英语专四语法复习内容
想要通过英语专四考试，就必须掌握英语专四的语法。那么英语专四的语法有哪些呢?下面由为大家整理的英语专四语法内容，希望大家喜欢!
英语专四语法内容一There be 结构
1. There be结构
There were very few people left when we got there.
There have been many such incidents.
Nearby there had been a fight in full progress.
也可以是情态动词+be
There can be very little doubt about his guilt.
There may always be instances about which we are uncertain. There ought to / should be some instructions on the lid.
还可以是There +情态动词+ be 的完成时
There may have been an accident.
If the criminal had come this way, there would be / would have been footprints. There should / ought to have been someone on duty all the time.
2. There + 半动词+ be，这里很少用完成体形式.
There is certain to be trouble at the factory.
There is sure / likely to be some rain tonight. There seems / appears to be no doubt about it.
3. There be结构也可有被动式，这类there be结构有些可以与there be结构的一般形式相互转换。
On the following day there was held a splendid banquet.
= There was a splendid banquet held on the following day. There is / are believed to be number of wounded soldiers on both sides.
= It is believe that there are a number of wounded soldiers on both sides. There are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.
= It is said that there have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.
4. There be + 名词词组+ 定语从句There must be very few cities that are not threatened by pollution. There is a good book on statistics that Tom should read.
5. There be no / not + doing ……句型
There is no telling whether he will come or not.
There isn’t getting away from it.
There is no accounting for her behaviors.
There is no knowing when the war will break out.
6.非限定性there be结构非限定性there be结构是指there be 结构用作主语、宾语或介词宾语的情况，即there to be 或there being。
a. 作主语
There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
There not being an index to this book is a disadvantage.
For there to be a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
For there to be a mistake in a computer’s arithmetic is impossible.
b. 作动词宾语，用在表示愿望、喜欢、憎恨的某些动词之后，如expect, want, intend, mean, consider, like, hate, prefer等。
I want there to be no mistake about this.
Members like there to be plenty of choices.
We expect there to be no argument.
c. 作介词宾语，如果是介词for, 则用there to be形式;如果不是介词for, 则用there being形式。
They planned for there to be a family reunion.
Mary was waiting for there to be complete silence. Bill was relying on there being another opportunity.
We were annoyed at there being so much time wasted.
d. 作状语
There being no further business, the chairman closed the meeting.
There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burnt black by the sun.
7.There be + no + noun
There is no point in telling her anything.
There is no sense in doing …… There is no need doing…..
There is no use / good doing……
二、语法重点
1、名词作程度状语
名词作程度状语多修饰形容词和副词，
例如：
The baby is seven months old. 那个婴儿有七个月了。
The rope is 100 meters long. 这根绳子有一百米长。
It weighs almost a ton.它几乎有一吨重。
This ticket is three days overdue. 这张票已经过期三天了。
The temperature fell seven degrees in a single night. 气温一夜间下降了七度。
2、副词作程度状语
副词almost, enough, entirely, extremely, fairly, far, greatly,
half, much, nearly, pretty, quite, rather, slightly, so, somewhat, terribly, that, this, too, very, well, etc.都可以作程度副词，例如：
It’s very cold. 天气很冷。
The tortoise ran so slowly. 乌龟跑得这么慢。
The egg is this big. 那只鸡蛋有这么大。
They were greatly moved to hear the old man’s story.听了老人讲的情况，他们大为感动。
Of course, we were deeply impresssed. 当然这给我们留下了深刻的印象。
“dead”作为程度副词常修饰certain，drunk, level, quiet, right, straight, tired, wrong，etc.,
例如：
It’s dead silent in the room. 屋里一片沉默。
另外，wide open, sound/fast asleep, burning hot, freezing cold, etc.都是固定表达法。
例如：
To my surprise, he was sound asleep in such a burning hot day at all.
使我感到吃惊的是，在这么炎热的天气里他居然睡得怎么香。
3、介词短语作程度状语
例如：
She was touched beyond words. 她被感动得没法形容。
They have raised the prices to three yuan a jin.他们已经把价格提高到三元一斤。
She slept like a dog. 他睡得很沉。
They escaped from the exploded spot, running around like mad.
他们像疯子一样四处奔跑，逃离了爆炸现场。
He was sad to death. 他悲痛欲绝。
4、动词不定式作程度状语
例如：
I was too stupid to answer this question. W我太笨了，当时没有回答出这个问题。
He was slow to make up his mind. 他迟迟不能下决心。
He is old enough to join the Army. 他到了服役的年龄了。
5、从句作程度状语
程度状语从句常用so…that, such…that引导，
例如：
She was so glad that she jumped off the platform and held his coach in her arms tightly.
她是那么地高兴，以至从台上跳下去紧紧地抱住她的教练。
It is such a big room that the ten of us can live in it.
这个房间是怎么大，我们十个人都可以住在里面。
英语专四作文指导首先，作文的写作时间为45分钟，合理的时间安排为10+30+5，前面的10分钟用来读题审题，构思并列提纲，接着的30分钟用来按照提纲写作，最后5分钟用来检查及润色。合理的时间安排是写出优秀作文的必不可少的第一步。
其次，卷面的设置。要想让阅卷老师对你的作文试卷有一种赏心悦目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻，字体不要过大或过小，字迹要工整。段落方面，英语专业四级考试作文的特点决定了作文写法的基本框架为三段论。俗话说，事不过三，超过了三段后就会让人感到过于繁琐。并且应当注意的是，每段开头都应该有缩进，留有两个单词的位置。
再次，除了形式之外，作文的内容也尤其重要。阅卷老师阅卷一般是从第一段看语言，从第二段看结构。这就要求考生的作文开头部分以及每一段的第一句一定要写得像英文，不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误。除了语言的地道外，还要求作文有层次感。可以用一系列表示逻辑关系的连词，即路标词来表示思路的清晰，如and, however, furthermore,also, what"s more等。此外，还可以用对等的句式结构，如for one thing, for another; On the one hand, on the other hand等来增加文章的层次感。
总之，议论文对语言的要求主要体现在三个方面：
①用恰当的逻辑词表现文章的逻辑性。
②要注意自然段与主题句的运用，即用自然段表现出文章的逻辑性，并在每段中用主题句说明要点，给人一目了然的感觉。
③要注意句型结构，注意每句的重心和句与句之间的衔接，使句意一环扣一环，避免松散。
英语专四考试复习技巧1. 听力: 新专四引入了10%的MINI演讲听力;取消了新闻听力。dictation剪短以后，难易度明显降低。
建议：新版TEM4的听力加了talk，conversion难度略有增加，需要着重练一下。做听力一定要专心，强制要求自己认真听，而且一次听到完，不要断着听。听力部分没有别的捷径，听力真的是可以练出来的，多听写多整理，最好保持每天一到两篇。需要适应的是题型。VOA英语频道的小V提醒你，听写一定要认认真真，找个安静的地方耐心练。如果专四听写部分能够顺利听写，就提高到听写BBC、CNN新闻英语等。
2. 词汇: 高等学校英语专业教学大纲规定专四水平学生应认知词汇5，500-6，500个，正确而熟练地运用其中的3,000-4,000个及其最基本的搭配。改革后的专四单选题量减少，完型变成填空。题量减少了，但每道题的分值变多。
建议：专四单词至少要过两遍。
3. 阅读: 新增阅读简答题(高口题型)，主要难点就是后面的主观题。
建议：阅读每天保持训练，逐步提高，最终能够在三十分钟内做完。对于在阅读中出现的不认识的高频词一定要拿本子记下来，没事就看看，混个眼熟也是极好的。
4. 写作: 取消小作文。
没有便条，但是题干变长，需要议论的信息都已经提供出来，需要我们在总结所给论点的基础上更加深刻地提出自己的理解。
建议：积累一些词汇，然后学一些语法!
其实不管什么考试的写作，切题、论点明确、展开充分、支持充足、结构清晰、语法没有大错误并且句式和用词较复杂并正确，那就是一篇高分作文。
5. 语法：多做题就好。
建议：买套真题看看。往年的真题很重要，把真题上的听力，阅读要都做完。我的方法是第一次把答案写在纸上，而不是试卷上。卷子上可以用来标记注意点啥的，不写答案，这样真题卷可以反复利用。做完了再核对，错了的找出原因来。一套真题要多做几次，每隔一段时间再做一次。比如周一做第一次，那么周三做第二次，周六做第三次。这样试卷不但没有被浪费，还可用来检查补漏。每次做完后核对答案，并进行总结。你总会有所收获。自己提前制订好计划，可以每周做二、三套真题。如果觉得做完这些真题还不够，可以再买一些专项练习做做。
Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨，要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地，当真地;认真地，严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智
grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)
高中英语词汇与语法练习100题 1、____ your help we ____ not have finished in time . A. But for,should B. Except for,can C. But,might D. Without,shall 2、I’ll start to think about it ____ I have to write my report. A. before B.as C. while D. when 3、It ______ long before we ______ the result of the experiment. A. will not be, will know B. is, will know C. will not be, know D. is, know 4、Nothing ________ disaster _____ come from such a plan. A. otherwise,could B. or,might C. but , would D.without, should 5、She _____ things around. A. always moving B.was always moving C. has always been moved D. did move always 6、It did nothing but ____ us ridiculous . A．to make B.make C.made D. had made 7、The ship ____ ready for a month . A. isn’t B. has not been C. will not be D. had not been 8、They want all groups ___ an equal basis. A to be treated on B to treat C to be treated D to treat on 9、He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year. A. will graduate B. will have graduated C. graduates D. is to graduate 10、--- But how long can you stay in the house? --- I don't know. It _______ A. depended B. depends c. is depended D. will be depended 11、People ______ less tolerant of smoking these days. A.are becoming B.has become C. will have become D. will become 12、We ___ next winter in Australia A. are spending B. have spent C. spend D. will have spent 13、He ____ tomorrow morning on the 13:27 train. A. will have arrived B. arrive C. has arrived D. is arriving 14、The origin of the universe ______ probably never ______. A.is, explain B. will, be explained C.is, explained D. will, explain 15.You were lucky to escape ______ . A. having been punished B. to be punished C. to have been punished D. being punished 16. Anne never dreams of ____ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 17. Her hair curls _____ . A. naturally B. natural C. nature D. native 18\Your hair wants ___ . A. to cut B. being cut C.cutting D. to be cutting 19. It’s no good _____ to come now. He is busy. A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him 20. --- How did you get to the airport? --- I got Charlie ______ me there. A. drove B. drive C. driving D. to drive
2016年英语专业四级考试词汇语法真题 参考答案与解析 11. How can I concentrate if you _________ continually ______ me with silly questions? A. have… interrupted B. are… interrupted C. had… interrupting D. were… interrupting 选A。虽然我觉得更应该说you are continually interrupting me with silly questions。不过这里用现在完成时表示的是一个动作发生过成为过去经历，有可能多次发生，也就是打断一次、两次、三次等等不断重复到现在。 12. Among the four sentences below, Sentence ___ expresses the highest degree of possibility? A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem. B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem. C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem. D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem. 选D。四个里把握度最高的是should，其次是may，最后是might和could。 13. She is a better speaker than _____ in the class. A. any boy B. the other boys C. other any girl D. all the girls 选A。主语是she，女的，所以不能选B。C的正确说法是any other girl。 14. Nobody heard him sing, ______? A. did one B. did he C. didn’t they D. did they 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）317页，nobody这种附加疑问句，书面语里用he。口语里偶见they。实际上，现代英语里为了避免有语言歧视（为什么只有he，没有she），很多人都避免只用he，而多改为they。 15. I can’t put up with ________. A. that friend of you B. that friend of yours C. the friend of you D. the friend of yours 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）57-58页，这种双重属格结构所修饰的名词可带a, any, some等表示非确定特指的限定词，但通常不带定冠词。比如a daughter of Mrs. Green’s, any/some daughters of Mrs/ Green’s。 16. There has been an increasing number of _______ in primary schools in the past few years. A. man teacher B. men teacher C. man teachers D. men teachers 选D。合成名词复数，man/woman这种，两种都要变成复数，比如women drivers。
1.主谓一致 就近原则 1.由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。 例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。 3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary 的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。 意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。 2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。 例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。 3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！” 4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。 例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。 5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。 80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。 6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。 例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。 7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
since 英音：[sins]美音：[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?
英语专业四级历年语法试题 虚拟语气部分 1. If you _____ in such a hurry, you _____ sugar into the sauce instead of salt. (TEM4-1992-50) A. were not, would not put B. were, would put C. had been, would have put D. had not been, would not have put 2. _____ their help, we would not have succeeded. (TEM4-1992-55) A. Hadn’t been for B. Had not it been for C. It hadn’t been for D. Had it not been for 3. She asked that she _____ allowed to see her son in police custody. (TEM4-1993-50) A. would be B. could b C. be D. was 4. _____ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.
(TEM4-1994-53) A. Unless B. But for C. Except for D. Not for 5. It was recommended that passengers _____ smoke during the flight. (TEM4-1994-58) A.not B. need not C. could not D. would not 6. _____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with questions. (TEM4-1994-62) A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. I realized D. As I realized 7. _____, he would not have recovered so quickly. (TEM4-1995-65) A. Hadn’t he been taken good care of B. Had he not been taken good care of C. Had not he been taken good care of D. Had he been not taken good care of 8. I _____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people
英语语法试题 2 51. Give me your telephone number ________ I need your help. A) whether C) so that B) unless D) in case 52. They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was that night began to fall. A) that C) what B) it D) which 53. _________ to speak when the audience interrupted him. A) Hardly had he begun C) Not until he began B) No sooner had he begun D) Scarcely did he begin 54. I will give this dictionary to _________ wants to have it. A) whomever C) whoever B) someone D) anyone 55. The engineers are going through with their highway project, ________ the expenses have risen. A) even though C) now that B) just because D) as though 56. Water will continue to be _________ it is today ------- next in importance to oxygen. A) how C) as B) which D) what 57. Prof. Lee’s book will show you _________ can be used in other contexts. A) that you have observed C) how that you have observed B) that how you have observed D) how what you have observed 58. You can arriv e in Beijing earlier for the meeting _________ you don’t mind taking the night train. A) provided C) though B) unless D) until 59. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed. A) that are C) which is B) as are D) it is 60. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ________ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn. A) what C) which B) that D) such 61. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least. A) of which C) on which B) for what D) in which 62. _________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A) What C) It B) That D) As 63. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocs from which the other elements are produced. A) so that C) in that B) but that D) provided that 64. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it. A) ever since C) even though B) much as D) if only
大学英语B——词汇与语法 1、I don’t know _______ to deal with such matter. D./ 答案：B 2、I am not used to speaking ________ public. 答案：A 3、- _______ is your girl friend like? - She is very kind and good-looking. 答案：B 4、We came finally _________ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all the time. 答案：C 5、- Write to me when you get home. - OK, I _______. 答案：C 6、He _______ driving me home, even though I told him I lived nearby.
on at that in 答案：A 7、I won’t make the _______ mistake next time. 答案：B 8、I didn’t know what to do, but then an idea suddenly ________ to me. 答案：C 9、A pair of spectacles ________ what I need at the moment. 答案：A 10、He _______ lives in the house where he was born. 答案：C 11、- Do you want to wait? - Five days ________ too long for me to wait.
考博英语词汇语法题考前恶补、 全真模拟试题 1. Although ______ Spanish, he attended the course. A. he was knowing B. he is knowing C. having a knowledge of D. knows 2. You ______th at letter to James. However, you didn’t. A. ought to write B. ought to have written C. should write D. should be writing 3. Joseph was very lucky ______ with his life; he almost did not get out of the room. A. to escape B. to have escaped C. to escaping D. to be escaping 4. Bread and butter ______liked by Westerners. A. is B. are C. were D. be 5. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, ______very pleasant to sit on in summer. A. which is B. which it is C. it is D. where it is 6. He set up in business ______ his own and was very successful. A. in B. of C. on D. by 7. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he ______last night. A. must study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. is sure to study 8. Frank almost never received any education, ______? A. would he B. did he C. didn’t he D. wouldn’t he 9. Even if his letter ______ tomorrow, it ______too late to do anything. A. will arrive...is B. should arrive...were C. arrives...will be D. arrives...would be 10. We can hear ______from the back of the room. A. just as good B. just as easy C. just as well D. easily as well 11. To obtain a satisfactory result, one must apply two ______of paint on a clean surface. A. coats B. levels C. times D. courses 12. The small mountain village was ______ by the snow for more than one month. A. cut back B. cut out C. cut off D. cut away 13. Miss Green was ______ $100 for driving after drinking. A. fined B. charged C. punished D. posed 14. Modern ______ perhaps causes more problems than it solves. A. technique B. technology C. tactics D. tendency 15. Mary tiptoed over and took the clock away because she hated to hear it ______ when she was trying to go to sleep. A. sounding B. ringing C. ticking D. humming 16. Under this ______ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid. A. intensive B. weighty C. intense D. bulky 17. Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the ______of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living. A. maximum B. minority C. majority D. minimum 18. Nancy was surprised that they have ______. They seemed to be a happy couple. A. split up B. broken down C. fallen through D. knocked out
完整版专四英语语法 考点
语法考点之一：虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done； 2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do； 考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。 考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。 考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句， 与过去事实相反：had + done； 与现在事实相反：动词过去式； 与将来事实相反：could/would + do 考点7：would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二：情态动词 *情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不） 考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测） （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.
练习（3） 1. Ability to get along with people is an ____ in business. A) capital B) property C) goods D) asset 2. Many Africans were ____ to Christianity. A) changed B) transformed C) converted D) exchanged 3. The ____ scene of the waterfall is a perfect delight to the eye. A) significant B) magnificent C) superstitious D) substantial 4. A lot of traffic accidents____ from carelessness. A) arouse B) arise C) raise D) rise 5. The teacher____ me____ for disobedience. A) called ...down B) called...upon C) called...off D) called...out 6. Some areas, ____their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. A) due to B) but for C) in spite of D) with regard to 7. I left for the school earlier than usual this morning ____ traffic jam. A) in terms of B) in case of C) for the sake of D) at the risk of
1. My pain ____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?" A. must be B. must have been C. had been D. had to be 2. It is only when you nearly lose someone ____ fully conscious of how much you value him. A. do you become B. then you become C. that you become D. have you become 3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ___ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. so is C. the same as D. and so is 4. While driving along the treacherous road, ___ . A. my right rear tire blew out B. my right rear tire had a blowout C. I had a blowout on my right rear tire D. I had my right rear tire blowout 5. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American Poetry is his insistence that ___________ it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 6. __ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect. A. Since B. When C. While D. Unless 7. This organization brought Western artists together in the hope of making more of an impact on the art community _____ any of them could inpidually and to promote Western art by women. A. rather than B. rather C. than D. other than 8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ___ suffering and poverty. A. anything but B. nothing but C. none other than D. no more than 9. After ___ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to step into the doctor's office. A. it B. that C. what D. which 10. The board deemed it's urgent that these files ___ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed 11. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ___ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 12. __ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at 13. Nobody came to see me while I was out, ___ ? A. did they B. didn't they C. did she D. didn't she 14. You will see this product ___ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 15. Suddenly ___ fire broke out in the room and everything in it was soon on ___ fire. A. /, a B. The, / C. a, / D. /, the 16. If you ___ Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldn't contact B. weren't to contact C. didn't contact D. hadn't contacted 17. Scientists think __ helps some trees to conserve water in the winter. A. when losing leaves B. leaves are lost C. that losing leaves D. the leaves losing