A new polymer platform for the future – Sorona

新材料英文作文范文高中英文：As a high school student, I am always interested in new materials and their applications. In recent years, there have been many breakthroughs in the field of new materials, and they have brought significant changes to our lives.For example, graphene is a new material that has been widely researched and developed in recent years. It is a two-dimensional material made of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It has many unique properties, such as high strength, high conductivity, and high transparency. These properties make it suitable for a wide range of applications, such as in electronics, energy storage, and sensors.Another example is shape-memory alloys. These alloys have the ability to "remember" their original shape and return to it when heated. This property makes them usefulin many applications, such as in medical devices and aerospace engineering.In addition, there are also new materials that canself-heal when damaged, such as polymers and ceramics. This property can greatly extend the lifespan of materials and reduce the need for frequent repairs and replacements.Overall, new materials have the potential to revolutionize many industries and improve our daily lives. As a student, I am excited to learn more about these materials and their applications in the future.中文：作为一名高中学生，我一直对新材料及其应用感兴趣。

基于氧化石墨烯－微纳光纤的微加热器制备及其性能研究杨剑鑫;史可樟;李锡均;郑嘉鹏;史萌;蔡祥;朱德斌;邢晓波【摘要】利用近红外光在微纳光纤传输时产生的强烈倏逝场效应将氧化石墨烯沉积在微纳光纤表面，组装成具有优异光热转换性能的氧化石墨烯－微纳光纤，得到一种新型的光驱动微加热器。

通入较小功率的近红外光，微加热器能诱导各种液体（例如N，N-二甲基甲酰胺、去离子水）产生高温相变进而产生微泡，显示了良好的光热转换效应。

结果表明，在N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，微泡按一定周期循环生长，重复搅动液体。

在微流芯片中，这些微泡可用于操控微纳米颗粒、微纳米线等。

在去离子水中，产生的微泡结构稳定、不易破裂，可用于聚集微粒等。

该微加热器具有制备简单、尺寸小、损耗低、激发功率小、效率高等优良特性，在微机电系统、微流控芯片等领域具有良好的应用前景。

%An optical technique is developed by depositing graphene oxide ( GO) onto a micro/nanofiber ( MNF) , which can act as a novel light-driven microheater based on the strong evanescent field from MNF and the photother-mal property of GO.Excited by the low-power near-infrared light, GO-MNF is capable of initiating the phase transi-tion of surrounding solvent ( such as N,N-dimethylformamide, deionized water) to generate photothermal microbub-bles.As a result, in the N,N-dimethylformamide, the microbubbles grows in a certain cycle, and stirs the liquid repeated.In the microfluidic chip, the microbubbles can manipulate micro/nano particles and wires.In the deion-ized water, the microbubble is stable and not easy to break, which can be used to gather particles.The microheater has the superiorities of easy fabrication, small size, low loss, low excitation power,and high efficiency, which would have prospective applications in micro-electromechanical systems, lab-on-a-chip, and other techniques.【期刊名称】《华南师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(000)004【总页数】5页(P30-34)【关键词】氧化石墨烯;微纳光纤;微加热器;光热效应;光热微泡【作者】杨剑鑫;史可樟;李锡均;郑嘉鹏;史萌;蔡祥;朱德斌;邢晓波【作者单位】华南师范大学华南先进光电子研究院，光及电磁波中心，广州510006; 华南师范大学物理与电信工程学院，广州 510006;华南师范大学华南先进光电子研究院，光及电磁波中心，广州510006; 华南师范大学物理与电信工程学院，广州 510006;华南师范大学物理与电信工程学院，广州 510006;华南师范大学华南先进光电子研究院，光及电磁波中心，广州510006;华南师范大学华南先进光电子研究院，光及电磁波中心，广州510006;广东职业技术学院轻化工程系，佛山528041;华南师范大学生物光子学研究院，激光生命科学教育部重点实验室，广州510631;华南师范大学华南先进光电子研究院，光及电磁波中心，广州510006; 华南师范大学生物光子学研究院，激光生命科学教育部重点实验室，广州510631【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O421世纪中期，随着光子器件向集成化和小型化方向发展，研究光与物质的相互作用受到越来越多的关注. 微纳光纤(MNF)作为一种典型的微纳光波导，具有强倏逝场效应、强光场约束、传输损耗低、制备工艺简易等优异特性，是构建微纳米级器件的重要元件[1]. 随着研究的逐渐深入，MNF与各种功能化材料(如荧光染料[2]、金属纳米颗粒[3]等)相结合，成功制备了功能化微光子器件. 通光后，MNF表面的强倏逝场与功能化纳米材料相互作用，产生诸如光致发光、等离子体共振等效应[2-3]，极大扩展了MNF微光子器件的研究与应用领域. 因此，将具有光波导的MNF巧妙地与功能化纳米材料结合起来，制备光激发MNF器件的方法，对于纳米光子学的发展具有重要意义.氧化石墨烯(GO)作为石墨烯的衍生物，既包含有导电的sp2杂化碳晶格，又含有绝缘的sp3杂化碳基体，使其具有非凡的光电、光热以及机械性能，在诸如光学、光电子学以及生物医学等领域具有潜在应用[4]. 最近研究表明，在近红外波段，GO具有强烈的光热效应，使之成为一种潜在的光疗药剂[5]. Zhang等[6]通过使用GO作为光疗药剂，提高了癌症的治疗效能. Markovic等[7]证明对于相同的辐射条件，GO展示出了比碳纳米管更优良的光热性能. 基于MNF倏逝场的微粒捕获技术已经成熟[8]，为MNF功能化器件的制作提供了新的思路.直径在微米量级的气泡，简称微泡. 它具有存在时间长、传输效率高、界面电位高等优良性质[9-10]，在微流阀、微流混合、微流泵等研究领域[11]有着广泛的应用. 常见的光热微泡是通过聚焦激光照射吸收性液体[12]、金属纳米颗粒[13]、金属薄膜[14]等发生光热效应或等离子体效应，从而诱发液体剧烈相变产生的. 然而，产生效率较低且所需的激光功率较大. 本文基于MNF的倏逝场效应和GO的光热效应，利用GO-MNF微加热器产生的热量诱导周围液体相变产生微泡，所需的激发能量仅40 mW，远小于其他案例[12-14]. 这里，N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的沸点为152.8 ℃，证明沉积少量GO的MNF能产生152.8 ℃的高温. 因此，GO-MNF 是一种性能优异、光驱动的微加热器.1.1 微纳光纤的制备及其倏势场效应通过熔拉法[15]拉制普通二氧化硅单模光纤得到MNF. 将单模光纤上的外层涂覆层剥离，并用酒精将裸纤上残留的碎屑、灰尘洗净. 此后将其固定在酒精灯外焰处加热至熔融态，同时开动步进电机往两端匀速水平拉制光纤. 如图1中插图所示，拉制出来的MNF表面光滑呈锥形. 与普通光纤以全反射的方式传输光信号不同，MNF将有大部分能量以倏逝场形式在纤芯外部传输. Tong等[16]从理论上证明了随着MNF直径的减小，以倏逝场形式传输的能量将会变强，相应的约束在光纤直径范围内的能量将会减弱. 本文用时域有限差分法(FDTD)，对锥形MNF(长为150 μm、最大直径5 μm、端面直径2 μm)的光传输特性进行了分析，模拟区域是1个250 μm×100 μm的矩形. 这里，MNF长150 μm，最大直径5 μm，端面直径2 μm,工作波长为1 550 nm，锥形光纤的折射率为1.47，矩形区域的折射率定为DMF的折射率1.428. 通过模拟可以看出，光场以MNF为轴线呈对称分布(图1). 光能量分为2部分，一部分将沿MNF表面以倏逝场的形式传播，随着MNF 直径的减小，倏逝场效应会越来越强；另一部分在MNF内部传播并汇聚在MNF 端面处，产生较强的光强梯度. 已有文献证明，倏逝场对其作用范围内的微粒存在梯度力，可应用于微粒的捕获与聚集[17-18]. 同时，光从光纤末端射出，端面附近的光也对微粒产生梯度力，用于光操控[19]. 这种捕捉微粒的效用与光镊相似，而光镊需要复杂的透镜系统对激光束进行聚焦准直. 基于MNF的捕获具有成本低、操作简便的优势，能弥补光镊捕获的不足. 本文利用锥形MNF的倏逝场以及末端出射的光场将功能化材料吸附在其表面，从而实现功能化材料与MNF的融合. 1.2 氧化石墨烯的制备及其表征通过改进汉姆法制备得到氧化石墨烯[20-21]. 首先在80 ℃水浴加热条件下，将天然鳞片状石墨加入盛有浓硫酸、过硫酸钾和五氧化二磷混合液的三口烧瓶中，搅拌2 h，随后自然冷却，再用去离子水(DW)洗至中性，并用0.2 μm微孔滤膜过滤，所得产品放入干燥箱中，在室温下干燥24 h，得到纯化的石墨. 将纯化后的石墨放入盛有浓硫酸的三口烧瓶中，在冰浴条件下，边搅拌边加高锰酸钾，反应2 h后，用DW稀释；接着，在50 ℃下，将体积分数为30%的双氧水加入到上述混合物中，释出GO. 用1∶10的盐酸溶液去除混合物中的残酸和金属离子，用离心机在8 000 r/min的条件下离心5 min，去除未反应的天然鳞片状石墨，即可得到纯化的GO. 将上述GO经透析、离心、干燥工序制成粉末状. 将GO粉末溶于DMF溶剂中，经过3 h的水浴超声(KQ218, 60 W)处理，即制成实验所需的GO-DMF悬浮液. 图2描述了在1 200～1 600 nm波段浓度分别为0、0.05、0.20、0.50mg/mL的GO-DMF悬浮液的吸收光谱图. 随着浓度的增加，悬浮液对光的吸收显著增强. 表明在近红外波段，所制备的GO具有优异的光热转换性能.1.3 器件的组装、原理和过程图3为组装GO-MNF微加热器的实验装置. 光源由自发辐射光源(ASE)连接掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)而成，输出功率≤100 mW、波长范围在1 527～1 566 nm的近红外光. 利用装有CCD的倒置荧光显微镜作为观察工具，清晰观察并记录实验现象. 光纤被固定在三维微调整架(MR)上，一端与光源相连接，另一端被拉制成MNF并浸没在GO悬浮液中.图4为GO-MNF的组装过程. 打开光源初期,在MNF尖端的光场作用下，悬浮液中的GO汇聚移动并排列成一条线，之后向两边扩展. t=25 s时，GO开始附着在MNF的尖端(图4B). 由于激光被GO吸收和散射，激光对悬浮GO的作用力减弱，因而无法驱动GO微粒. 由于GO的光热效应，GO不断吸收光并产生热量，形成温度梯度，诱导产生自然对流[22]. 自然对流作为新的驱动源，不断驱使悬浮的GO进行环流运动，其驱动的速度远大于光场梯度力的驱动速度. 在此过程中，悬浮的GO微粒靠近光滑的MNF时，散射产生的倏逝场将GO捕获[19]. 因此，GO 沿着光源传播的反方向不断沉积. t=50 s时，在MNF上的GO沉积长度为52.5μm(图4C). t=75 s时，断开光源，沉积停止，组装的GO沉积长度达81 μm(图4D). 表明通过控制光源的开关可以简易地控制GO的沉积状态.在范德瓦耳斯力的作用下，GO沉积即使在无光作用下也能紧紧吸附在MNF上.图5为GO-MNF的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察形貌的图像，GO在MNF上沉积不均匀，但吸附紧密，不易脱落.本文基于GO的光热效应，利用GO沉积的MNF在小功率红外光射下产生的热量诱导周围液体相变产生微泡.为了定量描述各种液体内光热微泡的生长现象，以光热微泡的直径来表示其生长情况. 由图6A可知，t=0 s时，微泡开始出现，持续生长至t=10 s时达到最大(微泡直径D=129.94 μm). 然后，微泡爆裂并在相同位置重新生长. 按上述生长规律不断地循环. 由图7可知DMF溶液中微泡的生长具有周期性(t=10 s)，直径最大值在128～138 μm范围. 与DMF溶液不同的是，DW微泡始终固定在生长点处，持续生长(图6B). t=10 s时，D=87.14 μm；t=20 s时，D=124.01 μm；t=30 s后，直径基本保持在D=127.14 μm. 如图7所示，DW微泡的生长经历了快速增长与稳定不变2个阶段. 整个生长过程并未发生爆破.通过大量的实验发现，在DMF中产生的微泡，按一定周期循环生长，具有循环周期短、直径大的特性.在短时间内，微泡大范围重复搅动周围液体，因此，可应用于微流操控领域[23]. 而在去离子水中，微泡在生长过程中结构稳定，不易破裂. 当生长到极大值后，长期稳定存在，可用于聚集微粒等领域[14].利用MNF的倏逝场效应成功组装了GO-MNF光控微加热器. 利用GO优异的光热转换性能，在DMF、去离子水等溶剂中生成性质各异的光热微泡. 各类微泡可按其生长规律应用于不同的微操作领域. 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2021年第2期广东化工第48卷总第436期 · 233 ·基于超星学习通的高分子材料专业教学模式的改革探讨——以《材料的表面与界面》为例熊贤强1，张晓2*，余彬彬1，金燕仙1(1．台州学院医药化工与材料工程学院，浙江台州318000；2．台州学院生命科学学院，浙江台州318000) [摘要]超星学习通是一款为高校师生提供教育教学的移动平台，可以通过“网上+线下”模式将课堂教学与网上教学融合在一起，打造材料的表面和界面翻转课程的有效载体。

基于超星学习通平台搭建材料的表面和界面翻转课堂，改变传统“老师讲、学生听”的大水漫灌式教学方式，提升课程教学质量。

本文以超星学习通平台搭建材料的表面和界面翻转课堂，探索研究新形势下“互联网+教学”模式改革。

[关键词]超星学习通；教学改革；翻转课堂[中图分类号]G4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1007-1865(2021)02-0233-02Discussion on the Reform of the Teaching Mode of Polymer Material Specialty Based on Chaoxing Learning Platform—Taking “The Surface and Interface ofMaterials” as an ExampleXiong Xianqiang1, Zhang Xiao2*, Yu Binbin1, Jin Yanxian1(1. School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000；2. College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China)Abstract: Chaoxing Learning is a mobile platform that provides education and teaching for teachers and students in colleges and universities. It can integrate traditional offline teaching with online teaching through the “online + offline” mode to create an effective carrier for material surface and interface flipped course. Based on the Chaoxing Learning platform, the surface and interface flipped classroom of materials are built to change the traditional teaching method of “teacher speaks, student listens” and improve the teaching quality. In this paper, the superstar learning platform is used to build the surface and interface flipped classroom of materials and explore the reform of “Internet + teaching” mode under the new situation.Keywords: Chaoxing Learning Platform；teaching reform；flipped classroom1 引言高分子材料专业是研究高分子材料的设计、合成、制备以及组成、结构和性能学科，目前是国民经济发展的支柱产业之一，主要培养适应现代经济发展需要，具备高分子材料合成与改性方面的技术研发、工艺设计、生产管理等的高端人才。

任务型读写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。

注意：每空格1个单词。

1、Scientists develop non-stick chewing gumScientists have developed a non-stick chewing gum that can be easily removed from pavements, shoes and clothes.The new gum, the result of polymer research at the University of Bristol, could be launched commercially in 2008, its developers said on Friday.If it catches on, the product will solve a major headache for local authorities around the world."The advantage of our Clean Gum is that it has a great taste, it is easy to remove and has the potential to be environmentally degradable(可降解性)," said Terence Cosgrove, a professor of chemistry who helped found a company called Revolymer to commercialize the technology.Today's chewing gums are made from synthetic latex, which is resistant to the weather and is strongly adhesive. The new gum adds a special polymer to modify its properties, making it far less sticky.In two street trials, leading commercial gums remained stuck to the pavement three out or four times, while Clean Gum came away naturally in all cases, Revolymer said.71. qualities 72. clean 73. potential/capability 74. component/composition 75. change/modify 76. effects 77. problem/trouble/headache 78. fall 79. prediction 80. result/ consequence /outcome2、Speaking in public is most people‟s least favorite thing. The reason is that we are all afraid of making fools of ourselves. The more important the speech is, the more frightened we become.But stop biting your finger-nails. Public speaking is easy. It‟s just plain talking, and you talk all the time. Although I‟m basically shy (honest!), I‟ve been making speeches and talking on radio and television for more than 30 years, and I can tell you that public speaking is not a “gift” like musical talent. Anybody who can talk can speak in public. Here are some of the lessons I have learned: Your audience is going to come away with one or two of your main ideas. One or two. Not ten or20. If you can‟t express in a sentence or two what you intend to get across, then your speech is not focused well enough. And if you don‟t have a clear idea of what you want to say, there‟s no way your audience will.No matter how long or short your speech is, you‟ve got to get your ducks in a row—how you are going to open, what major points you want to make and how you‟re going to close.When I do a radio or TV piece, I often write the last sentence first. When you know where you‟re headed, you can choose any route to get there. A strong close is critical: the last thing you say is what your audience will most likely remember.The standard length of a vaudeville act is usually 12 minutes. If all those performers singing and dancing their hearts out couldn‟t go on longer without boring the audience, what makes you think you can?76. public 77. focus 78. vague/unclear 79. organized 80. audience 81. opening 82. short83. attention 84. possible 85. bored3Wen Jiabao arrived in Singapore yesterday for an official visit to the country. It is the first visit by a Chinese premier to Singapore in eight years. In the arrival statement, Wen said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singing pore on ways to deepen East Asian cooperation between two nations so as to contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship."Premier Wen Jiabao and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to jointly develop an environmentally friendly city in northeastern China. The city will be a model for sustainable development, a Singapore government statement said. The "Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city" will be developed by a joint venture formed by Chinese and Singapore companies. "This eco-city, to be built in Tianjin, will become another highlight in our relations," Wen said after signing an agreement with Lee,who agreed, "On the Singapore side, on all levels, we'll give this project our full support."The two sides will share expertise and experiences in urban planning, environmental protection, resources conservation, recycling, use of renewable resources and wastewater re-use. China's economic planning agency issued a set of guidelines earlier this month welcoming foreign investment in environmentally friendly areas such as recycling, "clean" industries and environmental protection.Bilateral relations between China and Singapore have seen big progress even though the two countries established diplomatic ties only 17 years ago, Wen said during his talks with Lee.China and Singapore have also kept close contact and coordination on regional issues, he added. Wen said China and Singapore are both important Asian countries that share common interests in many areas.Title: Wen‟s visit to Singapore71.aims\purposes 72.co-operate 73.strengthen\promote 74.reached 75.environmentally76. sustainable 77.regional 78.peaceful 79.set 80.preference4A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add. delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:IC (Integrated Circuit) Microprocessor Cards Microprocessor Cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are:Cards that hold money.Cards that provide safe access to a network.Cards that allow setting stop boxes on televisions to remain safe from privacy.Optical Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records ortravel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.6. travelers7. cost8. Unchangeable9. readers 10.memory5、All That noise is damaging Children’s HearingMichel become hooked on headphones in his early teens. He walked in the streets of Brooklyn day after day with his favorite music blasting directly into his ears. By his early 20s, Michel had lost much of his upper-range hearing.The Children‟s Hearing Institute reports that hearing loss among children and young adults is ri sing in the United States, and that one third of the damage is caused by noise.Surrounded By NoiseWe live in a noisy world. Young and old alike are beset by sounds over which we may have little or no control: power mowers, leaf blowers, snow blowers, cars and house alarms, sirens, motorcycles, Jet Skis, loudspeakers, even movie previews.We attend rock concerts, weddings, parties and sports events at which the music is so loud you can hardly hear the person sitting next to you. At home, televisions, stereos and computer games are often turned up so loud that listeners can not hear a doorbell or telephone. Many “modern ” restaurants have chosen noise enhancement instead of abatement(减轻). Any time you need to shout to be heard by someone near you, your hearing is most likely to be in a decibel(分贝) danger zone.As if environmental noise were not enough, now we surround children with noisy toys and personal listening devices that can permanently damage their hearing. Toys that meet the safety standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials can produce sound up to 138 decibels, as loud as a jet plane taking off. Yet workplace rules require hearing protection for those exposed to noise above 85 decibels.Protecting Young EarsBefore buying noisemaking toys, parents would do well to listen to how loud they are. If the toy comes with a volume control, monitor its use to make sure it is kept near the lowest level. Consider returning gifts that make loud noises, disable the noise-making function. Or limit the use of noisy toys to outside play areas.Children who play computer games and stereo equipment should be warned to keep the volume down. Time spent in video arcades, where the noise level can be over 110 decibels, should be strictlylimited. Most iPods have a control that allow parents to set a maximum volume.Don‟t take children to loud action movies. If you do go and the sound seems deafening, ask the manager to turn down the volume or insist on you money back. Children who play in bands and teenagers who use power tools, gardening equipment or guns should be made to wear hearing protection, available at sporting goods stores.The League for the Hard of Hearing urges parents to encourage participation in quiet activities, like reading, watching family-oriented films, doing puzzles, making thins with construction toys, playing educational computer games, drawing and painting, and visiting librarians and museums.71、addicted 72、loss 73、Environmental 74、prevents/ stops 75、louder/noisier76、permanent 77、Solutions 78、Return 79、Avoid 80、participate6、Blood Drive at Civic CenterThe local university blood center had a blood drive today at the Civic Center auditorium. Almost 300 people showed up, but about 50 were turned away for various medical reasons. Fifty others left because the lines were moving so slowly. The event concluded at 6 pm, three hours after the scheduled close. It was a long day for everyone-administrators, nurses, and donors. But there were plenty of chairs and tables, and many people brought their own books, magazines, or newspapers.The first thing the donors had to do, of course, was fill out the donor registration and screening form. When they finished filling out the form, they waited until a nurse called them to her desk. The average adult body contains 8 to 12 pints of blood. Donors can give one pint at a time. It takes your body 2 to 4 weeks to replace this amount. Most donors filled up the pint bag within 5 to 10 minutes.Before leaving, the donors received a sheet of instructions including: Do not lift any heavy objects for 12 hours. Leave your pressure bandage on for 2~3 hours. Do not smoke for at least 30 minutes. Avoid alcohol for the rest of the day. Do not do any laborious activity for 24 hours.“I wish I could hug and kiss all the volunteers that are here today,” s aid Martha, the blood center donor recruiter. “Many donors underestimate the importance of what they‟re doing. They think it is no big deal, but it is a big deal. Their blood is actually saving lives, helping other people to live, which will lead to a more harmonious society. We cannot thank them enough for that, nor can the recipients.”Title: Blood drive at Civic Centre71.Place/Where 72.200 73.Failing 74.registration 75.Amount76.Instruction/Tips/Suggestions/Advice 77.Avoid 78.whole 79.attitude(s) 80.Importance/Meaning/Significance7In addition to self-awareness, imagination, and conscience, it is the fourth quality — independent will —that really makes effective self-management possible. It is the ability to make decisions and choices and to act in agreement with them. It is the ability to act rather than to be acted upon, to actively carry out the program we have developed through the other three qualities.The human will is an amazing thing. Time after time, it has overcome unbelievable difficulties. The Helen Kellers of this world give dramatic(给人深刻印象的) evidence to the value, the power of the independent will.But as we examine this quality in the context of effective self-man agement, we realize it‟s usually not the dramatic, the visible(可见的), the once-in-a-lifetime, up-by-the-bootstraps(自立自强的) effort that brings lasting success. This special ability comes from learning how to use this great quality in the decisions we make every day.The degree to which we have developed our independent will in our everyday lives is measured by our personal honesty. Honesty is, fundamentally, the value we place on ourselves. It‟s our ability to make and keep promises to ourselves, to “walk our talk.”Effective management is putting first things first.While leadership decides what “first things” are, it is management that puts them first, day-by-day, moment-by-moment. Management is discipline (training to be self-controlled), carrying it out.Discipline obtains from belief—belief in a set of values, belief in an overriding(最主要的) purpose, to a long-term or short term goal that must be carried out.In other words, if you are an effective manager of yourself, your discipline comes from within; it is a function of your independent will. You are a follower of your own deep values and their source. And you have the will, the quality to control your feelings and moods rather than depend on others or have your work half done.71. effective 72. prove/ show/( illustrate) 73. decisions 74. Honesty 75. kept76. what 77. stick 78. Conclusions 79. follow 80. controlled8In 2006, the number of Chinese students studying abroad reached 134,000. More than twenty countries are selected as “the most favored nations by Chinese students for studying abroad in 2006”. These countries are attracting students in different ways.In recent years, the United States has become so attractive for many Chinese students with its first-class institutions and universities, and superpower status in the world. This was mainly due to the relaxation of visa restrictions for international students in 2005 and 2006, a move that promoted the development of its education market and caught the attention of more Chinese students. Previously, students needed to get entry permits from customs and make a claim on their period of stay. If they needed to go back to their homeland during vacations, they had to provide a visiting certificate. After the vacation ended, they needed to apply for another visa for re-entry into the the United States. Today, aslong as their students ID cards remain unchanged, they can return to their homeland within one year, without showing a visiting certificate and applying for a re-entry visa.The natural environment has always been a key factor in attracting students from other countries. Canada, known as “America‟s backyard”, is the most inhabatable country, as well as the world‟s most amazing nation for overseas study. Canada has been attracting a large number of Chinese students for years.New Zealand has also welcomed more and more students to study, offering a good living environment and desirable lifestyle. It has eight outstanding colleges and universities, creating better hopes for employment and immigration after students graduate. Students can apply for visas even without taking an English proficiency test. This is an important reason why more international students intend to study in the country.An elegant environment, bilingual (双语的) lifestyle and international academic atmosphere are the most attractive advantages of study in Malaysia. Bilingual language ability has been a fundamental requirement for residents in this country. Students in the country can benefit from a world-class education, with a guarantee of an excellent degree of higher education. Residents living in the most inhabitable country in the Asia-Pacific region, enjoy life‟s real pleasures.The year of 2007 is the “year of China” in Japan and the year of “Chines e-Korean exchange”. Frequent communications and exchanges between the governmentments of both countries have encouraged students to study in the two countries. Japan offers a variety of preferential (优惠的) policies to Chinese students that create unique conditions for international students to continue research and study in the country. In 2006, more and more Chinese students chose to study in Japan and Korea.Some countries, such as Russia, the Ukraine and German have become destinations for more Chinese students in recent years because they offer high quality education at a low cost. The German education system has been the number one choice for many students. However, from the beginning of 2006, it began to adjust its policy on waiving (放弃) full tuition fees. Therefore, international students studying in Germany would be able to enjoy a free tuition policy for only a few years to come.71. restrictions 72. environments 73. relationships 74. costs 75. move76. living 77. visas 78. bilingual 79. conditions 80. more9Filmmakers in Hollywood produce hundreds of films each year and audiences around the world watch them. In many films, characters smoke cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. In the past, researchers have documented how adolescents in the United States are influenced by watching those images of smoking on the screen. They found that kids who watch many movies where characters smoke are more likely to try smoking themselves.Dr. James Sargent, a researcher with Dartmouth University Medical School in New Hampshire, says those research findings are strong and reliable, but he says that many people are unconvinced when they hear that movies might contribute to adolescent smoking. “How can movies be to blame for a third of adolescent smoking when there‟s only, you know, 30 seconds to a minute of smoking in every movie? So what we wanted to do with this study was really range the exposure for people so that they understood how much exposure kids really get when it comes to seeing these actors modeling smoking on the big screen.”Sargent and some international colleagues counted how often images of smoking were seen by adolescents. They watched about 500 popular movies and counted the images of smoking in each. Then they multiplied that number of images by the number of adolescents estimated to have seen the films. They estimate that billions of images of smoking in American films are seen by kids around the world.“So it is a big international problem to the extent that American movie companies are exporting smoking in youth-rated movies, the kids in other countries are seeing the smoking, and it‟s positi oning smoking as something they want to do,” he concludes.Sargent says almost nothing else compares with smoking in terms of public health problems around the world. Each year millions of people die of diseases caused by smoking: lung and other cancers, heart diseases and respiratory diseases. Sargent says many of those people started smoking during their adolescent years.“We‟ve already shown pretty convincingly that seeing smoking in movies is bringing kids to the tobacco industry,” he says. “So the movie industry has some responsibility here. The movie industry could do something that would reduce smoking in youth-rated movies; they could rate smoking R (for restricted).” He notes that‟s what public health activists are trying to get filmmakers t o do. And if they did that, it would reduce 60 percent of growth of impressions the kids in his sample had seen.76. abroad 76. deaths 78. duty 79. habit 80. chance/possibility10Educating girls quite possibly harvests a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women's education may be an unusual field for economists (经济学家), but increasing women's contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its focus on encouragement, provides an explanation for why so many girls are rid of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school -- the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect.An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.Few will argue that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning.74. children 75. no/little 76. doing77. fairly/equally 78. contributes/leads 79. affects 80. Conclusion11Since the beginning of human evolution, men have migrated（迁移）across continents in search of food, shelter, safety, and comfortable weather. People still move for these reasons, but new reasons for human migration are arising, such as job relocation(重新安置) and overpopulation.Three million migrants are moving from poor countries to wealthier ones each year, and increasingly, their destination is a neighboring country in developing parts of the world. People are moving within the developing world for the same reasons as they migrate to wealthier nations. People from poor countries are going to less poor countries, fleeing wars and conflicts. They are also responding to population pressures because some countries are densely populated, and they often have high population growth. Those people need to go somewhere else.There are three main reasons why people move. The basic categories and percentages are as follows, according to the Current Population Surveys (CPS):Family-related reasons account for 26.3%, including changes in marital（婚姻的）status, establishing a household and other family reasons; work-related reasons 16.2%, including job transfer, retirement, and other job-related reasons; housing-related reasons 51.6%, including new and better houses, better neighborhood, cheaper housing and other housing reasons; the remaining 5.9% of other reasons are attending college, the change of climate and health reasons.Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities and warmer climates. They have also been moving to places a little far from cities, in search of bigger yards and houses, lower crime rates and better schools. In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the nation‟s 20 largest cities. In 2006, it was about one in ten. That‟s why many American people say, “Big Cities Shrink as People Move South, West.”Between March 2005 and March 2007, 73.4 million Americans moved. Fifty-six percent of these moves were within the same country. Twenty percent were between counties but in the same state. Nineteen percent were moves to a different state. Some families even went abroad.71. move 72. history 73. increasing 74. richer / wealthier 75. Reasons 76. majority 77. related / linked 78. seeking 79. climate 80. tendency / phenomenon / trend12Living in the 21st century offers certain advantages, such as a higher standard of living, but it also has some disadvantages, such as a polluted environment.To begin with, most people now have more money for less hard work. They earn higher salaries than before and enjoy better social security, such as social welfare for laid-off workers and disability insurance.Secondly, because of the advance in medical technology which leads to better medical care and treatment, people‟s life expectancy is longer. Moreover, mo st people now can afford to buy foods of high nutrition and enjoy their leisure time.Thirdly, modern conveniences such as radio, TV, Internet, various vehicles and labor-saving machines in the home, all greatly facilitate human communication, transportation and housework as well.Nevertheless, living in the 21st century also has its disadvantages. The most serious one is the increasingly polluted environment; air is filled with smog and water is contaminated by chemicals from factories. Another main disadvantage is the depersond\alization (价格解体) of human relationships which mostly results from people‟s ever-increasing contact with machines and numbers. Still one more disadvantage is the weakening of spiritual values. An undeniable fact is that a large number of people are solely interested in materialistic culture, while neglecting spiritual civilization. Limited by space, we have to skip the examples.In conclusion, although the 21st century has indeed given us a lot of advantages, it may not have made us wiser, because it has also made our earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our spiritual life poorer. We should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancement, however, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal, computerized world.st71. comment 72. Advantages 73. conveniences 74. Better 75. life76. leisure 77. Transportation 78. polluted 79. weakening 80. Chemicals13Are you tired of looking for love in all the usual places? Nowadays, millions of lonely singles are now going online instead. The World Wide Web is quickly becoming the world‟s most popular matchmaker. With so many singles online, dozens of dating sites like Yahoo Personals and are helping singles find that special someone. Around the world, from America to China, love is now very much online.Singles are flocking to the Internet mainly because their busy lifestyles leave them little time to lo ok for a significant other. Using dating sites is quick and convenient. They can “meet” a lot more people online than they could by hanging out at a club. Besides, many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else. They also appreciate the first distance of online dating, which allows them to hide themselves until they are ready to meet someone face to face. Dating sites also make it easy to avoid someone you are not interested in. In the real world, however, ignoring someone you don‟t like can be embarrassing.Despite all the advantages, online dating also presents its own set of problems. People aren‟t always who they claim to be in their online profiles. For instance, some one who tells you he is “handsome, successful and single” might turn out to be homely, unemployed and married. Safety is another concern. You are just as likely to find a criminal online as you are Mr. or Miss right.Even so, supporters of online dating see things in a positive way. In their opinion, singles can safely play the online dating game with a little common sense. Online dating experts advise following a few safety tips:Guard your personal information. Never give out your personal information online. This includes your last name, phone number, home address and place of work.Watch for red flags. Do any of the people you are chatting with make disrespectful comments? Do they try to control you? Do they give false information about themselves? If so, forget them!Meet in a safe place. When meeting someone in person, choose a public location with other people around.Follow these tips and you might be able to find the person of your dreams.。

口服缓控释制剂研究新进展摘要：口服缓控释制剂一方面可以使血药浓度更加平稳，避免频繁出现峰谷现象，从而降低了药物的毒副作用，同时减少了服药次数，可大大提高患者的顺应性；另一方面因其技术含量高，开发周期短，经济风险低的特点越来越被医药工业所看重。

因此本文通过查阅大量最新文献，对口服缓控释制剂的最新研究动态作一综述。

关键词：口服缓控释制剂材料口服缓控释制剂（oral sustainedand and controlled release dosage form）系指经口服后有目的的延缓、控制药物的释放以达到合理治疗效果的一类新剂型,其能使人体获得平稳的治疗血药浓度,使临床治疗剂量最佳化。

缓释制剂是指给药后药物能按要求缓慢、持续释放以维持有效血浓,从而达到长效作用的一类制剂。

控释制剂的定义有广义与狭义之分,狭义的控释制剂是指系统能在预定的时间以零级或接近零级的速度释放药物;而广义的控释制剂是指给药系统能在预定的位置、时间和速度释放药物,维持血药浓度于有效范围之内的制剂。

因此,靶向给药系统、透皮给药系统、黏膜给药系统、植入给药系统等均属于广义的控释制剂范畴[1]。

口服缓控释制剂与普通口服制剂相比具有以下特点[2];①对半衰期短或需频繁给药的药物,可以减少给药次数,提高病人的顺应性（compliance） ,使用方便;②使血药浓度平稳,避免峰谷现象,有利于降低药物的不良反应;③可减少用药的总剂量,因此可用最小剂量达到最大药效。

并且由于其研究开发周期短、经济风险小、技术含量高、利润丰厚而为制药工业界所重视,是目前应用和开发最活跃的系统。

1控释新方法口服控释制剂提供了多种药代动力学和药效学优势.现在可用的技术大都在胃肠道（GIT）控制药物的释放速率，受到剂型及药物溶解或扩散速率限制。

只有数量有限的方法药物的释放速率受肠内酶控制，如结肠药物递送系统中一些前药以来结肠中微生物种群的生物降解来发挥作用[3,4]。

1.1利用形成前药的方法来达到控释的作用已颇受关注，并有大量研究。

关于共聚物的英语作文1. Polymers are everywhere in our daily lives, from the plastic bottles we use to the rubber tires on our cars. They are versatile materials that can be found in a wide range of products, making them essential in modern society.2. The beauty of polymers lies in their ability to be easily molded into different shapes and forms. This flexibility allows for endless possibilities in design and function, making them ideal for a variety of applications.3. One of the key advantages of polymers is their lightweight nature, which makes them ideal for industries such as aerospace and automotive. Their low density allows for fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, making them a sustainable choice for the environment.4. Polymers also have excellent durability and resistance to corrosion, making them ideal for outdoor applications. Whether it's a playground slide or a waterpipe, polymers can withstand harsh weather conditions and maintain their integrity over time.5. In addition to their physical properties, polymers can also be engineered to have specific characteristics, such as conductivity or biodegradability. This customization allows for tailored solutions to meet the needs of various industries.6. Despite their many advantages, polymers also present challenges in terms of recycling and waste management. As we continue to rely on these materials, it is important to explore sustainable solutions to minimize their environmental impact.7. Overall, polymers play a crucial role in our modern world, offering endless possibilities for innovation and development. As we continue to advance in technology and design, polymers will remain a key material in shaping the future.。

新材料英文作文范文高中New materials are changing the way we live and work. From advanced polymers to revolutionary composites, these materials are shaping the future of technology and design. They are lightweight, durable, and versatile, making them ideal for a wide range of applications.One of the most exciting developments in new materials is the use of graphene. This super-thin, super-strong material has the potential to revolutionize electronics, energy storage, and even medicine. Its unique properties make it a game-changer in many industries.Another area of innovation is in biodegradable materials. With growing concerns about the environment, there is a push to develop materials that can break down naturally and reduce waste. From bioplastics to compostable packaging, these materials offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics.Nanomaterials are also making waves in the world of science and technology. By manipulating materials at the nanoscale, scientists are able to create new materials with enhanced properties. These materials have the potential to improve everything from electronics to healthcare.In conclusion, new materials are driving innovation and creating new possibilities across industries. From graphene to biodegradable materials, the future looks bright with the potential of these advanced materials. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting developments in the world of materials science.。

化工新材料英语作文Title: Advancements in Chemical Engineering and New Materials。

In recent years, the field of chemical engineering has witnessed remarkable advancements, particularly in the development of new materials. These materials, often referred to as advanced or novel materials, have revolutionized various industries and brought about significant improvements in efficiency, sustainability, and performance. In this essay, we will explore some of the key developments in chemical engineering and new materials, as well as their implications for the future.One of the most notable advancements in chemical engineering has been the emergence of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials, which are materials with dimensions on the nanometer scale, exhibit unique and often enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts. These properties arise from the increased surface area-to-volumeratio and quantum effects that dominate at the nanoscale.As a result, nanomaterials have found applications in diverse fields such as electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental remediation.In the realm of electronics, nanomaterials have enabled the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient devices. For instance, carbon nanotubes and graphene, both allotropes of carbon with extraordinary electrical properties, hold great promise for next-generation transistors, sensors, and energy storage devices. Similarly, quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles with tunable electronic properties, have revolutionized display technologies by enabling vivid colors, high brightness, and low power consumption in devices such as televisions and smartphones.In the field of medicine, nanomaterials havefacilitated significant advancements in drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. Nano-sized drug carriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles,can improve the solubility, stability, and targeteddelivery of pharmaceutical compounds, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. Moreover, nanoscale imaging agents enable precise visualization of biological structures and processes, leading to early detection and personalized treatment of diseases. Furthermore, scaffolds made from biocompatible nanomaterials provide a conducive environment for cell growth and tissue regeneration, offering promisingsolutions for tissue repair and organ transplantation.In the energy sector, nanomaterials play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of renewable energy technologies. For instance, nanocomposites based on graphene and metal oxides have been developed for high-performance electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, enabling faster charging, longer cycle life, and improved safety. Similarly, nanostructured photovoltaic materials, such as perovskite solar cells and quantum dot sensitized solar cells, offer cost-effective alternatives to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with higher efficiency and lower manufacturing costs. Furthermore, nanomaterials are being explored for applications in hydrogen storage, fuelcells, and catalysis, contributing to the transition towards a clean and sustainable energy future.In environmental remediation, nanomaterials offer innovative solutions for pollution control and resource conservation. Nanoparticles, such as iron nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, are effective catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants in water and soil, offering a promising approach for wastewater treatment and environmental cleanup. Additionally, nanomaterial-based membranes exhibit superior filtration properties, enabling the removal of contaminants and microorganisms fromdrinking water and industrial effluents. Furthermore, nanocomposites derived from recycled materials contribute to the development of lightweight and durable construction materials with reduced environmental impact.Overall, the advancements in chemical engineering and new materials hold immense promise for addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing society today, ranging from healthcare and energy to environmental sustainability. By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials andother novel materials, researchers and engineers continue to push the boundaries of innovation and pave the way for a brighter and more sustainable future. As we delve deeper into the realm of nanotechnology and materials science, we can expect to see even more transformative breakthroughs that will shape the world of tomorrow.。