D. writteen
2.I was working in the _______ / kemistri/ lab all night long.
A. kemistry
B. kemistory
C. chemistry
D. chemistory
3.The Greens had a ________/ pleznt/ trip to Hainan Island.
A. pleasure
B. plesent
C. present
D. pleasant
4. It?s very _______ / difik?lt / for Roy to sleep well.
A. difficult
B. diffcult
C. deffficult
D. deffcult
5. I saw a ________/ w?nd?ful / film last Sunday night.
A. wandful
B. wondful
C. wonderful
D. wonderfull
II. 单项选择
1. At last Tom won the ______.
A. boy?s 200 meters
B. boys? 200-meters race
C. boys 200 meter race
D. boys? 200-meter race
2. He didn?t run ____and still fell behind.
A. enough fast
B. fast enough
C. enough slow
D. slowly enough
3. Sandy was first _____the finishing line.
A. pasted
B. past
C. passed
D. pass
4.-Congratulations to the winners！_________.
A. Very good
B. Never mind
C. I?m glad to hear that
D. Thank you
5. Do you like playing _____basketball or playing ____piano？
A. /；the
B. the；the
C. /；/
D. the；/
6. Do you find Jack an _____person？He always plays jokes ____others.
A. interesting；in
B. interesting；on
C. interested；in
D. interested；on
7. —Do you always spend a lot of time ______homework？
—No, but I spend much time _____housework.
A. doing；in
B. on do
C. doing；on
D. do；on
8. He liked _____funny stories to make people_____.
A. to tell；laugh
B. to tell；to laugh
C. telling；laughing
D. telling；laughs
9. Mark Twain bought two tickets, one for ____,___for his friend.
A. himself；other
B. himself；the other
C. herself；another
D. herself；the other
10. I _____ my friend if it _____ next Sunday.
A. will visit；won?t rain
B. will visit；doesn?t rain
C. visit；won?t rain
D. visit；doesn?t rain
11. —What shall we do this evening？—____________.
A. It?s a pleasure
B. That?s a good idea.
C. I?ve no idea
D. Sure.
12. —Which would you like, tea or milk？—_____________.
A. Yes, thank you
B. Tea, please
C. Yes, please
D. Certainly, I?d love to
13. He found___ very difficult __ him to learn English_____.
A. it；of；good
B. that；for；good
C. it；for；well
D. it；of；well
14. This is ______ problem for us.
A. quite difficult
B. quite a difficult
C. more difficult a
D. very difficult a
15. Mr. King looked _____ the window and saw his son playing ____ his garden.
A. at；out
B. out of；in
C. from；of
D. out；in
16. My father often plays _____ me after he comes back_____.
A. about；form the work
B. with；from work
C. at；out of the work
D. for；behind the work
17. I can?t _____ my bike to you because Tom ____ it from me just now.
A. lend；borrow
B. borrow；lend
C. lend；borrowed
D. borrow；lent
18. —Don?t play with it in class.—________.
A. No, I won?t do it again
B. No, I do it
C. Yes, I won?t
D. Yes, I don?t do it again
19. They____ let the traffic go ___they moved the bag away.
A. don?t；until
B. aren?t；until
C. didn?t；until
D. don?t；before
20. —Do you have a big library in your school？
—No, we don?t. At least, not _____ yours.
A. bigger as
B. as big as
C. as big than
D. as bigger as
21. There ___ the bus. Let?s hurry_____.
A. will come；off
B. comes；up
C. coming；off
D. came；up
22. It?s very kind __ you to help me __ my English.
A. for；in
B. with；of
C. of；at
D. of；with
23. What ___you ___ at home when the telephone rang？
A. did；do
B. will；go
C. do；do
D. were；doing
24.. How are you ____ your classmates？
A. getting on with
B. getting along with
C. get on with
D. get on
25. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _____and became very_____.
A. to talk；quiet
B. talking；quiet
C. to talk；quietly
D. talking；quietly
III. 完型填空
An Englishman was showing a foreign visitor around London. “What?s that strange 31 ？” asked the visitor. “That?s the Tower of London.” “I see. How long did it 32 you to build it？”“about 50 years.” “In our country we could build it 33 five months, ” said the visitor. Shortly after that they came to St. Paul?s Cathedral. “Very interesting！” said the visitor. “How 34 did it take you to build it？” “Nearly forty years,” said the Englishman. “In our country we could 35 it in forty days at most,” said the visitor. This 36 on all day. They visited most of the 37 buildings in the city. Every time they saw a 38 one, the visitor asked what it was and how long it took to build it. Then he said that they could do the same thing much 39 in his country. At last the
Englishman got very 40 with the visitor. A few days later they came to the House of Parliament and the visitor asked his usual question, “What?s that？” The Englishman answered, “I?ve no idea. It was built last night.”
（）1. A. house B. thing C. room D. building
（）2. A. take B. put C. make D. do
（）3. A. after B. in C. on D. do
（）4. A. many B. old C. long D. often
（）5. A. wait B. finish C. arrive D. get
（）6. A. go B. going C. went D. goes
（）7. A. famous B. small C. big D. strange
（）8. A. strange B. new C. small D. tall
（）9. A. slowly B. better C. carefully D. faster
（）10. A. glad B. happy C. angry D. delicious
IV. 阅读理解
A
“Tom,” said his father, “Put on your coat and let?s go for a walk.”
Tom was happy. He liked to go out with his father .He put on his cap and coat and said, “Father, I?m ready .” Tom and his father went out in the street.
Suddenly, they saw a big black dog. The dog began to bark .Tom was afraid of the dog. He wanted to run home. His father said, “Don?t be afraid, Tom. Don?t you know the proverb（谚语）…A barking dog doesn?t bite?？”
“Oh ,yes,” said Tom. “I know the proverb, and you know the proverb, but does the dog know the proverb？”
1. Tom was happy _____.
A. to go out with his father
B. to put on his cap and coat
C. to see a dog
D. to learn a proverb
2. The dog was _____.
A. black and white
B. black
C. yellow
D. to learn a proverb
3. In English the word “bite” means _____.
A. to run after
B. to bark and jump and down
C. to hit a number of times
D. hurt sb. with one?s mouth
4. Both Tom and his father _____.
A. were afraid of the dog
B. weren?t a fraid of the dog
C. knew the proverb
D. didn?t know the proverb
5. Look at the following sentences, which one is right？
A. Tom enjoyed having a talk with his father.
B. Tom went out for a walk without having his cap and coat on.
C. When they were walking in the street, they saw a cat.
D. The dog didn?t know the proverb.
B
Never try to work when you are very hungry. If you decide to do your homework, don?t do it before you get too tired. Don?t wait until very late in the evening, or your work will seem much harder than it really is.
If you have more than an hour?s work, give yourself a break after an hour. On the other hand, don?t break it up so much that you can?t get anything done. you should be able to work at least a half at a time without stopping. Don?t put it off until the last minute. If you put off doing your homework, you will have it on your mind, and you won?t enjoy your free time so much. If you put it off until the end of the week or until right before a test, you will have too much catching up to do. A little bit each night, enough to keep up with what is happening each day in school, will take the fear out of tests and keep you on top of it all. Do your homework at the same time every evening. This will help you make it a habit. It will make it easier to do, and it will make your
free time more enjoyable, as well.
6. If we wait very late in the evening, our work will ________.
A. become a bit hard
B. seem much harder
C. look very easy
D. go to so much trouble
7. Some students in schools won?t enjoy their free time so much because they _____.
A. have to do their homework each night
B. will have too much catching up to do
C. never finish their homework in time
D. want to keep up with what is happening in school
8. What does the underlined word “habit” mean in Chinese？
A. 制度
B. 风格
C.传统
D. 习惯
9. How many main things are mentioned（提及）in the passage？
A. Five.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Two
10. Which is the best title（标题）for this passage？
A. Do Your Homework at the Same Time
B. A Must for Doing Your Homework
C. Don?t Try to Work When Hungry
D. Some Don?t and Do in School
C
Peter was eight years old. He was a naughty schoolboy. Everyday he went to school at half past seven in the morning and came back at four o?clock in the afternoon. One Friday afternoon, he was late for home. His mother saw him and asked, “Why are you late today, Peter？”“My teacher was angry and took me to the headmaster after our lessons,” Peter answered. “To the headmaster？” his mother was surprised and said, “Why did she take you to him？”“Because she asked a question in the class,” Peter said.” And no one gave her the answer except me.” His mother was angry. “But why did the teacher take you to the head master then？”“Because her question was, … Who put glue on my chair?？” Peter answered.
11. Peter was ______.
A. bright
B. bad
C. naughty
D. good
12. Peter was late for home because _____.
A. he was on duty
B. he wanted to see the headmaster
C. he did his homework
D. the teacher asked him to stay
13. The teacher?s question was “_____”.
A. Whose glue is this？
B. Why do you put the glue on the chair？
C. Who put the glue on the chair？
D. What?s on my chair？
14. Peter?s answer was perhaps：______
A. I, Teacher
B. I did, Miss
C. It?s me, Teacher
D. It?s not me, Teacher
15. ______ answered the teacher?s question.
A. No one
B. Everyone
C. All
D. Peter
D
Mike and Jack are two monks（和尚）.
Mike is short and Jack is tall. They aren?t brothers, but they live in the same room. Every morning they go out for food. One day they went out for food very early. They were on a road to a village. It was early and there weren?t any people on the road. They were walking. Suddenly they
stopped. There was a comb on the road near them. They were running up to it. “I found it first. It?s my comb.” one of them said. “No, I found it before you.” the other said. “It?s my comb.” Mike and Jack sat on the road and quarreled（争吵）for the comb. Morning was over and then came the afternoon. They were still quarrelling. A little boy came up to them and said,“You are monks. Monks have no hair. What?s the use of the comb for you？”
16.Mike and Jack are_____.
A. Twins
B. monks
C. classmates
D. brothers
17.One day they went out early for _____.
A. food
B. drink
C. a walk
D. a comb
18.They quarreled for _____.
A. a morning
B. an afternoon
C. a day
D. an evening
19. In this passage, the word “comb” means______.
A.棍子
B.梳子
C.刀子
D.袋子
20. The best title（标题）for the passage is _____.
A. Two monks and a comb
B. Two monks and their food
C. The use of the comb
D. The use of the food
第二部分笔答题
V. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
A
The best way of learning a language is using it. The best way of learning English is talking in English as _______（more）as possible.
Sometimes you?ll get your words mixed up（混合）and people will not understand you. Sometimes people will say something too _________（quick）and you can?t understand them. But if you keep your sense of humor（幽默感）, you can always have a good laugh at the mistakes you make. Don?t be unhappy if people _______（seem）to be laughing at your mistakes. It?s better for people _______（laugh）at your mistakes than to be angry with you, because they don?t understand what you said. The most important thing for learning English is：“Don?t be afraid of ________（make）mistakes because everyone makes mistakes.”
B
Some people ________（eat）and drinking in a restaurant. A young girl was sitting alone at a table. She was wearing a diamond necklace. There was a tall man at a table not far from her. He was looking at her neck all the time. Suddenly the lights went out. The restaurant was dark. The woman started _________（shout）. A few
minutes later the lights came on again. The woman was crying. Her necklace was missing.
The police came soon. No one _____（get）out of the restaurant. The police searched the whole restaurant and all the people. They________（not find）the necklace. Then a policeman saw the tall man and looked at him carefully. He went up to the man, picked up his bowl and then poured the soup. In the bowl was the necklace. The police took the man away. The young woman was ____（please）to get her necklace back.
VI. 根据要求改写句子
1. He found that it?s too difficult for him to get to sleep.（改写句子，句意不变）
He found _____ too difficult for him to fall ________
2. How kind the lady is！（改写句子，句意不变）
_______ a kind _________ she is！
3. Mary tried her best to catch up with the others quickly.（改写句子，句意不变）
Mary tried to catch up with the others ______ _______ ________ she could.
4.He was surprised that he found the girl was blind.（改写句子，句意不变）
______ _______ ______he found the was blind.
5.He went to bed after his mother came back.（改写句子，句意不变）
He ______ go to bed ______ his mother came back.
6.They didn?t watch TV yesterday. They read books, instead. （改写句子，句意不变）
They read books ______ _______ watching TV yesterday.
7.He can no longer stay here.（改写句子，句意不变）
He can?t stay here______ ______.
8. There isn?t anything wrong with the computer.（改为反意疑问句）
There isn?t anything wrong with the computer, _____ ______？
9.It took me an hour to read this book.（改写句子，句意不变）
I an hour this book.
VII. 根据汉语完成英语句子
1. 他在业余时间或者去钓鱼或者去划船。
He goes ______fishing ______boating in his free time.
2. 医生告诉我这种药一天服三次。
The doctor told me _____ _____ this medicine three times a day.
3. 你对体育不感兴趣，为何不改学音乐？
You aren?t _____ _____sports. Why not learn music instead？
4. 自然科学不如汉语课受欢迎。
Science ____ so ___________ _______ Chinese.
5. 王老师病了，我来替他给你们上课。
Mr. Wang is ill. I?ll _____ _____ _____to give you lessons.
6. 格林女士胳膊下夹着一本书走出教室。
_____a book _____her arm, Miss Green came out of the classroom.
7. 你们应该尽可能努力地学习。
You should study_____ _______ _____you can.
8 .我正在写作业，这时电话铃响了。
I _____ ____ my homework ______the phone rang.
【试题答案】
第一部分
I. 1~5 B C D A C
II. 1~5 D B B D A 6~10 B C A B B 11~15 C B C B B
16~20 B C A C B 21~25 B D D B B
III. 1~5 D A B C B 6~10 C A B D C
IV. 1~5 A B D C D 6~10 B C D A B 11~15 C D C B D 16~20 B A C B A
第二部分
V. A：much；quickly；seems；to laugh；making
B：were eating；to shout/shouting；got；didn?t find；pleased
VI. 1. it, asleep 2. What, lady 3. as quickly as 4. To his surprise 5. didn?t, until 6. instead of 7. any longer 8. is there 9. spent, reading
VII. 1. either, or 2. to take 3. interested in 4. isn?t, popular, as 5.take his place 6. With, under 7. as hard as 8. was doing, when
一．填空题 1、结构的 安全性 、 适用性 、 耐久性 统称为结构的可靠性。 2、多层砌体房屋的高度不超过40m ，质量和刚度沿高度分布比较均匀，水平振动时以 剪切 变形为主，因此采用 底部剪力法 简化分析方法。 4、砌体是由_块材 和 砂浆 组成的。 5、砌体受拉、受弯破坏可能发生三种破坏：沿齿缝（灰缝）的破坏，沿砖石和竖向灰缝的破坏，沿通缝（水平灰缝）的破坏。 6、一般情况下，砌体强度随块体和砂浆强度的提高而提高； 7、砂浆强度越低，变形越大，砖受到的拉应力和剪应力越大，砌体强度越低；流动性越大，灰缝越密实，可降低砖的弯剪应力； 8、灰缝平整、均匀、等厚可以 降低 弯剪应力；方便施工的条件下，砌块越大好； 9、普通粘土砖全国统一规格：240x115x53，具有这种尺寸的砖称为标准砖； 10、砌体抗拉、弯曲抗拉及抗剪强度主要取决于 灰缝 的强度； 11、粘接力分为 法向粘结力 和 切向粘结力 两种； 12、在实际工程中，按0.4m f σ=时的变形模量为砌体的弹性模量。 13、结构的功能要求：安全性 、 适用性 、 耐久性。 14、在截面尺寸和材料强度等级一定的条件下，在施工质量得到保证的前提下，影响无筋砌体受压承载力的主要因素是构件的高厚比和相对偏心距。《砌体规范》用承载力影响系数考虑以上两种因素的影响。 15、在设计无筋砌体偏心受压构件时，偏心距过 大 ，容易在截面受拉边产生水平裂缝，致使受力截面 减小 ，构件刚度 降低 ，纵向弯曲影响 变大 ，构件的承载力明显 降低 ，结构既不安全又不经济，所以《砌体规范》限制偏心距不应超过 0.6y 。为了减小轴向力的偏心距，可采用 设置中心垫块 或 设置缺口垫块 等构造措施。 16、局部受压分为 局部均匀受压 和 局部非均匀受压 两种情况。局部受压可能发生三种破坏：竖向裂缝发展引起的破坏、劈裂破坏和直接与垫板接触的砌体的局压破坏。其中直接与垫板接触的砌体的局压破坏仅在砌体材料强度过低时发生，一般通过限制材料的最低强度等级，可避免发生这种破坏。 17、砌体在局部受压时，未直接受压砌体对直接受压砌体的约束作用以及力的扩
词汇讲解+配套习题【新教材】牛津译林版（2020）必修第三册全册 词 汇 讲 解 + 配 套 习 题
1.harm vt. & n.伤害→harmful adj.伤害的→harmless adj.无害的 2.length 倍数+the size/length/weight...+of in length在长度上 3.shelter 4.various adj.各种各样的→vary v.变化→variety n.变化;种类→【同】different adj. 不同的，各种各样的→differ v. 不同，相异→difference n. 区别，不同 5.Extinction 6.survive vi. & vt.生存;挺过(难关)→survival n.幸存→survivor n.幸存者 7.in turn 反过来，转过来 【即时训练】 语境串词 选turn短语的合适形式填空 (1) She refused to ____________ the noisy music when her neighbors wanted to sleep. The neighbors had no choice but ____________ the police for help. (2) It ____________ that the conference was held as scheduled. However, people without permission ____________ for the sake of safety. Telephones were forbidden, so whoever attended the meeting should ____________ their mobile phones. Suddenly, surrounded by several guards, the president ____________. She was so exciting that she ____________ the bottle of water in
Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.
Test 1 1. You should keep calm during your _______ test. Do not be nervous. A. oral B.platform C.rude D.shield 2. Our guide gave us a detailed _______ of this painting but we still do not understand. A. authority B.interpretation C.instruction D.institution 3. Our _______ is London. But the plane took us to Paris. A. departure B.donkey C.destination D.discount 4. Generally speaking, there is always a generation _______ in every country. A. gap B.break C.globe D.equality 5. Careful planning and hard work will _______ our final success. A. enclose B.ensure C.discharge D.deny 6. He _______ to his roommate for being so rude yesterday. A. worried B.doubted C.apologized D.dissolved 7. When you take a picture, you should _______ carefully to get a sharp picture. A. focus B.object C.preserve D.fix 8. The Chinese food in the United States is usually _______ for American people. A. exchanged B.altered C.modified D.cooked 9. There are _______ approaches to English teaching. But not all of them are equally efficient for our Chinese students. A. double B.joint C.ordinate D.diverse 10. He has a bad impression of his _______ in the office. A. colleagues B.bullets C.barbers D.audience 11. His eyes _______ with rage but he did not dare to say anything. A. flashed B.wicked C.voted D.protested 12. The list is arranged according to the _______ professions of the audience. A. respective B.responsible C.resource D.resolution 13. This is our _______. So you can do what you need to do here. A. substance B.schedule C.notice D.noun 14. That rich man has been dead for a long time but his ________ is still not known to the public. A. sausage B.shelf C.portion D.will 15.I could have _______ such a situation but I didn’t. A. forecast B.overcome C.shed D.urged 16.I prefer a _______ typewriter to an automatic one. A. mechanic B.manual C.merchant D.mental 17.If you want to stop for a moment, just press the ‘_______’ button on your tape recorder.
《砌体结构》习题 1．已知一轴心受压柱，承受纵向力N=118kN，柱截面尺寸为490mm×370mm,计算高度H0=3.6m，采用MU10烧结普通砖，M2.5混合砂浆，试验算该柱底承载力。 2．试验算一矩形截面偏心受压柱的承载能力。已知：柱截面尺寸为370mm×620mm，柱的计算高度为5.55m，承受纵向力设计值N=108kN，由荷载设计值产生的偏心距e=0.185m，采用MU10砖及M5混合砂浆砌筑。3．验算某教学楼的窗间墙的受压承载力，截面如图所示，轴向力设计值N=450kN，弯矩设计值M=33.5kN．m(荷载偏向翼缘一侧)，教学楼层3.6m，计算高度H0=3.6m，采用MU10砖及M2.5混合砂浆砌筑。 4．钢筋混凝土柱，截面尺寸为200mm×240mm，支承在砖墙上，墙厚240mm，采用MU10烧结普通砖及M2.5混合砂浆砌筑，柱传给墙的轴向力设计值N=100kN，试进行砌体局部受压验算。 5．试验算房屋外纵墙上跨度为5.8m的大梁端部下砌体局部受压承载力，已知大梁载面尺寸b×h=200mm ×500mm，支承长度a=240mm，支座反力N1=100Kn，梁端墙体载面处的上部荷载设计值为240kN，窗间墙载面1200mmx370mm，如图所示。用MU10烧结普通砖，M2.5混合砂浆砌筑。如不能满足要求，请设置刚性垫块，重新进行验算。 6．一圆形砖砌水池，壁厚370mm，采用MU10烧结普通砖和M7.5水泥砂浆砌筑，池壁承受的最大环向拉力设计值按45kN/m计算，试验算池壁的抗拉强度。 7．一矩形浅水池，壁高H=1.2m，采用MU10砖，M5水泥砂浆砌筑，壁厚d=490mm，如不考虑池壁自重所产生的不大的垂直压力，试计算池壁承载力。 8．暗沟，其拱及墙厚为240mm，用MU10砖，M7.5纯水泥砂浆砌筑，根据计算，求得拱支座水平、反力设计值为25kN/m，支座垂直反力设计值为42kN/m，试验算支座处的受剪承载力。 9．某厂房柱承受吊车荷载，柱载而尺寸为370mm×620mm，计算高度H0=4m，承受轴向力设计值N=230kN，弯矩设计值M=20kN．M，试选用适当等级的材料，并按网状配筋设计该柱。
《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation（逆成法）: is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation（派生）: the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding（复合）: the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.
《砌体结构》总复习题 一、填空题： 1.《砌体结构设计规范》（GB50003－2001）为了适当提高砌体结构的安全可靠指标，将B 级施工质量等级的砌体材料的分项系数由 提高到 。 2.如果砌体结构的弹性模量为E ，剪变模量为G ，则G 和E 的关系近似为 。 3.砌体结构最基本的力学性能指标是 。 4.砌体的轴心抗拉强度、弯曲抗拉强度以及剪切强度主要与砂浆或块体的强度等级有关。当砂浆强度等级较低，发生沿齿缝或通缝截面破坏时，它们主要与 有关；当块体强度等级较低，常发生沿块体截面破坏时，它们主要与 有关。 5.我国《砌体结构设计规范》（GB50003－2001）将烧结普通砖、烧结多孔砖分为五个强度等级，其中最低和最高强度等级分别为 和 。 6.结构的可靠性包括 、 和 。 7.在我国结构的极限状态分为 和 ，均规定有明显的极限状态标志或极限。 8.砌体结构应按 设计，并满足正常使用极限状态的要求。根据砌体结构的特点，砌体结构的正常使用极限状态的要求，一般通过相应的 来保证。 9. 在混合结构房屋中,对受压构件进行高厚比验算的目的是______。对带壁柱的砖墙要分别进行______和______的高厚比验算。 10.假设砌体结构的强度平均值为m f ，变异系数为f δ，则其具有95％保证率的强度标准值k f 为 。 11. 混合结构房屋的三个静力计算方案是______、______和______。 12.砌体构件受压承载力计算公式中的系数?是考虑高厚比β和偏心距e 综合影响的系数，在《砌体结构设计规范》（GB50003－2001）偏心距按内力的 （填“设计值”或“标准值”）计算确定，并注意使偏心距e 与截面重心到轴向力所在偏心方向截面边缘的距离y 的比值不超过 。 13.砌体结构的局部受压强度将比一般砌体抗压强度有不同程度的提高，其提高的主要原因是由于 和 的作用。 14.混合结构房屋根据空间作用大小的不同，可以分为三种静力计算方案，包
1、区别Lexeme Word Morphemes A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language. The lexeme “give” includes as members “give”, “gives”, “given”, “giving”, “gave”, but excludes “giver” and “givers”. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written sentences. A word is a minimal meaningful unit of a language that can function independently. Morphemes are known as minimal meaningful units of a language. 2、组合形式 A combining form is a bound root that can form a new word by combining with another combining form, a word, or sometimes an affix, for example techno- and -phobe in technophobe. 3、区别Root base sterm ?A root is the basic form of a word which cannot the further analyzed without total loss of identity. e.g. international ?A base is a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. e.g. grace ---- graceful ---- ungraceful ?The stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes, so any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. e.g. works, workers, workshops 4、转化法定义 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. N---V bottle to bottle Adj----V dry to dry V------N look have a look 5、截短法定义及分类 Clipping/shortening(截短法)is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Words formed in this way are called “clipped words”. There are four common types of clipping: apocope/back clipping, aphaeresis/front clipping, front and back clipping, syncope.例子exam---examination phone---telephone tec----detective pacifist----pacificist 6、关联意义的定义与分类 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. 1.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones(弦外之音) or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.woman--frail,cowardly,emotional 2.Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.dear hello 3.Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. pretty handsome 4.Stylistic meaning: daddy male parent 7、同形异义词的定义及分类 ?Concretely speaking, homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. ?Homonyms fall into three types: absolute homonyms, which are words identical both in sound and spelling; date base . homophones, which are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning; night/knight leak/leek homographs, which are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.tear sow 8、区分歧义与含混 Ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a word, phrase or sentence has more than one meaning. Are you engaged?Vagueness is caused by the indistinction and unclearness of language. A vague word is one that has an indefinite denotation(外延概念).forest wood city town 9、同义词及其分类 A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language. Synonyms can be classified into two groups: perfect synonyms, which are words identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceeptual and associative meaning, compounding/composition and partial synonyms, which are similar in essential meaning, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a give quality.couple/pair 10、上义词和下义词 The relationship in which the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word is called hyponymy. For example, the words animal and dog are related in this way. The specific term dog is called a hyponym, and the general term animal is called a superordinate term. 11、词义变化 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Degadation or pejoration of meaning is a process by which words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. 12、为什么英语谚语具有结构固定性 Characteristics of idioms: 1) Semantic unity : Each idiom is a semantic unity. The meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent parts. In other words, an idiom
高考训练营：每日高频词汇一 1.In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully _____. A.admitted B.acknowledged C.absorbed D.considered [ 答案 ] D. considered [ 注释 ] considered考虑；admit 承认； absorb 吸收。 [ 注意 ] acknowledge 1) (=agree or admit the truth of; confess) 承认，供认； A. He acknowledged his mistake. ( 他承认了他的错误。 ) B. 接动名词He acknowledged having beenbeaten. (他承认被打败了。) 2) (express thanks for)致谢; A. Mary acknowledged the gift with a pleasant letter. ( 玛丽致函感谢馈赠的礼 物。 ) B. His long service with the company was acknowledged with a present. ( 向他赠送礼品以感谢他长期来对公司的服务。 ) 2.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents' _____. A. command B. conviction C. consent D. compromise [ 答案 ] C. consent [ 注释 ] consent同意，赞成，答应。conviction深信,确信。compromise妥协，折中。 command 命令，指令；掌握，运用能力。 3.Our research has focused on a drug which is so _____ as to be able to change brain chemistry. A. powerful B. influential C. monstrous D. vigorous
砌体结构复习题集(学生用)解析 什么叫砌体结构? 如何分类?1）采用砂浆将砖、石或砌块等块体砌筑而成的整体称为砌体、由砌体组成的墙、柱等构件作为建筑物或构筑物主要受力构件的结构称为砌体结构；2）砌体结构包括砖结构、石结构和其他材料的砌块结构、砌体结构常分为无筋砌体结构和配筋砌体结构。2 砌体结构有哪些主要优点和缺点? 其主要应用范围是哪些?1）砌体结构的主要优点有：取材方便、性能良好、节省材料及工程造价低；2）砌体结构的主要缺点有：强度低、自重大、延性差、砌体结构砌筑工作量繁重、黏土砖生产占地多；3）主要应用范围是：在办公、住宅等民用建筑中大量采用砖墙承重；中小型单层工业厂房和多层轻工业厂房及影剧院、食堂、仓库等建筑；砖石结构还用于建造各种构筑物；砌体结构在交通运输和水利工程中也得到了广泛应用。3 砌体结构在国内外的应用有哪些主要特点?1）砌体结构在国内的应用主要特点：砌体结构应用范围不断扩大;砌体新材料、新技术和新结构不断研制和使用；砌体结构分析理论和计算方法逐步完善。2）砌体结构在国外的应用主要特点：砌体结构砌体材料研究、砌体结构计算理论、设计方法到工程应用都得到了一定的进展。4 砌体结构的主要发展方向有哪些?砌体结构的主要发展方向有：积极发展砌体新材料,使砌体结构适应可持续性发展的要求;积极推广应用配筋砌体结构,发展中高层砌体建筑;加强砌体结构的理论和试
验研究;提高砌体结构的建造技术和建筑质量。5 砌体结构材料的发展方向是什么？答：高强、轻质、大块、节能、利废、经济。第2章砌体结构的设计方法 1、名词解释： 1、结构设计的目的：安全性、适用性、耐久性、经济性。 2、设计基准期：为确定可变作用及与时间有关的材料性能取值而选用的时间参数。我国的建筑结构、结构构件及地基基础的设计规范、规程所采用的设计基准期为50a。 3、设计使用年限：是指房屋建筑只需进行正常维护而不需进行大修就能按预期目的使用、完成预定功能的时期。是对房屋建筑的地基基础工程和主体结构工程规定的最低保修期限“合理使用年限”的具体化。根据建筑物的使用要求和重要性，设计使用年限分别采用5a、25a、50a和100a。 4、结构的安全等级：根据建筑结构破坏可能产生的后果的严重性，建筑结构应按表2、1划分为一级、二级、三级等三个安全等级，设计时应根据具体情况适当选用。 5、结构的可靠度：结构在规定的时间内，在规定的条件下，完成预定功能的概率。结构的可靠度越高，表明它失效的可能性越小。 6、建筑结构功能要求（结构的可靠性）：安全性、适用性和耐久性。1）安全性：在正常设计、正常施工和正常使用条件下，结构应能承受可能出现的各种荷载作用和变形而发生破坏；在偶
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a