Semantic Digital Library Services
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“大学数字图书馆国际合作计划”项目的电子书实践与发展金佳丽,黄晨0引言2000年,中美两国计算机科学家共同发起倡议,建设中美百万册书数字图书馆项目(Million Book Project,MBP)。
这一倡议得到中国教育部、美国国家科学基金会和印度科学院的重视与支持,最终发展成为一个全球数字图书馆项目(Universal Digital Library,UDL),开始了全球最早的大规模数字化资源工程。
2001年,项目中方被教育部定名为“高等学校中英文图书数字化国际合作计划”(China-Academic Digital Academic Library,CADAL),与中国高等教育文献保障系统(CALIS)共同构成中国高等教育文献保障体系(CADLIS)。
2009年,项目更名为“大学数字图书馆国际合作计划”(China Academic Digital Associative Library,CADAL)。
如今CADAL已经成为一个拥有多学科、多类型、多语种海量数字资源,面向公众开放的全球最大的公益性数字图书馆,是国家创新体系的重要信息基础设施之一。
从最初的图书数字化到数字图书馆进而走向智慧图书馆,技术的进步带来了知识传播的革命。
本文将目光聚焦到电子书,梳理电子书在内涵、组织形式、呈现方式、检索技术、阅读体验、服务模式等方面的发展变迁,回顾CADAL在电子书方面的实践与发展,以期在总结经验教训的基础上,科学规划,赋能升级,实现从数字化、网络化向智能化时代的跨越。
摘要“大学数字图书馆国际合作计划”(CADAL)项目至今走过了20年的历程,始终坚持OEB开放电子书规范,以共建共享为理念,以用户需求为导向,以技术革新为契机,不断调整电子书的内容格式和前端浏览方式,对电子书进行边界拓展和深度解析,积极探索电子书服务模式的转型升级。
关键词电子书数字图书馆CADAL知识服务引用本文格式金佳丽,黄晨.“大学数字图书馆国际合作计划”项目的电子书实践与发展[J].图书馆论坛,2022,42(10):25-30.The Practice and Development of CADAL E-book ProjectJIN Jiali&HUANG ChenAbstract It has been20years since the establishment of China Academic Digital Associative Library (CADAL).Over the past two decades,CADAL always adheres to the Open eBooks Publication Structure and the concept of co-building and sharing,and regards user needs as the guidance and technological innovation as an opportunity.The content format and front-end browsing methods of e-books have constantly been adjusted.At the same time,CADAL expands the breadth and depth of e-books and explores the transformation and upgrading of e-book service methods.Keywords e-books;digital libraries;CADAL;knowledge services1基于OEB的电子书技术与特征作为全球数字图书馆项目(UDL)的一部分,CADAL创立的初衷是希望所有人不论何时何地都可以通过互联网访问到全人类的知识。
信息检索关键词部分Key word第1章信息检索(Information Retrieval, IR)数据检索(data retrieval)相关性(relevance)推送(Push)超空间(hyperspace)拉出(pulling)⽂献逻辑表⽰(视图)(logical view of the document)检索任务(retrieval task 检索(retrieval )过滤(filtering)全⽂本(full text)词⼲提取(stemming)⽂本操作(text operation)标引词(indexing term)信息检索策略(retrieval strategy)光学字符识别(Optical Character Recognition, OCR)跨语⾔(cross-language)倒排⽂档(inverted file)检出⽂献(retrieved document)相关度(likelihood)信息检索的⼈机交互界⾯(human-computer interaction, HCI)检索模型与评价(Retrieval Model & Evaluation)⽂本图像(textual images)界⾯与可视化(Interface & Visualization)书⽬系统(bibliographic system)多媒体建模与检索(Multimedia Modeling & Searching)数字图书馆(Digital Library)检索评价(retrieval evaluation)标准通⽤标记语⾔(Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML)标引和检索(indexing and searching)导航(Navigation)并⾏和分布式信息检索(parallel and distribution IR)模型与查询语⾔(model and query language)导航(Navigation)有效标引与检索(efficient indexing and searching)第2章特别检索(ad hoc retrieval)过滤(filtering)集合论(set theoretic)代数(algebraic)概率(probabilistic 路由选择(routing)⽤户需求档(user profile)阙值(threshold)权值(weight)语词加权(term-weighting)相似度(similarity)相异度(dissimilarity)域建模(domain modeling)叙词表(thesaurus)扁平(flat)⼴义向量空间模型(generalized vector space model)神经元(neuron)潜语义标引模型(latent semantic indexing model)邻近结点(proximal node)贝叶斯信任度⽹络(Bayesian belief network)结构导向(structure guided)结构化⽂本检索(structured text retrieval, STR)推理⽹络(inference network)扩展布尔模型(extended Boolean model)⾮重叠链表(non-overlapping list)第3章检索性能评价(retrieval performance evaluation)会话(interactive session)查全率(R, Recall Ratio) 信息性(Informativeness)查准率(P, Precision Ratio) ⾯向⽤户(user-oriented)漏检率(O, Omission Ratio) 新颖率(novelty ratio)误检率(M, Miss Ratio) ⽤户负担(user effort)相对查全率(relative recall)覆盖率(coverage ratio)参考测试集(reference test collection)优劣程度(goodness)查全率负担(recall effort)主观性(subjectiveness)信息性测度(informativeness measure)第4章检索单元(retrieval unit)字母表(alphabet)分隔符(separator)复合性(compositional)模糊布尔(fuzzy Boolean)模式(pattern)SQL(Structured Query Language, 结构化查询语⾔) 布尔查询(Boolean query)参照(reference)半结合(semijoin)标签(tag)有序包含(ordered inclusion)⽆序包含(unordered inclusion)CCL(Common Command Language, 通⽤命令语⾔) 树包含(tree inclusion)布尔运算符(Boolean operator) searching allowing errors容错查询Structured Full-text relevance feedback 相关反馈Query Language (SFQL) (结构化全⽂查询语⾔) extended patterns扩展模式CD-RDx Compact Disk Read only Data exchange (CD-RDx)(只读磁盘数据交换)WAIS (⼴域信息服务系统Wide Area Information Service)visual query languages. 查询语⾔的可视化查询语法树(query syntax tree)第5章query reformulation 查询重构 query expansion 查询扩展 term reweighting 语词重新加权相似性叙词表(similarity thesaurus)User Relevance Feedback⽤户相关反馈 the graphical interfaces 图形化界⾯簇(cluster)检索同义词(searchonym) local context analysis局部上下⽂分析第6章⽂献(document)样式(style)元数据(metadata)Descriptive Metadata 描述性元数据 Semantic Metadata 语义元数据intellectual property rights 知识产权 content rating 内容等级digital signatures数字签名 privacy levels 权限electronic commerce电⼦商务都柏林核⼼元数据集(Dublin Core Metadata Element Set)通⽤标记语⾔(SGML,standard general markup language)机读⽬录记录(Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC)资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF) XML(eXtensible Markup Language, 可扩展标记语⾔) HTML(HyperText Markup Language, 超⽂本标记语⾔)Tagged Image File Format (TIFF标签图像⽂件格式)Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Portable Network Graphics (PNG新型位图图像格式)第7章分隔符(separator)连字符(hyphen)排除表(list of stopwords)词⼲提取(stemming)波特(porter)词库(treasury of words)受控词汇表(controlled vocabulary)索引单元(indexing component)⽂本压缩text compression 压缩算法compression algorithm注释(explanation)统计⽅法(statistical method)赫夫曼(Huffman)压缩⽐(compression ratio)数据加密Encryption 半静态的(semi-static)词汇分析lexical analysis 排除停⽤词elimination of stopwords第8章半静态(semi-static)191 词汇表(vocabulary)192事件表(occurrence)192 inverted files倒排⽂档suffix arrays后缀数组 signature files签名档块寻址(block addressing)193 索引点(index point)199起始位置(beginning)199 Vocabulary search词汇表检索Retrieval of occurrences 事件表检索 Manipulation of occurrences事件表操作散列变换(hashing)205 误检(false drop)205查询语法树(query syntax tree)207 布鲁特-福斯算法简称BF(Brute-Force)故障(failure)210 移位-或(shift-or)位并⾏处理(bit-parallelism)212顺序检索(sequential search)220 原位(in-place)227第9章并⾏计算(parallel computing) SISD (单指令流单数据流)SIMD (单指令流多数据流) MISD (多指令流单数据流)MIMD (多指令流多数据流)分布计算(distributed computing)颗粒度(granularity)231 多任务(multitasking)I/O(input/output)233 标引器(indexer)映射(map)233 命中列表(hit-list)全局语词统计值(global term statistics)线程(thread)算术逻辑单元(arithmetic logic unit, ALU 中介器(broker)虚拟处理器(virtual processor)240分布式信息检索(distributed information retrieval)249⽂献收集器(gatherer)主中介器(central broker)254第10章信息可视化(information visualization)图标(icon)260颜⾊凸出显⽰(color highlighting)焦点+背景(focus-plus-context)画笔和链接(brushing and linking)魔术透镜(magic lenses)移动镜头和调焦(panning and zooming)弹性窗⼝(elastic window)概述及细节信息(overview plus details)⾼亮⾊显⽰(highlight)信息存取任务(information access tasks)⽂献替代(document surrogate)常见问题(FAQ, Frequently Asked Question) 群体性推荐(social recommendation)上下⽂关键词(keyword-in-context, KWIC)伪相关反馈(pseudo-relevance feedback)重叠式窗⼝(overlapping window)⼯作集(working set)第11/12章多媒体信息检索(Multimedia Information Retrieval, MIR)超类(superclass)半结构化数据(semi-structured data)数据⽚(data blade)可扩充型系统(extensible type system)相交(intersect)动态服务器(dynamic server)叠加(overlaps)档案库服务器(archive server)聚集(center)逻辑结构(logical structure)词包含(contain word)例⼦中的查询(query by example)路径名(path-name)通过图像内容查询(Query by Image Content, QBIC)图像标题(image header)主要成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)精确匹配(exact match)潜语义标引(Latent Semantic Indexing, LSI)基于内容(content-based)范围查寻(Range Query)第13章exponential growth指数增长 Distributed data 数据的分布性volatile data 不稳定数据 redundant data 冗余数据Heterogeneous data异构数据分界点(cut point)373Centralized Architecture集中式结构收集器-标引器(crawler-indexer)373 Wanderers 漫步者 Walkers 步⾏者 Knowbots 知识机器⼈Distributed Architecture分布式结构 gatherers 收集器brokers 中介器 the query interface 查询界⾯the answer interface响应界⾯ PageRank ⽹页级别Crawling the Web漫游Web breadth-first ⼴度优先depth-first fashion 深度优先 Indices(index pl.)索引Web Directories ⽹络⽬录 Metasearchers元搜索引擎Teaching the User⽤户培训颗粒度(granularity)384超⽂本推导主题检索(Hypertext Included Topic Search, HITS)380 Specific queries专指性查询 Broad queries 泛指性查询Vague queries模糊查询 Searching using Hyperlinks使⽤超链接搜索Web Query Languages查询语⾔ Dynamic Search 动态搜索Software Agents 软件代理鱼式搜索(fish search)鲨鱼搜索(shark search)拉出/推送(pull/push)393门户(portal)395 Duplicated data 重复数据第14章联机公共检索⽬录(online public access catalog, OPAC)397化学⽂摘(Chemical Abstract, CA)399 ⽣物学⽂摘(Biological Abstract, BA)⼯程索引(Engineering Index,EI)国会图书馆分类法(Library of Congress Classification)408杜威⼗进分类法(Dewey Decimal Classification)408联机计算机图书馆中⼼(Online Computer Library Center, OCLC)409机读⽬录记录(Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC)409第15章NSF (National Science Foundation, 美国国家科学基⾦会)NSNA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,美国航空航天局)数字图书馆创新项⽬(Digital Libraries Initiative, DLI)4155S(stream,信息流structure,结构space, 空间scenario, 场景society社会)416基于数字化对象标识符(Digital Object Identifier, DOI)420都柏林核⼼(Dublin Core, DC)430 数字图书馆(Digital Library, DL)资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF)431text encoding initiative (TEI) (⽂本编码创新项⽬)431v。
a * annual年刊(鉴)A and I abstracting and indexing编制文摘和标引AA *Cataloguing Rules: Author and Title Entries英美条例AAC Anglo-American Code英美条例(规则)AACR *Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules英美编目条例AAL Association of Assistant Librarians [UK][英国]助理图书馆长协会AALS Association of American Library Shools美国图书馆学院协会AAP Association of American Publishers美国出版商协会AB automated bibliography自动化文献目录ABA American Booksellers Association美国书商协会ABACUS Association of Bibliographic Agencies of Britain,Australia,Canada and the United States英国、澳大利亚、加拿大与美国书目机构协会ABC (1) Abridged Building Classification [UDC][国际十进分类法] 建筑专业简表(2) American Bibliographical Center美国书目中心ABI advance book information form新书预告单ABPB Annual Bibliography of the Printed Books and Libraries [Holland][荷兰]《印本图书与文库书目年刊》abr. * abridgment节略(本),摘要abs. * abstract摘要,文摘ABTICS Abstract and Book Title Index Card Service [UK][英国]文摘与图书书名索引卡片服务ACORDD Advisory Committee for the Research and Development Department [BL,UK] [英国图书馆]研究与发展部咨询委员会ACRILIS Australian Centre for Research in Library and Information Science 澳大利亚图书馆与情报学研究中心ACRL Association of College and Research Libraries[USA][美国]学院图书馆与参考图书馆协会ACSTI Advisory Committee for Scientific and Technical Information[UK][英国]科技情报咨询委员会act. std. actual standard现行标准ad. * addenda补遗,附录ADA (1) automatic data acquisition自动数据收集(2) automatic document analysis自动文献分析ADAM automatic document abstracting method自动编制文摘方法adap. adapted改写(编)的ADI * American Documentation I nstitute美国文献学会ADONIS * Article Delivery Over Network Information Systems ADONIS 系统,网络文章提供情报系统ADP (1) American Data Pro.cessing,Inc.美国数据处理公司(2) automatic data processing自动数据处理ADPC automatic data processing center自动化数据处理中心ADPS automatic data processing system自动化数据处理系统ADRS Automatic Document Request Service [BLLD][不列颠(英国)图书馆外借部]自动文献需求服务A.D.S. autograph document signed签署人手迹文件ADX automatic data exchange自动数据交换AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies 美国信息处理学会联合会AFLA Asian Federation of Library Associations亚洲图书馆协会联合会AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation法国标准化学会AFP * associative file processor相联文件处理机AFR automatic field/format recognition字段格式自动识别AFSARI automation for storage and retrieval of information情报存贮与检索自动化AGLINET Agricultural Libraries Information Network[UN][联合国]农业图书馆情报网络AGRIS * Agricultural I nformation System [FAO][联合国粮农组织]农业情报系统AIC automatic information center自动化情报中心AID (1) automatic information distribution自动情报分发[系统](2) International Association of Documentalists and Information Officers 国际文献与情报工作者协会AIDS automated information dissemination system自动情报提供系统AIDUS automated input and document update system自动化输入与文献更新系统AIL Association of International Libraries国际图书馆协会AIRS (1) automatic image retreval system自动影像检索系统(2) automatic information retrieval system自动情报检索系统AKWIC author-and-keywordin-context上下文关键词及作者索引ALA * American Library Association美国图书馆协会ALAS automated literature alerting system自动化文献快报系统ALBIS Australian LibraryBased Information System澳大利亚图书馆情报系统ALDP automatic languagedata processing自动语言数据处理ALG Automation in Libraries Group [UK][英国]图书馆自动化小组ALIS automated library information system自动化图书馆情报系统ALMS automated library management system自动化图书馆管理系统ALPHA automated literature processing,handling and analysis文献自动化处理、加工与分析A.L.S. autograph letter signed签署人手迹信件ALS Automated Library System [Company,Ltd.]自动化图书馆系统[公司]AMACUS automated microfilm aperture card updating system自动缩微胶卷窗孔卡片更新系统AMFIS automatic microfilm information system自动缩微胶卷情报系统A.Ms.S. autograph manuscri t signed签署人手迹手稿A.N. absque nota出版情况不详ANA American National Archives美国国家档案馆ann * annual年刊(鉴)Ann.Rep. annual report年报annot. (1) annotated注释的,提要的(2) * annotation注解(释),提要A.N.S. autograph note signed签署人手迹记录ANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ANSTEL Australian National Scientific and Technological Library 澳大利亚国家科学技术图书馆antq. antique珍本,古旧书anx. * annex[e]附录(件)app. * appendix附录appx. * appendix附录APR annual progress report年度进展报告AR (1) accession/report num,ber索取或报告号(2) annual report年报ARL Association of Research Libraries [USA][美国]研究图书馆协会ARLIS Art Libraries Society[UK][英国]艺术图书馆学会art. * article论文,文章ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换用标准代码ASDI automatic (automated) selective dissemination of information自动化定题情报提供ASI (1) * alphabetical subject index字顺主题索引(2) American Society of Indexers美国标引员学会(3) * articulated subject index挂接主题索引ASIDIC Association of Information and Dissemination Centers[USA][美国]科技情报提供中心协会ASIS * American Society for Information Science美国情报科学学会ASLIB * Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux[UK][英国]专门图书馆及情报机构协会ASTED Association pour l’Avancement des Sciences et des Techniques de la Documentation [Canada][加拿大]文献工作科学技术促进协会ASTIA Armed Services Technical Information Agency [USA][美国]武装部队技术情报局ATIS automatic terminal information service自动终端情报服务auth. * author著(作)者AUTODOC automatic documentation自动化文献管理AV audio-visual视听的,声像的AVIP Association of Viewdata Information Providers可视数据系统提供者协会AVLINE * Audiovisual OnLine视听资料联机数据库BB * bit[二进制]位,比特BA * Biological Abstracts《生物学文摘》BAC British Archives Council英国档案委员会BAIT bibliography,abstracts,index,translation书目、文摘、索引、译文BALLOTS Bibliographic Automation of Large Library Operations using Time-Sharing [USA][美国]大型图书馆管理中使用分时系统的书目自动化BALS bachelor of arts in library science图书馆学文学士BASE basic semantic element基本语义单位BASIC Biological Abstracts’Subjects in Context 《生物学文摘》题中关键词轮排索引BBC basic bibliographic citation基本书目引证(文)BC (1)* Bibliographic Classification书目分类法(2) Bliss Classification布利斯分类法(3) British Council英国委员会BCD binary-coded decimal[interchange code]二一十进制[交换码]BCM British Catalogue of Music《英国音乐目录》bd. bound装订成册的,合订本bdg. * binding装订BDU basic display unit基本显示装置BHI British Humanities Index《英国人文科学索引》Bibl. *bibliography书目,目录Bibl. Ind. bibliographic index书目索引BI DAP bibliographic data processing programme 文献目录数据处理程序biog. biography传记Biog.Ind. biographical index传记(人名)索引BIOSIS Biosciences Information Service [USA] [美国]生物科学情报服务社BIP (1)*books in print在版图书(2)* Books in Print《在版图书目录》BIRS (1) basic indexing and retrieval system基本索引与检索系统(2) British Institute of Recorded Sound英国录音学会BIS Biological Information Service [UK][英国]生物情报服务社bi-w * biweekly双周刊bk. * book图书,书籍bk. rev. * book review书评bklt. booklet小册子BL * British Library不列颠图书馆BLAISE * British Library Automated Information Service不列颠图书馆自动化情报服务处BLBSD British Library Bibliographic Services Division不列颠图书馆书目服务部BLCMP * Birmingham Libraries Co-operative Mechanisation Project [UK] [英国]伯明翰图书馆机械化协作计划BLEND Birmingham Loughborough Electronic Network Development [UK] [英国]伯明翰-拉夫巴勒电子网络开发[计划]BLLD British Library Lending Division不列颠图书馆外借部BLLR Bureau of Libraries and Learning Resources[USA][美国]图书馆与学术资源委员会BLRD British Library Reference Division不列颠图书馆参考部BLRDD British Library Research and Development Department不列颠图书馆研究与发展部BLS bachelor of library science图书馆学学士bm. * bimonthly双月刊BML * British Museum Library不列颠博物院图书馆BN *Bibliothéque Nationale[France][法国]国家图书馆BNB * British National Bibliography《英国国家书目》BNBC British National Book Centre英国国家图书中心BNCDST British National Committee on Data for Science and Technology英国科技数据全国委员会BOLD bibliographic on-line display system书目联机显示系统BPA British Patents Abstracts《英国专利文摘》BPR American Book Publishing Record《美国图书出版记录》BRASTACS Bradford Scientific,Technical and Commercial Service [UK][英国]布拉德福科学、技术与商业服务社BRIMARC BNB/Brighton MARC英国国家书目/布赖顿机读目录BROWER * Browsing Online with Selective Retrieval浏览联机定题检索系统BRS *Bibliographic Retrieval Services Inc. [USA][美国]文献检索服务公司BRT BioResearch Titles《生物研究题录》BS (1) Bibliographical Society [UK][英国]目录学会(2) British Standard英国标准BSA Bibliographical Society of America美国目录学会BSD [British Library] Bibliographic Services Division[不列颠图书馆]书目服务部BSH * Basic Subject Headings基本件名标目表BSIB British Society for International Bibliography英国国际目录学会BSLS bachelor of science in library science图书馆学理学士BSO * Broad System of Ordering.概略分类体系BTI British Technology Index《英国工程索引》BUCCS Bath University Comparative Catalogue Study [UK][英国]巴思大学比较目录研究BUCOP * British Union-Catalogue of Periodicals《英国期刊联合目录》BUCOP -WLSP British UnionCatalogue of PeriodicalsWorld List of Scientific Periodicals《英国期刊联合目录——世界科学期刊目录》Bull. * bulletin.通报CC (1)* chapter章,回(2)* citation引证(文)(3)* copy抄(副)本(4)* copyright版权,著作权CA (1)* Chemical Abstracts《化学文摘》(2) current awareness新书预告,现期文献报道CAAS * computer-assisted acquisition system计算机辅助采购系统CABLIS Current Awareness for British Library Staff不列颠图书馆工作者现期通报服务CABS computerized annotated bibliography system计算机化提要书目系统CAG Co-operative Automation Group [UK][英国]协作自动化小组CAIA * computer-assisted information analysis计算机辅助情报研究CAIC computer-assisted indexing and classification计算机辅助标引与分类CAIRS computer-assisted information retrieval system计算机辅助情报检索系统CALM computer-assisted library mechanization计算机辅助图书馆机械化CAN/SDI Canadian Selective Dissemination of Information 加拿大定题情报提供系统CAR * computer-assisted retrieval计算机辅助检索CAS (1)*Chemical Abstracts Service化学文摘社(2) computerised acquisition system计算机化采购系统CASIA Chemical Abstracts Subject Index Alert《化学文摘主题索引通报》cat. catalog[ue]目录CAT (1) computer-aided translation计算机辅助翻译(2) computer-aided typesetting计算机辅助排版CATCALL completely automated technique for cataloguing and acquisition of literature for libraries图书馆文献全自动编目与采购技术catlg. *catalog[ue]目录CATNI Catchword and Trade Name Index [CTI][《现期技术索引》] 《关键词与商标名索引》CATNIP computer-assisted technique for numerical index preparation计算机辅助数值索引编制技术CATV * community antenna television共用天线电视CBI * Cumulative Book Index《累积图书索引》c.c. carbon copy复写副本CC (1) card code卡片代码(2) * card column卡片列(3) * Colon Classification冒号分类法(4) Current Contents《现期期刊目次》CCC (1) Central Classification Committee [FID][国际文献工作联合会]中央分类法委员会(2) Copyright Clearance Center [USA][美国]版权批准中心CCF * Common Communication Format通用交换格式CCLN Council for Computerized Library Network[USA][美国]计算机化图书馆网络委员会CCTV * closed circuit television闭路电视cd catalogued已编目的CD compact disc小型光盘CDCR Center for Documentation and Communication Research [USA][美国]文献处理与通信研究中心CD-I compact disc interactive交互型小型光盘CD-ROM * compact discread-only memory小型光盘只读存贮器CDS Computerized Documentation Service [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]计算机化文献服务CDU central display unit中央显示装置CED capacitance electronic disc电容式电子录像片(盘)CEIS cost and economic information system成本与经济情报系统CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research欧洲核研究组织CETIS Centre Europeen pour le Traitement de l’Information Scientifique欧洲科学情报处理中心cfr confer参看,对照CFSTI Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information[USA] [美国]联邦科学技术情报交换中心ch. * chapter章,回ch. lbr. * chief librarian图书馆馆长chap. * chapter章,回CHAR * character字符CI (1) cham index链式索引(2) cumulative index累积索引CICRIS Co-operative Industrial and Commercial Reference and Information Service [UK][英国]工商业合作咨询与情报服务CIF central information file中央情报文档CIM (1) computer-input media计算机输入载体(2) * computer-input microfilm计算机输入缩微胶片(3) continuous image microfilm连续影像缩微胶片(4) Cumulated Index Medicus《累积医学索引》CIP * cataloguing in publication在版编目CIRCA computerized information retrieval and current awareness计算机化情报检索与现期文献通报CIS (1) cataloguing in source书源编目(2) country information system国家情报系统(3) current information selection现期情报选报CISTI Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information加拿大科学技术情报学会CISTIP Committee on International Scientific and Technical Information Programs[USA][美国]国际科学技术情报计划委员会cl. * cloth布面[装订]CLA Canadian Library Association加拿大图书馆协会CLR Council on Library Resources,Inc. [USA][美国]图书馆资源委员会CM *cartographic materials地(制)图资料CMC code for magnetic characters磁字符代码CMDR Council for Microphotography and Documentary Reproduction [UK][英国]缩微摄影与文献复制理事会CNK common noun keyword普通名词关键词CNLA Council of National Library Associations全国图书馆协会理事会CNPIEC * China National Publications Import & Export Corporation中国图书进出口总公司CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique [France] [法国]国家科学技术研究中心CODASYL Conference on Data System(s) Language(s) [UK][英国]数据系统语言会议CODATA * Committee on Data for Science and Technology [ICSU][国际科学协会理事会]科学技术数据委员会COINS computer and information sciences计算机与信息科学col. coloured彩色的COM (1)* computer-output microfilm计算机输出缩微胶片(2) computer-output microfilming计算机输出缩微化设备(3) computer-output microform计算机输出缩微品COMAC continuous multiple access collator连续多次存取校对程序COMARC Cooperative Machine-Readable Cataloging [LC,USA][美国国会图书馆]合作机读编目COMEINDORS composite mechanized information and documentation retrieval system 综合机械化情报与文献检索系统comp. (1) compiled编纂(辑)的(2) *compiler编纂人(者)COMP computer output microfilm peek-a-boo计算机输出缩微胶片重叠比孔COMPAC computer output microfilm package计算机输出缩微胶片软件包COMPENDEX Computerized Engineering Index《计算机化工程索引》CONLIS Joint Committee on National Library Information Systems[USA][美国]国家图书情报系统联合委员会CONSER (1) Conversion of Serials Project[USA][美国]连续出版物建库计划(2)* Cooperative Conversion of Serials连续出版物合作转换计划cont. * contents目次,内容contin. * continuation续编contr. controlled限制发行cop. (1)* copy抄(副)本(2)* copyright版权,著作权co-part counterpart副(复)本COPIC Computer Program Information Center[European Community][欧洲共同体]计算机程序情报中心corr. (1) corrected校订的(2) corrigendum勘误表COSATI * Committee on Scientific and Technical Information [USA] [美国]科学技术情报委员会COSI Committee on Science Information [USA][美国]科学情报委员会COSTAR conversational online storage and retrieval会话式联机存贮与检索CP * card punch卡片穿孔机CPM cards per minute[卡片阅读速度]卡片/分CPS characters per second字符/秒CPU (1) card punching unit卡片穿孔机(2)* central processing unit中央处理机CR (1) card reader卡片阅读机,读片机(2) confefence report会议报告CRAM card random access mechanism磁卡片随机存取方法CRESS computerized reader enquiry service system计算机化读者咨询服务系统CRG *Classification Research Group [UK][英国]分类法研究小组CRIS (1) Command Retrieval Information System命令检索情报系统(2) Current Research Information System当前研究情报系统CRL (1) Central Reference Library [UK][英国]中央参考图书馆(2) certified record librarian合格图书馆员(3) certified reference librarian合格参考图书馆员(4) college and research libraries学院图书馆和研究图书馆CRSG Classification Research Study Group [USA][美国]分类法研究小组CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管CRUS Centre for Research in User Studies [UK] [英国]用户研究中心CSBN * China Standard Book Number中国标准书号CSF central serials file中央连续出版物文档CSR central serials record中央连续出版物记录CT Chemical Title《化学题录》ctd. continued接上页(期)CTI Current Technology Index《现期技术索引》CTR contract technical report合同技术报告CTS (1) card-to-magnetic tape conversion system 卡片-磁带转换系统(2) communication technology satellite通信技术卫星(3)* computer typesetting计算机排版CULS college and university libraries高等院校图书馆cum. ind. cumulative index累积索引CUMARC cumulated machine readable cataloguing累积机读编目Dd. *daily日报(刊)DA (1) data administrator数据管理员(2) data analysis数据分析(3) Documentation Abstracts《文献工作文摘》DACOM datascope computer output microfilmer计算机数据显示输出缩微胶片机DARE documentation automated retrieval equipment 文献自动化检索设备DAS (1) data acquisiton system数据采集系统(2 ) data automation system数据自动处理系统dat. datum数据DATACOM * data communication数据通信DATAX * data transmission数据传输DB * data base数据库DBAM database access method数据库存取方法DBK data bank数据(资料)库DBMS *database management system数据库管理系统DC (1)* data centre数据中心(2)* data conversion数据转换(3) Decimal Classification[Dewey][杜威]十进分类法DCAS data collection and analysis system 数据收集与分析系统DCE data communications equipment数据通信设备DCR (1) data conversion receiver数据转换接收机(2) digital conversion receiver数字转换接收机DCS data communication system数据通信系统DDC (1) data distribution center数据分配中心(2) Defense Documentation Center [USA] [美国]国防文献中心(3)* Dewey Decimal Classification杜威十进分类法DDCE digital data conversion equipment 数字数据转换设备DDP (1) digital data processor数字式数据处理机(2) distributed data processing分布型数据处理DE (1) digital element数字单元(2) display element显示单元(3) display equipment显示设备diagr. diagram图,图表DIANE * Direct Information Access Network for Europe欧洲直接情报存取网络dict. * dictionary字(词)典dig. *digest摘要,文摘DIGICOM digital communications system数字通信系统DIMDI Deutsches Institut für medizinische Dokumentation und Information 德国医学文献与情报研究所DIN Deutsche Industrie Norm德国工业标准DIODE digital input/output display system数字输入输出显示系统DIRS * DIMDI Information Retrieval ServiceDIMDI情报检索服务处DISISS Design of Information Services in the Social Sciences [UK][英国]社会科学情报系统设计diss. * dissertation学位论文DLAI documentation,library and archives infrastructures文献工作、图书馆与档案馆基础DLS. doctor of library science图书馆学博士DM data management数据管理D.M.C. district materials center地区教材中心DMS * data management system数据管理系统do. ditto同上,同前doc. * document文献(件)DOR digital optical recording数字光学记录DOS disk operation system磁盘操作系统DP * data processing数据处理DPIR data processing and information retrieval数据处理和情报检索DPS (1) data processing system数据处理系统(2) document processing system文献处理系统DRAW * direct read after write写后直读DRDW * direct read during write边写边读DRIC Defence Research Information Centre [UK][英国]国防研究情报中心DRS document retrieval system文献检索系统DS data set数据集D.S. document signed著者签署文件(献)DSE data storage equipment数据存贮设备DSR data survey report数据调查报告DSTI Division of Scientific and Technical Information [IAEA] [国际原子能机构]科技情报部DT (1)* data transmission数据传输(2) display terminal显示终端DTIC Defense Technical Information Center [USA][美国]国防技术情报中心DTS data transmission system数据传输系统DTU display terminal unit显示终端设备dup. *duplicate抄(副)本d.w. * dust wrapper包封,封套DXS data exchange system数据交换系统EEB *Encyclopaedia Britannica《不列颠百科全书》,《大英百科全书》EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code扩充二一十进制交换码EBR electronic beam recording电子束记录EC * Expansive Classification展开分类法ed. (1) edited编辑(2)* edition版[本](3) *editor编者EDIAC electronic display of indexing association and content 标引结合与内容的电子显示EDICT engineering document information collection technique 工程文献情报搜集技术edit. (1) edited编辑(2) * edition版[本](3) * editor编者e.d.l. edition de luxe豪华版EDP (1)* electronic data processing电子数据处理(2) estimated date of publication估计的出版日期EDPC electronic data processing center电子数据处理中心EDPM electronic data processing machine电子数据处理机EDPS electronic data processing system电子数据处理系统EDRS engineering data retrieval system工程数据检索系统EDU electronic display unit电子显示器EEA Electrical and Electronics Abstracts《电气与电子文摘》EEI ess ential element of infor mation情报要素EI (1) *The Engineering Index《工程索引》(2) Engineering Index,Inc. [USA][美国]工程索引公司ELINT (1) eletromagnetic intelligence电磁情报(2) electronic intelligence电子情报(3) electronic intelligence system电子情报系统EM Excerpta Medica《医学文摘》(磁带版)EMIS electromagnetic intelligence system电磁情报系统EMMA extra-MARC materials附加机读目录资料EMOL Excerpta Medica Online [Holland][荷兰]医学文摘联机[系统]EMP everyman paperback普及本,大众平装本EMS electronic message system电子信息系统Ency. Amer. * Encyclopedia Americana《美国百科全书》Ency. Brit. * EncyclopaediaBritannica《不列颠百科全书》,《大英百科全书》encyc. * encyclop[a]edia百科全书enl. ed. * enlarged edition增订版EPC editorial processing centre编辑处理中心EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory可擦可编程序只读存贮器ERA electronic reading automation电子自动阅读[机]ERIC Educational Resources Information Center[USA][美国]教育资源情报中心ERIC/CLIS Clearinghouse for Library and Information Sciences of the Educational Resources Information Center[USA][美国]教育资源情报中心图书馆学情报学交换中心Err. errata勘误表ESA-IRS * European Space Agency—Information Retrieval Service欧洲空间组织情报检索服务中心ESS electronic switching system电子交换系统est. established创刊于ESTC Eighteenth Century Short-Title Catalogue《十八世纪简明书目》EUDISED European Documentation and Information System for Education欧洲教育文献与情报系统*Euronet European Community Network欧洲共同体网络EUSIDIC European Association of Scientific Information and Dissemination Centres欧洲科学情报与提供中心协会EVR * electronic video recording电子录像带Ff. *fortnightly双周刊f.co. fair copy清样,誊清稿fac. *facsimi’e摹真(写)品,书影facsim. facsimile摹真(写)FAIRS fully automatic information retrieval system全自动化情报检索系统fasc. fascicule分卷(册)FBR full bibliographic record完整书目记录FCS facsimile communications system传真通信系统FEDLINK Federal Library and Information Network [USA][美国]联邦图书馆与情报网FGMC Federal Government Micrographics Council[USA][美国]联邦政府缩微摄影委员会FI false information假情报FIAF International Federation of Film Archives国际影片资料馆协会FID *International Federation for Documentation(Federation Internationale de la Documentation)国际文献工作联合会fig. *figure数字,[插]图FILA Federation of Indian Library Associations印度图书馆协会联合会FIP International Federation of Record Libraries国际唱片图书馆联合会FIRST fast interactive retrieval system technology快速会话式检索系统技术FLD * field字段,信息组FLIP film library instantaneous presentation胶卷库快速显示FN (1) file number文件(宗卷,存档)号码(2) * footnote脚注fo.folio对开[本]fortn. * fortnightly双周刊FOSDIC film optical scanning device for input to computers胶卷输入计算机光扫描设备freq. * frequency出版频率(周期)front. * frontispiece冠图,卷首插图FS file separator文件(档)分隔符FTX (1) freetext system自由文本检索系统(2)* free-text retrieval自由文本检索fv. folio verso见本页背面GGIPSY generalized information processing system通用情报处理系统GIS generalized information system通用情报处理系统GL general list总目录gl. * glossary词汇表,术语汇编gloss. * glossary词汇表,术语汇编GMD * general material designation文献类型标识,一般文献类型标识GP * government publication政府出版物GPI general patent index综合专利索引GPO Government Printing Office [USA][美国]政府印刷局GRI Government Reports Index《政府报告索引》GRIN Glasgow Referral and Information Network[UK][英国]格拉斯哥咨询与情报网GRIPHOS general retrieval and information processing forhu manities-oriented studies面向人文科学研究的通用检索与情报处理Hhb. (1) half-bound半革(布)装订(2) * hard bound硬面装订HC * hard copy硬拷贝hdbk. * handbook手册HICLASS * hierarchical classification等级分类法HILC Hampshire Inter-Library Center [USA][美国]罕布什尔馆际中心HMSO *Her (His) Majesty’s Stationery Office [UK][英国]皇家出版局HSP high-speed printer高速打印机HSR high-speed reader高速阅读器h.t. * half-title简略题名,简书名II & D information and documentation情报和文献I and A indexing and abstracting标引和编制文摘IAALD *International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists 国际农业图书馆员与文献工作者协会IABLA Inter-American Bibliographical and Library Association泛美目录学与图书馆协会IAC * information analysis centre情报分析中心IACBDT International Advisory Committee on Bibliography,Documentation and Terminology [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织] 国际目录学、文献学与术语学咨询委员会IACDLA International Advisory Committee of UNESCO on Documentation,Libraries and Archives联合国教科文组织国际文献工作、图书馆与档案馆咨询委员会IACDT International Advisory Committee for Documentation and Technology[UNESCO] [联合国教科文组织]国际文献工作与技术咨询委员会IACODLA International Advisory Committee on Documentation,Libraries and Archives [UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]国际文献工作、图书馆与档案馆咨询委员会IADIS Irish Association for Documentation and Information Services爱尔兰文献工作与情报服务协会IALL * International Association of Law Libraries国际法律图书馆协会IAMCR International Association for Mass Communication Research国际大众传播研究协会IAML (1) International Association of Music Libraries国际音乐图书馆协会(2)* International Association of Music Libraries,Archives and Documentation Centres国际音乐图书馆、档案馆与文献中心协会IAOL International Association of Orientalist Librarians国际东方学图书馆员协会IASA International Association of Sound Archives国际音响档案馆协会IASL * International Association of School Librarianship国际学校图书馆协会IASLIC Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres印度专门图书馆与情报中心协会IATUL * International Asscciation of Technological University Libraries 国际工科大学图书馆协会IB (1) information bulletin情报通(公)报(2) information bureau情报局ib. ibidem同书,出处同前IBBY * International Board on Books for Young People国际少年儿童图书委员会IBFD International Burean of Fiscal Documentation国际财政文献委员会ibid. ibidem同书,出处同前IBI-ICC Intergovernmental Bureau for Information-International Computation Center政府间情报局国际计算中心IBIS International Book Information Services,Inc.国际图书情报服务公司IBN indexed by name按名称标引IBSR interactive bibliographic search and retrieval交互式书目查询与检索IBY * International Book Year国际图书年IC (1)* information centre情报中心(2) interchange centre交换(流)中心ICA * International Council on Archives国际档案理事会ICBA International Community of Booksellers Associations国际书商协会组织ICBD International Children's Book Day国际儿童图书日ICCP * International Conference on Cataloguing Principles国际编目原则会议ICIC International Copyright Information Centre[UNESCO][联合国教科文组织]国际版权情报中心ICIREPAT International Cooperation in Information Retrieval among Examining Patent Offices专利审查局情报检索国际合作组织ICLG International and Comparative Librarianship Group [LA][英国图书馆协会]国际图书馆学与比较图书馆学组ICP International Congress of Publishers国际出版者大会ICR International Council for Reprography国际复制委员会ICSI International Conference on Scientific Information国际科学情报会议ICSSD International Committee for Social Sciences Documentation国际社会科学文献工作委员会ICSSID * International Committee for Social Sciences Information and Documentation国际社会科学情报与文献委员会ICSU * International Council of Scientific Unions国际科学协会理事会ID (1) identification标识,识别(2) identifier标识符IFD * International Federation for Documentation国际文献工作联合会IFFA International Federation of Film Archives国际电影档案馆联合会IFIP * International Federation for Information Processing国际情报处理联合会IFLA * International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 国际图书馆协会和机构联合会IFN * in formation情报,信息IHS * Information Handling Services美国情报处理服务公司IIS Institute of I nformation Scientists [UK][英国]情报科学家学会IL * information language情报语言ILIC * International Library Information Center国际图书馆情报中心。
数字文化遗产资源语义服务的发展路径——以映射手稿迁移项目为例程结晶,王璞钰,王心雨摘要文章探讨数字文化遗产项目——映射手稿迁移(MMM),为我国数字文化遗产资源的语义服务研究和实践提供借鉴。
采用案例分析方法,对MMM进行描述与语义服务特征分析,构建MMM语义服务运营机制。
研究表明:MMM的语义服务机制框架涵盖MMM所涉手稿资源创建、格式转换、数据关联、用户服务直至共享的各个层级。
我国应构建数字文化遗产语义服务的发展路径,包括:设计开放式国家数字文化遗产基础设施、实现数字文化遗产语义分析与挖掘的多维可视化表达、建设面向不同用户群体的数字文化遗产语义服务模式和制定科学规范的数字文化遗产资源开放、共享与传播规则。
关键词语义网数字文化遗产信息资源语义服务MMM引用本文格式程结晶,王璞钰,王心雨.数字文化遗产资源语义服务的发展路径——以映射手稿迁移项目为例[J].图书馆论坛,2023,43(9):132-141.Semantic Service of Digital Cultural Heritage Resources——A Case Study of Mapping Manuscript Migrations(MMM)Project CHEN Jiejing,WANG Puyu&WANG XinyuAbstract This paper explores Mapping Manuscript Migrations(MMM),a digital cultural heritage project,in order to shed light on the research and practice of domestic semantic service in the area of digital cultural heritage resource.By means of case analysis,the authors give an account of MMM project and analyzes the characteristics of its semantic services.Based on this,an operating mechanism of MMM semantic service is proposed.The study suggests that the mechanism framework covers the creation of manuscript resource,format conversion,data association,user services and data sharing involved in MMM;and the paths of development for the semantic service of digital Chinese cultural heritage need to be devised,including building national open-infrastructure,visualizing semantic analysis and mining in many dimensions,developing semantic service modes for different user groups,and establishing scientific and standardized rules for keeping digital cultural heritage resources open,shared and disseminated.Keywords Semantic Web;digital cultural heritage;information resources;semantic service;MMM0引言文化遗产是一种在社会历史活动中产生的,具有历史、艺术、文学、科学等价值的文化资源。
图书馆专业英语词组Lesson 61.black-box services黑箱服务2.business capabilities业务能力3.delivering information传递信息4.interpersonal communication and knowledge transfer人际交流/人际沟通和知识传递5.videoconferencing视频会议6.professional service firms职业服务机构7.premium pricing溢价8.collaborative filtering technology协同过滤技术9.identifying correlations in data识别数据之间的相互关系10.r ecognizing pattern识别模式11.k nowledge framework知识框架12.p respecified information预先设计(处理)的信息Lesson 71.intellectual property知识产权2.electronic holdings of libraries图书馆的数字馆藏3.society’s intellectual and cultural heritage社会知识和文化遗产rmation infrastructure信息基础设施5.public good and private interest公益事业和私有利益6.ability to reproduce, distribute, control, and publish information信息的复制、发行、控制、出版能力7.skate holders利益相关者,利害关系承担者8.enforcement policies强制执行政策9.exclusive right专有权10.f irst-sale rule of copyright版权首次销售原则11.s ubsequent editions后续版本Lesson 81.first-sale doctrine首次销售原则2.mass-marked information products市场规模较大的信息产品3.encryption technology加密技术mercialization of government information政府信息商业化5.fair use doctrine合理使用学说6.authenticity and integrity of the information信息的可靠性与完整性7.rights clearance mechanisms版权交换机制8.private-sector bargaining私营部门交涉9.experimental circumvention of technology 实验规避技术10.t he Digital Millennium Copyright Act千年数字版权法11.c ryptography technology加解码技术12.a dvertiser-supported model广告商支持的模式13.e nforcement cost实施成本14.p hysical substrates物理替代品15.r easonable compromise合理的妥协Lesson 91.Infrastructuren. 下部构造, 基础, 下部组织petitor intelligence竞争情报3.rule inference规则推理4.quantitative data定量数据5.qualitative data定性数据6.benchmarking n.基准管理7.performance measure绩效测定8.process reengineering流程重组9.declarative statement陈述性语句10.i ntelligent agent智能代理11.o ntology n.本体12.i ncentive system激励系统,激励机制13.p erformance evaluation绩效评估Lesson 111.the contract terms and conditions合同条款mon understanding共识3.to improve the existing climate 改善生存状况mon business needs and objectives通常商业需求和目标5.legal and contractual issues法律与合同问题6.fair play公平竞争7.trading floor交易所rmation aggregator信息集成商9.escalation procedure升级程序10.l ong-inactive account长期不使用的账号11.u ser obligations用户的义务12.w ithhold payment扣留费用13.p ending mergers, sales or acquisitions悬而未决的兼并、出售和收购Lesson 41.out-of-stock products 产品缺货2.performance enhancement 性能完善3.pros and cons 正反两方面4.overall level of competence 综合能力,能力的总体水平5.syntax checking 语法检查6.outsourcing 外包7.traffic patterns 交通/信息传输模式8.wild card characters 通配符9.real-time traffic analysis 实时的流量分析10.an enterprise wide set of policies 企业政策体系11.static Web pages 静态网页12.semantic content 语义内容Lesson 51.search engine spam 搜索引擎垃圾2.soft computing 软计算3.genetic algorithms 遗传算法4.neural networks 神经网络5.rough sets 粗集,粗糙集6.fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑7.Bayesian networks 贝叶斯网络8.Similarity model 相似模型9.Certification schemes 认证计划10.Temporal dimension 时间维度11.The WWW Consortium 万维网联盟12.Classification and clustering 分类和聚类13.Web page categorization 网页分类rmation fusion 信息融合15.Thesaurus construction 词库建设。
Semantic Digital Library ServicesNabonita Guhaguha@drtc.isibang.ac.in; nabonitaguha@Documentation Research & Training CentreBangalore (India)AbstractTo a great extent, ‘Semantics’ depends upon the context in which the user isseeking information. The proposed model aims at delivering information in thelight of ontology-based document annotation, user annotation and domainontology. The present study addresses the problem of semanticinteroperability in digital library environment. In a heterogeneous environment,a mediation-based service is of immense help to resolve the ontology-level,schema-level and service-level ambiguity, for which WSMO Framework hasbeen chosen. This study is confined to bring interoperability at schema andontology level for the domain of agricultural. Further studies can be done forservice level interoperability among various digital library services.INTRODUCTIONThe faster and meaningful information retrieval has been the driving aim for the information retrieval systems since the beginning of automated information retrieval. During the database information systems, Artificial intelligence, and other computer-aided retrieval systems have made a very optimistic start. In the Internet era, Semantic Web came as a model of semantic retrieval in the web environment. Traditional libraries are in a stage of transition towards making the library without boundary with global access with Internet. Many information storage and retrieval systems were been used for a meaningful retrieval in print-based libraries. In a Web environment, the traditional means and techniques for information storage and retrieval are required to be modified to suite the changed needs. The classification systems for book classification has been changed into Ontologies to represent domain knowledge in machine processable form; the cataloguing codes have taken shape of Metadata Schema for the description web resources.The model of Semantic Web goes further to inferencing and proofing which is essential for information retrieval in web environment. With all these components (XML, RDF, Ontology, Inferencing, proofing, etc) [1], the vision of meaningful retrieval on Web seems quite practical.Still the following two core aspects has to be looked into for getting meaningful retrieval: • User’s context; and• Document contextThe vision of semantic retrieval can be accomplished with an ontological model of user’s interest areas, and the modeling of context of information which has been dealt in the document. This will make the match of user’s context with the document context easier at the search stage.Due to the distributed and heterogeneous nature of the Web, interoperability at semantic level became a great challenge before the system developer. Hence the present study aims at addressing both the challenges using tools and technology available to implement SemanticWeb based services. The present work intends to bring semantic retrieval in digital libraries using semantic web technologies for the key tasks like ontology-based annotation, semantic mediation and inferencing.CONTEXT-BASED SERVICE MODELFig. 1: Proposed Architecture of Context-based Service ModelSemantic Annotation: In the given model above, the ontology has not been only for the domain knowledge modeling, but also for document annotation and the annotation of the registered users of the repository. Context of the information been dealt in the document can be made explicit by document annotation, which can be represented in OWL or WSMO. Similarly the user profiles can be represented as ontology-based annotation.Classaurus [2]: It is a faceted thesaurus used as a vocabulary controlled mechanism for automated permuted indexing in traditional bibliographic databases.METADATA INTEROPERABILITY FOR SEMANTIC RETRIEVALThere is wide variety of metadata schemas available for different kind of digital resources. In the classification table for metadata, Kashyap and Seth [3] has categorized the various types of metadata under the following broad categories:• Content independent metadata• Content dependent metadatao Direct content-based metadatao Content descriptive metadata- Domain independent metadata- Domain specific metadataWith this categorization make it quite clear that to bring semantic interoperability among bibliographic repositories, various types of metadata schemas has to be considered. JeromeDL [4] project has made an effort to bring semantic interoperability among the digital repositories using different bibliographic metadata standards like Dublin Core, BibTeX, MARC21 etc. The WSMO framework is a well define model to bring semantic interoperability amongheterogeneous automated retrieval systems by it’s the key components like Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) [5], Web Services Modeling Environment (WSMX) [6] including various mediators.VIRTUAL DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICEThe above two approaches are planned to be incorporated as a virtual document delivery service. The proposed service aims at context-based and interoperable service at metadata level. The domain of agriculture has been chosen for implementing this service among various repositories from agriculture domain. Various agriculture metadata schemas and thesaurus has been studies which are used by theService RegistryFig. 2: Ontology Meditation and context matching for Semantic Document Retrieval METHODOLOGYIn the above model of virtual document delivery (fig. 2), the key tasks are: service discovery, ontology mediation and context matching. The semantic digital library searches for the service registry [7, 8] to locate appropriate repositories. After the service discovery to map the ontology and metadata schema, ontology mediators are used. The ontology mediator converts the mapped ontology to the native syntax. The retrieved document description used to generate context-based index. This context-based index is then matched with the user query and annotation.RELATED WORKSContext-based retrieval: Context-based information retrieval system has been a major focus of research. The Context Ontology Language (CoOL) [11] is an ontology-based context modeling approach, which uses the Aspect-Scale-Context (ASC) model where each aspect (e.g. spatial distance) can have several scales (e.g. kilometer scale or mile scale) to express some context information (e.g. 20). Chen et al. [12] propose a context broker architecture (CoBrA) using an ontology to describe persons, places and intentions. Less emphasis is put on the notion ofservices and related aspects, such as user interfaces and mobile devices on which these services are deployed.Semantic Annotation: For making the content and context of the information explicit to the system many tools and techniques have been developed for semantic annotation of the web resources. KIM Semantic annotation platform and KIM plug-in is one of the useful tools available for digital resource annotation. Maedche and Staab [10] have proposed a semi-automatic acquisition of ontologies from domain texts.My proposed study aims in not only to annotate the digital resources semantically but also how to interpret the annotations described in different annotation languages.Semantic interoperability in Digital Libraries: JeromeDL [13] project developed a software aiming at bringing personalized services to the users and search algorithm based on the user profiles. My present study also considering user’s interest areas as the key component of the retrieval system to decide the context of the retrieved information, but here domain ontology, user’s annotation and the document annotation are supported by Classaurus mechanism which makes the communication between all three components easier. In metadata interoperability aspect also my study doesn’t aim at bringing any new ontology language but trying to bring interoperability among existing ontology languages, thesaurus and metadata schemas. Ontology based mediation in digital libraries: MarcOnt Initiative [14] is one of the on-going projects aiming at creating a new bibliographic description standard (MarcOnt) and mediation services to support different legacy bibliographic formats. But the outcome of the project proposal has yet to come.FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSIONInteroperability in a heterogeneous environment is a broad connotation encompassing syntactic, as well as semantic interoperability. Interoperability at semantic level is a challenging task. In context-sensitive query processing over heterogeneous information resources requires the matching of concepts. Vocabularies, semantic relationships and mappings are information objects themselves, their life cycle: creation, acquisition, collection, modeling, identification, integration, mediation, search, use, maintenance and preservation etc. is of primary importance and a necessary prerequisite to improved semantic interoperability [9]. Steps are to be taken in all future researches in this regard.REFERENCES[1] Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila. The Semantic Web: A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. May 17, 2001.[2] G. Bhattacharya. Fundamentals of subject indexing languages. In: Proceedigns of Third International Study Conference on Classification Research. Bombay, Jan. 6-11, 1975. Bangalore, In: DRTC 1979, pp 86-98.[3] Vipul Kashyap and Amit Sheth. Semantic heterogeneity in global information systems: The role of metadata, context and ontologies, Cooperative Information Systems. Academic Press: San Diego, 1998, pp. 139-178.[4] Sebastian Ryszard Kruk, Stefan Decker, and Lech Zieborak. JeromeDL reconnecting digital libraries and the Semantic Web. WWW2005, May 10-14, 2005, Chiba, Japan. /marcont/pdf/www2005_jeromedl.pdf[5] John Domingue, Dumitru Roman, and Michael Stollberg. Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) - An ontology for Semantic Web services. Position paper at the W3C Workshop on Frameworks for Semantics in Web Services, June 9-10, 2005, Innsbruck, Austria. /2005/04/FSWS/Submissions/1/wsmo_position_paper.html [6] Emilia Cimpian and Michal Zaremba (Eds). Web Service Execution Environment (WSMX). W3C Member Submission 3 June 2005./Submission/WSMX/[7] Ann Apps. A middleware registry for the discovery of collections and services. In The First International Conference on e-Social Science, Manchester, UK, 22-24 June 2005. /papers/ncess2005/apps-ncess2005.pdf[8] Eric Lease Morgan, Jeremy Frumkin and Edward A. Fox. The OCKHAM Initiative - Building component-based digital library services and collections. D-Lib Magazine, 10 (11), Nov. 2004. /dlib/november04/11inbrief.html#FOX[9] Manjula Patel et al. Semantic interoperability in digital libraries. Task 3: Semantic Interoperability. WP5: Knowledge Extraction and Semantic Interoperability DELOS2 Network of Excellence in Digital Libraries July 2004 - June 2005. Project no. 507618, UKOLN, University of Bath.[10] Alexander Maedche and Steffen Staab. Semi-automatic engineering of ontologies from text. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE'2000). Chicago, July 6-8, 2000.[11] T.Strang, C. Linnhoff-Popien, and K. Frank. CoOL: A Context Ontology Language to enable Contextual Interoperability. In: J.B. Stefani, I. Dameure, D. Hagimont, (Eds). In: LNCS 2893: Proceedings of 4th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems DAIS2003). Volume 2893 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). Springer Verlag: Paris, 2003, pp. 236-247.[12] H. Chen, T. Finin, and A. Joshi. An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments. 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