Keys to formal English

研究生英语研究生高级英语教师用书主编曾建彬黄莺编委（以汉语拼音为序）范若恩谷红欣顾乡何静黄莺刘雯卢玉玲夏威雍毅曾建彬张宁宁赵蓉前言《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》是复旦大学研究生课程及教材建设重点资助项目，受到了复旦大学研究生院和上海市重点学科建设项目“英语语言文学”项目的资助。

该教材根据中国学生的英语学习需求，采用“博采众长，学以致用”的编写原则，在教材编写中汲取各种有效的英语教学理论和实践方法，为了适应研究生英语课程改革和创新的需要编写而成。

《研究生英语》供非英语专业硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用，《研究生高级英语》供非英语专业博士硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用。

本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，提供课后练习的参考答案、课文参考译文，以及翻译练习的参考答案，供教师备课参考之用。

本书由《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》编委负责编写（以汉语拼音为序）：范若恩、谷红欣、顾乡、何静、黄莺、刘雯、卢玉玲、夏威、雍毅、曾建彬、张宁宁、赵蓉，均为复旦大学外文学院研究生英语教学部教师。

本书在编写的过程中得到了复旦大学研究生院和复旦大学出版社的大力支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。

由于编写人员教学任务重、时间紧、水平有限，教材中的错误及不妥之处在所难免，敬请读者提出宝贵的意见。

编者2011年12月使用说明本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，供非英语专业硕士研究生和博士研究生教学的英语教师参考使用，内容包括《研究生英语》和《研究生综合英语》课文的背景材料、练习答案以及参考译文等。

还包括各单元的补充阅读和翻译练习的参考答案。

关于课文（Text）有以下内容：1．背景材料(Background Information)，包括作者介绍、与课文内容相关的英语国家文化、社会生活和风土人情等背景知识。

2．课文练习答案(Key to Exercises)，包括课后练习V ocabulary Study和Cloze的参考答案。

上海牛津英语高一（上）语言点S1A U1-U2S1A U1 Body LanguageI.Reading1.well-dressed adj. 穿着讲究的构词知识：副词+过去分词=形容词a well-known fact 众所周知的事实a well-paid job 高薪的工作a newly-born baby 新生的宝宝2.glance v. & n. 匆匆一看glance at = cast a glance atHe glanced at his watch to see if he had enough time to catch the flight.I had no time so I just cast a glance at the headlines of the newspaper.3.senior adj. 级别高的；年长的级别高的军官a senior officer老年公民senior citizens4.prefer v. 宁可；更喜欢prefer sth.to sth.比起喝咖啡我更喜欢喝茶。

I prefer tea to coffee.prefer doing to doing我更喜欢走路而不是骑车。

I prefer walking to cycling.prefer to do我们宁可在外吃饭。

We prefer to eat out.prefer to do … rather than do= would do… rather than do= would rather do…than do他宁愿看电视而不愿听音乐。

He prefers to watch television rather than listen to the radio.municate v. 交流，与…联系communicate with sb.与……交流人们通过各种方式来相互交流。

Unit 11 Key to successPart 1 Sample Teaching PlansGoals◆Talk about social behavior and social relations◆Talk about teamwork and success◆Practise presenting ideas◆Integrative language practice◆Write a letterPeriod 2 Let’s read!2. Reading and checkingWe are going to read the text carefully and then decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1)If we feel fortable doing a task by ourselves, we needn’t work with others.(2)School life is a preparation for our working days to e.(3) A team is a group of individual people who are brought together to acplish tasks and who have to staytogether for a long period of time.(4)The coach, whose role is to discuss strategy and make decisions about the position of the team, is usuallycounted as a team member.(5)All team members of the team must help and support each other, and they must make an equalcontribution to the team.(6)To make the teamwork, the work division should be clear and each member should perform at the rightlevel in the role that is most suitable to him or her.(7)To make the team function well, rules and regulations are necessary.(8)Some people work best on tasks alone, so we’d better not cooperate with those people.(9)People with quite different personalities cannot work well together in a team.3.Reading and underlining.Now let’s go to the text Making the Team Work. Read it aloud to the tape and underline at the same time all the4.Doing practiceDo the exercises at the end of the passage and I’ll check the answers with you in several minutes. Please be quick.5.DiscussingDiscuss with your partner about the question “What makes the team work?〞Step 3: Doing homework1.Read the underlined words and phrases and copy them.2.Finish off all the exercises of Language Practice.。

Pub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题I. Write short notes on: Carlyle, and Lamb.Suggested Reference Books[SRB]1. The Oxford Companion to English Literature2. Any standard book on the history of English literature3. Encyclopaedia BritannicaIII. Questions on appreciation:1. In what way is “pub talk” connected with “the King’s English”? Is the title of the piece well-chosen?2. Point out the literary and historical allusions used in this piece and comment on their use.3. What is the function of para 5? Is the change from "pub talk" to "the King's English" too abrupt?4. Do the simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks, out of bed on the wrong side, etc., " go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer uses? Give your reasons.5. Does the writer reveal his political inclination in this piece of writing? How?IV. Paraphrase:1. And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1)2. Conversation is not for making a point. (para 2)3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (para 2)4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. (para 3)5. it could still go ignorantly on (para 6)6. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para 9)7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11)8. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. (para 15)10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para 15)11. There is always a great danger that "words will harden into things for us. " (para 16)12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. (para 18)V. Translate paras 9--11 into Chinese.VI. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized idiomatic phrases:1. their marriage may be on the rocks (para 3)2. they got out of bed on the wrong side (para 3)3. the conversation was on wings (para 8)4. the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it (para 10)5. we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant (para 11)6. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)7. we sit up at the vividness of the phrase (para 18)VII. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. ignorant, illiterate, uneducated, unlearned2. jeer, scoff, sneer, gibe, floutVIII. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word conversation (meaning 'communication'). Give words of the same part of speech.[SRB]1. Roget ' s International Thesaurus2. Webster's Collegiate ThesaurusIX. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word intricate. Give words of the same part of speech.[SRB]1. Roget's International Thesaurus2. Webster's Collegiate ThesaurusX. Look up the dictionary, find out from what languages the following words are borrowed, and then put them into Chinese:1. buffet 8. soireé 15. attaehé2. cuisine 9. cloisonné 16. liaison3. lemonade 10. omelette 17. déjàvu4. liqueur 11. restaurateur 18. encore5. déjeuner 12. repertoire 19. discothèque6. menu 13. coup d'état 20. chandelier7. salon 14. corps de balletXI. The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:1.no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.2.they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.3.They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4.suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place5.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.6.we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.7.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.8.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries9. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.10. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. XII. Study the model given below. Then read the next two paragraphs and show how coherence and unity is improved by the use, of transitional devices.Model: But this is only one aspect of the problem. Another, no less essential, is the wider gap between generations since the rate of social development has speeded up. The tastes and habits of young people today differ markedly from those of the young people of the thirties, let alone of the twenties. Still influenced by the tastes and habits of their own youth, the "fathers" are inclined to think these habits and tastes are absolutes and to deny their children the right to independent creativity which they demanded from their own parents. Hence the artificial conflicts, in which a dance or the width of trousers is elevated to the dignity of crucial issues. The writer uses the following transitional devices:1) Transitional words and expressionsbut another still hence2) Pronoun referencethose their these they3) Repetition of important wordstastes and habits young people1. And since we (teenagers) are so new, many people have some very wrong ideas about us. For instance, the newspapers are always carrying advice-columns telling our mothers how to handle us, their "bewildered maladjusted offspring, " and the movies portray us as half-witted bops (hoodlums-ed. ); and in the current best sellers, authors recall their own confused, unhappy youth. On the other hand, speakers tell us that these teen-years are the happiest and freest of our lives, or hand us the "leaders of tomorrow, forge on the future" line. The general opinion is that teen-agers are either car-stealing, dope-taking delinquents, or immature, weepy adolescents with nothing on our minds but boys (or girls as the case may be ). Most adults have one or two attitudes toward the handling of teens--some say that only a sound beating will keep us in line; others treat us as mentally unbalanced creatures on the brink of insanity, who must be pampered and shielded at any cost.2. As of today, I am fed up with the food served in the campus dining hall. My disenchantment started in September---the day I bit into a hamburger to find myself staring at a long strand of grey hair that trailed out of the meat, through the mayonnaise, and over the edge of the bun. After that, I was not much surprised by the little things I came across in October and November: bugs in the salad and bobby pin in the meatloaf, for example. Then in December the food was worse--and a little dirtier. For Christmas dinner, for in- stance, the cook gave me a thin slice of rolled turkey, straight out of the can, and dished up a cock-roach in my pudding. Even that was excusable (nobody is perfect), but what happened today is not" I had already eaten most of my clam chowder before I found it, at the bottom of the bowl, nestled among the diced potatoes and the chopped onions: one band-aid, slightly used.XIII. Topics for oral work:1. In your opinion, what makes or spoils a good conversation?2. Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways are they different?XIV. Write a short composition describing some of the peculiarities of spoken EnglishPub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题答案Ⅰ .1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan,a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane' s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years (1828-1834 ). During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his char- acteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. In 1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic rendering and not a factual account of the great event in history. Besides these two masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840), On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and others. "Carlylese", a peculiar style of his own, was a compound of biblical phrases, col loquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arranged in unexpected sequences. One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation, among them were Mathew Arnold and Ruskin.2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London and brought up within the precincts of the ancient law courts, his father being a servant to an advocate of the inner Temple. He went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he had for a classmate Coleridge, his life-long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in the India House and here he worked for 33 years until he was re-tired on a pension. His devotion to his sister Mary, upon whom rested an hereditary taint of insanity, has done al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor of his writings to endear his name. They collaborated on several books for children, publishing in 1867 their famous Tales from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (1808), established his reputation as a critic and did much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be then drama. The Essays of Ella, published at intervals in London Magazine, were gathered together and republished in two series, the first in 1823, the second ten years later. They established Lamb in the title which he still holds, that of the most delightful of English essayists.Ⅱ.1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoilt.2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each other's private life and thoughts.3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversation, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English. " When the people talked about the resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken", the conversation moved to Norman England because at that time a language barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.6. The writer seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is against any form of cultural barrier or the cultural humiliation of any section or group of people.7. The term "the Queen's English" was used in 1953 by Nash because at that time the reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth I. The term "the King's English" is the more common form because the ruling monarch is generally a king. Those who are not very particular may use the term "the King's English", even when the ruling monarch is a queen. In 1602, Dekker used the term "the King's English", although the reigning monarch was still Queen Elizabeth.8．“The King’s English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 1154—1399．9．The writer thinks “the King’s English” is a class representation of reality．1t is worth trying to speak “the King’s English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from below．The King’s English is a model a rich and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum．10．During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo— French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language．Language bears the stamp of the class that uses it．The King’s English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England．Ⅲ．1．The title of this piece is not well chosen．It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the King’s English．Whereas the writer．in reality，is just discoursing on what makes good conversation．The King’s English is connected with “pub talk” when the writer describes the charming conversation he had with some people one evening in a pub on the topic “the King’s English” to illustrate his point that bar conversation in a pub has a charm of its own．2．1n this essay the writer alluded to many historical and literary event such as the Norman conquest，the saloons of 18th century Paris，and the words of many a man of letters．For a short expository essay like this，the allusions used are more than expected and desirable．3．Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph by means of which the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of it．But one feels the change from “pub talk” to “the King's English” a bit too abrupt．4．The simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks，out of bed on the wrong side，etc．”may be said to go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer used for an informal conversational style to Suit the theme of this essay in which the writer tries to defend informal uses of language．5．The writer’s attitude towards “the King’s English” shows that he is a defender of democracy．Ⅳ．1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．3．In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives．5．The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．6．These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．7．The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9．The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10．There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11．There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12．Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.V．See the translation of the text．Ⅵ·1. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2．get out of bed on the wrong side: be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”. It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed.) 3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4．turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i．e．as if one were a Saxon peasant6 come into one’s own：receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition657．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice ofⅦ．1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏；uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。

Unit 1 Fairy TaleA Glimpse at Words and ExpressionsPlease read the following sentences. Pay attention to the underlined part in each sentence and see how these expressions are used in the context, and then write down its meaning in the blanks provided.1.They gave themselves ridiculous airs, and wouldnot keep company with any but persons of quality. (associate with; make friends with)2.This news had liked to have turned the heads ofthe two eldest daughters, who immediatelyflattered themselves with the hopes of returningto town.(make sb. conceited )a3.…they went to law with him about themerchandise. (went to legal preceedings against )4.If your daughter refuse to die in your stead, youwill return within three months. ( in stead of you; in yourplace )5.The beast responded, “You are very good, and Iam greatly obliged to you.”(am grateful to you)6.Will you give me leave to see you sup? (give me permission)7.…her newly found happiness and materialcomfort with the Beast(give comfort to)A Sip of Word FormationBuild Your VocabularyDecide which form of the negative prefix to use to make each word. Add the prefix and write the whole word.A Smart Word PlayerThe word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space. Fill each blank this way.Example : He said “Good morning ” in a most friendly way. (FRIEND)1. There is no doubt that cannabis will remain an _illegal drug for the foreseeable future. (LEGAL)2. It was quite impossible for us to drive all the way from Paris to Madrid in one day.(POSSIBLE)3. He made a (n) unsuccessful attempt to climb the highest mountain in the range.(SUCCESSFUL)4. To take the boat out with four children under the age of ten and with no life jackets on board was quite irresponsible of him. (RESPONSIBLE)5. The dress she was wearing was quite ___________ for the occasion. (APPROPRIATE)6. It was very impolite of him to insult his mother in front of his aunt. (POLITE)7. They were a completely _________ family and I never thought that one day I would marry one of the daughters. (RELIGIOUS)8. As a politician he was dishonest and it was not long before nobody trusted him.(HONEST)9. The goods were imperfect and had to be returned to the store we bought them from.(PERFECT)10. She was ________ with her life and decided that things had to change. (CONTENTED)共有六个部分组成。

高中英语必修第一册Unit 2 Exploring English知识点梳理重点单词1.Oppose. Vt.反对→Opposing. Adj.（观点，意见等）相反的，相对的→adj. opposed. 对立的→opposite. Adj.相反的，对立的；prep.在…..对面；n.对立面，反义词Take/have an opposing view. 持相反的观点.Oppose doing sth. 反对做…..Be opposed to doing sth. 反对做…..,不赞成做……Be opposite to…… 与….相反.The opposite of….. …..的对立面.In the opposite direction. 在相反方向.2.Behave. V.表现，举止得体→n. behavior. 举止，行为Social behavior. 社会行为One’s behavior towards….. 某人对……的行为.Behavior problems. 行为问题.Change one’s behavior. 改变某人的行为。

拓展：Behave oneself. 守规矩，举止得体.Behave well/badly. 表现得好/差.Behave as if/as though. 像…..Well-behaved. 表现好的.Badly-behaved. 表现差的.3.Confuse. Vt.使困惑；（将….）混淆→Confusing. Adj.令人困惑的→adj. confused. 困惑的，糊涂的→n. confusion.困惑，混淆.Find….confusing. 觉得…..令人困惑.A confusing experience. 让人莫名其妙的经历.Confuse sb. 使某人困惑.Confuse A with B. 把A和B弄混.Be confused about… 对……感到困惑.Become/get confused. 变得困惑.A confused expression. 困惑的表情.To avoid confusion. 为避免混淆.In confusion. 困窘地4.Unique. Adj.独一无二的，独特的，罕见的，特有的，难得的.A unique opportunity. 难得的机会.A unique talent. 奇才.Be unique to…. 为…..所独有.5.Alarm. N.警报器；闹钟。

2024年教师资格（初级中学）-英语知识与教学能力（高中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分)His___________in alcohol mined his whole life.A. indulgenceB. habitC. engagementD. addiction2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Mr. Woods, I am here just in case anything out of the ordinary__________.A. happensB. happenC. would happenD. will happen3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the most suitable for group work?______.A. guessing gameB. story tellingC. information-gapD. drama performance4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be used to get the main idea of a passage?A. Reading the passage in detail.B. Reading to sequence the events.C. Reading to fill in the charts.D. Reading the first and last sentences of the passage and the paragraphs.5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) To our surprise, the stranger______to be an old friend of my mother’s.A. turned outB. turned upC. set outD. setup6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) new buildings will be built in my hometown.A. A great deals ofB. A lots ofC. A plenty ofD. A great number of7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读Passage2,完成下列小题.Passage 2We had been wanting to expand our children‘s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything wed been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva,where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-old needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn’t foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children “in danger",referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought anexcellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn’t change our planning:although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. Department’s list of troublespots. We didn’t see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, veryinteresting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see “every single” church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations werent needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul’s major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and preteens view. Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For →our two←, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children’s curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every comer of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us th e agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults’ desire to try something new amid children’s insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans9 palace, no guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party.Whom does“our two”in PARAGRAPH 5 refer to? ______ .A. the coupleB. the kidsC. the gourmetsD. local-style markets8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements is NOT a way of presenting new vocabulary?____.A. definingB. using real objectsC. writing a passage by using new wordsD. giving explanations9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential; their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society5s understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not —to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.From its passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children______.A. is now enjoying legal supportB. disagrees with the tradition of the countryC. was clearly stated by the country’s foundersD. will exert great influence over court decisions10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What stage can the following grammar activity be used at?The teacher asked students to arrange the words of sentences into different columns marked subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and so on.A. Presentation.B. Practice.C. Production.D. Preparation.11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)According to Britain linguist F. Palmer, there are no real synonyms. Though"cast" and"throw" are considered synonyms, they are different in__________.A. styleB. collocationC. emotive meaningD. regions where they are used12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What advantage do the new generation Latino writers have over LatinAmericanwriters according to the passage?A. The former are able to write in two different languages.B. The former can translate their works into different languages.C. The former are able to express ideas from a bi-cultural perspective.D. The former can travel freely across the border between two countries.13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It is not so much the language______the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understanD.A. asB. butC. likeD. nor14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which inference in the brackets of the following sentences is apresupposition?A. Ede caught a trout. (Edecaught a fish.)B. Don' t sit on Carol' s bed. (Carol has a bed.)C. This blimp is over the house. (The house is under the blimp.)D. Coffee would keep me awake all night. (I don' t want coffee.)15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There are many different ways of presenting grammar in the classroom. Among them, three are most frequently used and discusseD. Which one does not belong to them?______.A. deductive methodB. inductive methodC. guided discovery methodD. productive method16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher teaches young learners English pronunciation, he should______.A. listen as much as possibleB. input regardless of students5 abilityC. tolerate small errors in continuous speechD. read more English materials17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the best for training detailed reading?A. drawing a diagram to show the text structureB. giving the text an appropriate titleC. transforming information from the text to a diagramD. finding out all the unfamiliar words18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following teacher‘s instruction could serve the purpose of eliciting ideas?A. Shall we move on?B. Read after me, everyoneC. What can you see in this picture?D. What does the world "quickly" mean?19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A. The quality of writing is of primary importance.B. Common humanity is central to news reporting.C. Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.D. Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What is the best title for this passage?A. Creativity. and InsightsB. Insights and Problem SolvingC. Where Do Insight Moments Come?D. Where Do Creativity Moments Come?21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Where did you find the wallet?—It was at the stadium______I played football.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. there22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensifieD. This will involve even increasing quantities of agriculture chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be lesseneD. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazarD. This involves the processing of solid wastes prior to disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or best reduce pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients containeD. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries,such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste production into marketable byproducts. Other industries have potential economic uses for their waste products.The phrase “prior to”（ParA. 2） probably means______.A. afterB. duringC. beforeD. beyond23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读passage2，完成下列小题。

Key to Unit 1 How Does One Become a Secretary?Section 1 Being InterviewedI.1.personnel2.manager3. in4.answer5.to6. qualifications7.personal8.interview 9. graduated 10.from 11. Secretarial 12.Management 13. office 14.work 15. main 16.duty 17. typing 18. bilingual 19. apply 20.for 21. enjoys 22. challenging 23. deal 24.with 25. position 26. routine 27. teaming 28.up 29.with 30. confident 31. maximize 32. folk 33.songs 34. be35.married 36. salary 37. assignment 38. benefits 39. insurance 40. opportunityIII.2.(1)what has made you decide to apply for a position here?(2) My responsibilities include typing, filing, and answering telephone(3) you’re looking for an executive secretary(4) assist me in my daily routine, dealing with correspondence(5) I am more confident that I am able to handle the office routine.5.1)I am very happy that I have the chance for this personal interview.2)I had a part-time job for three months at Far East Trade Company as apersonnel assistant.3)As a secretary I usually need to deal with people from other cultures.4)My plan is to become a successful secretary because I have been welltrained for this.5) A secretary must team up with other colleagues for a smooth operationto maximize working efficiency.6)I want to ask about the salary and benefits in the company.Section 2 Preparing an InterviewI.1.affair2.employer3.that4.as5.who6.it7.themselves8.sector9.ahead 10.advantage 11.capabilities 12.and 13.you 14.arrive 15.understand 16.and 17.Smile 18.or 19.remember 20.the 21.light 22.out 23.natureIII.3. 1) besides, to 2) out, for, for 3) on, for, off 4) to 5) of4. 1)To be 2) limited 3) will remember 4) interviews 5) to attract 6) to appear 7) avoiding 8) putting 9) requiring 10) areSection 3 Writing a Letter of Application and ResumeI.1. application2. resume3.. company4. qualifications5. arrange6. sincerely7. particular8. truthful9.emphasize 10. provide 11. interview 12. indicate 13. working 14 experience 15. concise 16. complete 17. page 18. address 19. graduation 20. objective 21. position 22. samplesIII.2.1)I know from your advertisement in China Trade that your company islooking for a secretary. This position has aroused my great interest. 2)My major and working experience will enable me to be competent forthis position.3)Oriental company has been enjoying a very good commercialreputation, so I have a keen interest in working for your company.4)I hope I can have a chance for an interview regarding my qualificationsfor this position.5)I am sincere, enthusiastic, hardworking and of team spirit.Section 4 Getting Some Knowledge of a SecretaryI.1. employee2. changed3. private4. secret5. transact6. society7. Professional8. office9. judgment 10. employed 11. documents 12. arrangements 13. routine 14. executive’s 15. officeIII.2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) FT apescriptsUnit 1 How Does One Become a Secretary?Section 1 Being InterviewedA: Come in, please. My name is Chu Tianshu, the personnel manager. How do you do?B:I’m ZhangYi. How do you do?A: Please have a seat.B: Thank you.A: We have received your letter in answer to our advertisement. I would like to talk with you regarding your qualifications for this position.B: Yes, Sir. I am very happy that I have the chance for this personal interview.A: Could you tell me a little bit about yourself, please?B: I was born in 1979. I live in Beijing. I graduated from Beijing No. 4 Middle School in 1997. Then I went to Beihua University and studied in the Department of Secretarial Management and graduated only last year. A: Do you have any experience relating to office work?B: Yes, I had a part–time job for three months at Far East Trading Company as a secretary.A: Oh, really?B: Yes, it was a very interesting experience.A: What was your main duty?B: Mostly typing and answering the phones.A: Oh, very good. But you know that we're really looking for a bilingual secretary. May I know what has made you decide to apply for a position as a secretary here?B: Well, I think your company enjoys a very high reputation in Beijing and working here is very challenging. And for me the most important thing is to find work where I can meet with and deal with people from other cultures. As a Chinese, this seems to be the most exciting thing I can do. Besides, I feel I am ready for a challenging position.A: I see. Great. As secretary here, you will assi st your superior in his or her daily routine, dealing with correspondence and teaming up with people in the office for a smooth operation. How do you feel about routine work?B: A secretary’s work is often routine work. I’m confident that I’m able to handle the office routine. I’ve been well trained for this.A: What do you think of the new idea of “to work with the boss”?B: “To work with the boss” means to work as a team-member with the boss in order to maximize efficiency. I believe it also means that the secretary and the boss have a mutual respect for each other.A: What are your hobbies? What do you like to do in your spare time?B: Well, I like reading, and listening to music, especially Chinese folk songs. I practice calligraphy and I like it very much.A: What are your plans for the future?B: My plan is just to become a successful secretary.A: Will you be married and have a baby in the near future?B: I don’t think I will have any baby within four years.A: Good. Now do you have any questions you’d like to ask me about this company?B: Yes, I’d like to ask about the salary. How is it determined?A: Well, all new clerical employees begin at a standard salary of RMB 800 yuan per month. Then, after the training period, you are given an assignment. Someone like you may be given a higher-ranking assignment, and then you would get a higher monthly salary.B: What about other benefits?A: All employees must join the health insurance program, and there are many other benefits. I think most of them are explained in our brochure. Did you get a copy?B: Yes, I did. Thank you.A: Any more questions?B: No. Thank you very much for giving me the opportunity.A: You’re welcome. We’ll keep you informed of the result of the interviews sometime next week. Thank you for coming. Good – bye, Miss Zhang.B: Good – bye..Section2 Preparing an InterviewThe first thing to remember when you go for a job interview is that this is not a one-sided affair. You can treat it in the same way that you treat a negotiation. After all, both you and the prospective employer are selling something. If you approach an interview with t he attitude “any job will do”, the interviewer will realize that immediately. If the job is worth anything, you won’t get it.You should prepare yourself for an interview just as you would do for a negotiation. Find out as much as you can about the company and the person who is to interview you. Don’t be caught unawares. Go to the internet and look at the company’s website. Compare it with that of its competitors. Alternatively, look at the Yellow Pages or trade magazines to see how they advertise themselves. Make enquiries at the Chamber of Commerce and other relevant organizations. Find out at least a little about the sector so that you can ask interesting questions.Think of and note down your strengths and the opportunities that lie ahead. No matter how high unemployment is, regardless of how miserable you are in your current job, it’s always an advantage to see things in a positive light. If you have little or no experience in a particular area, consider your capabilities in a similar area. Spend some time trying to imagine what type of employee the company is looking for and what makes you suitable for the job being advertised.First impressions count, so look good and feel good before you go. Choose clothes that make you feel confident. Find out what clothes may put the interviewer off. Ensure you arrive at the interview with time to spare. According to more than one recruitment agency we spoke to, interviewees must understand the importance not only of their personal appearance but also of their body language. During the interview breathe calmly and try not to appear too nervous. Look the interviewer in the eye and adopt similar body language to theirs. Smile and feel relaxed, enthusiastic and assertive. Remember one thing, though, assertive does not mean aggressive.Don’t just answer “yes” or “no” to questions. Treat every question as an opportunity to demonstrate that you are suitable for the job, but remember to stick to the point. When asked about your interests, include group as well as individual activities. Be on the lookout for tricky questions about your personal life. You don’t need to lie; just sell yourself in the bestlight. This is something the interviewer needs to be able to do as well. You have the right to find out whether or not you want to work for the company. Furthermore, your interest in the nature of the company and how it is run may well end up being your big selling point.Section 3 Writing a Letter of Application and ResumeA: Hey, here is an advertisement for the position of Personnel Assistant. I want to try it through a job application letter and my resume Do you know how to sell my qualifications to the company effectively?B: According to what I know, in such a letter, you should present the organization your interests in and qualifications for the position, while in your resume you should introduce the main points of them.A: Then how should I arrange it in the concrete form.B: In the opening paragraph, you should state sincerely the reason for your letter, identify the particular position you’re applying for, and you may also indicate how you learned about the company. The opening should be short, and truthful.A: I know, that is to attract the reader’s attention. How about the body part? B: This part is the most important part, you can have one or two paragraphs to highlight your strongest qualifications and relate them directly to the needs of the position you are applying for. And the secret to move the reader is to provide specific and credible information about yourself to support your statements.A: I see. Then what’s the use of the ending?B: Though this part is usually short, it is absolutely necessary. In it, you should ask for a personal interview politely and provide your phone number, your address or e-mail for the reader. And remember to indicate the time available.A: Ok, I’ve got it. Now, how about a resume?B: Well, a resume is always included with the job application letter. It should serve as a brief record of your personal qualifications and experience, including education and working experience.A: Should I make it in details or …B: Actually no. Typically, the readers only spend a very short time reading each resume and select some to study in more detail. So a successful resume should be very concise but complete, and usually no longer than one page for the entry-level positions.A: Then what should be necessarily there?B: The following information is generally believed to be essential in resume:●Name, address, and telephone number●Job objective●Major, degree, name of your school, and date of graduation.●Special aptitudes and skillsJobs held, employing company, date of employment and job duty (if you have)A: Can you explain a bit about the “job objective”?B: Ok, it is simply what job or position you are looking for.A: I hope I can do a good job before I get the job.B: By the way, here are some samples for you to refer to.A: How thoughtful you are. Thanks.B: this is the application letter.Dear Mrs. Swan:I know from different media and my friends that you are acompany specialized in evening dress for more than ten years andhave a good commercial reputation. Your advertisement inBEIJING DAIL Y of December 12th stating that you are lookingfor “an executive secretary” has aroused my great interest.I will graduate from Beihua University in June and I believethat the skills I attained and the knowledge I gained will enableme to be an efficient secretary in your company. During my fouryears of study in the executive secretarial science program atBeihua University, my goal was to become qualified to work as anefficient secretary.I am confident of dealing with office routine because I cantype at rate of 70 words per minute, take dictation at 120 wordsper minute, transcribe telephone message, and file etc.. Whilefluent spoken English and effective written English, efficienttravel and meeting arrangements, smooth business communicationskills and driving can enable me to perform a variety of duties fora busy executive.I have acquired a broad concept of the business world fromthose business administration courses I studied. From my summerjobs, listed on the enclosed resume, I learned the importance ofcooperating with the other workers and of being dependable.I have a keen interest in working with ABC Company. May Ihave an appointment to discuss my qualification as a secretarywith your company? You can find me at 23765898 anytime after9:00 p.m..Sincerely,Miss Terry RobertsB: And the following is the resume.Zhang Yi234 Xiaoquan StreetXing’an City, Hebei 546123OBJECTIVE: SECRETARYEDUCATIONBeihua UniversityDegree: B. A. 2001Major: Secretarial ManagementCourses: Typewriting (70 words a minute); shorthand (120 words a minute); secretarial procedure (correspondence, filing,telephone, financial, records, report research and writing,travel arrangements); English; psychology; business law;economics; statistics; business communications. ACTIVITIESAssistant Editor, Red, Yellow and White, College studentliterary magazineSecretary, Student Union of Beihua UniversityPART-TIME WORK EXPERIENCESummer, 2000 Far East Trading Company, BeijingAssistant to Sales Manager, Mrs. Li Min,Checking assignments, answering telephone,transcribing dictation, typing etc.Autumn, 1999 Orient Company, Guangzhou.Secretary and interpreter to the director, Mr. Zheng,checking assignments, interpreting for businessnegotiations and business communicationSection 4 Getting Some Knowledge of a Secretary The word of secretary comes from the Latin word sēcrētārius, meaning “confidential employee.” A secretary of today is still an employee who is privy to confidential information. In that respect, the job has not changed.As The Oxford English Dictionary says, a secretary is one who is entrusted with private or secret matters and one who is employed to conduct correspondence, to keep records, and usually to transact various other businesses, for another person or for a society, corporation, or public body. While American Professional Secretaries International (APSI) defines a secretary as an executive assistant who possesses a mastery of office skills, demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, exercises initiative and judgment, and makes decisions within the scope of assigned authority.Accordingly, a secretary employed usually does almost everything in the office as follows: typing, keyboarding; transcribing; processing mail; telephoning; scheduling appointments; greeting visitors; composing and editing documents; researching and coordinating meetings, conferences, and teleconferences; making travel arrangements; handling reprographics; and organizing time and work, etc. These form the daily office routine for a secretary. In the modern society the secretary is an important member of the management team, responsible not only for carrying out the executive’s wishes but also for helping to maintain a well-organized and efficient office. In other words, a secretary entering the work force is to face a lot of possible job situations. Therefore only those who have received specialized professional training will be survivals in a world where the methods of handling information are complex.Technically, according to the survey by APSI in 1981, the titles of secretaries can be classified into the five kinds: Administrative Assistant, Administrative secretary, Executive Secretary, Secretary, and Secretary-Receptionist Each of them has his or her respective techniques and qualifications but they all have to have: secretarial skills, organizational ability, administrative ability, good communication skills, self-starter and the like before they serve as a professional secretary.译文第一部分A: 请进，我是人事经理楚天舒。