《主谓一致》

英语主谓一致的易错点归纳■不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

如：Remember /To remember English words is not easy. 记英语单词不容易。

Who will do the job hasn’t been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。

注：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。

如：What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。

■“名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but ,except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语〞作主语时，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。

如：Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema. 李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。

No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外，没有一个人迟到。

Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret. 是李明透露了那个消息而不是他的同学透露的。

■“more than one/many a +单数名词〞作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

如：More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。

Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。

注：“More+复数名词than one〞作主语，谓语那么用复数形式。

《新概念英语第二册》语法总结知识要点：在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。

如何判定，则要看句子的意思。

多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。

下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。

1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。

如：1）The book is on the table.2）He is reading English.3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）4）How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。

如：Children like to play toys.3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。

如以here,there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。

如：1）There is a dog near the door.2）There were no schools in this area before liberation.3）Here comes the bus.4）On the wall were two famous paintings.5）Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。

如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。

如：1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2）He and my father work in the same factory.3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6）Every picture except these two has been sold.7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。

《Grammar and usage》知识清单一、词类（Parts of Speech）1、名词（Noun）普通名词（Common Noun）：如“book”（书）、“table”（桌子）。

专有名词（Proper Noun）：如“China”（中国）、“Tom”（汤姆）。

可数名词（Countable Noun）和不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）：可数名词有复数形式，如“apples”；不可数名词没有复数形式，如“water”。

2、动词（Verb）及物动词（Transitive Verb）和不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）：及物动词后需接宾语，如“eat an apple”；不及物动词后不接宾语，如“sleep”。

动词的时态（Tenses）：包括一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）、一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）、一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）、现在进行时（Present Continuous Tense）、过去进行时（Past Continuous Tense）、现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）、过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）等。

3、形容词（Adjective）形容词用于描述或修饰名词，如“beautiful girl”（漂亮的女孩）。

形容词的比较级（Comparative Degree）和最高级（Superlative Degree）：如“taller”（更高的）、“the tallest”（最高的）。

4、副词（Adverb）副词用于修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，如“run fast”（跑得快）、“very beautiful”（非常漂亮）。

副词的比较级和最高级：如“more carefully”（更仔细地）、“most carefully”（最仔细地）。

5、代词（Pronoun）人称代词（Personal Pronoun）：如“I”（我）、“you”（你）、“he”（他）等。

主谓一致【教学目标】（Teaching aim.）掌握主谓一致的原则。

（Grasp the consistent rules of subject and predicate .）【教学难点】Teaching difficult point掌握主谓一致应注意的几个问题。

(Grasp a few problems of consistent the rules of subject and predicate)【教学重点】（Teaching important points ）1．语法形式上的一致。

(Grammar consistent)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式：主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。

2．意义上一致。

(The meaning consistent)(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。

单数形式表示复数意义的词有people, police, audience等。

(2)主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数或不可数，谓语动词用单数。

形复意单(不可数)的词有：news, maths, physics等。

3．就近原则( according to the rules of nearest word)谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语，如there be句型或用连词either...or...，neither...nor...,not only...but also等。

4．要注意的几个问题。

( Pay attention to a few problems)(1)class, family, team, country, school等集合名词作主语时，如果指整体，用单数；如果指每个成员，用复数。

如：His family are watching TV in the sitting room.His family is very big.(2)trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors单独作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of或pairs of连用时，谓语动词与pair的数保持一致。

（二）教学设计5. 非谓语动词作状语教学设计……………6. 动词语态教学设计……7. 主谓一致教学设计……5. 非谓语动词作状语教学设计设计者：舒玉才王桂红郭颖史海光Lecturer : Shu YucaiClass: Class2, Grade3 Huaiyan No.1 High SchoolDate : April 16 , 2014Analysis of the teaching contentThis is a revision of the non-finite verbs used as adverbial, which are difficult for many students and play an important part in grammar. I select a lot oftypical exercises to help them master the usages and to practice using thenon-finite verbs correctly as a whole.Teaching important and difficult points:1.Enable students to learn to use the non-finite verbs as adverbial.2.Enable students to know how to do such exercises.3.Conduct moral education.Three-dimension Teaching Targets:1.Knowledge and abilities:a. Help the students grasp the usage of the non-finite verbs used as adverbial.b. Help the students use the grammar correctly.2. Processes and methods:a. To improve students’ ability of solving problems.b. To improve students’ ability in summarizi ng.3. Emotions、attitudes and values:a. Encourage the students to learn to challenge themselves and be brave in theirfuture life.b. Get students to be ready to help whoever is in trouble .Teaching Methods:1. Cooperative learning2. Autonomous learning3. Communicative strategiesTeaching Aids:multi-mediaTeaching Procedures:Step1 Greetings and Lead-inTalk about some pictures .1. Play a short video----the earthquake in Wenchuan Sichuan ProvinceT: “Do you know what happened?”Show students some pictures about the disaster with captions1.The earthquake hit Japan , leaving many local people homeless.2.Some International Search & Rescue Tea(国际救援队) went there to help them.3.Faced with the earthquake, Chinese people stay calm.4. Not having been warned of the disaster in advance, many people were killed Step2 DiscussionHave the students work in pairs and discuss the usages of the underlined parts. Then ask one or two students report their conclusions.Step3 ExplanationThe infinitive used as adverbial1.Show some sentences and analyze their usages.a.. To see the new romance movie directed by Zhang Yimou, he booked a ticket ahead of two weeks.—目的状语b. I’m very glad to hear the news.—原因状语c. He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.—结果状语例题1[2013·湖南卷] ________________ at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. (stay)[答案] To stay warm(1)不定式用来做目的状语。

morpheme词素free morpheme自由词素（用法use alone as simple word简单词充当root词根＋affix词缀（为derivational affix）＝derivative派生词free morpheme＋other free morpheme＝compound word复合词）bound morpheme粘附词素（分类＝词缀affix＋组合形式combining form）（①用法inflectional affix屈折词缀；derivational affix派生词缀（prefix前缀suffix 后缀）＋root＝derivative②充当root即bound root粘附词根＋affix＝primitive derivative原始派生词；＋word＝compound word；＋combining form＝neo-classical compound新古典复合词）Δallomorph词素变体word单词（构词法simple word、derivation、compound word（compound noun/adjective/verb/adverb/pronoun/conjun ction连词/preposition介词）（语法功能closed class封闭词类→function word功能词（preposition、pronoun、determiner限定词、conjunction、auxiliary 助动词）、open class开放词类→content word 实义词（noun、adjective、adverb、main verb 主动词、cardinal numeral基数词、ordinal numeral序数词）interjection感叹词介于两者之间transitional word过渡词phrase词组（head或headword中心词）noun/adjective/adverb/verb/prepositional phraseclause分句independent clause独立分句dependent/subordinate clause从属分句（从句）main clause主句simple clause简单分句simple sentence简单句complex clause复杂分句complex sentence复杂句finite clause限定分句non-finite clause非限定分句（infinitive clause 不定式分句、-ing participle clause-ing分词分句、-ed participle clause-ed分词分句）verbless clause无动词分句nominal clause名词性分句clause element分句成分（central element中心成分→subject、predicate verb/predicator 谓语动词、object、complement（subject complement＋object complement）、adverbial（adjunct/depictive adverbial））peripheral element外围成分→stance adverbial/disjunct评注性状语、linking adverbial/conjunct连接性状语……parenthesis插入语）basic clause type分句基本类型subject主语predicate谓语double predicate双重谓语complementation补足成分Δnotional subject实义主语（real subject真主语）logical subject逻辑主语sentence句子full sentence完全句（simple sentence、compound sentence并列句、complex sentence、compound-complex sentence并列复杂句）minor sentence不完全句主谓一致（主-动-致subject-verb concord）concord/agreement一致grammatical concord语法一致notional concord意义一致principle of proximity就近原则coordinate subject并列结构做主语noun phrase of amount or quantity表示数量概念的名词词组noun→noun phrase→complex noun phrase 词汇意义proper noun专有名词、commonnoun（individual noun、collective noun、mass noun/material noun、abstract noun）语法特征count/countable noun、non-count/uncountable nounnumber数→语法范畴singular number单数plural number复数（regular plural、irregular plural）partitive单位词（unit noun单位名词）case格→语法术语nominative case主格、genitive/possessive case属格/所有格、dative case与格、accusation case宾格→old English古英语genitive/possessive case、common case通格→modern English现代英语independent genitive独立属格double genitive双重属格determinerreferential meaning所指意义→specific reference特指、generic reference类指definite quantity确定数量indefinite quantity非确定数量分类：predeterminer前位限定词、central determiner、postdeterminerarticle冠词definite article定冠词indefinite article不定冠词zero article 零冠词definite specific reference确定特指（anaphoric specific reference后照应特指、cataphoric specific reference前照应特指、situational reference语境特指）indefinite specific reference非确定特指adjective形容词（open class）词的构成→one-word adjective单词形容词、compound adjective复合形容词句法功能→central adjective中心形容词、peripheral adjective外围形容词词汇意义→dynamic adjective动态形容词、stative adjective静态形容词词汇意义→gradable adjective等级形容词、non-gradable adjective非等级形容词modifier修饰语premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语subject complement、object complementΔcausative construction使役结构adverb→adverb phrase词的构成→simple adverb简单副词、derivative adverb派生副词词汇意义→adverb of mannar方式副词、adverb of degree程度副词、adverb of frequency频度副词、adverb of time时间副词、conjunctive adverb连接副词（the head/headword of the verb phrase when used as a linking adverbial/conjunct）usage①modifier②adverbial （adjunct/depictive adverbial修饰性状语、disjunct/stance adverbial评注性状语、conjunct/linking adverbial连接性状语）比较等级和比较结构比较等级：当adjective和adverb用于比较结构时采取的特殊的语法形式比较结构：形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成了比较结构gradable可等级的positive/absolute degree原级comparative degree比较级superlative degree最高级comparative degree and superlative degree both have two forms→regular form and irregular formregular form has two expressions①synthetic form综合形式（add suffixes-er or-est to the positive/absolute degree）②analytic form分析形式（add more or most before positive/absolute degree）comparative construction比较结构gradable noun可等级名词Δnucleus调核代词pronoun（closed class封闭词类）personal pronoun人称代词（person人称形式→first/second/third第一/二/三人称）possessive pronoun物主代词＝genitivepronoun属格代词（按语法功能分类→nominal genitive pronoun名词性属格代词、determiner genitive pronoun限定词性属格代词词）possessive determiner物主限定词（my、your 等）reflexive form反身形式reflexive pronoun反身代词（9个）（用法→emphatic use强调性用法、unemphatic use 非强调性用法）reciprocal pronoun相互代词demonstrative pronoun指示代词demonstrative determiner指示限定词demonstrative指示词interrogative pronoun疑问代词relative pronoun关系代词indefinite pronoun不定代词（分类→numeral 数次和quantifier量词、compound pronoun 复合代词）referent对象＝antecedent先行项pronoun reference代词照应（anaphoric reference前照应、cataphoric reference后照应、situational reference情景照应；personal reference人称照应、demonstrative reference 指示照应）Δnoun of common gender通性名词、pro-verb代动词介词prepositionsimple/complex preposition简单/复杂介词、two-word/three-word/four-word preposition 双词/三词/四词介词Δanalytic language分析性语言、word order 词序（nomal order正常词序＝natural order 自然词序）动词与动词词组verb动词（main verb主动词、auxiliary助动词→primary auxiliary基本主动词、modal auxiliary情态助动词、semi-auxiliary半助动词＝semi-modal半情态助动词）Δmarginal modal auxiliary边际情态助动词（need、dare 等）verb phrase动词词组（simple verb phrase简单动词词组、complex verb phrase复杂动词词组、finite verb phrase限定动词词组、non-finite verb phrase非限定动词词组）notional verb实义动词contracted form缩略形式transitive verb及物动词（monotransitive verb 单宾语及物动词、ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词、complex-transitive verb复杂及物动词）intransitive verb不及物动词、linking verb 连系动词dynamic verb动态动词、stative verb静态动词single-word verb单词动词、phrasal verb词组动词（verbal idiom成语动词）regular verb规则动词、irregular verb不规则动词finite verb限定动词、non-finite verb非限定动词finite form限定形式、non-finite form非限定形式base form原形grammatical form语法形式（5种）Δmodal idiom情态成语时tense、体aspectpresent tense现在时、past tense过去时progressive aspect进行体、perfective aspect 完成体simple present/past一般现在时/过去时present/past progressive现在/过去进行体present/past perfective现在/过去完成体present/past perfective progressive现在/过去完成进行体future tense将来时pure future单纯将来语态voiceactive/passive voice主动/被动态active/passive sentence主动/被动句BE-passive be-型被动态GET-passive get-型被动态mood式（语气）subjunctive mood虚拟语气、indicative mood 陈述语气、imperative mood祈使语气hypothetical meaning假设意义＝non-factual meaning非事实意义BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟、were-subjunctive were-型虚拟情态意义表示法ability能力、possibility可能、permission许可、obligation义务、necessity必然、prediction 预见、assumption推测、willingness意愿、intention意图、determination决心epistemic推测性、non-epistemic非推测性Δparaphrase意译非限定形式non-finite form①infinitive不定式to-infinitive带to不定式、bare infinitive不带to不定式Δsplit infinitive分裂不定式②-ing participle-ing分词（present participle 现在分词、gerund动名词）③-ed participle-ed分词（past participle过去分词）dangling participle悬垂分词（unattached participle无依着分词）attachment rule依着法则Δabsolute construction独立结构relative clause关系分句（restrictive relative clause限制性关系分句、non-restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句）double relative clause双重关系分句embedded relative clause/pushdown relative clause嵌入式关系分句relative word关系词（relative pronoun关系代词、relative adverb关系副词、relative determiner关系限定词）attributive clause定语从句antecedent先行项、old information旧信息、given/known information已知信息register语域style语体statement陈述句（declarative sentence）emphasizer强调词、reinforcement tag强调附加结构、double negative双重否定、rhetorical question修辞疑问句、operator操作词、intonation pattern调型（low fall低降调、high fall高降调、low rise低升调、fall rise 降升调）question疑问句（interrogative sentence）（分类→general/special/alternative/tag一般＝yes-no question是非问句/特殊＝wh-question wh问句/选择/附加疑问句）command祈使句（imperative sentence）、exclamation感叹句（exclamatory sentence）interrogative exclamation问句型感叹句、echo exclamation重复感叹句existential sentence存在句complex existential sentence复杂存在句finite existential sentence限定存在句non-finite existential sentence非限定存在句locative adverbial地点状语temporal adverbial时间状语Δrheme述位IT-句型和否定结构non-referring it非指代性itassertive word肯定词non-assertive word非肯定词negative word否定词semi-negative半否定词scope of negation否定范围focus of negation否定焦点transferred negation转移否定double negation双重否定local negation局部否定pleonastic/superfluous negation多余否定并列结构coordinate structure coordinator并列连词correlative coordinator关联并列连词quasi-coordinator近似并列连词compound sentence并列句asyndetic coordination不带连词的并列结构syndetic coordinate带连词的并列结构predication述谓成分parallelism排比（作为修辞手法的并列结构）、parallel construction排比结构climax高潮从属结构subordinate construction subordination从属subordinator从属连词simple subordinator简单从属连词（one-word subordinator单词从属连词）complex subordinator复杂从属连词correlative subordinator关联从属连词marginal subordinator边际从属连词same time同时性earlier time先时性later time后时性nominal relative clause名词性关系分句nominal that-clause名词性that分句nominal wh-clause名词性wh-分句adverbial clause of time/place/manner/cause/result/purpose/co ndition/concession/accompanying circumstances时间/地点/方式/原因/结果/目的/条件/让步/伴随状语分句条件句conditionalreal conditional真实条件句unreal conditional非真实条件句implied conditional含蓄条件句basic form基本形式variant form变体形式alternative form替换形式直接引语和间接引语direct speech直接引语indirect speech间接引语reporting word引述动词free direct speech自由直接引语free indirect speech自由间接引语修饰modificationsquinting modification偏斜修饰、discontinuous modification分隔修饰、transferred modification转移修饰、partial modification局部修饰、multiple modification 多重修饰premodifier前置修饰语、postmodifier后置修饰语、restrictive modifier限制性修饰语、non-restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语、transferred modifier/epithet转移修饰语、squinting modifier偏斜修饰语contrastive meaning对比意义替代substitutionnominal/verbal/clausal名词性/动词性/分句性替代substitute替代词（nominal/verbal/clausal substitute名词/动词/分句替代词）省略ellipsis、situational ellipsis情景省略强调emphasis、rhetorical repetition修辞重复postponement后置、end focus句尾焦点、end weight句尾重心、periodic sentence尾重句、loose sentence松散句、trailing sentence 拖沓句fronting前置、inversion倒装（full inversion 完全倒装、partial inversion部分倒装cleft sentence分裂句、pseudo-cleft sentence 假分裂句focus element中心成分morphology词法、syntax句法、text语篇（＝discourse口语中）、sentence group句群（语段）、paragraph段落、correctness正确性、appropriacy适合性、unity统一性、coherence连贯性、cohesion 粘着性、mobility流动性、clearness清晰性logical connector逻辑纽带、grammatical connector语法纽带、lexical connector词汇纽带literary language文学语言、textual rhetoric 语篇修辞标点符号punctuationperiod/full stop/stop句号、question mark问号、exclamation mark感叹号、comma逗号、semicolon分号、colon冒号、ellipsis省略号、dash破折号、brackets/parentheses括号、quotation mark引号、hyphen连字号、apostrophe撇号、slant斜线、italics斜体、underlining下划线、。

一、选择题1．Read more, ______ you will do better in English.A．or B．and C．but D．so B解析：B【解析】句意：多读书，然后你将会更擅长英语。

or或者；and而且；but但是；so所以。

结合句意，多阅读，然后英语会学得更好，故表示并列关系，故用连词and，故选B。

2．Simon 12, Martin isn't. Martin is 13.A．is; and B．are; and C．is; but D．are; but C解析：C【解析】【分析】【详解】句意：Simon12岁了，但是Martin不是，Martin13岁了。

is是，用于主语是单数的时候；are用于主语是复数的时候；and和，而且，表示承接关系；but但是，表示转折关系。

第一句话的主语是Simon，be动词应用is，故先排除B和D；根据句意Simon12岁，而Martin不是12岁，故这里是转折的关系，应用but。

选C。

3．The dress fits me well, ______I don’t want to buy it because it’s too expensive.A．so B．and C．or D．but D解析：D【解析】试题分析：第一句The dress fits me well，表示衣服大小合适，按理说要买，但是后文_I don’t want to buy it because it’s too expensive.的意思为不想买，故选but，表示转折意味。

考点：连词 but 的用法点评：注意判断前后句子之间的关系，就可以做出正确的判断4．Don’t give up,_______ you will never succeed．A．and B．but C．so D．or D解析：D【解析】【分析】【详解】句意：不要放弃，否则你永远不会成功。