Definition (cont)定义

数学中定义英文
在数学中，有很多定义，这里提供一些常见数学术语的英文翻译：
1. 定义(Definition): 定义是对一个概念或对象的明确定义，通常以确保理解一致性和精确性为目的。

2. 定理(Theorem): 定理是在一定的公理或前提条件下，通过逻辑推理得出的结论或命题。

3. 引理(Lemma): 引理是用于证明定理的辅助命题或结论。

4. 推论(Corollary): 推论是在一个定理或引理的基础上直接得出的结论。

5. 公理(Axiom): 公理是在某个理论或系统中作为基础而不需要证明的基本假设或原理。

6. 证明(Proof): 证明是通过逻辑推理和演绎过程，以严格的步骤和论证来验证一个命题的过程。

7. 假设(Hypothesis): 假设是在证明或推理中作为前提条件的未经证实的陈述或假定。

8. 数学模型(Mathematical Model): 数学模型是用数学语言和符号来描述现实世界问题或系统的抽象表示。

9. 方程(Equation): 方程是一个包含未知数和数学运算符的数学表达式，通常用于描述相等关系。

10. 不等式(Inequality): 不等式是一个包含不等号的数学表达式，用于表示两个数之间的大小关系。

11. 函数(Function): 函数是一个将每个输入值映射到唯一输出值的关系。

12. 导数(Derivative): 导数是描述函数变化率的概念，表示函数在某一点的变化速率。

13. 积分(Integral): 积分是对函数在一定区间上的累积或总和的操作。

defination和definition的区别defination 和 definition 的区别，简单来说就是 define（定义）和 conception（概念）的区别。

我们所熟悉的生活中的词大部分都是由字母组成，而这些字母往往代表着一个单词的含义，比如：struct-用于建立图结构的模型； position-指向某处的位置；draft-草稿，但是也可以作动词用等。

其实将两者进行对比，那么我们也能知道很多关于 that's the difference between to be defined and being assumed by us.【论点】首先了解下术语 Dictionaries、Concepts、 Problems 三者的意思和区别吧！1、 term names;2、meaning or conception of something3、 distinguishing two things4、 identify one thing in another5、 suggestion about what’s a problem based on its image 上面是几个相似的词，除了problems， concepts 还经常会用在特殊情况下，此时需要选择使用第二类词汇了。

高中课本上学到的科技名词就只有 distinction (区分), extent (程度), predicate (根据，从属于), relationship (关系), mechanism (机制，原理)， level (水平)， value (价值观)，relational question with purpose, prepositions (预示)，recentity (近期)， fragmentation (支离破碎的，分裂的)， exploit into assemblies 提取出 consolidated adjective 后，你会发现diffusion 状态之间也存在差异。

（完整版）C语言常见英语100词汇运算符与表达式： 5. `parameter 参数 2 条件语句1.constant 常量 6.static 静态的condition2. variable 变量7.extern 外部的statement) 选择select3. identify 标识符指针：表达式expression4. keywords 关键字 1. pointer 指针逻辑表达式logical expression5. sign 符号 2. argument 参数关系表达式Relational expression6. operator 运算符 3. array 数组优先priority7. statement语句 4. declaration 声明运算operation8. syntax 语法 5. represent 表示结构structure9. expression 表达式 6. manipulate 处理 3 循环语句10. initialition 初始化结构体、共用体、链表(circle statement) 循环circle11. number format 数据格式 1 structure 结构条件condition12 declaration 说明 2 member成员变量variant13. type conversion 类型转换 3 tag 标记过程process14.define 、definition 定义 4 function 函数优先priority条件语句： 5 enumerate 枚举运算operation1.select 选择 6 union 联合（共用体） 4 函数2. expression 表达式7 create 创建(function) 调用call3. logical expression 逻辑表达式8 insert 插入返回值return value4. Relational expression 关系表达式9 delete 删除函数function5.priority优先10 modify 修改声明declare6. operation运算文件参数parameter7.structure 结构1、file 文件静态的static循环语句：2、open 打开外部的extern1.circle 循环3、close 关闭 5 数组和指针(array and2. condition 条件4、read 读pointer) 数组array3. variant 变量5、write 写引用reference4. process过程6、error 错误元素element5.priority优先序号主要章节常用英汉对照词汇备注地址address6. operation运算 1 运算符与表达式排序sort数组：（operator and expression ）汉语英语字符character1. array 数组常量constant 字符串string2. reference 引用变量variable 应用application3. element 元素标识符identify 指针pointer4. address 地址关键字keywords 参数argument5. sort 排序符号sign 数组array6. character 字符运算符operator 声明declaration7. string 字符串语句statement 表示represent8. application 应用语法syntax 处理manipulate函数：表达式Expression 6 结构体、1.call 调用初始化Initialization 共用体2.return value 返回值数据格式number format (structures union 结构structure3.function 函数类型转换type conversion 成员member4. declare 声明定义Define 、definition 标记tag函数function archaic a.己废的，古老的teaching programming 编程教学枚举enumerate mainmodule 主模块lengthy a.冗长的，漫长的联合( 共用体) union sufficient a.充分的，足够的alter vi./vt.改变创建create submodule 子模块flaw n.缺点裂纹插入insert data processing 数据处理devclop vt.发达删除delete modify v.修正，修改separate a.各别的修改modify business application 商业应用recompile v.编译7 文件outline n.轮廓，概要assist n.帮助（file) 文件file scientific application 科学应用cycle n.循环打开open compose分解technician n.技师关闭close lexical a.字典的，词汇的remove vt.移动，除去读read code 代码straight line 直线写write non-programmer n.非编程人员category n.种类，类项错误error node vt改为密码rectangle n.长方形,矩形Program Design 程序设计notation n.记号法，表示法，注释P-code p代码writing program 编写程序pseudocode n.伪代码virtrally ad.事实上standardize vt.使标准化verbosity n.唠叨，冗长symology n.象征学象征的使用coding the program 编程commas n.逗点逗号register n.寄存器simplify vt.单一化，简单化record n.记录to summaries 总之，总而言之programming 程序documentation 文档by convention 按照惯例revision n.校订，修正subrecord n.子记录cyptic n.含义模糊的，隐藏的programmer n.程序员flowchart/flow 程表／流程diamond-shaped a,菱形的occupy vt.占领，住进data division 数据部bracket n.括号logic n.逻辑，逻辑学visual a.视觉的decision n判断BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码procedure division 过程部obviate 除去，排除machine code 机器代码represent vt.表现，表示，代表terminal n. a终端机，终端的teaching language 教学语言comprise vt.包含构成keyword n.关键字debug n.DOS命令，调试structured techniques结构化技术card reader 阅读器simplicity n.单纯，简朴operator n.运算符，算子underline vt.下划线compactness a.紧凑的，紧密的straightforward a.笔直的率直的translator program 译程序timesharing system 分时系统commercial package 商业软件包monadic a. monad(单位)的description n.描述，说明subroutine n.子程序Programming 程序设计interactive language 交互式语言generator n.产生器，生产者dec/binary n.二进制break n.中断driver module 驱动模块source language 源语manufacturer n.制造业者mathematician n.专家shift 变化，转移，移位structure chart 结构图line by line 逐行machine language 机器dialect n.方言，语调operator n.作符overflow n.溢出the program flow 程序流translate vt.翻译，解释machine instruction 机器指令expense n.费用，代价forerunner n.先驱arithmetic n.算术，算法manager module 管理模块modular 摸块化computer language 计算机语uniformity n.同样，划一ancestor n.祖宗composite symbol 复合型符号worder module 工作模块cumbersome a.讨厌的，麻烦的assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值double ：声明双精度变量或函数floating point number浮点数int：声明整型变量或函数proliferation n.增服struct：声明结构体变量或函数high-level language高级语break：跳出当前循环pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言else ：条件语句否定分支（与if 连用）array n.数组矩阵，long ：声明长整型变量或函数source text 源文本switch :用于开关语句subscript n.下标case：开关语句分支intermediate language 中间语言enum ：声明枚举类型type conversion 类型转换register：声明积存器变量software development 软件开发typedef：用以给数据类型取别名（当然还有其他作用）address arithmetic 地址运算char ：声明字符型变量或函数map vt.映射，计划extern：声明变量是在其他文件正声明（也可以看做是引用变量）denote vt.指示，表示return ：子程序返回语句（可以带参数，也看不带参数）maintenance cost 维护费用union：声明联合数据类型subprogram n.子程序const ：声明只读变量legibility n.易读性，易识别float：声明浮点型变量或函数separate compilation 分离式编泽short ：声明短整型变量或函数amend vt.修正，改善unsigned：声明无符号类型变量或函数alphabetic a.照字母次序的continue：结束当前循环，开始下一轮循环consumer n.消费者for：一种循环语句(可意会不可言传）digit n.数字位数signed：生命有符号类型变量或函数enormous a.巨大的，庞大的void ：声明函数无返回值或无参数，声明无类型指针（基本上就这三个作用）numeric expression 数值表达式default：开关语句中的“其他”分支reliability n.可信赖性，可信度goto：无条件跳转语句tap n.轻打，轻敲，选择sizeof：计算数据类型长度safety n.安全，安全设备volatile：说明变量在程序执行中可被隐含地改变print zone 打印区do ：循环语句的循环体property n.财产，所有权while ：循环语句的循环条件column n.列correctness n.正确，static ：声明静态变量functionality n.机能if:条件语句semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的，可搬运的auto ：声明自动变量一般不使用survey n.概观．altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作，任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序。

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Definition and Interpretation（定义及解释规则翻译）翻译实践1. "Affiliate" means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, "control" shall mean either the ownership of fifty per cent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.2. "Proprietary Know-how" shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assistance supplied or rendered by the Licensor to the Licensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Licensor on the date hereof and/or which may be further developed by the Licensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how acquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.3. "Proprietary Information" means the information, whether patentable or not, disclosed to the CJV by either Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings, instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affiliates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Partyand/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitutes its Proprietary Information.4. "Encumbrances" include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law).5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation - 27 -of this Agreement;b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa; c) words importing a gender include any gender;d) an expression importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency;e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amending, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law;f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to, or replacement or novation of, that document;g) a reference to a party to any document includes that party's successors and permitted assigns;h) a reference to an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing;i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, covenant or agreement on the part of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; andj) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.参考译文:定义、解释1. “关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。

1. 保留字reserved wordC++中，保留字也称关键字，它是预先定义好的标识符。

见关键字的解释。

2.关键字key wordC++中已经被系统定义为特殊含义的一类标识符。

C++中的关键字有：auto double int struct break elselong switch case enum register typedefchar extern return union const floatshort unsigned continue for signed voiddefault goto sizeof volatile do if#static while asm _cs _ds _es_ss cdecl far huge interrupt nearpascal class public private catch protecteddelete new template friend this inlinethrow try operator virtual overload（现不用）3.标识符identifier对变量、函数、标号和其它各种用户自定义对象的命名。

在C++中，标识符长度没有限制，第一个字符必须是字母或下划线，其后若有字符则必须为字母、数字或下划线。

例如count2，_x是正确的标识符形式，而hello！，3th则是错误的。

在C++中标识符区分大小写，另外标识符不能和C++中的关键字相同，也不能和函数同名。

~4.声明declaration将一个标识符引入一个作用域，此标识符必须指明类型，如果同时指定了它所代表的实体，则声明也是定义。

5.定义definition给所声明的标识符指定所代表的实体。

6.变量variable某个作用域范围内的命名对象。

7．常量constant`常量是不接受程序修改的固定值，可以是任意数据类型。

可以用后缀准确的描述所期望的常量类型，如浮点类型常量在数字后加F，无符号整型常量加后缀U等等。

C语言常用基本词汇及其他提示语运算符与表达式：1.constant 常量2. variable 变量3. identify 标识符4. keywords 关键字5. sign 符号6. operator 运算符7. statement语句8. syntax 语法9. expression 表达式10. initialition 初始化11. number format 数据格式12 declaration 说明13. type conversion 类型转换14.define 、definition 定义条件语句：1.select 选择2. expression 表达式3. logical expression 逻辑表达式4. Relational expression 关系表达式5.priority优先6. operation运算7.structure 结构循环语句：1.circle 循环2. condition 条件3. variant 变量4. process过程5.priority优先6. operation运算数组：1. array 数组2. reference 引用3. element 元素4. address 地址5. sort 排序6. character 字符7. string 字符串8. application 应用函数：1.call 调用2.return value 返回值3.function 函数4. declare 声明5. `parameter 参数6.static 静态的7.extern 外部的指针：1. pointer 指针2. argument 参数3. array 数组4. declaration 声明5. represent 表示6. manipulate 处理结构体、共用体、链表：1 structure 结构2 member成员3 tag 标记4 function 函数5 enumerate 枚举6 union 联合（共用体）7 create 创建8 insert 插入9 delete 删除10 modify 修改文件：1、file 文件2、open 打开3、close 关闭4、read 读5、write 写6、error 错误序号主要章节常用英汉对照词汇备注1 运算符与表达式（operator and expression ）汉语英语常量constant变量variable标识符identify关键字keywords符号sign运算符operator语句statement语法syntax表达式Expression初始化Initialization数据格式number format说明Declaration类型转换type conversion定义Define 、definition2 条件语句（conditionstatement) 选择select表达式expression逻辑表达式logical expression关系表达式Relational expression 优先priority运算operation结构structure3 循环语句(circle statement) 循环circle条件condition变量variant过程process优先priority运算operation4 函数(function) 调用call返回值return value函数function声明declare参数parameter静态的static外部的extern5 数组和指针(array and pointer) 数组array 引用reference元素element地址address排序sort字符character字符串string应用application指针pointer参数argument数组array声明declaration表示represent处理manipulate6 结构体、共用体(structures 、union ）结构structure 成员member标记tag函数function枚举enumerate联合( 共用体) union创建create插入insert删除delete修改modify7 文件（file) 文件file打开open关闭close读read写write错误errorProgram Design 程序设计writing program 编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program 编程simplify vt.单一化，简单化programming 程序revision n.校订，修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领，住进logic n.逻辑，逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug n.DOS命令，调试simplicity n.单纯，简朴compactness a.紧凑的，紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description n.描述，说明interactive language 交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect n.方言，语调the program flow 程序流expense n.费用，代价manager module 管理模块uniformity n.同样，划一worder module 工作模块archaic a.己废的，古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient a.充分的，足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify v.修正，修改business application 商业应用outline n.轮廓，概要scientific application 科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的，词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法，表示法，注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨，冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation 文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow 程表／流程data division 数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division 过程部represent vt.表现，表示，代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符，算子straightforward a.笔直的，率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器，生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line 逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译，解释forerunner n.先驱modular 摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的，麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy a.冗长的，漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动，除去straight line 直线category n.种类，类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries 总之，总而言之by convention 按照惯例cyptic n.含义模糊的，隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate 除去，排除terminal n. a终端机，终端的keyword n.关键字card reader 阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program 译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming 程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language 源语shift 变化，转移，移位machine language 机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic n.算术，算法computer language 计算机语composite symbol 复合型符号．assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言array n.数组矩阵，source text 源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map vt.映射，计划denote vt.指示，表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性，易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend vt.修正，改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的，庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性，可信度tap n.轻打，轻敲，选择safety n.安全，安全设备print zone 打印区property n.财产，所有权column n.列correctness n.正确，functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的，可搬运的survey n.概观．altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作，任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序其他提示语：CPU(Center Processor Unit)中央处理单元mainboard主板RAM(random accessmemory)随机存储器(内存)ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器Floppy Disk软盘Hard Disk硬盘CD-ROM光盘驱动器(光驱)monitor监视器keyboard键盘mouse鼠标chip芯片CD-R光盘刻录机HUB集线器Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator,调制解调器P-P(Plug and Play)即插即用UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply)不间断电源BIOS(Basic-input-OutputSystem)基本输入输出系统CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)互补金属氧化物半导体setup安装uninstall卸载wizzard向导OS(Operation Systrem)操作系统OA(Office AutoMation)办公自动化exit退出edit编辑copy复制cut剪切paste粘贴delete删除select选择find查找select all全选replace替换undo撤消redo重做program程序license许可(证)back前一步next下一步finish结束folder文件夹Destination Folder目的文件夹user用户click点击double click双击right click右击settings设置update更新release发布data数据data base数据库DBMS(Data Base Manege System)数据库管理系统view视图insert插入object对象configuration配置command命令document文档POST(power-on-self-test)电源自检程序cursor光标attribute属性icon图标service pack服务补丁option pack功能补丁Demo演示short cut快捷方式exception异常debug调试previous前一个column行row列restart重新启动text文本font字体size大小scale比例interface界面function函数access访问manual指南active激活computer language计算机语言menu菜单GUI(graphical user interfaces )图形用户界面template模版page setup页面设置password口令code密码print preview打印预览zoom in放大zoom out缩小pan漫游cruise漫游full screen全屏tool bar工具条status bar状态条ruler标尺table表paragraph段落symbol符号style风格execute执行graphics图形image图像Unix用于服务器的一种操作系统Mac OS苹果公司开发的操作系统OO(Object-Oriented)面向对象virus病毒file文件open打开colse关闭new新建save保存exit退出clear清除default默认LAN局域网WAN广域网Client/Server客户机/服务器ATM( AsynchronousTransfer Mode)异步传输模式Windows NT微软公司的网络操作系统Internet互联网WWW(World Wide Web)万维网protocol协议HTTP超文本传输协议FTP文件传输协议Browser浏览器homepage主页Webpage网页website网站URL在Internet的WWW服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法Online在线Email电子邮件ICQ网上寻呼Firewall防火墙Gateway网关HTML超文本标识语言hypertext超文本hyperlink超级链接IP(Address)互联网协议(地址)SearchEngine搜索引擎TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议Telnet远程登录IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器) Navigator引航者(网景公司的浏览器)multimedia多媒体ISO国际标准化组织ANSI美国国家标准协会able 能activefile 活动文件addwatch 添加监视点allfiles 所有文件allrightsreserved 所有的权力保留altdirlst 切换目录格式andfixamuchwiderrangeofdiskproblems 并能够解决更大范围内的磁盘问题andotherinFORMation 以及其它的信息archivefileattribute 归档文件属性assignto 指定到autoanswer 自动应答autodetect 自动检测autoindent 自动缩进autosave 自动存储availableonvolume 该盘剩余空间badcommand 命令错badcommandorfilename 命令或文件名错batchparameters 批处理参数binaryfile 二进制文件binaryfiles 二进制文件borlandinternational borland国际公司bottommargin 页下空白bydate 按日期byextension 按扩展名byname 按名称bytesfree 字节空闲callstack 调用栈casesensitive 区分大小写causespromptingtoconfirmyouwanttooverwritean 要求出现确认提示,在你想覆盖一个centralpointsoftwareinc central point 软件股份公司changedirectory 更换目录changedrive 改变驱动器changename 更改名称characterset 字符集checkingfor 正在检查checksadiskanddisplaysastatusreport 检查磁盘并显示一个状态报告chgdrivepath 改变盘/路径node 节点npasswd UNIX的一种代理密码检查器，在提交给密码文件前，它将对潜在的密码进行筛选。

《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms thanantonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked termsrespectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own correspondingopposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。